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McIntyre, 1970.jpg | caption = McIntyre in 1970 | province = | diocese = | see = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] | appointed = February 7, 1948 | enthroned = March 19, 1948 | ended = January 21, 1970 | predecessor = [[John Joseph Cantwell]] | successor = [[Timothy Manning]] | ordination = May 21, 1921 | ordained_by = [[Patrick Joseph Hayes]] | consecration = January 8, 1941 | consecrated_by = [[Francis Spellman]] | cardinal = January 12, 1953 | created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]] | rank = | other_post = [[Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino|Cardinal Priest of Santa Anastasia]] | previous_post = {{unbulleted list|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Coadjutor Archbishop of New York]] (1946–48)|[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Auxiliary Bishop of New York]] (1940–46)}} | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|1886|6|25|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1979|7|16|1886|6|25|mf=y}} | death_place = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] | buried = [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]], Los Angeles, California | nationality = | religion = | residence = | parents = | spouse = | children = | occupation = | profession = | alma_mater = | signature = | motto = {{lang|la|MISERERE MEI DEUS}}{{pb}}(God, Have Mercy On Me) | coat_of_arms = Coat of arms of James Francis McIntyre.svg }} {{Ordination | date of consecration = January 8, 1941 | consecrated by = [[Francis Spellman]] | bishop 1 = [[Walter P. Kellenberg|Walter Philip Kellenberg]] | consecration date 1 = October 5, 1953 | bishop 2 = [[Edward Vincent Dargin]] | consecration date 2 = October 5, 1953 | bishop 3 = [[Alden John Bell]] | consecration date 3 = June 4, 1956 | bishop 4 = [[John James Ward]] | consecration date 4 = December 12, 1963 }} {{Infobox cardinal styles | cardinal name = James McIntyre | dipstyle = [[His Eminence]] | offstyle = Your Eminence | relstyle = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]] | See = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Los Angeles]] | image = Coat of arms of James Francis McIntyre.svg | image_size = 200px }} '''James Francis Aloysius McIntyre''' (June 25, 1886 – July 16, 1979) was an American [[prelate]] of the [[Catholic Church]]. He served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archbishop of Los Angeles]] from 1948 to 1970, and was created a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] in 1953. He was a highly successful builder of new parishes, churches, and schools. He was notable in Church politics, and his reputation remains highly controversial. ==Early life== James McIntyre was born in [[Manhattan]] to James and Mary (née Pelly) McIntyre.<ref name=cardinals>{{cite news|work=The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church|title=MCINTYRE, James Francis|url=http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-m.htm#McIntyre|last=Miranda|first=Salvador|access-date=2007-04-24|archive-date=2007-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214064659/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-m.htm#McIntyre|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father was a native of [[New York City]] and member of the [[mounted police]], and his mother was from [[Kiltormer]], [[County Galway]], [[Ireland]].<ref name=princes>{{cite news|work=Our American Princes|title=James Cardinal McIntyre|url=https://archive.org/stream/ouramericanprinc017789mbp/ouramericanprinc017789mbp_djvu.txt|last=Thornton|first=Francis}}</ref> McIntyre attended Public School No. 70 because there was no room for him at the local [[Catholic school|parochial school]]. His father was rendered an invalid after falling from his horse in [[Central Park]] and sustaining serious injuries; his mother then opened a [[Dressmaker|dressmaking]] business to support the family.<ref name=princes/> Following his mother's death in 1896, McIntyre and his father were taken into the nearby home of a relative.<ref name=princes/> He did not attend [[high school]], instead becoming an errand boy in the [[financial market]]. He attended night school at [[Columbia University]] and [[City College of New York|City College]].<ref name=princes/> At age 16, McIntyre became a runner on the [[New York Stock Exchange]], working for the [[brokerage firm]] of H.L. Horton & Co.<ref name=princes/> He was offered a junior partnership at Horton in 1914, but declined in order to pursue [[Holy Orders]].<ref>TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121103000922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817551-1,00.html 24 Hats] December 8, 1952</ref> He then studied at [[Minor seminary|Cathedral College]] for a year before entering [[St. Joseph's Seminary, Dunwoodie|St. Joseph's Seminary]] in [[Yonkers, New York|Yonkers]] where he was a friend of [[Patrick O'Boyle (American bishop)|Patrick O'Boyle]].<ref name=cardinals/> ==Priesthood== McIntyre was [[Holy Order|ordained]] to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] by Archbishop [[Patrick Joseph Hayes|Patrick Hayes]] on May 21, 1921.<ref name=cardinals/> He then served as [[Curate|assistant pastor]] of St. Gabriel's Church in the [[Lower East Side]] until 1923, whence he became assistant [[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|chancellor]] for the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Archdiocese of New York]].