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href="#De_noodzaak_van_een_eindige_druk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>De noodzaak van een eindige druk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_noodzaak_van_een_eindige_druk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_temperatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_temperatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>De temperatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_temperatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standaardconcentraties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standaardconcentraties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Standaardconcentraties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standaardconcentraties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Beschikbaar in 64 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standaardtemperatuur_en_-druk" title="Standaardtemperatuur en -druk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Standaardtemperatuur en -druk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ظروف قياسية من الضغط ودرجة الحرارة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ظروف قياسية من الضغط ودرجة الحرارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiciones_normales_de_presi%C3%B3n_y_temperatura" title="Condiciones normales de presión y temperatura – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Condiciones normales de presión y temperatura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Нармальныя ўмовы – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нармальныя ўмовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Нармальныя ўмовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нармальныя ўмовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Стандартни температура и налягане – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стандартни температура и налягане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="আদর্শ তাপমাত্রা ও চাপ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদর্শ তাপমাত্রা ও চাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_de_pressi%C3%B3_i_temperatura" title="Condicions estàndard de pressió i temperatura – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Condicions estàndard de pressió i temperatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardn%C3%AD_teplota_a_tlak" title="Standardní teplota a tlak – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Standardní teplota a tlak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tymheredd_a_Gwasgedd_Safonol" title="Tymheredd a Gwasgedd Safonol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tymheredd a Gwasgedd Safonol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbetingelser" title="Standardbetingelser – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Standardbetingelser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Standardbedingungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κανονικές συνθήκες – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κανονικές συνθήκες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Standard temperature and pressure" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaj_kondi%C4%89oj_pri_temperaturo_kaj_premo" title="Normaj kondiĉoj pri temperaturo kaj premo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Normaj kondiĉoj pri temperaturo kaj premo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condiciones_normalizadas_de_presi%C3%B3n_y_temperatura" title="Condiciones normalizadas de presión y temperatura – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Condiciones normalizadas de presión y temperatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaaltingimused" title="Normaaltingimused – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Normaaltingimused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldintza_estandar" title="Baldintza estandar – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baldintza estandar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شرایط استاندارد دما و فشار – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرایط استاندارد دما و فشار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTP" title="NTP – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="NTP" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditions_normales_de_temp%C3%A9rature_et_de_pression" title="Conditions normales de température et de pression – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conditions normales de température et de pression" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condici%C3%B3ns_normais" title="Condicións normais – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Condicións normais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A5" title="תנאים סטנדרטיים של טמפרטורה ולחץ – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנאים סטנדרטיים של טמפרטורה ולחץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="मानक ताप एवं दाब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानक ताप एवं दाब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_tlak_i_temperatura" title="Standardni tlak i temperatura – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Standardni tlak i temperatura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabv%C3%A1nyos_nyom%C3%A1s_%C3%A9s_h%C5%91m%C3%A9rs%C3%A9klet" title="Szabványos nyomás és hőmérséklet – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szabványos nyomás és hőmérséklet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditiones_normal_de_temperatura_e_pression" title="Conditiones