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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Branches subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 English branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 French branches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austrian_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austrian_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Austrian branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austrian_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neapolitan_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neapolitan_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Neapolitan branch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neapolitan_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_identity_and_positions_on_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_identity_and_positions_on_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Jewish identity and positions on Zionism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jewish_identity_and_positions_on_Zionism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Jewish identity and positions on Zionism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Jewish_identity_and_positions_on_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places_in_Israel_named_after_Rothschild_family_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_in_Israel_named_after_Rothschild_family_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Places in Israel named after Rothschild family members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_in_Israel_named_after_Rothschild_family_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_businesses,_investments,_and_philanthropy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_businesses,_investments,_and_philanthropy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Modern businesses, investments, and philanthropy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_businesses,_investments,_and_philanthropy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern businesses, investments, and philanthropy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_businesses,_investments,_and_philanthropy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Rothschild_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Rothschild_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 The Rothschild Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Rothschild_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Edmond de Rothschild Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RIT_Capital_Partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RIT_Capital_Partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 RIT Capital Partners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RIT_Capital_Partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Investments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Wine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Art and charity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_financial_holdings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_financial_holdings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 List of financial holdings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_financial_holdings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cultural references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_descendants_of_Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_descendants_of_Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_descendants_of_Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Coat of arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Documentary_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Documentary film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Rothschild family</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild-bankfamilie" title="Rothschild-bankfamilie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rothschild-bankfamilie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="عائلة روتشيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عائلة روتشيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Rothschild" title="Familia Rothschild – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Familia Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot%C5%9Fild_ail%C9%99si" title="Rotşild ailəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rotşild ailəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রথচাইল্ড পরিবার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রথচাইল্ড পরিবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Ротшилд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ротшилд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_Rothschild" title="Família Rothschild – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Família Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschildov%C3%A9" title="Rothschildové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rothschildové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_(Familie)" title="Rothschild (Familie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rothschild (Familie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschildid" title="Rothschildid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rothschildid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A1%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Οικογένεια Ρότσιλντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οικογένεια Ρότσιλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Rothschild" title="Familia Rothschild – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Familia Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="خانواده روتشیلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خانواده روتشیلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_Rothschild" title="Famille Rothschild – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Famille Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%B0%A8%EC%9D%BC%EB%93%9C%EA%B0%80" title="로스차일드가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로스차일드가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_(iyali)" title="Rothschild (iyali) – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rothschild (iyali)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%B4)" title="Ռոտշիլդներ (տոհմ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոտշիլդներ (տոհմ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="राथ्सचाइल्ड वंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राथ्सचाइल्ड वंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschildi" title="Rothschildi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rothschildi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga_Rothschild" title="Keluarga Rothschild – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keluarga Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="משפחת רוטשילד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משפחת רוטשילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ротшильдтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ротшильдтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_(familia)" title="Rothschild (familia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rothschild (familia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot%C5%A1ildi" title="Rotšildi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rotšildi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rot%C5%A1ildai" title="Rotšildai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rotšildai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_csal%C3%A1d" title="Rothschild család – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rothschild család" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianakaviana_Rothschild" title="Fianakaviana Rothschild – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fianakaviana Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keluarga_Rothschild" title="Keluarga Rothschild – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keluarga Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_(geslacht)" title="Rothschild (geslacht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rothschild (geslacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E5%AE%B6" title="ロスチャイルド家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロスチャイルド家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_oilasi" title="Rothschild oilasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rothschild oilasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88" title="روتھشیلڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روتھشیلڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="روتشیلد کورنۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روتشیلد کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschildowie" title="Rothschildowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rothschildowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_Rothschild" title="Família Rothschild – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Família Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Rothschild" title="Familia Rothschild – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Familia Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Ротшильды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ротшильды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Ротшилд – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ротшилд" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familja_Rothschild" title="Familja Rothschild – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Familja Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschildovci" title="Rothschildovci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rothschildovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%8E%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%B5%D8%AF" title="خێزانی ڕۆتشیڵد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خێزانی ڕۆتشیڵد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ротшилди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ротшилди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_(porodica)" title="Rothschild (porodica) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rothschild (porodica)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%82" title="రాత్స్ చైల్డ్ కుటుంబం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాత్స్ చైల్డ్ కుటుంబం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="ตระกูลรอธส์ไชลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลรอธส์ไชลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_ailesi" title="Rothschild ailesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rothschild ailesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ротшильди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ротшильди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روتھشیلڈ خاندان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="روتھشیلڈ خاندان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_t%E1%BB%99c_Rothschild" title="Gia tộc Rothschild – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gia tộc Rothschild" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%8C%E9%BD%8A%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="羅富齊家族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅富齊家族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%9F%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="罗斯柴尔德家族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗斯柴尔德家族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish noble banking family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"House of Rothschild" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Rothschild" title="The House of Rothschild">The House of Rothschild</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Rothschild</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Jewish_nobility" title="List of European Jewish nobility">Jewish noble</a> <a href="/wiki/Banking_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking family">banking family</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg/200px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg/300px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg/400px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="628" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="#Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</a> granted to the Barons Rothschild in 1822 by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I of Austria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current region</th><td class="infobox-data">Western Europe (mainly United Kingdom, France, and Germany)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Etymology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild" title="Rothschild">Rothschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="High German language">German</a>): 'red shield'</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Judengasse" title="Frankfurter Judengasse">Frankfurter Judengasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1760s (1577 (1577))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data">Elchanan Rothschild (b. 1577)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="#Hereditary_titles">Freiherr von Rothschild</a> (1822) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild#Rothschild_baronets,_of_Tring_Park_(1847)" title="Baron Rothschild">Baronet, of Tring Park</a> (1847) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild" title="Baron Rothschild">Baron Rothschild</a> (1885) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Traditions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_Rothschild" title="Goût Rothschild">Goût Rothschild</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Concordia, Integritas, Industria (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'Harmony, Integrity, Industry')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Estate(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family_residences" title="Rothschild family residences">Family residences</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_properties_in_the_home_counties" title="Rothschild properties in the home counties">British properties</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Palais_Rothschild" title="Palais Rothschild">Palais Rothschild</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cadet branches</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Austria" title="Rothschild banking family of Austria">Austrian branch</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">English branch</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">French branch</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Naples" title="Rothschild banking family of Naples">Neapolitan branch</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rothschildarchive.org/">rothschildarchive.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Rothschild family (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrɒθ(s)tʃaɪld/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROTH(S)-chylde</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt]</a>) is a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jewish</a> noble banking family originally from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. The family's documented history starts in 16th century Frankfurt; its name is derived from the family house, Rothschild, built by Isaak Elchanan Bacharach in Frankfurt in 1567. The family rose to prominence with <a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel Rothschild">Mayer Amschel Rothschild</a> (1744–1812), a <a href="/wiki/Court_Jew" title="Court Jew">court factor</a> to the German <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Landgraves of Hesse-Kassel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Free City of Frankfurt</a>, Holy Roman Empire, who established his banking business in the 1760s.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Unlike most previous court factors, Rothschild managed to bequeath his wealth and established an international <a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_families" title="List of banking families">banking family</a> through his five sons,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> who established businesses in Paris, Frankfurt, London, Vienna, and Naples. The family was elevated to <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble rank</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> During the 19th century, the Rothschild family possessed the largest private <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">fortune</a> in the world, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Modern_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern world">modern world</a> history.<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild_1999,_page_481-85-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jazz_Baroness_2009-8">[8]</a> The family's wealth declined over the 20th century, and was divided among many descendants.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Today, their interests cover a diverse range of fields, including financial services, real estate, mining, energy, agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a>, and nonprofits.<a href="#cite_note-The_Rothschilds_page_11-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-11">[11]</a> Many examples of the family's rural architecture exist across northwestern Europe. The Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>, many of which have <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> origins.<a href="#cite_note-conspiracy1-12">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild.jpg/220px-Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel Rothschild">Mayer Amschel Rothschild</a>, founder of the Rothschild banking dynasty.</figcaption></figure> The first member of the family who was known to use the name "Rothschild" was Isaak Elchanan Rothschild, born in 1577. The name is derived from the German zum rothen Schild (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "at the red shield", in reference to the house where the family lived for many generations (in those days, houses were designated not by numbers, but by signs displaying different symbols or colours). A red shield can still be seen at the centre of the Rothschild coat of arms. The family's ascent to international prominence began in 1744, with the birth of <a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel Rothschild">Mayer Amschel Rothschild</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, Germany. He was the son of <a href="/wiki/Amschel_Moses_Rothschild" title="Amschel Moses Rothschild">Amschel Moses Rothschild</a> (born circa 1710),<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Money_changer" title="Money changer">money changer</a> who had traded with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hesse" title="House of Hesse">Prince of Hesse</a>. Born in the "<a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Judengasse" title="Frankfurter Judengasse">Judengasse</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a> of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Mayer developed a finance house and spread his empire by installing each of his five sons in the five main European financial centres to conduct business. The Rothschild coat of arms contains a clenched fist with five arrows symbolising the five dynasties established by the five sons of Mayer Rothschild, in a reference to <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalm</a> 127: "Like arrows in the hands of a warrior, so are the children of one's youth." The family motto appears below the shield: Concordia, Integritas, Industria (Unity, Integrity, Industry).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haus_der_Rotschilds_in_der_frankfurter_Judengasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Haus_der_Rotschilds_in_der_frankfurter_Judengasse.jpg/220px-Haus_der_Rotschilds_in_der_frankfurter_Judengasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Haus_der_Rotschilds_in_der_frankfurter_Judengasse.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>House of the Rothschild family, Judengasse, Frankfurt</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg/220px-GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg/330px-GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg/440px-GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palais_Albert_Rothschild" title="Palais Albert Rothschild">Palace of Baron Albert von Rothschild</a> (photo 1884)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a> writes "[T]he Rothschilds are elusive. There is no book about them that is both revealing and accurate. Libraries of nonsense have been written about them... A woman who planned to write a book entitled Lies about the Rothschilds abandoned it, saying: 'It was relatively easy to spot the lies, but it proved impossible to find out the truth.'" Johnson writes that, unlike the <a href="/wiki/Court_Jew" title="Court Jew">court factors</a> of earlier centuries, who had financed and managed European noble houses, but often lost their wealth through violence or expropriation, the new kind of international bank created by the Rothschilds was impervious to local attacks. Their assets were held in financial instruments, circulating through the world as stocks, bonds and debts. Changes made by the Rothschilds allowed them to insulate their property from local violence: "Henceforth their real wealth was beyond the reach of the mob, almost beyond the reach of greedy monarchs."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Johnson argued that their fortune was generated to the greatest extent by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a> in London; however, more recent research by <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> indicates that greater and equal profits also were realised by the other Rothschild dynasties, including <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a> in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Carl Mayer von Rothschild">Carl Mayer von Rothschild</a> in Naples and <a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Amschel Mayer Rothschild">Amschel Mayer Rothschild</a> in Frankfurt.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Another essential part of Mayer Rothschild's strategy for success was to keep control of their banks in family hands, allowing them to maintain full secrecy about the size of their fortunes. In about 1906, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> noted: "The practice initiated by the Rothschilds of having several brothers of a firm establish branches in the different financial centres was followed by other Jewish financiers, like the <a href="/wiki/Bischoffsheim_family" title="Bischoffsheim family">Bischoffsheims</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9reire_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Péreire brothers">Pereires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Seligman" title="Joseph Seligman">Seligmans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazard" title="Lazard">Lazards</a> and others, and these financiers by their integrity and financial skill obtained credit not alone with their Jewish confrères, but with the banking fraternity in general. By this means, Jewish financiers obtained an increasing share of international finance during the middle and last quarter of the 19th century. The head of the whole group was the Rothschild family..." It also says: "Of more recent years, non-Jewish financiers have learned the same cosmopolitan method, and, on the whole, the control is now rather less than more in Jewish hands than formerly."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Mayer Rothschild successfully kept the fortune in the family with carefully <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a>, often between first- or second-<a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">cousins</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">royal intermarriage</a>). By the late 19th century, however, almost all Rothschilds had started to marry outside the family, usually into the aristocracy or other financial dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-Go_Ahead,_Kiss_Your_Cousin-18">[18]</a> His sons were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Amschel Mayer Rothschild">Amschel Mayer Rothschild</a> (1773–1855): <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, died childless so his fortune passed to the sons of Salomon and Kalman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Salomon Mayer von Rothschild">Salomon Mayer Rothschild</a> (1774–1855): <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a> (1777–1836): London</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Carl Mayer von Rothschild">Kalman Mayer Rothschild</a> (1788–1855): <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">Jakob Mayer Rothschild</a> (1792–1868): Paris</li></ul> The German family name "Rothschild" is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁoːt.ʃɪlt]</a> in German, unlike <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈrɒθ(s)tʃaɪld/</a> in English. The surname "Rothschild" is rare in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Families by country: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Austria" title="Rothschild banking family of Austria">Rothschild banking family of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">Rothschild banking family of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Naples" title="Rothschild banking family of Naples">Rothschild banking family of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">Rothschild banking family of France</a></li></ul> The five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austrian nobility</a> by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I of Austria</a>, and they were all granted the Austrian hereditary title of <a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">baron</a>) on 29 September 1822.<a href="#cite_note-Wurzbach1874-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">British branch of the family</a> was elevated by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, who granted the hereditary title of <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a> (1847)<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">hereditary peerage</a> title of <a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild" title="Baron Rothschild">Baron Rothschild</a> (1885).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Napoleonic_Wars">Napoleonic Wars</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_nieuwe_G%C3%BCnthersburg_het_Rothschildpalais_in_Frankfurt_in_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/De_nieuwe_G%C3%BCnthersburg_het_Rothschildpalais_in_Frankfurt_in_1855.jpg/220px-De_nieuwe_G%C3%BCnthersburg_het_Rothschildpalais_in_Frankfurt_in_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/De_nieuwe_G%C3%BCnthersburg_het_Rothschildpalais_in_Frankfurt_in_1855.jpg/330px-De_nieuwe_G%C3%BCnthersburg_het_Rothschildpalais_in_Frankfurt_in_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/De_nieuwe_G%C3%BCnthersburg_het_Rothschildpalais_in_Frankfurt_in_1855.jpg/440px-De_nieuwe_G%C3%BCnthersburg_het_Rothschildpalais_in_Frankfurt_in_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>A landmark Rothschild palace in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Germany, Villa Günthersburg (photographed 1855)</figcaption></figure> The Rothschilds already possessed a significant fortune before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815), and the family had gained preeminence in the <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal#Bullion" title="Precious metal">bullion</a> trade by this time.