<ref name=princes/> He was promoted to chancellor in 1934, and named [[Monsignor|Privy Chamberlain of His Holiness]], [[Pius XI]] on December 27 of that year. Appointed a [[Monsignor|Domestic Prelate]] by Pope Pius XI on November 12, 1936. Following the appointment of [[Francis Spellman]] to [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Archbishop of New York]] in 1939, McIntyre was named to the [[Diocese|archdiocesan]] board of consultors.<ref name=princes/> In 1939, he formed the [[Columbiettes]], a [[Knights of Columbus]] women's auxiliary. ==Episcopate== ===New York=== On November 16, 1940, McIntyre was appointed [[auxiliary bishop]] of New York and [[titular bishop]] of ''[[Cyrene, Libya|Cyrene]]'' by [[Pope Pius XII]]. He received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on January 8, 1941, from Archbishop Spellman, with [[Stephen Joseph Donahue|Stephen Donahue]] and [[John Francis O'Hara|John O'Hara]] serving as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]], in [[St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York|St. Patrick's Cathedral]].<ref name=cardinals/> He became [[vicar general]] of the archdiocese on January 27, 1945, and received the Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] in May 1946. He once said that accounts of [[Antisemitism|anti-Semitism]] in New York were "a manufactured movement...for the deliberate purpose of besmirching the minority Catholic population."<ref name=jews>{{cite news|date=1944-03-20|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=Bishop v. Archbishop?|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791452,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215003938/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,791452,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 15, 2008}}</ref> On July 20, 1946, McIntyre was named [[coadjutor bishop]] of New York and titular archbishop of ''[[Paltus]]''. Despite never succeeding Spellman as archbishop, he assisted in the governance of the archdiocese while Spellman was busied by his additional duties as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese for the Military Services, USA|Apostolic Vicar for the Military Forces]]. Spellman once said, "I have never undertaken any important matter without consulting [McIntyre]. In nothing have I gone contrary to his advice."<ref name=princes/> In 1947, McIntyre spoke out against legislation that would "permit further encroachments on the parental function of education."<ref name=princes/> ===Los Angeles=== McIntyre was appointed the second [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|archbishop of Los Angeles]], [[California]], on February 7, 1948. Replacing the late [[John Joseph Cantwell|John J. Cantwell]], he was [[Enthronement|installed]] at [[Cathedral of Saint Vibiana|St. Vibiana's Cathedral]] on the following March 19. In McIntyre's first four years alone, 26 new [[Parish (Catholic Church)|parishes]], 64 parochial schools, and 18 high schools were established.<ref name=princes/> At one point during his tenure, he oversaw the construction of a new [[Church (building)|church]] every 66 days and a new school every 26 days to accommodate the [[Post-World War II baby boom|post-World War II population boom]].<ref name=borrowed>{{cite news|date=1970-02-02|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=On Borrowed Time|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878175,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030172938/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878175,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 30, 2010}}</ref> As archbishop, he led the successful effort to repeal the state tax on Catholic schools.<ref name=princes/> In 1967 he consulted with California Governor [[Governorship of Ronald Reagan#Abortion issue|Ronald Reagan]] regarding a proposed law to legalize abortion. He convinced Reagan to veto the law if it allowed abortions in case of birth defects. The legislature dropped that provision and Reagan signed the law, which decriminalized abortions when done to protect the health of the mother.<ref>Kristen Luker, ''Abortion and the politics of motherhood'' (University of California Press, 1984) pp 88-89, 121-122.</ref><ref>Matthew W. Dallek, ''The right moment: Ronald Reagan's first victory and the decisive turning point in American politics'' (2000) p. 198.</ref> Pius XII created him [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal Priest]] of ''[[Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino|Santa Anastasia]]'' in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of January 12, 1953. McIntyre was the first cardinal of the Western United States. At the consistory, when the official photographer's flash bulb failed to go off when the [[biretta]] was conferred, Pius and McIntyre re-enacted the ceremony.<ref name=princes/> McIntyre was also one of the [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 1958|cardinal electors]] who participated in the [[Papal conclave, 1958|1958 papal conclave]], and [[Cardinal electors in Papal conclave, 1963|again]] in the [[Papal conclave, 1963|1963 papal conclave]]. He sent his priests to meetings of the right-wing [[John Birch Society]] to educate themselves about [[communism]], and recommended subscriptions to ''American Opinion'' and other Birch publications in his diocesan newspaper.