normal de temperatura e pression – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Conditiones normal de temperatura e pression" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperatur_dan_tekanan_standar" title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Temperatur dan tekanan standar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sta%C3%B0ala%C3%B0st%C3%A6%C3%B0ur" title="Staðalaðstæður – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Staðalaðstæður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condizioni_standard" title="Condizioni standard – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Condizioni standard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%8A%B6%E6%85%8B" title="標準状態 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="標準状態" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნორმალური და სტანდარტული პირობები – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორმალური და სტანდარტული პირობები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қалыпты шарттар – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қалыпты шарттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84_%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="표준 온도 압력 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준 온도 압력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Стандарттуу шарттар – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стандарттуу шарттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_normalis" title="Status normalis – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Status normalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%C4%81li_apst%C4%81k%C4%BCi" title="Normāli apstākļi – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Normāli apstākļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Стандардни услови – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стандардни услови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Стандарт температур ба даралт – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стандарт температур ба даралт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhu_dan_tekanan_piawai" title="Suhu dan tekanan piawai – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Suhu dan tekanan piawai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardbedingen" title="Standardbedingen – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Standardbedingen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperatur_og_trykk" title="Standard temperatur og trykk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Standard temperatur og trykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_trykk_og_temperatur" title="Standard trykk og temperatur – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Standard trykk og temperatur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condicions_normalas_de_temperatura_e_de_pression" title="Condicions normalas de temperatura e de pression – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Condicions normalas de temperatura e de pression" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warunki_standardowe" title="Warunki standardowe – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Warunki standardowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condi%C3%A7%C3%B5es_padr%C3%A3o_de_temperatura_e_press%C3%A3o" title="Condições padrão de temperatura e pressão – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Condições padrão de temperatura e pressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condi%C8%9Bii_standard_de_temperatur%C4%83_%C8%99i_presiune" title="Condiții standard de temperatură și presiune – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Condiții standard de temperatură și presiune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стандартные условия – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стандартные условия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_tlak_i_temperatura" title="Standardni tlak i temperatura – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Standardni tlak i temperatura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Standard temperature and pressure" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm%C3%A1lne_podmienky" title="Normálne podmienky – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Normálne podmienky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_pogoji" title="Standardni pogoji – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Standardni pogoji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Стандардни услови за температуру и притисак – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стандардни услови за температуру и притисак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardtryck_och_standardtemperatur" title="Standardtryck och standardtemperatur – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Standardtryck och standardtemperatur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திட்ட வெப்ப அழுத்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திட்ட வெப்ப அழுத்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อุณหภูมิและความดันมาตรฐาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุณหภูมิและความดันมาตรฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1cakl%C4%B1k_ve_bas%C4%B1n%C3%A7_i%C3%A7in_standart_ko%C5%9Fullar" title="Sıcaklık ve basınç için standart koşullar – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sıcaklık ve basınç için standart koşullar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Нормальні умови – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нормальні умови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معیاری حالات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معیاری حالات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_v%C3%A0_%C3%A1p_su%E1%BA%A5t_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Nhiệt độ và áp suất tiêu chuẩn – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt độ và áp 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Standaardomstandigheden</b> zijn in de <a href="/wiki/Chemische_thermodynamica" title="Chemische thermodynamica">chemische thermodynamica</a> een stel omstandigheden die als eindig aftelpunt voor veranderingen in de thermodynamische grootheden gekozen zijn. </p><p>Gewoonlijk worden daarvoor genomen: </p> <ol><li>de meest stabiele fase bij de onderhavige temperatuur <dl><dd>Bij kamertemperatuur is dat bijvoorbeeld grafiet (en niet diamant) voor koolstof en vloeibaar water, niet stoom.</dd></dl></li> <li>voor iedere gasvormige component: een bepaalde druk die niet nul kan zijn <dl><dd>Gewoonlijk is dit een druk van 1 atmosfeer (= 1,013 bar, of 101.325 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(eenheid)" title="Pascal (eenheid)">pascal</a> vaak aangeduid als <b>standaarddruk</b> of p<sub>0</sub>), maar ander keuzes zijn mogelijk, mits consequent volgehouden. Sinds 1990 wordt door de IUPAC 100000 pascal aangeraden als standaarddruk.</dd></dl></li> <li>voor iedere species in oplossing een bepaalde concentratie die niet nul kan zijn <dl><dd>Gewoonlijk wordt hiervoor 1 mol per liter genomen, maar andere keuzes zijn soms praktischer en in sommige gevallen zelfs noodzakelijk</dd></dl></li></ol> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_noodzaak_van_een_eindige_druk">De noodzaak van een eindige druk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De noodzaak van een eindige druk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De noodzaak van een eindige druk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De noodzaak om niet het natuurlijke nulpunt van de druk- en concentratieschaal (<i>P</i>=0, <i>c</i>=0) als aftelpunt te nemen, wortelt diep in de wiskundige uitdrukkingen van de thermodynamica. Zo is bijvoorbeeld de verandering van de Gibbs vrije energie (vrije enthalpie) van een ideaal gas onder veranderende druk en constante temperatuur te schrijven als: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G=-RT\ln \left({\frac {P_{2}}{P_{1}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta G=-RT\ln \left({\frac {P_{2}}{P_{1}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3129b1c86c3271a05ed9d1bc39d5cd3c2e114fcd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.2ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G=-RT\ln \left({\frac {P_{2}}{P_{1}}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>De grootheid <span class="nowrap" style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:-0.5em; font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em;"><i>P</i><sub>2</sub></span><span style="display:none">/</span><span style="display:block; line-height:1em; padding:0 0.1em; border-top:1px solid;"><i>P</i><sub>1</sub></span></span> is dimensieloos (de logaritme is alleen voor getallen gedefinieerd, niet voor eenheden of functies). Echter, omdat de logaritme niet gedefinieerd is wanneer of <i>P</i><sub>2</sub> of <i>P</i><sub>1</sub> nul is, kan <i>P</i><sub>1</sub>=0 niet als aftelpunt gebruikt worden, ook niet als daarvoor het natuurlijke nulpunt van de SI-eenheid (nul pascal) zou gebruikt worden. De van SI afwijkende thermodynamische afteltoestand is dus geenszins een slordig historisch overblijfsel, maar een wiskundige noodzakelijkheid. Meestal wordt <span class="nowrap"><i>P</i><sub>1</sub>=1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosfeer_(eenheid)" title="Atmosfeer (eenheid)">atm</a></span> als standaard gekozen (zie <a href="#Historie">Historie</a>). Wiskundig kan iedere waarde gekozen worden, behalve nul. Eenzelfde argumentatie geldt ook voor concentraties, echter niet voor de temperatuur. </p><p>Standaardomstandigheden zijn noodzakelijk als referentie bij tabulatie van <a href="/wiki/Enthalpie" title="Enthalpie">enthalpie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">entropie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_vrije_energie" title="Gibbs vrije energie">Gibbs vrije energie</a> enz. Zij werden in het verleden meestal aangeduid met behulp van een <a href="/wiki/Plimsoll" title="Plimsoll">plimsoll</a> (<s>o</s>) superscript. Dit symbool is minder verwarrend dan het nulsymbool dat nu veel meer ingeburgerd is, omdat het laatste ten onrechte suggereert dat de standaard een nulwaarde zou hebben, terwijl het omgekeerde het geval is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_temperatuur">De temperatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De temperatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De temperatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermodynamische tabellen worden voor verschillende onderhavige temperaturen gegeven. Thermodynamisch is er namelijk noodzaak noch nut aan een gestandaardiseerde temperatuur. Integendeel, wanneer staal wordt bereid bij 1000 K dan is er behoefte aan thermodynamische gegevens bij die temperatuur. Vaak wordt er wel aangenomen dat wanneer de temperatuur niet gespecificeerd wordt, er sprake is van 25 °C (298,15 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">kelvin</a>), de normomstandigheden. Welke omstandigheden instanties daar precies onder verstaan hangt vaak weer