<a href="#cite_note-GrayOxNatBio-23">[23]</a> From London in 1813 to 1815, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a> was instrumental in almost single-handedly financing the British war effort, organising the shipment of bullion to the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington's</a> armies across Europe, as well as arranging the payment of British financial subsidies to their continental allies. In 1815 alone, the Rothschilds provided £9.8 million (equivalent to about £850 million in 2023) in subsidy loans to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain's</a> continental allies.<a href="#cite_note-Money_2008_page_78-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothschild-metternichgasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rothschild-metternichgasse.jpg/220px-Rothschild-metternichgasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rothschild-metternichgasse.jpg/330px-Rothschild-metternichgasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rothschild-metternichgasse.jpg/440px-Rothschild-metternichgasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>One of the smaller city houses, Vienna. A collection of far larger Viennese palaces known as <a href="/wiki/Palais_Rothschild" title="Palais Rothschild">Palais Rothschild</a> were torn down during the Second World War.</figcaption></figure> The brothers helped coordinate Rothschild activities across the continent, and the family developed a network of agents, shippers and couriers to transport gold across war-torn Europe. The family network was also to provide Nathan Rothschild time and again with political and financial information ahead of his peers, giving him an advantage in the markets and rendering the house of Rothschild still more invaluable to the British government. In one instance, the family network enabled Nathan to receive in London the news of Wellington's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> a full day ahead of the government's official messengers.<a href="#cite_note-GrayOxNatBio-23">[23]</a> Rothschild's first concern on this occasion was not to the potential financial advantage on the market which the knowledge would have given him; he and his courier immediately took the news to the government.<a href="#cite_note-GrayOxNatBio-23">[23]</a> That he used the news for financial advantage was a fiction then repeated in later popular accounts, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Morton" title="Frederic Morton">Morton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Random_Variables_1984-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson,_Niall_1998-26">[26]</a> The basis for the Rothschilds' most famously profitable move was made after the news of British victory had been made public. Nathan Rothschild calculated that the future reduction in government borrowing brought about by the peace would create a bounce in British government bonds after a two-year stabilisation, which would finalise the post-war restructuring of the domestic economy.<a href="#cite_note-Money_2008_page_78-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Random_Variables_1984-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson,_Niall_1998-26">[26]</a> In what has been described as one of the most audacious moves in financial history, Nathan immediately bought up the government bond market, for what at the time seemed an excessively high price, before waiting two years, then selling the bonds on the crest of a short bounce in the market in 1817 for a 40% profit. Given the sheer power of leverage the Rothschild family had at their disposal, this profit was an enormous sum.<a href="#cite_note-Money_2008_page_78-24">[24]</a> Nathan Mayer Rothschild started his business in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> in 1806 and gradually moved it to London, where in 1809 he acquired the location at 2 New Court in St. Swithin's Lane, <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GrayOxNatBio-23">[23]</a> where it operates today; he established <a href="/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Rothschild & Sons">N M Rothschild & Sons</a> in 1811.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In 1818, he arranged a £5 million (equal to £440 million in 2023) loan to the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> government, and the issuing of <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> for government loans formed a mainstay of his bank's business. He gained a position of such power in the City of London that by 1825–26 he was able to supply enough coin to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> to enable it to avert a <a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">market liquidity</a> crisis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_high_finance">International high finance</h2></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"I have not the nerve for his operations. They are well-planned, with great cleverness and adroitness in execution – but he is in money and funds what Napoleon was in war." —<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Baron Baring</a> on Nathan Rothschild<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"... your friends at the West End have the business in their hands to decide between Portugal & Brazil and an early intimation from you may serve us materially."—Samuel Phillips & Co to Nathan Rothschild, referring to the question on whether or not to support Brazilian independence<a href="#cite_note-Brazil-30">[30]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationRhodesia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LocationRhodesia.png/220px-LocationRhodesia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/LocationRhodesia.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>The family financed the creation of the country <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodesia (name)">Rhodesia</a>, and it became the site of the first international expansion of one of their mining enterprises—the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto mining company</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Taunusbahnhof_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Frankfurt_Taunusbahnhof_1850.jpg/220px-Frankfurt_Taunusbahnhof_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Frankfurt_Taunusbahnhof_1850.jpg/330px-Frankfurt_Taunusbahnhof_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Frankfurt_Taunusbahnhof_1850.jpg/440px-Frankfurt_Taunusbahnhof_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>The Frankfurt terminus of the Taunus railway, financed by the Rothschilds. Opened in 1840, it was one of Germany's first railways.</figcaption></figure> Rothschild family banking businesses pioneered international high finance during the industrialisation of Europe and were instrumental in supporting railway systems across the world and in complex government financing for projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. From 1895 through 1907 they loaned nearly $450,000,000 (equivalent to $14,700,000,000 in 2023<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-31">[31]</a>) to European governments.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> During the 19th century, the family bought up a large proportion of the property in <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, London.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Rothschild family was directly involved in the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence of Brazil</a> from <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> in the early 19th century. Upon an agreement, the Brazilian government should pay a compensation of two million pounds sterling to the Kingdom of Portugal to accept Brazil's independence.<a href="#cite_note-Brazil-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Rothschild & Sons">N M Rothschild & Sons</a> was pre-eminent in raising this capital for the government of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a> on the London market. In 1825, Nathan Rothschild raised £2,000,000, and indeed was probably discreetly involved in the earlier tranche of this loan which raised £1,000,000 in 1824.<a href="#cite_note-Brazil-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Part of the price of Portuguese recognition of Brazilian independence, secured in 1825, was that Brazil should take over repayment of the principal and interest on a £1,500,000 loan made to the Portuguese government in 1823 by N M Rothschild & Sons.<a href="#cite_note-Brazil-30">[30]</a> A correspondence from Samuel Phillips & Co. in 1824 suggests the close involvement of the Rothschilds in the occasion. Major 19th-century businesses founded with Rothschild family capital include: <ul><li>Alliance Assurance (1824) (now <a href="/wiki/Royal_%26_Sun_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal & Sun Alliance">Royal & Sun Alliance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemin_de_Fer_du_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemin de Fer du Nord">Chemin de Fer du Nord</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">The Rio Tinto mining company</a> (1873) (from the 1880s onwards, the Rothschilds had full control of Rio Tinto)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramet" title="Eramet">Eramet</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerys" title="Imerys">Imerys</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> (1888)</li></ul> The family funded <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> in the creation of the African colony of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>. From the late 1880s onwards, the family took over control of the Rio Tinto mining company. The Japanese government approached the London and Paris families for funding during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>. The London consortium's issue of Japanese <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">war bonds</a> would total £11.5 million (at 1907 currency rates; £1.11 billion in 2012 currency terms).<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild_archive-36">[36]</a> The name of Rothschild became synonymous with extravagance and great wealth; and the family was renowned for its art collecting, for its palaces, as well as for its philanthropy. By the end of the century, the family owned, or had built, at the lowest estimates, 41 palaces, of a scale and luxury perhaps unparalleled even by the richest royal families.<a href="#cite_note-Money_2008_page_78-24">[24]</a> The British Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> claimed, in 1909, that <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan, Lord Rothschild</a> was the most powerful man in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild_1999,_page_481-85-6">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>]<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_Niles" title="Hezekiah Niles">Niles'</a> Weekly Register, Volume 49 had the following to say about the Rothschilds' influence on international high finance in 1836: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Rothschilds are the wonders of modern banking ... we see the descendants of Judah, after a persecution of two thousand years, peering above kings, rising higher than emperors, and holding a whole continent in the hollow of their hands. The Rothschilds govern a Christian world. Not a cabinet moves without their advice. They stretch their hand, with equal ease, from [Saint] Petersburgh to Vienna, from Vienna to Paris, from Paris to London, from London to Washington. Baron Rothschild, the head of the house, is the true king of Judah, the prince of the captivity, the Messiah so long looked for by this extraordinary people. He holds the keys of peace or war, blessing or cursing. ... They are the brokers and counselors of the kings of Europe and of the republican chiefs of America. What more can they desire?<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_to_family_fortunes">Changes to family fortunes</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Neapolitan</a> Rothschilds was the first branch of the family to decline when revolution broke out and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> captured Naples on 7 September 1860 and set up a provisional Italian government. Because of the family's close political connections with Austria and France, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Carl_von_Rothschild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolphe Carl von Rothschild (page does not exist)">Adolphe Carl von Rothschild</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Carl_von_Rothschild" class="extiw" title="fr:Adolph Carl von Rothschild">fr</a>] was caught in a delicate position. He chose to take temporary sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> with the last Neapolitan king, <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II of the Two Sicilies</a>. However, the Rothschild branches in London, Paris, and Vienna were not prepared nor willing to financially support the deposed king. With the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unification of Italy</a>, and the mounting tension between Adolph and the rest of the family, the Naples house closed in 1863 after forty-two years in business. In 1901, the German branch closed its doors after more than a century in business following the death of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Carl_von_Rothschild" title="Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild">Wilhelm Rothschild</a> with no male heirs. It was not until 1989 that the family returned to Germany, when N M Rothschild & Sons, the British branch, plus Bank Rothschild AG, the Swiss branch, set up a representative banking office in Frankfurt. By the start of the 20th century, the introduction of national taxation systems had ended the Rothschilds' policy of operating with a single set of commercial account records, which resulted in the various branches gradually going their own separate ways as independent banks. The system of the five brothers and their successor sons all but disappeared by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in the 1930s led to a precarious situation for the Austrian Rothschilds under the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria</a> in 1938 when the family was pressured to sell its banking operation at a fraction of its real worth. While other Rothschilds had escaped the Nazis, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nathaniel_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nathaniel von Rothschild">Louis Rothschild</a> was imprisoned for a year and only released after a substantial ransom was paid by his family. After Louis was allowed to leave the country in March 1939, the Nazis placed the firm of <a href="/wiki/S_M_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="S M von Rothschild">S M von Rothschild</a> under compulsory administration. Nazi officers and senior staff from Austrian museums also emptied the Rothschild family estates of all their valuables. Following the war, the Austrian Rothschilds were unable to reclaim much of their former assets and properties. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">fall of France</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> led to the seizure of the property of the French Rothschilds under German occupation. Despite having their bank restored to them at the end of the war, the French Rothschilds were powerless in 1982 as the family business was <a href="/wiki/Nationalised" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalised">nationalised</a> by the socialist government of newly elected President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote that the Rothschilds "grossly misjudged the opportunities directly across the Atlantic" and quoted <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_de_Rothschild" title="Evelyn de Rothschild">Evelyn de Rothschild</a> as saying that despite the accomplishments made by the various branches of the family in international high finance for over 200 years, "we never seized the initiative in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> and that was one of the mistakes my family made."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hereditary_titles">Hereditary titles</h2></div> In 1816, four of the five sons of Mayer Amschel Rothschild were elevated to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_nobility" title="Austrian nobility">Austrian nobility</a> by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I of Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wurzbach1874-20">[20]</a> The remaining son, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan</a>, was elevated in 1818.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="citation please as Wurzbach, in 1874, mentions 1816 Adelungen with offer to NMR, and 1822 Freiherrnstand to all 5 – presumably incl. Adelung for NMR – but no mention of any 1818 patent (July 2022)">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rothschild_family#Dubious" title="Talk:Rothschild family">discuss</a>] All of them were granted the Austrian hereditary title of <a href="/wiki/Freiherr" title="Freiherr">Freiherr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">baron</a>) on 29 September 1822.<a href="#cite_note-Wurzbach1874-20">[20]</a> As a result, some members of the family used the <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle</a> de or <a href="/wiki/Von" title="Von">von</a> before their surname to acknowledge the grant of nobility. In 1847, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_de_Rothschild,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet">Anthony de Rothschild</a> was made a hereditary <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a> of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1885, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Sir Nathan Rothschild, 2nd Baronet</a>, was granted the <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_peer" title="Hereditary peer">hereditary peerage</a> title of <a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild" title="Baron Rothschild">Baron Rothschild</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-22">[22]</a> This title is currently held by the <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rothschild,_5th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild">5th Baron Rothschild</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_branch">English branch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">Rothschild banking family of England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waddesdon_Manor_and_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_649037.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Waddesdon_Manor_and_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_649037.jpg/220px-Waddesdon_Manor_and_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_649037.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Waddesdon_Manor_and_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_649037.jpg/330px-Waddesdon_Manor_and_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_649037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Waddesdon_Manor_and_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_649037.jpg/440px-Waddesdon_Manor_and_Gardens_-_geograph.org.uk_-_649037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A Rothschild house, <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waddesdon" title="Waddesdon">Waddesdon</a>, Buckinghamshire, England, donated to the National Trust by the family in 1957</figcaption></figure> The Rothschild banking family of England was founded in 1798 by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a> (1777–1836), who first settled in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> but then moved to London. Nathan Mayer von Rothschild, the third son of <a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel Rothschild">Mayer Amschel Rothschild</a> (1744–1812), first established a textile jobbing business in Manchester and from there went on to establish <a href="/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Rothschild & Sons">N M Rothschild & Sons</a> bank in London.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> During the early part of the 19th century, the Rothschild family's London bank took a leading part in managing and financing the subsidies that the British government transferred to its allies during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Through the creation of a network of agents, couriers and shippers, the bank was able to provide funds to the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> in Portugal and Spain, therefore funding the war. The providing of other innovative and complex financing for government projects formed a mainstay of the bank's business for the better part of the century. N M Rothschild & Sons' financial strength in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> became such that, by 1825–26, the bank was able to supply enough coin to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> to enable it to avert a <a href="/wiki/Market_liquidity" title="Market liquidity">liquidity</a> crisis. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mentmore_Towers_from_angle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mentmore_Towers_from_angle.jpg/220px-Mentmore_Towers_from_angle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mentmore_Towers_from_angle.jpg/330px-Mentmore_Towers_from_angle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mentmore_Towers_from_angle.jpg/440px-Mentmore_Towers_from_angle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mentmore_Towers" title="Mentmore Towers">Mentmore Towers</a>, one of the many Rothschild mansions built in <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_properties_in_the_Home_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild properties in the Home counties">Buckinghamshire</a></figcaption></figure> Nathan Mayer's eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a> (1808–1879), succeeded him as head of the London branch. Under Lionel, the bank financed the British government's 1875 purchase of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s interest in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. The Rothschild bank also funded <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> in the development of the <a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold de Rothschild">Leopold de Rothschild</a> (1845–1917) administered Rhodes's estate after his death in 1902 and helped to set up the <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholarship" title="Rhodes Scholarship">Rhodes Scholarship</a> scheme at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. In 1873, <a href="/wiki/De_Rothschild_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rothschild Frères">de Rothschild Frères</a> in France and N M Rothschild & Sons of London joined with other investors to acquire the Spanish government's money-losing <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto</a> copper mines. The new owners restructured the company and turned it into a profitable business. By 1905, the Rothschild interest in Rio Tinto amounted to more than 30 percent. In 1887, the French and British Rothschild banking houses loaned money to, and invested in, the <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a> diamond mines in South Africa, becoming its largest shareholders. The London banking house continued under the management of <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Nathan_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Nathan de Rothschild">Lionel Nathan de Rothschild</a> (1882–1942) and his brother <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gustav_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony Gustav de Rothschild">Anthony Gustav de Rothschild</a> (1887–1961), and then to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Evelyn_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Evelyn de Rothschild">Sir Evelyn de Rothschild</a> (1931–2022). In 2003, following Sir Evelyn's retirement as head of N M Rothschild & Sons of London, the British and French financial firms merged under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/David_Ren%C3%A9_de_Rothschild" title="David René de Rothschild">David René de Rothschild</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_branches">French branches</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">Rothschild banking family of France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_de_Ferrieres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chateau_de_Ferrieres.jpg/220px-Chateau_de_Ferrieres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chateau_de_Ferrieres.jpg/330px-Chateau_de_Ferrieres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Chateau_de_Ferrieres.jpg/440px-Chateau_de_Ferrieres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Château de Ferrières">Château de Ferrières</a>, the largest château of the 19th century, was built in 1854. It is set on a 30 km2 (12 sq mi) estate outside Paris. It was charitably donated by the family to the University of Paris in 1975.</figcaption></figure> There are two branches of the family connected to France. The first was the branch of <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a> (1792–1868), known as "James", who established <a href="/wiki/De_Rothschild_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rothschild Frères">de Rothschild Frères</a> in Paris; he married his niece <a href="/wiki/Betty_von_Rothschild" title="Betty von Rothschild">Betty von Rothschild</a>. Following the Napoleonic Wars, he played a major role in financing the construction of railways and the mining business that helped make France an industrial power. By 1980, the Paris business employed about 2,000 people and had an annual turnover of 26 billion francs (€4.13 billion or $5 billion in the currency rates of 1980).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.9em; margin-right: 0.9em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"No kings could afford this! It could only belong to a Rothschild." — <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a>, Emperor of Germany, on visiting <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Château de Ferrières">Château de Ferrières</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> However, the Paris business suffered a near death blow in 1982, when the socialist government of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> nationalised and renamed it as Compagnie Européenne de Banque.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Baron <a href="/wiki/David_Ren%C3%A9_de_Rothschild" title="David René de Rothschild">David de Rothschild</a>, then 39, decided to stay and rebuild, creating a new entity named <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Cie_Banque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild & Cie Banque">Rothschild & Cie Banque</a>, with just three employees and €830,000 (US$1 million) in capital. Today, the Paris operation has 22 partners and accounts for a significant part of the global business. Ensuing generations of the Paris Rothschild family remained involved in the family business, becoming a major force in international investment banking. The Paris Rothschilds have since led the <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Financial_League_Tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Financial League Tables">Thomson Financial League Tables</a> in Investment Banking Merger and Acquisition deals in the UK, France and Italy. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_chateau_muette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Paris_chateau_muette.jpg/300px-Paris_chateau_muette.