<ref name=mcgirr>{{cite book |last1=McGirr|first1=Lisa|title=Suburban Warriors: The Origins of the New American Right|url=https://archive.org/details/suburbanwarriors00mcgi|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9780691059037 }}</ref><ref name=divided>{{cite book |last1=Isserman|first1=Maurice|last2=Kazin|first2=Michael|title=America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s|edition=3|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York}}</ref> He expressed caution towards "an obvious trend toward laxity" in the [[morality]] of [[film]]s,<ref>TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930060755/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866455,00.html Trend Toward Laxity?] May 30, 1955</ref> and was one of the American bishops to oppose the [[Mass (liturgy)|liturgical]] revision of the [[Second Vatican Council]], in which he participated from 1962 to 1965.<ref name=princes/><ref name=worship>{{cite news|date=1964-11-27|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=A New Way of Worship|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871416-1,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930122040/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,871416-1,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 30, 2007}}</ref> Cardinal McIntyre resisted elements in the church who dissented from Church dogma. He suspended Father [[William DuBay]], who had called for McIntyre's removal in 1964 for not sufficiently supporting the [[civil rights movement]],<ref name=dubay>{{cite news|date=1966-03-04|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=For a White-Collar Union|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835237,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622151616/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,835237,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 22, 2008}}</ref> after DuBay advocated a [[Trade union|labor union]] for Catholic priests and published a book critical of the [[Catholic Church hierarchy]].<ref name=imprimatur>{{cite news|date=1966-08-19|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=The Issue of Imprimatur|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836269-2,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901082121/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836269-2,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 1, 2009}}</ref> When Bishop [[James P. Shannon]] expressed views critical of the Church hierarchy in an [[NBC]] documentary in the late 1960s, McIntyre described Shannon's views as constituting "incipient [[Schism (religion)|schism]]."<ref>TIME Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055350/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941693,00.html Burden of Responsibility] June 6, 1969</ref> He had a dispute with the [[Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary]], whom he barred from teaching within the archdiocese in 1967 for their leftist tendencies and abandonment of their traditional discipline—such as eliminating the [[Religious habit|habit]] and compulsory daily prayer.<ref name=rebels>{{cite news|date=1970-02-16|work=[[TIME Magazine]]|title=The Immaculate Heart Rebels|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904171,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001430/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904171,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 1, 2007}}</ref> The dispute was appealed to the [[Holy See]], which stipulated that the sisters must either restore their former practices or request [[Dispensation (Catholic Church)|dispensation]] from their vows; 315 of the 380 members sought dispensation and formed a non-Catholic organization.<ref name=rebels/><ref> see Mark S. Massa S.J., ''The American Catholic Revolution: How the ’60s Changed the Church Forever'' (Oxford UP, 2010 pp 75-102, a major scholarly history of the dispute. [https://archive.org/details/americancatholic0000mass_z5p2 online]</ref> [[File:LA Cathedral Mausoleum grave McIntyre.jpg|thumb|The tomb of James McIntyre in the crypt of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles.]] At the end of his tenure, he was the subject of protests by [[African American|blacks]], [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]], and his own clergy.{{dubious|date=July 2012}}<ref name=manning>{{cite news|date=1989-06-24|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Timothy Cardinal Manning, 79; Guided Los Angeles Archdiocese|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2D9103FF937A15755C0A96F948260}}</ref> John Cooney writes that McIntyre harbored [[Racism|racial prejudices]] and was approached privately by the priests of his archdiocese who asked him to refrain from making racial slurs.<ref>John Cooney, ''The American Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal Spellman'', New York, 1984,</ref>As the result of rule changes by [[Pope Paul VI]] he lost, on January 1, 1971, the right to participate in a [[Papal conclave]] due to being over the age of 80.<ref name=Hofmann>{{cite news |last=Hofmann |first=Paul |date=24 November 1970 |title=Voting for Popes Is Barred to Cardinals Over 80 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/24/archives/voting-for-popes-is-barred-to-cardinals-over-80-prelates-over-80.html |work=New York Times |location= |publisher=The New York Times Company |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> He retired after 21 years as Archbishop on January 21, 1970, and then served as a parish priest at St. Basil's Church in Downtown Los Angeles, where he privately celebrated the [[Tridentine Mass]] on the side altars of St. Basil's. McIntyre died at St. Vincent Medical Center in Los Angeles, at the age of 93. In 2003, his remains were transferred to the crypt of the new [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]]. ==Reputation== McIntyre was disliked by liberal elements within the American Church. Charles Morris in his book ''American Catholic'' states:<blockquote>Today, McIntyre's name is associated mostly with his sad, slightly ridiculous octogenarian flailing against the cultural and religious revolutions of the 1960s. But if he had retired at the canonical age of 75 in 1961...he would be remembered as one of the great builders of the American Church.