af van de instantie. Dit soort van standaardisatie namelijk is een kwestie van sociale (of politieke) conventies, niet van wiskundige noodzaak, zoals hierboven. </p><p>Voor de standaardcondities zoals die bijvoorbeeld worden gebruikt in een gashoeveelheidsmeting komt de standaarddruk steeds overeen met 101.325 Pa maar de standaardtemperatuur kan variëren tussen 15 °C en 25 °C, afhankelijk van het land en de specifieke industrie. In gashoeveelheidsmeting geldt voor normaalcondities dat deze altijd bij 0 °C en 101.325 Pa zijn. </p><p>Het <a href="/wiki/Molair_volume" title="Molair volume">molair volume</a> van één <a href="/wiki/Mol_(eenheid)" title="Mol (eenheid)">mol</a> gasvormige stof is onder dezelfde omstandigheden (druk, temperatuur) altijd hetzelfde en kan met de gaswet worden berekend. Onder standaardomstandigheden met een <a href="/wiki/Ideaal_gas" title="Ideaal gas">ideaal gas</a> is dit 22,4136 liter (in feite 22,7 liter bij de standaarddruk van 100000 pascal). In dit geval zijn de standaardomstandigheden: 273,15 K (0 °C) en <i>p</i> = <i>p</i><sub>0</sub> (= 1 atmosfeer of 1 atm). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standaardconcentraties">Standaardconcentraties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Standaardconcentraties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Standaardconcentraties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ook met betrekking tot concentratie wordt in de thermodynamica bij voorkeur gewerkt met eenheden die door het kiezen van een bepaalde standaard afteltoestand dimensieloos gemaakt zijn. Bij het rapporteren van standaardenthalpie of -entropie is het belangrijk om duidelijk te maken welke omstandigheden als standaard gebruikt zijn. Bijvoorbeeld de standaard vrije enthalpie bij een chemisch evenwicht: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln {K}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊖</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>K</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln {K}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c77cc068ab8509efcca4bb5fba62ae0ce22c8d97" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:18.36ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{\ominus }=-RT\ln {K}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Meestal worden als standaardomstandigheden in zo'n geval een druk van 1 atmosfeer en een concentratie van 1 mol per liter gebruikt voor alle species, maar andere keuzes zijn mogelijk. ΔG<sup><s>o</s></sup> heeft een andere numerieke waarde afhankelijk van de vraag of de concentraties gebruikt in de evenwichtsconstante <i>K</i> zijn uitgedrukt in molariteiten, molaliteiten, molfracties. Iedere keuze, ook van gemengde eenheden, is in principe toegestaan, maar leidt tot een andere schaal. </p> <dl><dd>Bij molariteit is de afteltoestand: 1 mol per liter</dd> <dd>Bij molaliteit is de afteltoestand: 1 mol per kg</dd> <dd>Bij molfractie is de afteltoestand <i>x</i>=1, dat wil zeggen de zuivere component.</dd></dl> <p>Wanneer gewerkt wordt met verdunde oplossingen is de molariteit de meest gebruikte eenheid, maar bij niet-verdunde systemen, zoals een half-om-halfmengsel van water en alcohol, wordt het moeilijk met deze eenheid te werken. Het is dan bijvoorbeeld niet duidelijk wat het oplosmiddel is en wat de opgeloste stof. Wanneer fasediagrammen worden geconstrueerd is het daarom nuttig om met molfracties te werken en met de daarmee geassocieerde afteltoestand x=1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Historie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De keuze van de getallen voor de standaardomstandigheden lijkt in eerste instantie strikt willekeurig te zijn, zeker als ze in <a href="/wiki/SI-stelsel" title="SI-stelsel">SI-eenheden</a> worden geschreven. De geschiedenis van de wetenschap maakt duidelijk dat, lang voordat van een volledig inzicht in een onderwerp sprake is, meetgegevens met elkaar vergeleken moeten kunnen worden. Welke eenheid of basis gekozen wordt is dan nog niet belangrijk. Een eenmaal gekozen basis verwerft burgerrechten, zeker als de eenheid langere tijd is gebruikt en meetgegevens gebaseerd op de eenheid op veel punten in de wetenschap worden toegepast. Een later, met meer inzicht, doorgevoerde standaard biedt dan twee mogelijkheden: </p> <ul><li>Herschrijf alle vroegere meetwaarden en constanten (tabellenboeken, encyclopedieën) naar de nieuwe eenheden.</li> <li>Definieer een voor het vakgebied hanteerbare eenheid waardoor alle getallen die men gewend is, niet gewijzigd hoeven te worden. <dl><dd>Voorbeelden hiervan zijn het gebruik van de <a href="/wiki/Hecto" title="Hecto">h</a><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(eenheid)" title="Pascal (eenheid)">Pa</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Meteorologie" title="Meteorologie">meteorologie</a> en het gebruik van standaarddruk (= 1 atm) in de <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica">thermodynamica</a>.</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamertemperatuur#Wetenschap" title="Kamertemperatuur">Kamertemperatuur</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&oldid=67679984">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standaardomstandigheden&oldid=67679984</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Fysische_chemie" title="Categorie:Fysische chemie">Fysische chemie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 16 jun 2024 om 11:50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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