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Paris_chateau_muette.jpg/450px-Paris_chateau_muette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Paris_chateau_muette.jpg/600px-Paris_chateau_muette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3677" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>A former Rothschild family house, at the site of Château de la Muette, Paris. Built as a <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family_residences" title="Rothschild family residences">family residence</a> by the secondary branch of the French Rothschild family, today it houses the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a>'s other son, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond James de Rothschild">Edmond James de Rothschild</a> (1845–1934), was very much engaged in philanthropy and the arts, and he was a leading proponent of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. His grandson, Baron <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Adolphe_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild">Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild</a>, founded in 1953 the <a href="/wiki/LCF_Rothschild_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="LCF Rothschild Group">LCF Rothschild Group</a>, a private bank. Since 1997, Baron <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_de_Rothschild" title="Benjamin de Rothschild">Benjamin de Rothschild</a> chairs the group. The group has €100bn of assets in 2008 and owns many wine properties in France (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clarke" title="Château Clarke">Château Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Laurets" title="Château des Laurets">Château des Laurets</a>), in Australia, or in South Africa. In 1961, the 35-year-old <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Adolphe_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild">Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild</a> purchased the company <a href="/wiki/Club_Med" title="Club Med">Club Med</a>, after he had visited a resort and enjoyed his stay.<a href="#cite_note-indobit-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> His interest in Club Med was sold off by the 1990s. In 1973, he bought out the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_California" title="Bank of California">Bank of California</a>, selling his interests in 1984 before it was sold to <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Bank" title="Mitsubishi Bank">Mitsubishi Bank</a> in 1985. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild,_fa%C3%A7ade_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_jardin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_jardin.jpg/220px-H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_jardin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_jardin.jpg/330px-H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_jardin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_jardin.jpg/440px-H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9_jardin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3050" data-file-height="2285" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild" title="Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild">Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild</a>, built in 1872 as a Paris townhouse for <a href="/wiki/Salomon_James_de_Rothschild" title="Salomon James de Rothschild">Salomon James de Rothschild</a></figcaption></figure> The second French branch was founded by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel de Rothschild">Nathaniel de Rothschild</a> (1812–1870). Born in London, he was the fourth child of the founder of the British branch of the family, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a> (1777–1836). In 1850 Nathaniel Rothschild moved to Paris to work with his uncle James Mayer Rothschild. In 1853 Nathaniel acquired Château Brane Mouton, a vineyard in <a href="/wiki/Pauillac" title="Pauillac">Pauillac</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gironde" title="Gironde">Gironde</a> département. Nathaniel Rothschild renamed the estate <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a>, and it would become one of the best known labels in the world. In 1868, Nathaniel's uncle, James Mayer de Rothschild, acquired the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite-Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Lafite-Rothschild">Château Lafite</a> vineyard. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austrian_branch">Austrian branch</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Austria" title="Rothschild banking family of Austria">Rothschild banking family of Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg/220px-GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg/330px-GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg/440px-GuentherZ_0028_Wien04_Palais_Freiherr_Albert_von_Rothschild_Heugasse26_Gartenseite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palais_Albert_Rothschild" title="Palais Albert Rothschild">Palace of Baron Albert von Rothschild</a> in Vienna.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Mayer_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Salomon Mayer Rothschild">Salomon Mayer Rothschild</a> established a bank in the 1820s and the Austrian family had vast wealth and position.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The crash of 1929 brought problems, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild">Baron Louis von Schwartz Rothschild</a> attempted to shore up the <a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a>, Austria's largest bank, to prevent its collapse. Nevertheless, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> they had to surrender their bank to the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> and flee the country. Their <a href="/wiki/Palais_Rothschild" title="Palais Rothschild">Rothschild palaces</a>, a collection of vast palaces in Vienna built and owned by the family, were confiscated, plundered and destroyed by the Nazis. The palaces were famous for their sheer size and for their huge collections of paintings, <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapestries">tapestries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="Statues">statues</a> (some of which were restored to the Rothschilds by the Austrian government in 1999). All family members escaped the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, some of them moving to the United States, and returning to Europe only after the war. In 1999, the government of Austria agreed to return to the Rothschild family some 250 art treasures looted by the Nazis and absorbed into state museums after the war.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neapolitan_branch">Neapolitan branch</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Pignatelli_and_its_garden,_Naples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Villa_Pignatelli_and_its_garden%2C_Naples.jpg/220px-Villa_Pignatelli_and_its_garden%2C_Naples.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Villa_Pignatelli_and_its_garden%2C_Naples.jpg/330px-Villa_Pignatelli_and_its_garden%2C_Naples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Villa_Pignatelli_and_its_garden%2C_Naples.jpg/440px-Villa_Pignatelli_and_its_garden%2C_Naples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_Pignatelli" title="Villa Pignatelli">Villa Pignatelli</a>, Naples, with views onto <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Naples" title="Rothschild banking family of Naples">Rothschild banking family of Naples</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/C_M_de_Rothschild_%26_Figli" class="mw-redirect" title="C M de Rothschild & Figli">C M de Rothschild & Figli</a> bank arranged substantial loans to the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> and to various Kings of Naples plus the Duchy of Parma and the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. However, in the 1830s, Naples followed Spain with a gradual shift away from conventional bond issues that began to affect the bank's growth and profitability. The <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a> in 1861, with the ensuing decline of the Italian aristocracy who had been the Rothschilds' primary clients, eventually brought about the closure of their Naples bank, due to a forecasted decline in the sustainability of the business over the long-term. However, in the early 19th century, the Rothschild family of Naples built up close relations with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, and the association between the family and the Vatican continued into the 20th century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1832, when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XVI" title="Pope Gregory XVI">Pope Gregory XVI</a> was seen meeting Carl von Rothschild to arrange the <a href="/wiki/1832_Rothschild_loan_to_the_Holy_See" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 Rothschild loan to the Holy See">1832 Rothschild loan to the Holy See</a> (for £400,000, worth €43,000,000 in 2014), observers were shocked that Rothschild was not required to kiss the Pope's feet, as was then required for all other visitors to the Pope, including monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The 1906 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> described the Rothschilds as "the guardians of the papal treasure".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_identity_and_positions_on_Zionism">Jewish identity and positions on Zionism</h2></div> Jewish solidarity in the family was not homogeneous. Many Rothschilds were supporters of <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, while other members of the family opposed the creation of the Jewish state. In 1917 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild</a> was the addressee of the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people. His <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">nephew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Rothschild">Victor, Lord Rothschild</a> was against granting asylum or helping Jewish refugees in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-54">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-55">[54]</a> After the death of <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mayer Rothschild">James Jacob de Rothschild</a> in 1868, his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_James_de_Rothschild" title="Alphonse James de Rothschild">Alphonse Rothschild</a> took over the management of the family bank and was the most active in support for <a href="/wiki/Eretz_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretz Israel">Eretz Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The Rothschild family archives show that during the 1870s the family contributed nearly 500,000 francs per year on behalf of Eastern Jewry to the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle" title="Alliance Israélite Universelle">Alliance Israélite Universelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Baron <a href="/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond James de Rothschild">Edmond James de Rothschild</a> (known in Israel simply as "the Baron Rothschild" or "the Benefactor" (Hebrew: "HaNadiv")), youngest son of James Jacob de Rothschild, was a patron of the first permanent settlement in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rishon-LeZion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishon-LeZion">Rishon-LeZion</a> (1882). He also provided funding for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a> as a permanent settlement (1883). Overall, he bought from Ottoman landlords 2–3% of the land.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[b]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Hirsch" title="Maurice de Hirsch">Baron de Hirsch</a> died in 1896, the Hirsch-founded Jewish Colonisation Association (ICA) started supporting the settlement of Palestine (1896), and Baron Rothschild took an active role in the organization and transferred his Palestinian land holdings as well as 15 million francs to it. In 1924, he reorganized the Palestinian branch of the ICA into the Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association (PICA), which acquired more than 125,000 acres (50,586 ha) of land and set up business ventures.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Boulevard" title="Rothschild Boulevard">Rothschild Boulevard</a> is named after him, as are a number of localities throughout Israel which he assisted in founding, including <a href="/wiki/Metula" title="Metula">Metulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zikhron_Ya%27akov" title="Zikhron Ya'akov">Zikhron Ya'akov</a>, Rishon Lezion and <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Pinna" title="Rosh Pinna">Rosh Pina</a>. A park in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt" title="Boulogne-Billancourt">Boulogne-Billancourt</a>, Paris, the Parc Edmond de Rothschild (Edmond de Rothschild Park), is also named after its founder.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The Rothschilds also played a significant part in the funding of Israel's governmental infrastructure. <a href="/wiki/James_Armand_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Armand de Rothschild">James A. de Rothschild</a> financed the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> building as a gift to the State of Israel<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> building was donated to Israel by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_de_Rothschild" title="Dorothy de Rothschild">Dorothy de Rothschild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Outside the President's Chamber is displayed the letter <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_de_Rothschild" title="Dorothy de Rothschild">Dorothy de Rothschild</a> wrote to then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> expressing her intention to donate a new building for the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> The Rothschilds also established the "<a href="/wiki/Yad_Hanadiv" title="Yad Hanadiv">Yad Hanadiv</a>" philanthropic foundation in 1958. Interviewed by <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> in 2010, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_de_Rothschild" title="Benjamin de Rothschild">Baron Benjamin Rothschild</a>, who was a Swiss-based member of the banking family, said that he supported the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a>: "I understand that it is a complicated business, mainly because of the fanatics and extremists – and I am talking about both sides. I think you have fanatics in Israel. ... In general I am not in contact with politicians. I spoke once with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a>. I met once with an Israeli finance minister, but the less I mingle with politicians the better I feel."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65">[63]</a> Due to a dispute with the Israeli tax authorities, the baron refused to visit Israel. But his widow <a href="/wiki/Ariane_de_Rothschild" title="Ariane de Rothschild">Ariane de Rothschild</a> often visits Israel where she manages the <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima#Rothschild_Caesarea_Foundation_and_Development_Corporation" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea Foundation</a>. She says: "It is insulting that the state [Israel] casts doubt on us. If there is a family that does not have to prove its commitment to Israel, it's ours."<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_in_Israel_named_after_Rothschild_family_members">Places in Israel named after Rothschild family members</h3></div> Primarily due to the generosity and influence of Baron Edmond James de Rothschild, HaNadiv (the Benefactor), on the history of the Land of Israel and the State of Israel, a tradition exists of naming cities, towns and other settlements in Israel in honor of members of the Rothschild family. Six of these places are grouped in the same vicinity, on the <a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">Sharon plain</a>, while the others are scattered throughout the country. They are, listed in order of founding: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zichron_Ya%27akov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zichron Ya'akov">Zichron Ya'akov</a> (Hebrew: Jacob's Memory), a town founded in 1882 and named after the Benefactor's father, <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James [Jacob] Mayer de Rothschild</a> (1792–1868) from the Paris branch of the family;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazkeret_Batya" title="Mazkeret Batya">Mazkeret Batya</a> (Hebrew: Remembrance of Batya), a local council near <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, founded in 1883 and named after <a href="/wiki/Betty_von_Rothschild" title="Betty von Rothschild">Betty von Rothschild</a> (1805–1886), the Benefactor's mother;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Shlomo" title="Bat Shlomo">Bat Shlomo</a> (Hebrew: Salomon's Daughter), a <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">moshav</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, founded in 1889 and also named after the Baron's mother, who was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Salomon Mayer von Rothschild">Salomon Mayer von Rothschild</a> (1774–1855), the Benefactor's grandfather from the Vienna branch;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Shfeya" title="Meir Shfeya">Meir Shfeya</a> (Hebrew: Mayer's Fields), a youth village near Zichron Ya'acov, founded as a <a href="/wiki/Moshava" title="Moshava">moshava</a> in 1891 and named after <a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayer_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Amschel Mayer von Rothschild">Amschel Mayer von Rothschild</a> (1773–1855), the Benefactor's grandfather from the Frankfurt branch;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givat_Ada" class="mw-redirect" title="Givat Ada">Givat Ada</a> (Hebrew: Ada's Hill), a town near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1903 and named after the Benefactor's wife <a href="/wiki/Adelheid_von_Rothschild" title="Adelheid von Rothschild">Adelheid von Rothschild</a> (1853–1935), who was also his cousin, from the Naples branch;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binyamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Binyamina">Binyamina</a>, a town near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1922 and named after Benefactor himself (Binyamina was officially merged with Givat Ada in 2003);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashdot_Ya%27akov" title="Ashdot Ya'akov">Ashdot Ya'akov</a> (Hebrew: Jacob's Rapids), a kibbutz just south of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, founded in 1924 and named after <a href="/wiki/James_de_Rothschild_(politician)" title="James de Rothschild (politician)">James Armand Edmond de Rothschild</a> (1878–1957), son of the Benefactor;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Hanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pardes Hanna">Pardes Hanna</a> (Hebrew: Hannah's [Citrus] Orchard), a local council near Zichron Ya'acov, founded in 1929 and named after <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Primrose,_Countess_of_Rosebery" title="Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery">Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery</a> (née de Rothschild; 1851–1890), daughter of Mayer Anschel Rothschild;<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadmot_Dvora" title="Shadmot Dvora">Shadmot Dvora</a> (Hebrew: Deborah's Cultivated Fields), a moshav near <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, founded in 1939 and named after <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_de_Rothschild" title="Dorothy de Rothschild">Dorothy de Rothschild</a> (1895–1988), who was James de Rothschild's wife and the Benefactor's daughter-in-law;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sde_Eliezer" title="Sde Eliezer">Sde Eliezer</a> (Hebrew: Eliezer's Field), a moshav in the <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a>, founded in 1950 and named after <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rothschild" title="Robert Rothschild">Robert Rothschild</a> (1911–1998), a relative of the Benefactor's of the French branch.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_businesses,_investments,_and_philanthropy">Modern businesses, investments, and philanthropy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spencer_House_Thomas_Malton_Jr_pub_1800_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Spencer_House_Thomas_Malton_Jr_pub_1800_edited.jpg/220px-Spencer_House_Thomas_Malton_Jr_pub_1800_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Spencer_House_Thomas_Malton_Jr_pub_1800_edited.jpg/330px-Spencer_House_Thomas_Malton_Jr_pub_1800_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Spencer_House_Thomas_Malton_Jr_pub_1800_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>The family has fully restored <a href="/wiki/Spencer_House_(St._James%27s,_London,_England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer House (St. James's, London, England)">Spencer House</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Park">St. James's Park</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> Since the late 19th century, the family has taken a low-key public profile, donating many famous estates, as well as vast quantities of art, to charity, and generally eschewing conspicuous displays of wealth. Today, Rothschild businesses are on a smaller scale than they were throughout the 19th century, although they encompass a diverse range of fields, including: real estate, financial services, mixed farming, energy, mining, winemaking and nonprofits.<a href="#cite_note-The_Rothschilds_page_11-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rothschild_Group">The Rothschild Group</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild Group">Rothschild Group</a></div> Since 2003, a group of Rothschild banks have been controlled by Rothschild Continuation Holdings, a Swiss-registered holding company (under the chairmanship of <a href="/wiki/David_Ren%C3%A9_de_Rothschild" title="David René de Rothschild">Baron David René de Rothschild</a>). Rothschild Continuation Holdings is in turn controlled by Concordia BV, a Dutch-registered master holding company. Concordia BV is managed by <a href="/wiki/Paris_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Orléans">Paris Orléans</a> S.A., a French-registered holding company.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Paris Orléans S.A. is ultimately controlled by Rothschild Concordia SAS, a Rothschild's family holding company.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Cie_Banque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild & Cie Banque">Rothschild & Cie Banque</a> controls Rothschild banking businesses in France and continental Europe, while Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG controls a number of Rothschild banks elsewhere, including <a href="/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Rothschild & Sons">N M Rothschild & Sons</a> in London. Twenty per cent of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG was sold in 2005 to Jardine Strategic, which is a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Jardine_Matheson_Holdings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardine Matheson Holdings">Jardine, Matheson & Co.</a> of Hong Kong. In November 2008, <a href="/wiki/Rabobank" title="Rabobank">Rabobank</a> Group, the leading investment and private bank in the Netherlands, acquired 7.5% of Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG, and Rabobank and Rothschild entered into a co-operation agreement in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers and acquisitions</a> (M&A) advisory and equity capital markets advisory in the food and <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> sectors.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> It was believed that the move was intended to help Rothschild Continuation Holdings AG gain access to a wider capital pool, enlarging its presence in East Asian markets.<a href="#cite_note-rabo2-74">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paris_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Orléans">Paris Orléans</a> S.A. is a financial holding company listed on <a href="/wiki/Euronext" title="Euronext">Euronext</a> Paris and controlled by the French and English branches of the Rothschild family. Paris Orléans is the flagship of the Rothschild banking group and controls the Rothschild Group's banking activities including <a href="/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Rothschild & Sons">N M Rothschild & Sons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Cie_Banque" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild & Cie Banque">Rothschild & Cie Banque</a>. It has over 2,000 employees. Directors of the company include <a href="/wiki/Eric_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric de Rothschild">Eric de Rothschild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Rothschild" title="Robert de Rothschild">Robert de Rothschild</a> and Count Philippe de Nicolay.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-75">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/N_M_Rothschild_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Rothschild & Sons">N M Rothschild & Sons</a>, an English investment bank, does most of its business as an advisor for mergers and acquisitions. In 2004, the investment bank withdrew from the gold market, a commodity the Rothschild bankers had traded in for two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-55">[54]</a> In 2006, it ranked second in UK M&A with deals totalling $104.9 billion.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> In 2006, the bank recorded a pre-tax annual profit of £83.2 million with assets of £5.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.5em; font-size: 85%; background:#white; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 30%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;">"Treat the stock exchange like a cold shower (quick in, quick out)." —A traditional family <a href="/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy)" title="Maxim (philosophy)">maxim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group">Edmond de Rothschild Group</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Large_Mansion_at_Gunnersbury_ed.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Large_Mansion_at_Gunnersbury_ed.JPG/220px-The_Large_Mansion_at_Gunnersbury_ed.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Large_Mansion_at_Gunnersbury_ed.JPG/330px-The_Large_Mansion_at_Gunnersbury_ed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/The_Large_Mansion_at_Gunnersbury_ed.JPG/440px-The_Large_Mansion_at_Gunnersbury_ed.JPG 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>The Large Mansion at <a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a>, London</figcaption></figure> In 1953, one Swiss member of the family, <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Adolphe_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild">Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild</a> (1926–1997), founded the LCF Rothschild Group (now <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group" title="Edmond de Rothschild Group">Edmond de Rothschild Group</a>) which is based in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> and today extends to 15 countries across the world. Although this group is primarily a financial entity, specializing in asset management and private banking, its activities also cover mixed farming, luxury hotels and <a href="/wiki/Yacht_racing" title="Yacht racing">yacht racing</a>. Edmond de Rothschild Group's committee is currently being chaired by <a href="/wiki/Ariane_de_Rothschild" title="Ariane de Rothschild">Ariane de Rothschild</a>. In late 2010, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_de_Rothschild" title="Benjamin de Rothschild">Benjamin de Rothschild</a>, the chairman at the time, said that the family had been unaffected by the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, due to their conservative business practices: "We came through it well, because our investment managers did not want to put money into crazy things." He added that the Rothschilds were still a small-scale, traditional family business and took greater care over their clients' investments than American companies, adding: "The client knows we will not speculate with his money".