<ref>Charles Morris, ''American Catholic: The Saints and Sinners Who Built America's Most Powerful Church'' (1997), p. 258.</ref></blockquote>Monsignor Francis Weber, in his two-volume biography of McIntyre, tries to rehabilitate the cardinal's reputation. In a review of Weber's book, historian [[Kevin Starr]] agrees with Weber and articulates the alternative version of McIntyre and the 1960s. Starr writes:<blockquote>Sadly, this kindly (most of the time) and, in his own way, holy prelate became the scapegoat for those pushing the ecclesial revolutions, so frequently self-destructive, of the 1960s after the Second Vatican Council.<ref>Kevin Starr, "His Eminence of Los Angeles," ''Los Angeles Times Book Review,'' June 22, 1997, p. 3. Quoted in Jeffrey M. Burns, "Postconciliar Church as Unfamiliar Sky: The Episcopal Styles of Cardinal James F. McIntyre and Archbishop Joseph T. McGucken" (1999) p. 67.</ref></blockquote> ==References== <references/> ==Further reading== * Burns, Jeffrey M. "Postconciliar Church as Unfamiliar Sky: The Episcopal Styles of Cardinal James F. McIntyre and Archbishop Joseph T. McGucken." ''US Catholic Historian'' 17.4 (1999): 64-82 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25154691 online]. * Caspary, Anita Marie. ''Witness to integrity: The Crisis of the Immaculate Heart Community of California'' (Liturgical Press, 2003). * Davis, Mike. ''[[City of Quartz|City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles]]'' (1990, 2006) pp 323–72. * Day, Dorothy. "The Case of Cardinal McIntyre.”." ''The Catholic Worker'' (1964). [https://www.catholicworker.org/dorothyday/articles/196.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518020307/https://www.catholicworker.org/dorothyday/articles/196.pdf |date=2020-05-18 }} ** Lynch, Thomas A. "Dorothy Day & Cardinal McIntyre: Not Poles Apart." ''Church'' (Summer 1992) (1992): 10–15. * Donovan, John T. "The 1960s Los Angeles Seminary Crisis." ''Catholic Historical Review'' 102.1 (2016): 69–96. [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/615344/summary summary] * DuBay, William H. ''The Priest and the Cardinal: Race and Rebellion in 1960s Los Angeles'' (CreateSpace, 2016). * Lothrop, Gloria Ricci. "A Remarkable Legacy: The Story of Secondary Schools in the Archdiocese of Los Angeles." ''Catholic Historical Review'' 88.4 (2002): 809–810. * Real, James. "Immaculate Heart of Hollywood." ''Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning'' 3.3 (1971): 48–53. * Steidl, Jason. "The Unlikely Conversion of Father Juan Romero: Chicano Activism and Suburban Los Angeles Catholicism." ''US Catholic Historian'' 37.4 (2019): 29–52. * Weber, Francis J. ''His Eminence of Los Angeles: James Francis Cardinal McIntyre'' (Mission Hills, Calif.: Saint Francis Historical Society, 1997). ===Primary sources=== * Sister Mary Rose Cunningham, C.S.C., ed. ''Calendar of Documents and Related Historical Materials in the Archival Center, Archdiocese of Los Angeles, for the Most Reverend J. Francis A. McIntyre, Volume One: 1948-1960'' and ''Volume Two: 1961-1970'' (1995) ==External links== *[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-m.htm#McIntyre Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214064659/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios-m.htm#McIntyre |date=2007-12-14 }} {{s-start}} {{s-rel|ca}} {{succession box | before = [[Michael von Faulhaber]] | title = [[Cardinal Priest]] of [[Basilica di Sant'Anastasia al Palatino|Santa Anastasia]] | after = [[Godfried Danneels]] | years = 1953–1979}} {{succession box | title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles|Archbishop of Los Angeles]] | before = [[John Joseph Cantwell]] | after = [[Timothy Manning]] | years = 1948–1970}} {{succession box | title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Coadjutor Archbishop of New York]] | before = &ndash; | after = &ndash; | years = 1946–1948}} {{succession box | title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York|Auxiliary Bishop of New York]] | before = &ndash; | after = &ndash; | years = 1940–1946}} {{s-end}} {{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Los Angeles}} {{Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:McIntyre, James Francis}} [[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII]] [[Category:20th-century American cardinals]] [[Category:Columbia University alumni]] [[Category:City College of New York alumni]] [[Category:Saint Joseph's Seminary (Dunwoodie) alumni]] [[Category:Roman Catholic archbishops of Los Angeles]] [[Category:American Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent]] [[Category:1886 births]] [[Category:1979 deaths]] [[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]] [[Category:Burials at the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] [[Category:Members of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a 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