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Edmond de Rothschild group includes these companies. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banque_priv%C3%A9e_Edmond_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild">Banque privée Edmond de Rothschild</a> – Swiss private banking firm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_Financi%C3%A8re_Edmond_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild">Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild</a> – French private bank</li> <li>La Compagnie Benjamin de Rothschild</li> <li>Cogifrance – Real estate</li> <li>Compagnie Vinicole Baron Edmond de Rothschild – wine making firm</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RIT_Capital_Partners">RIT Capital Partners</h3></div> In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rothschild,_4th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild">Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild</a> resigned from N M Rothschild & Sons and took independent control of Rothschild Investment Trust (now <a href="/wiki/RIT_Capital_Partners" title="RIT Capital Partners">RIT Capital Partners</a>, a British investment trust), which has reported assets of $3.4 billion in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> It is listed on <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>. Lord Rothschild is also one of the major investors behind BullionVault, a gold trading platform.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> In 2010 RIT Capital Partners stored a significant proportion of its assets in the form of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">physical gold</a>. Other assets included oil and energy-related investments.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> In 2012, RIT Capital Partners announced it was to buy a 37 per cent stake in a <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefeller family</a> wealth advisory and asset management group.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Commenting on the deal, <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefeller family</a>, said: "The connection between our two families remains very strong."<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investments">Investments</h3></div> In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rothschild,_4th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild">Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild</a>, founded J. Rothschild Assurance Group (now <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Place_plc" title="St. James's Place plc">St. James's Place Wealth Management</a>) with <a href="/wiki/Sir_Mark_Weinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Mark Weinberg">Sir Mark Weinberg</a>. It is also listed on <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> In 2001, the Rothschild mansion located at 18 <a href="/wiki/Kensington_Palace_Gardens" title="Kensington Palace Gardens">Kensington Palace Gardens</a>, London, was on sale for £85 million, at that time (2001) the most expensive residential property ever to go on sale in the world. It was built in marble, at 9,000 sq ft, with underground parking for 20 cars.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In December 2009, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rothschild,_4th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild">Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild</a>, invested $200 million of his own money in a <a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a> company.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> In January 2010, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rothschild,_5th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild">Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild</a>, bought a substantial share of the <a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a> mining and oil company's market capitalisation. He also bought a large share of the <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">aluminium mining</a> company <a href="/wiki/United_Company_RUSAL" class="mw-redirect" title="United Company RUSAL">United Company RUSAL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> During the 19th century, the Rothschilds controlled the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto mining corporation</a>, and to this day, Rothschild and Rio Tinto maintain a close business relationship.<a href="#cite_note-lemonde.fr-89">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine">Wine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_Lafite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chateau_Lafite.jpg/220px-Chateau_Lafite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chateau_Lafite.jpg/330px-Chateau_Lafite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Chateau_Lafite.jpg/440px-Chateau_Lafite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite_Rothschild" title="Château Lafite Rothschild">Château Lafite Rothschild</a>, Bordeaux. Alongside <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a>, it is perhaps the most prestigious of the many Rothschild wine estates.</figcaption></figure> The Rothschild family has been in the winemaking industry for 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In 1853, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel de Rothschild">Nathaniel de Rothschild</a> purchased <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Brane-Mouton" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Brane-Mouton">Château Brane-Mouton</a> and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a>. In 1868, <a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a> purchased the neighbouring Château Lafite and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite_Rothschild" title="Château Lafite Rothschild">Château Lafite Rothschild</a>. Today, the Rothschild family owns many wine estates: their estates in France include <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clarke" title="Château Clarke">Château Clarke</a>, Château de Malengin, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clerc-Milon" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clerc-Milon">Château Clerc-Milon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Armailhac" title="Château d'Armailhac">Château d'Armailhac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Duhart-Milon" title="Château Duhart-Milon">Château Duhart-Milon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite_Rothschild" title="Château Lafite Rothschild">Château Lafite Rothschild</a>, Château de Laversine, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Laurets" title="Château des Laurets">Château des Laurets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_L%27%C3%89vangile" title="Château L'Évangile">Château L'Évangile</a>, Château Malmaison, Château de Montvillargenne, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Muette" title="Château de la Muette">Château de la Muette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Rieussec" title="Château Rieussec">Château Rieussec</a> and Château Rothschild d'Armainvilliers. They also own wine estates across North America, South America, South Africa and Australia. Especially, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite_Rothschild" title="Château Lafite Rothschild">Château Lafite Rothschild</a> are classified as Premier Cru Classé—i.e., <a href="/wiki/First_Growth" title="First Growth">First Growth</a>, the status referring to a classification of wines from the <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> region of France. <a href="/wiki/Saskia_de_Rothschild" title="Saskia de Rothschild">Saskia de Rothschild</a> was named Chairwoman of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite_Rothschild" title="Château Lafite Rothschild">Château Lafite Rothschild</a> in 2018, succeeding her father, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_de_Rothschild" title="Éric de Rothschild">Éric de Rothschild</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a> was managed by <a href="/wiki/Philippine_de_Rothschild" title="Philippine de Rothschild">Philippine de Rothschild</a> until her death in 2014. It is now under the direction of her son Philippe Sereys de Rothschild.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_charity">Art and charity</h3></div> The family once had one of the largest private art collections in the world, and a significant proportion of the art in the world's public museums are Rothschild donations which were sometimes, in the family tradition of discretion, donated anonymously.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Rothschild_(film_maker)" title="Hannah Rothschild (film maker)">Hannah Rothschild</a> was appointed in December 2014 as chair of the board of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> of London.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_financial_holdings">List of financial holdings</h2></div> The following is a list of businesses in which the Rothschild family have held a controlling or an otherwise significant interest. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Resource_Minerals" title="Asia Resource Minerals">Asia Resource Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banque_Rothschild" title="Banque Rothschild">Banque Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnito" title="Bnito">Bnito</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinco" title="Brinco">Brinco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_du_Nord" title="Chemins de fer du Nord">Chemins de fer du Nord</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Med" title="Club Med">Club Med</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Group" title="The Economist Group">The Economist Group</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group" title="Edmond de Rothschild Group">Edmond de Rothschild Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramet" title="Eramet">Eramet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genel_Energy" title="Genel Energy">Genel Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._A._Rothschild_%26_S%C3%B6hne" title="M. A. Rothschild & Söhne">M. A. Rothschild & Söhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_One_Winery" title="Opus One Winery">Opus One Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a><a href="#cite_note-lemonde.fr-89">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIT_Capital_Partners" title="RIT Capital Partners">RIT Capital Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschild & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._von_Rothschild" title="S. M. von Rothschild">S. M. von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociedad_Minera_y_Metal%C3%BArgica_de_Pe%C3%B1arroya" title="Sociedad Minera y Metalúrgica de Peñarroya">Sociedad Minera y Metalúrgica de Peñarroya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Place_plc" title="St. James's Place plc">St. James's Place plc</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtkovice_Mining_and_Iron_Corporation" title="Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation">Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Haar_castlle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/De_Haar_castlle.jpg/220px-De_Haar_castlle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/De_Haar_castlle.jpg/330px-De_Haar_castlle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/De_Haar_castlle.jpg/440px-De_Haar_castlle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4519" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The neo-Gothic <a href="/wiki/Castle_de_Haar" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle de Haar">Castle de Haar</a></figcaption></figure> In the words of <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>: "This multinational banking family is a byword for wealth, power – and discretion... The Rothschild name has become synonymous with money and power to a degree that perhaps no other family has ever matched."<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothschildschloss_Waidhofen_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rothschildschloss_Waidhofen_2024.jpg/220px-Rothschildschloss_Waidhofen_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rothschildschloss_Waidhofen_2024.jpg/330px-Rothschildschloss_Waidhofen_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Rothschildschloss_Waidhofen_2024.jpg/440px-Rothschildschloss_Waidhofen_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10674" data-file-height="7116" /></a><figcaption>The neo-Gothic <a href="/wiki/Rothschildschloss" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschildschloss">Rothschildschloss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waidhofen_an_der_Ybbs" title="Waidhofen an der Ybbs">Waidhofen</a></figcaption></figure> Writing of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefeller</a> and Rothschild families, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Mount" title="Harry Mount">Harry Mount</a> writes: "That is what makes these two dynasties so exceptional – not just their dizzying wealth, but the fact that they have held on to it for so long: and not just the loot, but also their family companies."<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The story of the Rothschild family has been featured in a number of films. The 1934 Hollywood film titled <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Rothschild" title="The House of Rothschild">The House of Rothschild</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/George_Arliss" title="George Arliss">George Arliss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loretta_Young" title="Loretta Young">Loretta Young</a>, recounted the life of <a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel Rothschild">Mayer Amschel Rothschild</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a> (both played by Arliss). Excerpts from this film were incorporated into the Nazi propaganda film <a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Jew_(1940_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eternal Jew (1940 film)">Der ewige Jude</a> (The Eternal Jew) without the permission of the copyright holder. Another Nazi film, Die Rothschilds (also called Aktien auf Waterloo), was directed by <a href="/wiki/Erich_Waschneck" title="Erich Waschneck">Erich Waschneck</a> in 1940. A Broadway musical entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Rothschilds_(musical)" title="The Rothschilds (musical)">The Rothschilds</a>, covering the history of the family up to 1818, was nominated for a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> in 1971. <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathaniel Mayer ("Natty") Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild</a> appears as a minor character in the historical-mystery novel <a href="/wiki/Stone%27s_Fall" title="Stone's Fall">Stone's Fall</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Iain_Pears" title="Iain Pears">Iain Pears</a>. Mayer Rothschild is featured in <a href="/wiki/Diana_Gabaldon" title="Diana Gabaldon">Diana Gabaldon</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Voyager_(novel)" title="Voyager (novel)">Voyager</a> as a coin seller summoned to Le Havre by Jamie Fraser to appraise coins, prior to the establishment of the Rothschild dynasty, when Mayer is in his early 20s. The Rothschild name is mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a> in his novel <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a>, among many names of historically affluent persons, scientific innovators and others. The character, named Morgana Rothschild, played a relatively minor role in the story. The name Rothschild used as a synonym for extreme wealth inspired the song "<a href="/wiki/If_I_Were_a_Rich_Man_(song)" title="If I Were a Rich Man (song)">If I Were a Rich Man</a>", which is based on a song from the <a href="/wiki/Tevye" title="Tevye">Tevye</a> the Dairyman stories, written in the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> as Ven ikh bin Rotshild, meaning 'If I were a Rothschild'.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> In France, the word "Rothschild" was throughout the 19th and 20th centuries a synonym for seemingly endless wealth, neo-Gothic styles, and epicurean glamour.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The family also has lent its name to "<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>le <a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_Rothschild" title="Goût Rothschild">goût Rothschild</a>," a very glamorous style of interior decoration whose elements include neo-Renaissance palaces, extravagant use of velvet and gilding, vast collections of armour and sculpture, a sense of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Horror_vacui_(art)" title="Horror vacui (art)">horror vacui</a>, and the highest masterworks of art. Le goût Rothschild has influenced designers such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Denning" title="Robert Denning">Robert Denning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Fourcade" title="Vincent Fourcade">Vincent Fourcade</a> and others. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Yes, my dear fellow, it all amounts to this: in order to do something first you must be something. We think Dante great, and he had a civilization of centuries behind him; the House of Rothschild is rich and it has required much more than one generation to attain such wealth. Such things all lie much deeper than one thinks."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Wolfgang Goethe">Johann Wolfgang Goethe</a>, October 1828<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Antisemitic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories § Antisemitic conspiracy theories</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope#Controlling_the_global_financial_system" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic trope § Controlling the global financial system</a></div> Over more than two centuries,<a href="#cite_note-Random_Variables_1984-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson,_Niall_1998-26">[26]</a> the Rothschild family has frequently been the subject of <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-conspiracy1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> These theories take differing forms, such as claiming that the family controls the world's wealth and financial institutions<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> or encouraged or discouraged wars between governments. Discussing this and similar views, the historian <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> wrote that, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Without wars, nineteenth-century states would have little need to issue bonds. As we have seen, however, wars tended to hit the price of existing bonds by increasing the risk that a debtor state would fail to meet its interest payments in the event of defeat and losses of territory. By the middle of the 19th century, the Rothschilds had evolved from traders into fund managers, carefully tending to their own vast portfolio of government bonds. Now having made their money, they stood to lose more than they gained from conflict. [...] The Rothschilds had decided the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> by putting their financial weight behind Britain. Now they would [...] sit on the sidelines.<a href="#cite_note-Money_2008_page_91-113">[111]</a></blockquote> Many conspiracy theories about the Rothschild family arise from <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic prejudice</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">antisemitic tropes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_descendants_of_Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild">Prominent descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_the_Rothschild_family" title="Genealogy of the Rothschild family">Genealogy of the Rothschild family</a></div> Prominent lineal descendants of Mayer Amschel Rothschild include among many others: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rothschild_family" title="Special:EditPage/Rothschild family">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_de_Rothschild01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/David_de_Rothschild01.JPG/170px-David_de_Rothschild01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/David_de_Rothschild01.JPG/255px-David_de_Rothschild01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/David_de_Rothschild01.JPG/340px-David_de_Rothschild01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>Baron David René de Rothschild, current French chairman of N M Rothschild & Sons and formerly of <a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertha-Clara_von_Rothschild,_by_Ellis_William_Roberts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bertha-Clara_von_Rothschild%2C_by_Ellis_William_Roberts.jpg/170px-Bertha-Clara_von_Rothschild%2C_by_Ellis_William_Roberts.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bertha-Clara_von_Rothschild%2C_by_Ellis_William_Roberts.jpg/255px-Bertha-Clara_von_Rothschild%2C_by_Ellis_William_Roberts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bertha-Clara_von_Rothschild%2C_by_Ellis_William_Roberts.jpg/340px-Bertha-Clara_von_Rothschild%2C_by_Ellis_William_Roberts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Bertha-Clara von Rothschild (Princess of Wagram) (<a href="/wiki/Ellis_William_Roberts" title="Ellis William Roberts">Ellis William Roberts</a>, 1890)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baron_Ferdinand_de_Rothschild.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Baron_Ferdinand_de_Rothschild.png/170px-Baron_Ferdinand_de_Rothschild.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Baron_Ferdinand_de_Rothschild.png/255px-Baron_Ferdinand_de_Rothschild.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Baron_Ferdinand_de_Rothschild.png 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Baron <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Ferdinand de Rothschild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">M.P.</a> (1839–1898)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibyl_Sasson,_Countess_of_Rocksavage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sibyl_Sasson%2C_Countess_of_Rocksavage.jpg/170px-Sibyl_Sasson%2C_Countess_of_Rocksavage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sibyl_Sasson%2C_Countess_of_Rocksavage.jpg/255px-Sibyl_Sasson%2C_Countess_of_Rocksavage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sibyl_Sasson%2C_Countess_of_Rocksavage.jpg/340px-Sibyl_Sasson%2C_Countess_of_Rocksavage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Sassoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybil Sassoon">Sybil Cholmondeley</a>, Marchioness of Cholmondeley (1894–1989), painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haltonhouse-northface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Haltonhouse-northface.jpg/220px-Haltonhouse-northface.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Haltonhouse-northface.jpg/330px-Haltonhouse-northface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Haltonhouse-northface.jpg/440px-Haltonhouse-northface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halton_House" title="Halton House">Halton House</a>, a Rothschild family mansion in Buckinghamshire, England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lionel_Nathan_de_Rothschild_by_Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lionel_Nathan_de_Rothschild_by_Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim.jpg/170px-Lionel_Nathan_de_Rothschild_by_Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lionel_Nathan_de_Rothschild_by_Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim.jpg/255px-Lionel_Nathan_de_Rothschild_by_Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Lionel_Nathan_de_Rothschild_by_Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim.jpg/340px-Lionel_Nathan_de_Rothschild_by_Moritz_Daniel_Oppenheim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3222" /></a><figcaption>Lionel de Rothschild, whose colt <a href="/wiki/Sir_Bevys" title="Sir Bevys">Sir Bevys</a> won the 1879 <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Derby" title="Epsom Derby">Epsom Derby</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_1668.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_1668.jpg/170px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_1668.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_1668.jpg/255px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_1668.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_1668.jpg/340px-Johannes_Vermeer_-_The_Astronomer_-_1668.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4401" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>The Astronomer, by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a> given to the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> by the Rothschild family in 1982</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palais_Freiherr_Alfons_von_Rothschild.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Palais_Freiherr_Alfons_von_Rothschild.jpg/220px-Palais_Freiherr_Alfons_von_Rothschild.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Palais_Freiherr_Alfons_von_Rothschild.jpg/330px-Palais_Freiherr_Alfons_von_Rothschild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Palais_Freiherr_Alfons_von_Rothschild.jpg/440px-Palais_Freiherr_Alfons_von_Rothschild.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palais_Nathaniel_Rothschild" title="Palais Nathaniel Rothschild">Palace Nathaniel Rothschild</a>, Vienna </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascott_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ascott_House.jpg/220px-Ascott_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ascott_House.jpg/330px-Ascott_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ascott_House.jpg/440px-Ascott_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ascott_House" title="Ascott House">Ascott House</a>, donated to charity by the family in 1947</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exbury_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_189526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Exbury_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_189526.jpg/220px-Exbury_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_189526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Exbury_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_189526.jpg/330px-Exbury_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_189526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Exbury_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_189526.jpg/440px-Exbury_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_189526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Exbury House, a Rothschild estate in England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Guillemeau_-_H%C3%B4tel_Lambert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jacques_Guillemeau_-_H%C3%B4tel_Lambert.jpg/220px-Jacques_Guillemeau_-_H%C3%B4tel_Lambert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jacques_Guillemeau_-_H%C3%B4tel_Lambert.jpg/330px-Jacques_Guillemeau_-_H%C3%B4tel_Lambert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jacques_Guillemeau_-_H%C3%B4tel_Lambert.jpg/440px-Jacques_Guillemeau_-_H%C3%B4tel_Lambert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Major Alexander Karet (1905–1976)<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almina_Herbert,_Countess_of_Carnarvon" title="Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon">Almina Herbert, Countess of Carnarvon</a> (15 August 1876 – 8 May 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Louis_Philippe_Marie_Berthier,_4th_Prince_de_Wagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Louis Philippe Marie Berthier, 4th Prince de Wagram">Alexandre Louis Philippe Marie Berthier, 4th Prince de Wagram</a> (1883–1918), died fighting in the First World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Salomon_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Salomon von Rothschild">Albert Salomon von Rothschild</a> (1844–1911), former majority shareholder of <a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Charles_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Charles de Rothschild">Alfred Charles de Rothschild</a> (20 July 1842 – 31 January 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Charlotte_von_Rothschild" title="Alice Charlotte von Rothschild">Alice Charlotte von Rothschild</a> (1847–1922) close friend of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aline_Caroline_de_Rothschild" title="Aline Caroline de Rothschild">Aline Caroline de Rothschild</a> (1867–1909), French socialite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdera_Franchetti" title="Afdera Franchetti">Baroness Afdera Franchetti</a> (born c. 1931), a former wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a>, from the noble Italian Jewish Franchetti family</li> <li>Baroness Alix Hermine Jeannette Schey de Koromla (1911–1982)<a href="#cite_note-Charles_Mosley_2003-122">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_James_de_Rothschild" title="Alphonse James de Rothschild">Alphonse James de Rothschild</a> (1827–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayor_James_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Amschel Mayor James Rothschild">Amschel Mayor James Rothschild</a> (1955–1996, Paris), patron of motor racing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gustav_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony Gustav de Rothschild">Anthony Gustav de Rothschild</a> (1887–1961), horse-breeder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony James de Rothschild">Anthony James de Rothschild</a> (born 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Anselm von Rothschild">Anselm von Rothschild</a> (1803–1874), Austrian banker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_de_Rothschild,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet">Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet</a> (1810–1876)</li> <li>Antoine Armand Odelric Marie Henri de Gramont, 13th Duke of Gramont (born 1951)<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Rothschild" title="Alain de Rothschild">Alain de Rothschild</a> (1910–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_de_Rothschild" title="Benjamin de Rothschild">Benjamin de Rothschild</a> (1963–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Ephrussi_de_Rothschild" title="Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild">Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild</a> (1864–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsab%C3%A9e_de_Rothschild" title="Bethsabée de Rothschild">Bethsabée de Rothschild</a> (1914–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Carl Mayer von Rothschild">Carl Mayer von Rothschild</a> (1788–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Rothschild" title="Charlotte de Rothschild">Charlotte de Rothschild</a> (1825–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Henriette_de_Rothschild" title="Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild">Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild</a> (born 1955), soprano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Rothschild" title="Charlotte von Rothschild">Charlotte von Rothschild</a> (1818–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rothschild" title="Charles Rothschild">Charles Rothschild</a> (1877–1923), banker and entomologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_Philip_Cholmondeley,_7th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley" class="mw-redirect" title="David George Philip Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley">David Cholmondeley, 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley</a> (born 1960), <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a> of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="David Mayer de Rothschild">David Mayer de Rothschild</a> (born 1978), billionaire<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> British adventurer and environmentalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ren%C3%A9_de_Rothschild" title="David René de Rothschild">David René de Rothschild</a> (born 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Adolphe_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild">Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild</a> (1926–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edouard_Etienne_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Etienne de Rothschild">Edouard Etienne de Rothschild</a> (born 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Alphonse_James_de_Rothschild" title="Édouard Alphonse James de Rothschild">Edouard Alphonse James de Rothschild</a> (1868–1949), financier and polo player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond James de Rothschild">Edmond James de Rothschild</a> (1845–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Edmund Leopold de Rothschild">Edmund Leopold de Rothschild</a> (1916–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elie_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Elie de Rothschild">Elie de Rothschild</a> (1917–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Rothschild" title="Emma Rothschild">Emma Rothschild</a> (born 1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelina_de_Rothschild" title="Evelina de Rothschild">Evelina de Rothschild</a> (1839–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Achille_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Achille de Rothschild">Evelyn Achille de Rothschild</a> (1886–1917), died fighting for the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Evelyn_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Evelyn de Rothschild">Sir Evelyn de Rothschild</a> (1931–2022), banker</li> <li>Baron <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Ferdinand de Rothschild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">M.P.</a> (1839–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Samuel_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustave Samuel de Rothschild">Gustave Samuel de Rothschild</a> (1829–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Rothschild" title="Guy de Rothschild">Guy de Rothschild</a> (1909–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Primrose,_Countess_of_Rosebery" title="Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery">Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery</a>, née Hannah de Rothschild (1851–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Rothschild_(film_maker)" title="Hannah Rothschild (film maker)">Hannah Rothschild</a> (born 1962), documentary filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_James_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri James de Rothschild">Henri James de Rothschild</a> (1872–1946), playwright, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel de Rothschild">Nathaniel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lie_de_Noailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hélie de Noailles">Duke Hélie Marie Auguste Jacques Bertrand Philippe</a> (1943), 10th Duke of Noailles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cholmondeley,_6th_Marquess_of_Cholmondeley" title="Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley">Hugh Cholmondeley, 6th Marquess of Cholmondeley</a> (1919–90), <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a> of England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armand_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Armand de Rothschild">James Armand de Rothschild</a> (1878–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mayer Rothschild">James Mayer Rothschild</a> (1792–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Angliviel_de_la_Beaumelle" title="Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle">Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle</a> (1963–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Primrose,_7th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery">Neil Primrose, 7th Earl of Rosebery</a> (born 1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_James_Archibald_Primrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Neil James Archibald Primrose">Neil James Archibald Primrose</a> (1882–1917), MP, killed fighting in the First World War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nica_de_Koenigswarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nica de Koenigswarter">Baroness Nica de Koenigswarter</a> (née Baroness Pannonica Rothschild) (1913–1988), patron of bebop and jazz writer – often called the "Jazz Baroness"</li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Lambert" class="extiw" title="fr:Léon Lambert">Baron Léon Lambert</a> (1929–1987), Belgian art collector<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold de Rothschild">Leopold de Rothschild</a> (1845–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_David_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold David de Rothschild">Leopold David de Rothschild</a> (1927–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Nathan_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel Nathan Rothschild">Lionel Nathan Rothschild</a> (1808–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild">Louis Nathaniel de Rothschild</a> (1882–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Rothschild" title="Marie-Hélène de Rothschild">Marie-Hélène de Rothschild</a> (1927–94), French socialite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Rothschild" title="Maurice de Rothschild">Maurice de Rothschild</a> (1881–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_de_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel de Rothschild">Mayer Amschel de Rothschild</a> (1818–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Louisa_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriam Louisa Rothschild">Miriam Louisa Rothschild</a> (1908–2005), famous <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoologist">zoologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild</a>, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1868–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel de Rothschild">Nathaniel de Rothschild</a> (1812–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a> (1777–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild</a>, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1840–1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Charles_Jacob_Rothschild,_4th_Baron_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild">Nathaniel Charles Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild</a>, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1936–2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Robert_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild">Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild</a> (1946), French financier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Mayer_Victor_Rothschild,_3rd_Baron_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild">Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild</a>, of Tring in the County of Hertford (1910–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rothschild,_5th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild">Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild</a> (born 1971), a co-chairman of Atticus Capital, a £20 billion <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Anselm_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Anselm von Rothschild">Nathaniel Anselm von Rothschild</a> (1836–1905), Austrian socialite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Sassoon,_3rd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet">Sir Philip Sassoon, 3rd Baronet</a> (1888–1939), British <a href="/wiki/First_Commissioner_of_Works" title="First Commissioner of Works">First Commissioner of Works</a> and <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Air" title="Under-Secretary of State for Air">Under-Secretary of State for Air</a></li> <li>Count Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), great-grandson of Salomon James de Rothschild, he is a director of the Rothschild group.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-75">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Rothschild" title="Philippe de Rothschild">Philippe de Rothschild</a> (1902–1988), vintner, son of <a href="/wiki/Henri_James_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri James de Rothschild">Henri James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_de_Rothschild" title="Philippine de Rothschild">Philippine de Rothschild</a> (1935–2014), vintner, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Rothschild" title="Philippe de Rothschild">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Piatigorsky" title="Jacqueline Piatigorsky">Jacqueline Rebecca Louise de Rothschild</a> (1911–2012), chess and tennis champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Primrose,_6th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery">Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery</a> (1882–1974) Earl of Roseberry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Raphael de Rothschild">Raphael de Rothschild</a> (1976–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_James_de_Rothschild" title="Salomon James de Rothschild">Salomon James de Rothschild</a> (1835–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Dunn_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Serena Dunn Rothschild">Lady Serena Dunn Rothschild</a> (1935–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybil Grant">Lady Sybil Grant</a> (1879–1955), British writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Sassoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybil Sassoon">Sybil Cholmondeley, Marchioness of Cholmondeley</a> (1894–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild</a> (1868–1937), zoologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Carl_von_Rothschild" title="Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild">Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild</a> (1828–1901)</li></ul> Prominent marriages into the family include, among many others: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rothschild_family" title="Special:EditPage/Rothschild family">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ephrussi" title="Maurice Ephrussi">Maurice Ephrussi</a> (1849–1916), of the <a href="/wiki/Ephrussi_family" title="Ephrussi family">Ephrussi family</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Goldsmith" title="Ben Goldsmith">Ben Goldsmith</a> (born 1980), son of financier <a href="/wiki/James_Goldsmith" title="James Goldsmith">James Goldsmith</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Goldsmith_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldsmith family">Goldsmith family</a> x Kate Emma Rothschild (born 1982)</li> <li>Anita Patience Guinness (1957), of the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_family" title="Guinness family">Guinness family</a> x Amschel Mayor James Rothschild<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Oppenheim" title="Abraham Oppenheim">Abraham Oppenheim</a> (1804–1878), of the <a href="/wiki/Oppenheim_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheim Family">Oppenheim Family</a> x Charlotte Beyfus (1811–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aline_Caroline_de_Rothschild" title="Aline Caroline de Rothschild">Aline Caroline de Rothschild</a> (1867–1909) x <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Sassoon,_2nd_Baronet,_of_Kensington_Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edward Sassoon, 2nd Baronet, of Kensington Gore">Edward Sassoon</a> (1856–1912), of the <a href="/wiki/Sassoon_family" title="Sassoon family">Sassoon family</a></li> <li>Carola Warburg Rothschild (1894–1987), philanthropist, born into the <a href="/wiki/Warburg_family" title="Warburg family">Warburg family</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Daniel_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Daniel de Rothschild">Baron Eugène Daniel de Rothschild</a> (1884–1976) x <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sch%C3%B6nborn" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Schönborn">Countess Cathleen "Kitty" von Schönborn-Buchheim</a> (1885 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1946, née Wolff)<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a></li> <li>James Nathaniel Charles Léopold Rothschild, son of Henri James Nathaniel Charles Rothschild and Mathilde Sophie Henriette de Weisweiller, x 1923: Claude du Pont of the <a href="/wiki/Du_Pont_family" title="Du Pont family">Du Pont family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth de Rothschild">Elisabeth Pelletier de Chambure</a> (1902–1945), the only member of the Rothschild family to die in the Holocaust.</li> <li>Count <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Nicolay" title="François de Nicolay">François de Nicolay</a> (1919–1963), of the <a href="/wiki/Nicolay_(family)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolay (family)">House of Nicolay</a> x <a href="/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Rothschild" title="Marie-Hélène de Rothschild">Marie-Hélène Naila Stephanie Josina van Zuylen van Nyevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite de Rothschild">Marguerite de Rothschild</a> x 1878: Antoine Alfred Agénor, 11th <a href="/wiki/Duc_de_Gramont" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc de Gramont">Duc de Gramont</a> (1851–1921),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_de_Rothschild" title="Dorothy de Rothschild">Dorothy de Rothschild</a> (1895–1988), on her death she left the largest probated estate in Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert,_5th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon">George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon</a> x <a href="/wiki/Almina,_Countess_of_Carnarvon" class="mw-redirect" title="Almina, Countess of Carnarvon">Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell</a>, the illegitimate daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Rothschild" title="Alfred de Rothschild">Alfred de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Rothschild" title="Pauline de Rothschild">Pauline de Rothschild</a> (1908–1976), fashion designer and translator of Elizabethan poetry</li> <li>Lady Irma Pauahi Wodehouse (1897)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>], of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kimberley" title="Earl of Kimberley">Wodehouse family</a><a href="#cite_note-Charles_Mosley_2003-122">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_Marie_Alexandre_Berthier,_3rd_Prince_of_Wagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe Marie Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram">Louis Philippe Marie Alexandre Berthier, 3rd Prince of Wagram</a> (1836–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Rothschild" title="Bina Rothschild">Countess Katharina Eleonore Veronika Irma Luise Henckel von Donnersmarck</a> (1902–1965), actress x Baron Erich von <a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_family" title="Goldschmidt family">Goldschmidt</a>-Rothschild</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> (born 1933), <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Laureate">Nobel Laureate</a>, Indian economist and philosopher x <a href="/wiki/Emma_Georgina_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Georgina Rothschild">Emma Georgina Rothschild</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">Rothschild banking family of England</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne de Rothschild">Jeanne de Rothschild</a> (1908–2003), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_de_Rothschild" title="Nadine de Rothschild">Nadine de Rothschild</a> (1932–), French actress and author</li> <li>Princess Sophie <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ligne" title="House of Ligne">de Ligne</a> (born 1957) x Philippe de Nicolay (born 1955), a director of the Rothschild group,<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-75">[73]</a> and the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Salomon_James_de_Rothschild" title="Salomon James de Rothschild">Salomon James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ren%C3%A9_de_Rothschild" title="David René de Rothschild">David René de Rothschild</a> x <a href="/wiki/Aldobrandini_family" title="Aldobrandini family">Princess Olimpia Anna Aldobrandini</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Borghese" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Borghese">House of Borghese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Charles_Mosley_2003-122">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Churston" title="Baron Churston">Richard Francis Roger Yarde-Buller, 4th Baron Churston of Churston Ferrers and Lupton</a> (1910–1991) x Olga Alice Muriel Rothschild</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Dunn_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Serena Dunn Rothschild">Serena Dunn Rothschild</a> (1935–2019), granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/James_Hamet_Dunn" title="James Hamet Dunn">Sir James Hamet Dunn, 1st Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Forester_de_Rothschild" title="Lynn Forester de Rothschild">Lynn Forester de Rothschild</a> (born 1954), businesswoman</li> <li>Baroness Rozsika Edle von Wertheimstein<a href="#cite_note-Jazz_Baroness_2009-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nyevelt, of the House of Van Zuylen van Nyevelt x <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_van_Zuylen" title="Hélène van Zuylen">Baroness Hélène de Rothschild</a> (1863–1947).<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a></li> <li>Baron Elie Robert de Rothschild (1917–2007) x 1943: Lady Liliane Elisabeth Victoire Fould-Springer, great-aunt of actress <a href="/wiki/Helena_Bonham_Carter" title="Helena Bonham Carter">Helena Bonham Carter</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a></li> <li>James Rothschild x 2015: American heiress and socialite <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Hilton" title="Nicky Hilton">Nicky Hilton</a>, the great-granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Hotels">Hilton Hotels</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Hilton" title="Conrad Hilton">Conrad Hilton</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2></div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of Rothschild family </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg/220px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg/330px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg/440px-Great_coat_of_arms_of_Rothschild_family.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="628" /></a> </td> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of the Rothschild family<a href="#cite_note-Rothschild-COA-136">[134]</a></dd> <dt>Adopted</dt> <dd>1822 (granted by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis I of Austria</a>)</dd> <dt>Crest</dt> <dd>Crests: 1st, out of a ducal coronet Or a mullet of six points Or between two horns per fess alternately Or and Sable, Sable and Or; 2nd, issuant from a ducal coronet Or an eagle displayed Sable; 3rd, out of a ducal coronet Or three ostrich feathers, the centre one Argent and the exterior ones Azure<a href="#cite_note-Arms_of_the_Rothschild_family-137">[135]</a></dd> <dt>Escutcheon</dt> <dd>Quarterly: 1st, Or an eagle displayed Sable langued Gules; 2nd, Azure issuing from the sinister flank an arm embowed proper grasping five arrows points downward Argent; 3rd, Azure issuing from the dexter flank an arm embowed proper grasping five arrows points downward Argent; 4th, Or a Lion rampant Gules; over all an inescutcheon Gules charged with an oval target with pointed center Argent per bend sinister<a href="#cite_note-Arms_of_the_Rothschild_family-137">[135]</a></dd> <dt>Supporters</dt> <dd>Dexter: a lion rampant Or langued Gules Sinister: a unicorn Argent langued Gules</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>Concordia, Integritas, Industria (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Unity, Integrity, Diligence")</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Jewish_nobility" title="List of European Jewish nobility">List of European Jewish nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_families" title="List of wealthiest families">List of wealthiest families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascott_House" title="Ascott House">Ascott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Foch" title="Avenue Foch">Avenue Foch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_John_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecil John Rhodes">Cecil John Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Montvillargenne" class="extiw" title="fr:Château de Montvillargenne">Château de Montvillargenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Pregny" title="Château de Pregny">Château de Pregny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite_Rothschild" title="Château Lafite Rothschild">Château Lafite Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramet" title="Eramet">Eramet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_the_Rothschild_family" title="Genealogy of the Rothschild family">Genealogy of the Rothschild family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_Rothschild" title="Goût Rothschild">Goût Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Marigny" title="Hôtel de Marigny">Hôtel de Marigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild" title="Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild">Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Rothschild_(1934_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The House of Rothschild (1934 film)">The House of Rothschild (1934 film)</a>, addresses Rothschild roles in the Napoleonic era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerys" title="Imerys">Imerys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_money" title="Old money">Old money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Rothschild" title="Palais Rothschild">Palais Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefeller family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Island" title="Rothschild Island">Rothschild Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_(Faberg%C3%A9_egg)" title="Rothschild (Fabergé egg)">Rothschild (Fabergé egg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_properties_in_and_around_Buckinghamshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild properties in and around Buckinghamshire">Rothschild properties in and around Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto Mining Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaux-de-Cernay_Abbey" title="Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey">Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg_family" title="Warburg family">Warburg family</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> reported that he "shocked an audience by saying that in spite of 'the slow murder of 600,000 people' on the continent 'we probably all agree that there is something unsatisfactory in refugees encroaching on the privacy of our country, even for relatively short periods of time.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The PICA obtained about 450–550 km2 (170–210 sq mi) of land in Palestine, out of about 1,850 km2 (710 sq mi) (7% of the area Mandatory Palestine) that were Jewish-owned by 1947. Today's Israel proper, excluding the West Bank, Gaza, Golan and East Jerusalem, is about 21,000 km2 (8,100 sq mi), but the Mandatory Palestine was larger. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/investing/funds/11445631/Lord-Rothschild-Investors-face-a-geopolitical-situation-as-dangerous-as-any-since-WW2.html">"Lord Rothschild: 'Investors face a geopolitical situation as dangerous as any since WW2'"</a>. Telegraph.co.uk. 4 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/investing/funds/11445631/Lord-Rothschild-Investors-face-a-geopolitical-situation-as-dangerous-as-any-since-WW2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lord+Rothschild%3A+%27Investors+face+a+geopolitical+situation+as+dangerous+as+any+since+WW2%27&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Fpersonalfinance%2Finvesting%2Ffunds%2F11445631%2FLord-Rothschild-Investors-face-a-geopolitical-situation-as-dangerous-as-any-since-WW2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElon1996" class="citation book cs1">Elon, Amos (1996). Founder: Meyer Amschel Rothschild and His Time. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255706-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255706-1"><bdi>978-0-00-255706-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founder%3A+Meyer+Amschel+Rothschild+and+His+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255706-1&rft.aulast=Elon&rft.aufirst=Amos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhaus1996" class="citation book cs1">Backhaus, Fritz (1996). "The Last of the Court Jews – Mayer Amschel Rothschild and His Sons". In Mann, Vivian B.; Cohen, Richard I. (eds.). From Court Jews to the Rothschilds: Art, Patronage, and Power 1600–1800. New York: Prestel. pp. 79–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-1624-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-1624-6"><bdi>978-3-7913-1624-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Last+of+the+Court+Jews+%E2%80%93+Mayer+Amschel+Rothschild+and+His+Sons&rft.btitle=From+Court+Jews+to+the+Rothschilds%3A+Art%2C+Patronage%2C+and+Power+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79-95&rft.pub=Prestel&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-1624-6&rft.aulast=Backhaus&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinsteinJollesRubinstein2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Rubinstein" title="William Rubinstein">Rubinstein, William D.</a>; Jolles, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Hilary_L._Rubinstein" title="Hilary L. Rubinstein">Rubinstein, Hilary L.</a> (2011). The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230304666" title="Special:BookSources/9780230304666"><bdi>9780230304666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Anglo-Jewish+History&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230304666&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Jolles%2C+Michael&rft.au=Rubinstein%2C+Hilary+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeson2014" class="citation book cs1">Leeson, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Hayek: A Collaborative Biography: Part II, Austria, America and the Rise of Hitler, 1899-1933</a>. Springer Publishing. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137325099" title="Special:BookSources/9781137325099"><bdi>9781137325099</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031110/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNaHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayek%3A+A+Collaborative+Biography%3A+Part+II%2C+Austria%2C+America+and+the+Rise+of+Hitler%2C+1899-1933&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781137325099&rft.aulast=Leeson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNaHDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothschild_1999,_page_481-85-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothschild_1999,_page_481-85_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothschild_1999,_page_481-85_6-1">b</a> The House of Rothschild: Money's prophets, 1798–1848, Volume 1, Niall Ferguson, 1999, page 481-85 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115031554/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article56239.ece">"The Rothschild story: A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty"</a>. The Independent. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article56239.ece">the original</a> on 15 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Rothschild+story%3A+A+golden+era+ends+for+a+secretive+dynasty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.independent.co.uk%2Fuk%2Fthis_britain%2Farticle56239.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazz_Baroness_2009-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jazz_Baroness_2009_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazz_Baroness_2009_8-1">b</a> The Secret Life of the Jazz Baroness, from The Times 11 April 2009, Rosie Boycott </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Rothschild: a story of wealth and power, by Derek A. Wilson, (Deutsch 1988), pages 415–456 </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Rothschilds_page_11-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Rothschilds_page_11_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Rothschilds_page_11_10-1">b</a> The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty, By Frederic Morton, page 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Booth2011" class="citation news cs1">Robert Booth (8 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/08/million-pound-bash-nat-rothschild">"Million-pound bash for rising star of the super-rich"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505094755/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/08/million-pound-bash-nat-rothschild">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Million-pound+bash+for+rising+star+of+the+super-rich&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft.au=Robert+Booth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjul%2F08%2Fmillion-pound-bash-nat-rothschild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-conspiracy1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conspiracy1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conspiracy1_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnachieTudge2008" class="citation book cs1">McConnachie, James; Tudge, Robin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetocons0000mcco/page/n3/mode/2up?q=rothschild">The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories</a> (Second ed.). London: Rough Guides Ltd. pp. 244–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858282817" title="Special:BookSources/9781858282817"><bdi>9781858282817</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Conspiracy+Theories&rft.place=London&rft.pages=244-246&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781858282817&rft.aulast=McConnachie&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Tudge%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetocons0000mcco%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Drothschild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl,_Manfred2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pohl, Manfred (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016410/images/index.html?seite=145">"Rothschild, Mayer Amschel"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Neue Deutsche Biographie">Neue Deutsche Biographie</a> (in German), vol. 22, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 131–133</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rothschild%2C+Mayer+Amschel&rft.btitle=Neue+Deutsche+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=131-133&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Pohl%2C+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaten.digitale-sammlungen.de%2F0001%2Fbsb00016410%2Fimages%2Findex.html%3Fseite%3D145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024114837/http://www.lcf-rothschild.com/en/groupe/rothschild/concordia.asp">"Concordia, Integritas, Industria – The Rothschilds – LCF Rothschild Group"</a>. Lcf-rothschild.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcf-rothschild.com/en/groupe/rothschild/concordia.asp">the original</a> on 24 October 2007. 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Retrieved 29 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Rothschild+banking+and+finance+business.+Private+records+of+Rothschild+family+members+and+their+estates.+%E2%80%93+Archives+Hub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fdata%2Fgb2058-ral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Philip Ziegler, The Sixth Great Power: Barings, 1726–1929, (London 1988), pp.94f </li> <li id="cite_note-Brazil-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brazil_30-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2005" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Caroline S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054512/http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/fulltext/vol40no1/Shaw.pdf">"Rothschilds and Brazil: An Introduction to Sources in the Rothschild Archive"</a> (PDF). Latin American Research Review. 40. Austin: 165–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flar.2005.0013">10.1353/lar.2005.0013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144998736">144998736</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lasa-2.univ.pitt.edu/LARR/prot/fulltext/vol40no1/Shaw.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Rothschilds+and+Brazil%3A+An+Introduction+to+Sources+in+the+Rothschild+Archive&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=165-185&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flar.2005.0013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144998736%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Caroline+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flasa-2.univ.pitt.edu%2FLARR%2Fprot%2Ffulltext%2Fvol40no1%2FShaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-31"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_31-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. 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A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. 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A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. 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University of Utah. 21 March 1907. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211213918/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85058245/1907-03-21/ed-1/seq-5/print/image_681x648_from_1361,4839_to_3498,6874/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. 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Harvey (1981), page 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothschild_archive-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothschild_archive_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmethurst" class="citation web cs1">Smethurst, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216130517/http://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2006Japan.pdf">"Takahasi Korekiyo, the Rothschilds and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1907"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rothschildarchive.org/ib/articles/AR2006Japan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Takahasi+Korekiyo%2C+the+Rothschilds+and+the+Russo-Japanese+War%2C+1904%E2%80%931907&rft.aulast=Smethurst&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rothschildarchive.org%2Fib%2Farticles%2FAR2006Japan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> A History of the Jews, Paul Johnson (London 2004), page 319–320 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wV8UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA41">Weekly Register</a>. 1836. p. 41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031140/https://books.google.com/books?id=wV8UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522135743/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/04/magazine/meagdealer-for-the-rothschilds.html?pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Meagdealer+For+The+Rothschilds&rft.date=1988-12-04&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F12%2F04%2Fmagazine%2Fmeagdealer-for-the-rothschilds.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette20684" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20684/page/5885">"No. 20684"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 18 December 1864. p. 5885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+20684&rft.pages=5885&rft.date=1864-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F20684%2Fpage%2F5885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rothschildarchive.org/business/n_m_rothschild_and_sons_london/">Brief history of the London house, N M Rothschild & Sons</a> at Rothschild Archive website, 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1487391620070614">RPT-French banker Guy de Rothschild dies aged 98</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206021522/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL1487391620070614">Archived</a> 6 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters, 14 June 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Lafite; the story of Château Lafite-Rothschild, by Cyril Ray (NY 1969), page 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2007" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Paul (14 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/14/business/worldbusiness/14rothschild.html">"Baron Guy de Rothschild, Leader of French Arm of Bank Dynasty, Dies at 98"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193445/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/14/business/worldbusiness/14rothschild.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Baron+Guy+de+Rothschild%2C+Leader+of+French+Arm+of+Bank+Dynasty%2C+Dies+at+98&rft.date=2007-06-14&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F14%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F14rothschild.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indobit-47"><a href="#cite_ref-indobit_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaith1997" class="citation news cs1">Faith, Nicholas (4 November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-baron-edmond-de-rothschild-1292054.html">"Obituary: Baron Edmond de Rothschild"</a>. The Independent. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412022432/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-baron-edmond-de-rothschild-1292054.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Baron+Edmond+de+Rothschild&rft.date=1997-11-04&rft.aulast=Faith&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fobituary-baron-edmond-de-rothschild-1292054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Gilbert Trigano, a Developer of Club Med, Is Dead at 80 By JOHN TAGLIABUE Published: 6 February 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Thomas Trenkler. Der Fall Rothschild: Chronik einer Enteignung. Czernin Verlag, Vienna. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85485-026-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-85485-026-3">3-85485-026-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogel1999" class="citation news cs1">Vogel, Carol (10 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/10/arts/austrian-rothschilds-decide-sell-sotheby-s-london-will-auction-40-million-art.html">"Austrian Rothschilds Decide to Sell; Sotheby's in London Will Auction $40 Million in Art Seized by Nazis"</a>. New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101906/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/10/arts/austrian-rothschilds-decide-sell-sotheby-s-london-will-auction-40-million-art.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Austrian+Rothschilds+Decide+to+Sell%3B+Sotheby%27s+in+London+Will+Auction+%2440+Million+in+Art+Seized+by+Nazis&rft.date=1999-04-10&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F04%2F10%2Farts%2Faustrian-rothschilds-decide-sell-sotheby-s-london-will-auction-40-million-art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> The reign of the house of Rothschild, Egon Caesar Corti (Conte), 1928, page 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12909-rothschild">"Rothschild"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214032438/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/12909-rothschild">Archived</a> 14 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a>, 1901–1906, Vol. 2, p. 497. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> "Balfour Declaration." (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 12 August 2007, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109020922/http://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration">Archived</a> 9 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallely2004" class="citation news cs1">Vallely, Paul (16 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709064003/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-rothschild-story-a-golden-era-ends-for-a-secretive-dynasty-756388.html">"The Rothschild story: A golden era ends for a secretive dynasty"</a>. The Independent. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-rothschild-story-a-golden-era-ends-for-a-secretive-dynasty-756388.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Rothschild+story%3A+A+golden+era+ends+for+a+secretive+dynasty&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft.aulast=Vallely&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fthis-britain%2Fthe-rothschild-story-a-golden-era-ends-for-a-secretive-dynasty-756388.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharonson2000" class="citation book cs1">Aharonson, Ran (2000). Rothschild and early Jewish colonization in Palestine. Israel: <a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_University_Magnes_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hebrew University Magnes Press">The Hebrew University Magnes Press</a>, Jerusalem. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-0914-6"><bdi>978-0-7425-0914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rothschild+and+early+Jewish+colonization+in+Palestine&rft.place=Israel&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=The+Hebrew+University+Magnes+Press%2C+Jerusalem&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-0914-6&rft.aulast=Aharonson&rft.aufirst=Ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAharonson2000" class="citation book cs1">Aharonson, Ran (2000). 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Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515180208/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/The+Redeemers+of+the+Land.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2010. 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Retrieved 8 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Armand+de+Rothschild+on+the+Knesset+web+site&rft.pub=Knesset.gov.il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Flexicon%2Feng%2Frotchild_ja_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2DE153BF930A25751C1A96E948260">"Dorothy de Rothschild, 93, Supporter of Israel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031120/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/13/obituaries/dorothy-de-rothschild-93-supporter-of-israel.html">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (obituary), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, 13 December 1988. Retrieved 19 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/siyur/lishka_nasi.html">"The Presidents Chamber"</a>. Tour of Supreme Court. The Judicial Authority of the State of Israel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526172703/https://elyon1.court.gov.il/eng/siyur/lishka_nasi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tour+of+Supreme+Court&rft.atitle=The+Presidents+Chamber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felyon1.court.gov.il%2Feng%2Fsiyur%2Flishka_nasi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_65-1">b</a> "Family values", Haaretz, Magazine, 11:15 05.11.10, By Eytan Avriel and Guy Rolnik </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Magen, Hadas (31 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-baroness-rothschild-israel-insults-our-family-1001040746">"Baroness Rothschild: Israel insults our family"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602203416/http://www.globes.co.il/en/article-baroness-rothschild-israel-insults-our-family-1001040746">Archived</a> 2 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Globes_(newspaper)" title="Globes (newspaper)">Globes</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Personal email correspondence between Pardes Hannah Rishonim Museum representative and Wikipedia editor, April 2022| "This [identification of Hanna Primrose as the source of the name given to Pardes Hanna] is information that was provided to the Pardes Hannah Rishonim Museum in the 1980s after a clarification was conducted at that time with the Rothschild family archives in London. Hannah Primrose's picture which hangs in the Rishonim Museum also came from the same source... We are aware that there are those who attribute the name to other women. The claims we receive usually rely on some measure of logic but not on information that has been confirmed." </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> rishonim.house| Pardes Hanna-Karkur Founders' House Museum </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pardes-hanna-karkur.muni.il/101/"><bdi lang="he">מקור השם פרדס חנה</bdi></a>. Pardes Hana Karkur (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006012904/https://www.pardes-hanna-karkur.muni.il/101/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pardes+Hana+Karkur&rft.atitle=%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9D+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%A1+%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pardes-hanna-karkur.muni.il%2F101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ramat-hanadiv.org.il/לגלות-את-המקום/פעילות-לקבוצות/מידע-למדריכים/הרוטשילדים-וארץ-ישראל/">Ramat HaNadiv official site: section on the Rothschilds on the map of the Land of Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804033648/https://www.ramat-hanadiv.org.il/%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2-%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9D/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C/">Archived</a> 4 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325224731/http://www.paris-orleans.com/en-gb/activites/activites-bancaires.html">"Banking activities organisation chart of Rothschild"</a>. Paris-orleans.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris-orleans.com/en-gb/activites/activites-bancaires.html">the original</a> on 25 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banking+activities+organisation+chart+of+Rothschild&rft.pub=Paris-orleans.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris-orleans.com%2Fen-gb%2Factivites%2Factivites-bancaires.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325224642/http://www.paris-orleans.com/upload/2007_2008/031208_PO_UK_RA07_08_MEL.pdf">"Paris Orléans Annual report 2007/2008"</a> (PDF). Paris-orleans.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paris-orleans.com/upload/2007_2008/031208_PO_UK_RA07_08_MEL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 March 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paris+Orl%C3%A9ans+Annual+report+2007%2F2008&rft.pub=Paris-orleans.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paris-orleans.com%2Fupload%2F2007_2008%2F031208_PO_UK_RA07_08_MEL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205065020/http://www.rabobank.com/content/news/news_archive/020-RothschildandRabobankestablishglobalfoodandagricooperation.jsp">"Rothschild and Rabobank establish global food and agri co operation"</a>. Rabobank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabobank.com/content/news/news_archive/020-RothschildandRabobankestablishglobalfoodandagricooperation.jsp">the original</a> on 5 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rothschild+and+Rabobank+establish+global+food+and+agri+co+operation&rft.pub=Rabobank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabobank.com%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2Fnews_archive%2F020-RothschildandRabobankestablishglobalfoodandagricooperation.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rabo2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-rabo2_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftalphaville.ft.com/blog/2008/11/20/18451/rothschild-sells-75-stake-to-rabobank/">"Rothschild sells 7.5% stake to Rabobank"</a>. 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(PROR.PA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925010249/http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyOfficers?symbol=PROR.PA&viewId=bio">Archived</a> 25 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuters. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020823111103/http://www2.rothschild.com/investmentbanking/ibleague.asp?id=ib-regional-manda">"League tables"</a>. Rothschild.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rothschild.com/investmentbanking/ibleague.asp?id=ib-regional-manda">the original</a> on 23 August 2002. Retrieved 8 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=League+tables&rft.pub=Rothschild.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rothschild.com%2Finvestmentbanking%2Fibleague.asp%3Fid%3Dib-regional-manda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Annual Report of N M Rothschild & Sons Limited for the year ended 31 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The House of Rothschild: Money's prophets, 1798–1848, Volume 1, Niall Ferguson, 1999, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHei_Hu_Quan2011" class="citation web cs1">Hei Hu Quan (11 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://undeletedevidence.blogspot.com/2011/08/very-intriguing-rothschild-interview.html">"Undeleted Evidence…"</a>. undeletedevidence.blogspot.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117142905/http://undeletedevidence.blogspot.com/2011/08/very-intriguing-rothschild-interview.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undeletedevidence.blogspot.com&rft.atitle=Undeleted+Evidence%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.au=Hei+Hu+Quan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fundeletedevidence.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F08%2Fvery-intriguing-rothschild-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040825210440/http://miranda.hemscott.com/servlet/HsPublic?context=ir.access.jsp&ir_client_id=1874&ir_option=DIRECTORS">"RIT Capital Partners"</a>. Miranda.hemscott.com. 28 October 2003. 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Retrieved 8 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RIT+Capital+Partners&rft.pub=Miranda.hemscott.com&rft.date=2003-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmiranda.hemscott.com%2Fservlet%2FHsPublic%3Fcontext%3Dir.access.jsp%26ir_client_id%3D1874%26ir_option%3DDIRECTORS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7842235/Lord-Rothschild-fund-joins-World-Gold-Council-to-put-12.5m-into-BullionVault.html">Lord Rothschild fund joins World Gold Council to put £12.5m into BullionVault</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114190710/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7842235/Lord-Rothschild-fund-joins-World-Gold-Council-to-put-12.5m-into-BullionVault.html">Archived</a> 14 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Daily Telegraph (London), Garry White, 20 June 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124175611/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-11-17/rit-capital-increases-gold-investments-as-net-asset-value-rises.html">Rothschild's RIT Capital Boosts Gold Investments as Net Asset Value Climbs</a> Bloomberg, 17 November 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/efe93494-a9a3-11e1-a6a7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wItLOFQv">Rockefellers and Rothschilds unite</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531104306/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/efe93494-a9a3-11e1-a6a7-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1wItLOFQv">Archived</a> 31 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Financial Times (London), Daniel Schäfer, 29 May 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/transatlantic-alliance-between-rothschilds-and-rockefellers-for-wealth-management-7805035.html">Transatlantic alliance between Rothschilds and Rockefellers for wealth management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412022430/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/transatlantic-alliance-between-rothschilds-and-rockefellers-for-wealth-management-7805035.html">Archived</a> 12 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tom Bawden, Thursday 31 May 2012, The Independent (London) </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeippo2000" class="citation news cs1">Peippo, Kathleen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708020424/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5202/is_2000/ai_n19122975/">"St. James's Place Capital, plc, International Directory of Company Histories, Find Articles at BNET.com"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=James+de+Rothschild%2C+le+banquier+de+l%27%C3%A8re+industrielle&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Feconomie%2Farticle%2F2013%2F08%2F16%2Fjames-de-rothschild-le-banquier-de-l-ere-industrielle_3462336_3234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030925015740/http://www.rothschild.info/wine/">"Rothschild.info – WINE"</a>. rothschild.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rothschild.info/wine/">the original</a> on 25 September 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rothschild.info&rft.atitle=Rothschild.info+%E2%80%93+WINE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rothschild.info%2Fwine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/4c4597ce-6e96-11e8-92d3-6c13e5c92914">"Jancis Robinson on Saskia de Rothschild, new head of Château Lafite"</a>. Financial Times. 15 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/4c4597ce-6e96-11e8-92d3-6c13e5c92914">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Jancis+Robinson+on+Saskia+de+Rothschild%2C+new+head+of+Ch%C3%A2teau+Lafite&rft.date=2018-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F4c4597ce-6e96-11e8-92d3-6c13e5c92914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/43c8c692-1341-11e5-ad26-00144feabdc0">"Philippe Sereys de Rothschild takes over the family business"</a>. Financial Times. 10 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/43c8c692-1341-11e5-ad26-00144feabdc0">the original</a> on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Philippe+Sereys+de+Rothschild+takes+over+the+family+business&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F43c8c692-1341-11e5-ad26-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty, By Frederic Morton, pp. 11–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412022443/https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/about-us/press-and-media/press-releases/hannah-rothschild-appointed-chair-of-the-national-gallery-board-of-trustees">"Hannah Rothschild appointed Chair of the National Gallery's Board of Trustees"</a>. nationalgallery.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/about-us/press-and-media/press-releases/hannah-rothschild-appointed-chair-of-the-national-gallery-board-of-trustees">the original</a> on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalgallery.org.uk&rft.atitle=Hannah+Rothschild+appointed+Chair+of+the+National+Gallery%27s+Board+of+Trustees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgallery.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fpress-and-media%2Fpress-releases%2Fhannah-rothschild-appointed-chair-of-the-national-gallery-board-of-trustees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuzanneau2018" class="citation book cs1">Auzanneau, Matthieu (2018) [2015]. Oil, Power and War: A Dark History. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-743-3"><bdi>978-1-60358-743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil%2C+Power+and+War%3A+A+Dark+History&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-60358-743-3&rft.aulast=Auzanneau&rft.aufirst=Matthieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2011" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Eric (2011). The Shaping of Modern Britain: Identity, Industry and Empire 1780 - 1914. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4082-2564-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4082-2564-6"><bdi>978-1-4082-2564-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+Modern+Britain%3A+Identity%2C+Industry+and+Empire+1780+-+1914&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4082-2564-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanne1859" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Joanne, Adolphe (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlashistorique00joangoog">Atlas historique et statistique des chemins de fer français</a> (in French). Paris: L. Hachette. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlashistorique00joangoog/page/n37">21</a>–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+historique+et+statistique+des+chemins+de+fer+fran%C3%A7ais&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=L.+Hachette&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Joanne&rft.aufirst=Adolphe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlashistorique00joangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson2014" class="citation news cs1">Thomson, Adam (20 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/bcec0cb6-f860-11e3-815f-00144feabdc0">"Fate of Club Med Hangs in the Balance"</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Fate+of+Club+Med+Hangs+in+the+Balance&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2Fbcec0cb6-f860-11e3-815f-00144feabdc0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2015" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John (2015). The Unexpected Story of Nathaniel Rothschild. Bloomsbury. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472917065" title="Special:BookSources/9781472917065"><bdi>9781472917065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unexpected+Story+of+Nathaniel+Rothschild&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781472917065&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence2015" class="citation web cs1">Spence, Alex (11 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/agnellis-rothschilds-close-in-on-economist-magazine-sale-pearson/">"Agnellis, Rothschilds close in on Economist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180906/https://www.politico.eu/article/agnellis-rothschilds-close-in-on-economist-magazine-sale-pearson/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Agnellis%2C+Rothschilds+close+in+on+Economist&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft.aulast=Spence&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fagnellis-rothschilds-close-in-on-economist-magazine-sale-pearson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrimed.org/article1903.html">""Libération" tombe sous le charme d'Edouard de Rothschild"</a> (in French). Acrimed. 31 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220182525/http://www.acrimed.org/article1903.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2010. Retrieved 30 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Lib%C3%A9ration%22+tombe+sous+le+charme+d%27Edouard+de+Rothschild&rft.pub=Acrimed&rft.date=2005-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acrimed.org%2Farticle1903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuzanneau2018" class="citation book cs1">Auzanneau, Matthieu (2018) [2015]. Oil, Power and War: A Dark History. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-743-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-743-3"><bdi>978-1-60358-743-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oil%2C+Power+and+War%3A+A+Dark+History&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-60358-743-3&rft.aulast=Auzanneau&rft.aufirst=Matthieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/jun/24/theobserver.observerbusiness9">"Meet the newest grandees in town"</a>. The Guardian. 24 June 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Meet+the+newest+grandees+in+town&rft.date=2007-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2007%2Fjun%2F24%2Ftheobserver.observerbusiness9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The Daily Telegraph (London), The Rothschilds: They prefer to let their money do the talking, William Langley, 25 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/9300205/Rothschild-and-Rockefeller-their-family-fortunes.html">Rothschild and Rockefeller: their family fortunes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216061306/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/9300205/Rothschild-and-Rockefeller-their-family-fortunes.html">Archived</a> 16 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Harry Mount, 30 May 2012, The Daily Telegraph (London). </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyricsmania.com/tradition_lyrics_fiddler_on_the_roof.html">"Fiddler On The Roof – Tradition Lyrics"</a>. Lyrics Mania. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102041409/http://www.lyricsmania.com/tradition_lyrics_fiddler_on_the_roof.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 2 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lyrics+Mania&rft.atitle=Fiddler+On+The+Roof+%E2%80%93+Tradition+Lyrics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyricsmania.com%2Ftradition_lyrics_fiddler_on_the_roof.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty, By Frederic Morton (1998), p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Ferguson, ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2005" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Richard S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismhist00levy_141">Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismhist00levy_141/page/n685">624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-439-4"><bdi>978-1-85109-439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Prejudice&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-439-4&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantisemitismhist00levy_141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoliakov2003" class="citation book cs1">Poliakov, Leon (2003). The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1865-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1865-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-1865-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Anti-semitism%3A+From+Voltaire+to+Wagner&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1865-7&rft.aulast=Poliakov&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrustein2003" class="citation book cs1">Brustein, William (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootshateantisem00brus_487">Roots of hate</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rootshateantisem00brus_487/page/n164">147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77478-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77478-9"><bdi>978-0-521-77478-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+hate&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77478-9&rft.aulast=Brustein&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frootshateantisem00brus_487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2002" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Marvin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmyth00schw">Antisemitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismmyth00schw/page/n137">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16561-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-16561-1"><bdi>978-0-312-16561-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+Myth+and+Hate+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-16561-1&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantisemitismmyth00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Money_2008_page_91-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Money_2008_page_91_113-0">^</a> The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World, (London 2008), p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovan_Byford2011" class="citation book cs1">Jovan Byford (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Er9ELOwQkC&pg=PA104">Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230349216" title="Special:BookSources/9780230349216"><bdi>9780230349216</bdi></a>. <q>... a further and more direct link with the conspiracy culture's antisemitic apparent in the treatment of the Rothschild family. Ever since the nineteenth century, the Rothchilds, who combined Jewishness, financial wealth and international connections, have been the epitome of the international Jewish conspiracy (Barkun, 2006). The family name continues to feature in conspiratorial narratives to the present day, although writers of the post-1945 era have tended to play down their importance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780230349216&rft.au=Jovan+Byford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm5Er9ELOwQkC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkku_Ruotsila2003" class="citation book cs1">Markku Ruotsila (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA82">"Antisemitism"</a>. In Peter Knight (ed.). Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576078129" title="Special:BookSources/9781576078129"><bdi>9781576078129</bdi></a>. <q>This new economic antisemitism issued in a variety of full-blown conspiracy theories in the 1870s through the 1890s. In these conspiracy theories all the perceived evils of modern capitalism and industrialism were ascribed to Jews, ... and, on a more precise level, because of the purported machinations of identifiable Jewish financiers. The latter type of theories tended to centre around the supposed power of the Rothschild banking family and those of its U.S. agents that were central in various reconstruction and public debt refinancing schemes after the Civil War...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antisemitism&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781576078129&rft.au=Markku+Ruotsila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMIDrggs8TsC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Allen_Landes_and_Steven_T._Katz2012" class="citation book cs1">Richard Allen Landes and Steven T. Katz (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DV1S9dpW2aQC&pg=PA189">The Paranoid Apocalypse: A Hundred-year Retrospective on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>. NYU Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814749456" title="Special:BookSources/9780814749456"><bdi>9780814749456</bdi></a>. <q>... there are anti-Semitic claims of a vast conspiracy by Jews that structurally replicate the <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols</a> without mentioning the hoax document. Another way conspiracy theories try to avoid the label of anti-Semitic is to argue that there is a vast conspiracy by the "Rothschild family" or the "Khazars" or some other entity...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranoid+Apocalypse%3A+A+Hundred-year+Retrospective+on+the+Protocols+of+the+Elders+of+Zion&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780814749456&rft.au=Richard+Allen+Landes+and+Steven+T.+Katz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDV1S9dpW2aQC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Norman_Smith2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">David Norman Smith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">"Anti-Semitism"</a>. In Carl Skutsch (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Vol. 1 (A-F). Routledge. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135193881" title="Special:BookSources/9781135193881"><bdi>9781135193881</bdi></a>. <q>The great banking barons of the Rothschild family became, in anti-Semitic fantasy, living emblems of Jews everywhere. ... For anti-Semites, socialism and bank capitalism are just two sides of the Jewish conspiracy against order and tradition...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anti-Semitism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135193881&rft.au=David+Norman+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXYKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Streeter2008" class="citation book cs1">Michael Streeter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindcloseddoor0000stre">Behind Closed Doors: The Power and Influence of Secret Societies</a>. New Holland Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/behindcloseddoor0000stre/page/146">146</a>–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845379377" title="Special:BookSources/9781845379377"><bdi>9781845379377</bdi></a>. <q>When it comes to conspiracy theories and the secret societies that supposedly run out world ... The finger of suspicion often points to bankers and Jews – and often to Jewish bankers – as the moneymen behind this world plot. Chief among the 'suspects' are the Rothschilds, the Jewish banking dynasty ... Yet there is little or nothing that the Rothschild bankers have done that is not perfectly explicable by normal banking practices. ... The fact that the Rothschilds feature at the centre of so many conspiracy theories is perhaps no coincidence. For it is sadly the case that many claims alleging secret societies have contained more than a tinge of anti-Semitism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+Closed+Doors%3A+The+Power+and+Influence+of+Secret+Societies&rft.pages=146-47&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781845379377&rft.au=Michael+Streeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbehindcloseddoor0000stre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Goodrick-Clarke2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWAslJvCK3IC&pg=PA296">Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the Politics of Identity</a>. NYU Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814732373" title="Special:BookSources/9780814732373"><bdi>9780814732373</bdi></a>. <q>[Conspiracy theorist Jan van] <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Helsing" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Helsing">Helsing</a>'s dubious sources, his constant repetition of Jewish names as members of private and public organizations, and above all his emphasis on the assets and powerbroking influence of the Rothschilds as the top Illuminati family leave no doubt that his conspiracy theories are aimed at Jewish targets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sun%3A+Aryan+Cults%2C+Esoteric+Nazism%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780814732373&rft.au=Nicholas+Goodrick-Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWAslJvCK3IC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Morton, Frederic (1962)The Rothschilds; A Family Portrait, Secker & Warburg;London, UK. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage-96th Ed-1938. </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles_Mosley_2003-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Mosley_2003_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Mosley_2003_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charles_Mosley_2003_122-2">c</a> 1.[S37] Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Francesco Rapazzini, Élisabeth de Gramont, Paris, Fayard, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/12/david-de-rothschild-plastiki-pacific">Eco-warrior sets sail to save oceans from 'plastic death'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226142222/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/12/david-de-rothschild-plastiki-pacific">Archived</a> 26 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Observer (London), 12 April 2009, Robin McKie. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/fb822050/100622_AMD_LLambert.pdf">"Anne-Myriam Dutrieue, Le baron Léon Lambert, un banquier et financier belge d'envergure internationale du XXe siècle, 2010"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026161626/http://users.skynet.be/fb822050/100622_AMD_LLambert.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anne-Myriam+Dutrieue%2C+Le+baron+L%C3%A9on+Lambert%2C+un+banquier+et+financier+belge+d%27envergure+internationale+du+XXe+si%C3%A8cle%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.skynet.be%2Ffb822050%2F100622_AMD_LLambert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-rothschilds-and-their-200-years-of-political-influence-969772.html">The Rothschilds and their 200 years of political influence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901103310/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/the-rothschilds-and-their-200-years-of-political-influence-969772.html">Archived</a> 1 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Andy McSmith, 23 October 2008, The Independent (London). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Grand fortunes: dynasties of wealth in France (Algora Publishing, 1998), By Michel Pinçon, Monique Pinçon-Charlot, Andrea Lyn Secara, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article862464.ece">Young love will cement marriage of Britain's top three dynasties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611232146/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/columnists/article862464.ece">Archived</a> 11 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ingrid Mansell, The Times (London), 21 April 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/01/obituaries/carola-w-rothschild-ex-girl-scout-official.html">Carola W. Rothschild, Ex-Girl Scout Official</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220232454/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/01/obituaries/carola-w-rothschild-ex-girl-scout-official.html">Archived</a> 20 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York Times, 1 September 1987. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> DRUON Maurice, "Ces Messieurs de Rothschild", Paris 1966. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3417. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020603035114/http://www.kasteeldehaar.nl/uk/0303_uk.htm">"Baron Etienne van Zuylen van Nijevelt van de Haar and baroness Hélène de Rothschild"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kasteeldehaar.nl/uk/0303_uk.htm">the original</a> on 3 June 2002. Retrieved 29 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baron+Etienne+van+Zuylen+van+Nijevelt+van+de+Haar+and+baroness+H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne+de+Rothschild&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kasteeldehaar.nl%2Fuk%2F0303_uk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3416. Hereinafter cited as Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 107th edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/nicky-hilton-engaged-to-james-rothschild-hotel-heiress-to-marry-heir-2014128">US Magazine: "Nicky Hilton Is Engaged to James Rothschild: Hotel Heiress to Marry Banking Heir" By Esther Lee and Brody Brown</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711233014/http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/nicky-hilton-engaged-to-james-rothschild-hotel-heiress-to-marry-heir-2014128">Archived</a> 11 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 12 August 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRebecca_Pocklington2015" class="citation web cs1">Rebecca Pocklington (10 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/mr--mrs-first-pictures-6045133">"Mr & Mrs: First pictures of Nicky Hilton and James Rothschild on their wedding day as she flashes her garter"</a>. mirror. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105074648/http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/mr--mrs-first-pictures-6045133">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved 4 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mirror&rft.atitle=Mr+%26+Mrs%3A+First+pictures+of+Nicky+Hilton+and+James+Rothschild+on+their+wedding+day+as+she+flashes+her+garter&rft.date=2015-07-10&rft.au=Rebecca+Pocklington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2F3am%2Fcelebrity-news%2Fmr--mrs-first-pictures-6045133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothschild-COA-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Rothschild-COA_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rothschildarchive.org/family/the_rothschild_name_and_arms/the_rothschild_coat_of_arms">"Rothschild coat of arms"</a>. The Rothschild Archive. Retrieved 3 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Rothschild+Archive&rft.atitle=Rothschild+coat+of+arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rothschildarchive.org%2Ffamily%2Fthe_rothschild_name_and_arms%2Fthe_rothschild_coat_of_arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arms_of_the_Rothschild_family-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arms_of_the_Rothschild_family_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arms_of_the_Rothschild_family_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/jewish.htm#rothschild">"Jewish Heraldry"</a>. heraldica.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980702030118/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/jewish.htm#rothschild">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 1998. Retrieved 11 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heraldica.org&rft.atitle=Jewish+Heraldry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fjewish.htm%23rothschild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARothschild+family" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Virginia Cowles: The Rothchilds: A Family of Fortune, 1973, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394487731" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394487731">978-0394487731</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>: The House of Rothschild: Money's Prophets, 1798–1848 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024084-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024084-5">0-14-024084-5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>: The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849–1998 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028662-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028662-4">0-14-028662-4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Morton" title="Frederic Morton">Frederic Morton</a>: The Rothschilds: Portrait of a Dynasty (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56836-220-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-56836-220-X">1-56836-220-X</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Elon" title="Amos Elon">Amos Elon</a>: Founder: A Portrait of the First Rothschild and His Time, 1996. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-86857-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-86857-4">0-670-86857-4</a>)</li> <li>Egon Caesar Conte Corti: Rise of the House of Rothschild, B. Lunn (translator), Books for Business 2001 (reprint of 1928 translation published by Gollancz), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89499-058-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89499-058-8">978-0-89499-058-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0894990586">Amazon.co.uk searchable online view</a></li> <li>Joseph Valynseele & Henri-Claude Mars, Le Sang des Rothschild, <a href="/wiki/L%27Interm%C3%A9diaire_des_Chercheurs_et_Curieux" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Intermédiaire des Chercheurs et Curieux">ICC Editions</a>, Paris [fr]. 2004 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-908003-22-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-908003-22-8">2-908003-22-8</a>)</li> <li>Derek A. Wilson: Rothschild: A Story of Wealth and Power (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-233-98870-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-233-98870-X">0-233-98870-X</a>)</li> <li>Mir-Babayev M.F.: The role of Azerbaijan in the World's oil industry – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2011, v. 12, no. 1, p. 109–123.</li> <li>Mir-Babayev M.F.: The Rothschild brother's contribution to Baku's oil industry – "Oil-Industry History" (USA), 2012, v. 13, no. 1, p. 225–236.</li> <li>Pietro Ratto: I Rothschild e gli altri. Dal governo del mondo all'indebitamento delle nazioni: i segreti delle famiglie più potenti, Arianna Editrice, Bologna [it]. 2015 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6588-115-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6588-115-6">978-88-6588-115-6</a>)</li> <li>William Verity: The Rise of the Rothschilds – "History Today" (April 19680, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p225-233. covers 1770 to 1839.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_film">Documentary film</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ascent_of_Money#Documentary" title="The Ascent of Money">The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World</a> – The early history of the Rothschild's family business feature in the second of a four-part series by <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a> aired on <a href="/wiki/Channel_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel Four">Channel Four</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://www.rothschildarchive.org/">Rothschild Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=445&letter=R">The article of "Rothschild" in Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/015058">Newspaper clippings about Rothschild family</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> Foundations <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edrfoundations.org/">The Edmond de Rothschild Foundations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116122211/http://www.therothschildfoundation.com/">The Rothschild Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_the_Rothschild_family" title="Genealogy of the Rothschild family">Genealogy of the Rothschild family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel Rothschild">Mayer Amschel Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Amschel Mayer Rothschild">Amschel Mayer Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild Mausoleum">Rothschild Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Park_(Frankfurt)" title="Rothschild Park (Frankfurt)">Rothschild Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Rothschild" title="Prix Rothschild">Prix Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild" title="Baron Rothschild">Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Rothschild (Austria)">Baron Rothschild (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_loans_to_the_Holy_See" title="Rothschild loans to the Holy See">Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschild & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIT_Capital_Partners" title="RIT Capital Partners">RIT Capital Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group" title="Edmond de Rothschild Group">Edmond de Rothschild Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rothschild_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rothschild Frères">de Rothschild Frères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._von_Rothschild" title="S. M. von Rothschild">S. M. von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerys" title="Imerys">Imerys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramet" title="Eramet">Eramet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Med" title="Club Med">Club Med</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération">Libération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economist_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Group">Economist Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouton_Cadet" title="Mouton Cadet">Mouton Cadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_One_Winery" title="Opus One Winery">Opus One Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_du_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemins de Fer du Nord">Chemins de Fer du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtkovice_Mining_and_Iron_Corporation" title="Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation">Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association" title="Palestine Jewish Colonization Association">Palestine Jewish Colonization Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Hanadiv" title="Yad Hanadiv">Yad Hanadiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnito" title="Bnito">Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_Northern_Railway" title="Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway">Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Resource_Minerals" title="Asia Resource Minerals">Asia Resource Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genel_Energy" title="Genel Energy">Genel Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_Insurance_Group" title="RSA Insurance Group">Alliance Assurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family_residences" title="Rothschild family residences">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_properties_in_the_Home_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild properties in the Home counties">Rothschild properties in the Home counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascott_House" title="Ascott House">Ascott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Clinton_House" title="Aston Clinton House">Aston Clinton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champneys" title="Champneys">Champneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eythrope" title="Eythrope">Eythrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exbury_Gardens" title="Exbury Gardens">Exbury Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_House" title="Halton House">Halton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentmore_Towers" title="Mentmore Towers">Mentmore Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_Park_Mansion" title="Tring Park Mansion">Tring Park Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_House,_Westminster" title="Spencer House, Westminster">Spencer House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Rothschild" title="Palais Rothschild">Palais Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbaye_des_Vaux_de_Cernay" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay">Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clarke" title="Château Clarke">Château Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Château de Ferrières">Château de Ferrières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite-Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Lafite-Rothschild">Château Lafite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Laversine" title="Château de Laversine">Château de Laversine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Laurets" title="Château des Laurets">Château des Laurets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Muette" title="Château de la Muette">Château de la Muette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Rothschild" title="Château Rothschild">Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haras_de_Meautry" title="Haras de Meautry">Haras de Meautry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Marigny" title="Hôtel de Marigny">Hôtel de Marigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Pontalba" title="Hôtel de Pontalba">Hôtel de Pontalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild" title="Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild">Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Embassy,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="American Embassy, Paris">Talleyrand Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Austria" title="Rothschild banking family of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Salomon Mayer von Rothschild">Salomon Mayer von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Anselm von Rothschild">Anselm Salomon von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Hannah_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild">Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Mayer_Anselm_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild">Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Ferdinand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Salomon_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Salomon von Rothschild">Salomon Albert Anmselm von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nathaniel_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nathaniel von Rothschild">Ludwig (Louis) von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Daniel_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Daniel de Rothschild">Eugéne Daniel von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Stuart" title="Jeanne Stuart">Jeanne Stuart von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Charlotte_von_Rothschild" title="Alice Charlotte von Rothschild">Alice Charlotte von Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Rothschild" title="Alfred de Rothschild">Alfred de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayor_James_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Amschel Mayor James Rothschild">Amschel Mayor James Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_de_Rothschild,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet">Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gustav_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony Gustav de Rothschild">Anthony Gustav de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony James de Rothschild">Anthony James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rothschild" title="Charles Rothschild">Charles Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Henriette_de_Rothschild" title="Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild">Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="David Mayer de Rothschild">David Mayer de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_de_Rothschild" title="Dorothy de Rothschild">Dorothy de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Edmund Leopold de Rothschild">Edmund Leopold de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Georgina_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Georgina Rothschild">Emma Georgina Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelina_de_Rothschild" title="Evelina de Rothschild">Evelina de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Achille_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Achille de Rothschild">Evelyn Achille de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_de_Rothschild" title="Evelyn de Rothschild">Sir Evelyn de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Ferdinand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Primrose,_Countess_of_Rosebery" title="Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery">Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rothschild,_4th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild">Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nica_de_Koenigswarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nica de Koenigswarter">Kathleen (Nica de Koenigswarter) Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold de Rothschild">Leopold de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_David_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold David de Rothschild">Leopold David de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild_(1882-1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel de Rothschild (1882-1942)">Lionel Nathan de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Forester_de_Rothschild" title="Lynn Forester de Rothschild">Lynn Forester de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_de_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel de Rothschild">Mayer Amschel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Louisa_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriam Louisa Rothschild">Miriam Louisa Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel de Rothschild">Nathaniel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rothschild,_5th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild">Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Hilton" title="Nicky Hilton">Nicky Hilton Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Rothschild" title="Serena Rothschild">Serena Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rothschild,_3rd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild">Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_James_de_Rothschild" title="Alphonse James de Rothschild">Alphonse James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aline_Caroline_de_Rothschild" title="Aline Caroline de Rothschild">Aline Caroline de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_de_Rothschild" title="Ariane de Rothschild">Ariane de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Rothschild" title="Arthur de Rothschild">Arthur de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Ephrussi_de_Rothschild" title="Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild">Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_de_Rothschild" title="Benjamin de Rothschild">Benjamin de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_von_Rothschild" title="Betty von Rothschild">Betty von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Rothschild" title="Charlotte de Rothschild">Charlotte de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsab%C3%A9e_de_Rothschild" title="Bethsabée de Rothschild">Bethsabée de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ren%C3%A9_de_Rothschild" title="David René de Rothschild">David René de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Adolphe_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild">Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond James de Rothschild">Edmond James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_de_Rothschild" title="Édouard de Rothschild">Édouard Etienne de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edouard_Alphonse_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild">Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_de_Rothschild" title="Élie de Rothschild">Élie de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth de Rothschild">Elisabeth de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Rothschild" title="Guy de Rothschild">Guy de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_van_Zuylen" title="Hélène van Zuylen">Hélène de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rothschild" title="Henri de Rothschild">Henri de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Piatigorsky" title="Jacqueline Piatigorsky">Jacqueline Rebecca de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armand_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Armand de Rothschild">James Armand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Rothschild" title="Marie-Hélène de Rothschild">Marie-Hélène de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_de_Rothschild" title="Nadine de Rothschild">Nadine de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Robert_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild">Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_St%C3%A9phane" title="Nicole Stéphane">Nicole de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Rothschild" title="Pauline de Rothschild">Pauline de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Rothschild" title="Philippe de Rothschild">Philippe de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_de_Rothschild" title="Philippine de Rothschild">Philippine de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_James_de_Rothschild" title="Salomon James de Rothschild">Salomon James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Rothschild" title="Maurice de Rothschild">Maurice de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Rothschild" title="Gustave de Rothschild">Gustave de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Rothschild" title="Robert de Rothschild">Robert de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Rothschild" title="Alain de Rothschild">Alain de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_de_Rothschild" title="Éric de Rothschild">Éric de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Angliviel_de_la_Beaumelle" title="Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle">Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Naples" title="Rothschild banking family of Naples">Naples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Rothschild" title="Charlotte von Rothschild">Charlotte von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Carl Mayer von Rothschild">Carl Mayer von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Carl_von_Rothschild" title="Mayer Carl von Rothschild">Mayer Carl von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelheid_von_Rothschild" title="Adelheid von Rothschild">Adelheid von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Carl_von_Rothschild" title="Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild">Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthe_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthe von Rothschild">Berthe von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Thérèse von Rothschild">Thérèse von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite de Rothschild">Marguerite de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Rothschild" title="Bina Rothschild">Bina von Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Rothschild_family" title="Category:Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banking_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banking_families" title="Template:Banking families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banking_families" title="Template talk:Banking families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banking_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banking families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banking_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banking_families" title="List of banking families">Banking families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abravanel" title="Abravanel">Abravanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardi_family" title="Bardi family">Bardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benveniste" title="Benveniste">Benveniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenberg_family" title="Berenberg family">Berenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethmann_family" title="Bethmann family">Bethmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bischoffsheim_family" title="Bischoffsheim family">Bischoffsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Borgia" title="House of Borgia">Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Bot%C3%ADn_(1903%E2%80%931993)" title="Emilio Botín (1903–1993)">Botin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Camondo" title="House of Camondo">Camondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerchi_family" title="Cerchi family">Cerchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chigi_family" title="Chigi family">Chigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_Etcheverr%C3%ADa" title="Banco Etcheverría">Etcheverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrussi_family" title="Ephrussi family">Ephrussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_%C3%89mile_d%27Erlanger" title="Frédéric Émile d'Erlanger">Erlanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fould_family" title="Fould family">Fould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frescobaldi" title="Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugger_family" title="Fugger family">Fugger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_family" title="Goldschmidt family">Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_family" title="Gondi family">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossler_family" title="Gossler family">Gossler (Berenberg-Gossler)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Joachim_Hambro_(banker)" title="Carl Joachim Hambro (banker)">Hambro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochstetter_family" title="Hochstetter family">Hochstetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hottinguer_family" title="Hottinguer family">Hottinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff_family" title="Imhoff family">Imhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigswarter_family" title="Königswarter family">Königswarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stanis%C5%82aw_Kronenberg" title="Leopold Stanisław Kronenberg">Kronenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Liechtenstein" title="House of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet_family" title="Mallet family">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Medici" title="House of Medici">Medici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelssohn_family" title="Mendelssohn family">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metzler_Bank" title="Metzler Bank">Metzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheim_family" title="Oppenheim family">Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazzi" title="Pazzi">Pazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictet_Group" title="Pictet Group">Pictet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierleoni_family" title="Pierleoni family">Pierleoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pereire_brothers" title="Pereire brothers">Pereire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruzzi" title="Peruzzi">Peruzzi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Ruffer_%26_Sons" title="A Ruffer & Sons">Ruffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6der_family" title="Schröder family">Schröder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyler_family" title="Seyler family">Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaro_(family)" title="Solaro (family)">Solaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozzini_family" title="Sozzini family">Sozzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speyer_family" title="Speyer family">Speyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_family" title="Stern family">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurz%C3%B3_family" title="Thurzó family">Thurzó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallenberg_family" title="Wallenberg family">Wallenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg_family" title="Warburg family">Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welser_family" title="Welser family">Welser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Lanschot_(family)" title="Van Lanschot (family)">Van Lanschot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barney_family" title="Barney family">Barney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel" title="Anthony Joseph Drexel">Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldman%E2%80%93Sachs_family" title="Goldman–Sachs family">Goldman–Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazard" title="Lazard">Lazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehman_family" title="Lehman family">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellon_family" title="Mellon family">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_family" title="Morgan family">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_family" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._%26_W._Seligman_%26_Co." title="J. & W. Seligman & Co.">Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warburg_family" title="Warburg family">Warburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baring_family" title="Baring family">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_family_(bankers)" title="Clifford family (bankers)">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmid_family" title="Goldsmid family">Goldsmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindlay_family" title="Grindlay family">Grindlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness_family" title="Guinness family">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_family_(Birmingham)" title="Lloyd family (Birmingham)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_baronets" title="Miles baronets">Miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocatta" title="Mocatta">Mocatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassoon_family" title="Sassoon family">Sassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_family_(bankers)" title="Smith family (bankers)">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_family_(banking)" title="Li family (banking)">Li family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsui_family" title="Mitsui family">Mitsui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitomo_Group" title="Sumitomo Group">Sumitomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuda_clan" title="Yasuda clan">Yasuda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadoorie_family" title="Kadoorie family">Kadoorie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7_family" title="Koç family">Koç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27n_dynasty" title="Ma'n dynasty">Maan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_family" title="Sabancı family">Sabancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaf_Jahi_dynasty" title="Asaf Jahi dynasty">Asaf Jahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayan_Bose" title="Udayan Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_family" title="Birla family">Birla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habib" title="House of Habib">Habib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduja_family" title="Category:Hinduja family">Hinduja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagat_Seth_family" title="Jagat Seth family">Jagat Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipin_Khanna" title="Vipin Khanna">Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uday_Kotak" title="Uday Kotak">Kotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Ct._family" title="M. Ct. family">M. Ct.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Rm._M._family" title="S. Rm. M. family">S. Rm. M.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_family" title="Tata family">Tata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safra_family" title="Safra family">Safra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159386#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42630560">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118603272">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20060329021&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267376605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118603272.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118603272">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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