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</a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_immigrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_immigrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Chinese immigrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_immigrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United States Senator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stanford_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stanford_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stanford University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stanford_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leland Stanford</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ليلند ستانفورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليلند ستانفورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لیلند استنفورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیلند استنفورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Лиланд Станфорд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лиланд Станфорд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="لیلند استنفورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیلند استنفورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%B4%EB%9F%B0%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%A0%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="릴런드 스탠퍼드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="릴런드 스탠퍼드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="לילנד סטנפורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לילנד סטנפורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="लेलँड स्टॅनफर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लेलँड स्टॅनफर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ليلند ستانفورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليلند ستانفورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Леланд Стэнфорд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Леланд Стэнфорд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="リーランド・スタンフォード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リーランド・スタンフォード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Стэнфорд, Леланд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стэнфорд, Леланд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Лиланд Станфорд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лиланд Станфорд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ліленд Стенфорд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліленд Стенфорд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leland Stanford" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E7%A6%8F" title="利蘭·史丹福 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利蘭·史丹福" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F" title="利兰·斯坦福 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利兰·斯坦福" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician and railroad tycoon (1824–1893)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Senator Stanford" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Senator_Stanford_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Senator Stanford (disambiguation)">Senator Stanford (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Leland Stanford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leland_Stanford,_photographed_in_1890_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leland_Stanford%2C_photographed_in_1890_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Leland_Stanford%2C_photographed_in_1890_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leland_Stanford%2C_photographed_in_1890_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Leland_Stanford%2C_photographed_in_1890_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leland_Stanford%2C_photographed_in_1890_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Leland_Stanford%2C_photographed_in_1890_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1509" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Stanford in 1890</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1885 – June 21, 1893</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farley" title="James T. Farley">James T. Farley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Clement_Perkins" class="mw-redirect" title="George Clement Perkins">George Clement Perkins</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 10, 1862 – December 10, 1863</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California" title="Lieutenant Governor of California">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Chellis" title="John F. Chellis">John F. Chellis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gately_Downey" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gately Downey">John Gately Downey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Ferdinand_Low" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Ferdinand Low">Frederick Ferdinand Low</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Amasa Leland Stanford</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1824-03-09</span>)</span>March 9, 1824<br /><a href="/wiki/Watervliet_(town),_New_York" title="Watervliet (town), New York">Watervliet, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 21, 1893<span style="display:none">(1893-06-21)</span> (aged 69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (from 1856)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> (until 1856)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stanford" title="Jane Stanford">Jane Elizabeth Lathrop</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="September 30, 1850">1850</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Jr." title="Leland Stanford Jr.">Leland Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cazenovia_College" title="Cazenovia College">Cazenovia Seminary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>Businessman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leland_Stanford_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leland Stanford's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leland_Stanford_Signature.svg/128px-Leland_Stanford_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leland_Stanford_Signature.svg/192px-Leland_Stanford_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leland_Stanford_Signature.svg/256px-Leland_Stanford_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Amasa Leland Stanford</b> (March 9, 1824 – June 21, 1893) was an American attorney, industrialist, philanthropist, and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> politician from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. He served as the 8th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">governor of California</a> from 1862 to 1863 and represented the state in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1885 until his death in 1893. He and his wife <a href="/wiki/Jane_Stanford" title="Jane Stanford">Jane</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Jr." title="Leland Stanford Jr.">their late son</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stanford became a successful merchant and wholesaler after migrating to California in 1852 during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a>; he built a <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce"> business</a> empire. He was an influential executive of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad" title="Central Pacific Railroad">Central Pacific Railroad</a> and later of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific</a> railroads from 1861 to 1890; these positions gave him tremendous power in the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> which left a lasting impact on California.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (November 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (November 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (November 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goethals,_George_R._page_897_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goethals,_George_R._page_897-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also played a significant role as a shareholder and executive in the early history of <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Life" title="Pacific Life">Pacific Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a>. He was the first <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> governor of California. Stanford has a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber baron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (November 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (November 2024)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leland Stanford was born in 1824 in what was then <a href="/wiki/Watervliet_(town),_New_York" title="Watervliet (town), New York">Watervliet</a>, New York (now the Town of <a href="/wiki/Colonie_(town),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonie (town), New York">Colonie</a>). He was one of eight children of Josiah and Elizabeth Phillips Stanford. Among his siblings were New York State Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanford_(politician)" title="Charles Stanford (politician)">Charles Stanford</a> (1819–1885) and Australian businessman and spiritualist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Welton_Stanford" title="Thomas Welton Stanford">Thomas Welton Stanford</a> (1832–1918). His immigrant ancestor, Thomas Stanford, settled in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown, Massachusetts">Charlestown, Massachusetts</a>, in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-DictAmBio501_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAmBio501-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later ancestors settled in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley">Mohawk Valley</a> of central New York about 1720. </p><p>Stanford's father was a farmer of some means. Stanford was raised on family farms in the <a href="/wiki/Lisha_Kill,_New_York" title="Lisha Kill, New York">Lisha Kill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roessleville,_New_York" title="Roessleville, New York">Roessleville</a> (after 1836) areas of Watervliet. The family home in Roessleville was called Elm Grove. The Elm Grove home was razed in the 1940s. Stanford attended the common school until 1836 and was tutored at home until 1839. He attended <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Liberal_Institute" title="Clinton Liberal Institute">Clinton Liberal Institute</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Clinton,_Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Clinton, Oneida County, New York">Clinton, New York</a>, and studied law at <a href="/wiki/Cazenovia_College" title="Cazenovia College">Cazenovia Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cazenovia_(village),_New_York" title="Cazenovia (village), New York">Cazenovia, New York</a>, in 1841 to 1845. In 1845, he entered the law office of Wheaton, Doolittle, and Hadley in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DictAmBio501_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAmBio501-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being admitted to the bar in 1848, Stanford moved with many other settlers to <a href="/wiki/Port_Washington,_Wisconsin" title="Port Washington, Wisconsin">Port Washington, Wisconsin</a>, where he began a law practice with Wesley Pierce.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father presented him with a law library said to be the finest north of <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DictAmBio501_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAmBio501-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, Stanford was nominated by the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> as <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Wisconsin" title="Washington County, Wisconsin">Washington County, Wisconsin</a> district attorney. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Businesses">Businesses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Businesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1852, having lost his law library and other property to a fire, Stanford followed his five brothers to California during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>. His wife, Jane, returned (temporarily) to Albany and her family. He went into business with his brothers and became the keeper of a general store for <a href="/wiki/Miners" class="mw-redirect" title="Miners">miners</a> in <a href="/wiki/Michigan_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan City, California">Michigan City, California</a>, later the name changed to Michigan Bluff in <a href="/wiki/Placer_County,_California" title="Placer County, California">Placer County</a>; later he had a wholesale house. He served as a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> and helped organize the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> Library Association, which later became the Sacramento Public Library. In 1855, he returned to Albany to join his wife, but found the pace too slow after the excitement of developing California. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Pacific_and_Southern_Pacific_railroads">Central Pacific and Southern Pacific railroads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Central Pacific and Southern Pacific railroads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Pacific_Railroad_Bond_WPRR_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/San_Francisco_Pacific_Railroad_Bond_WPRR_1865.jpg/220px-San_Francisco_Pacific_Railroad_Bond_WPRR_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/San_Francisco_Pacific_Railroad_Bond_WPRR_1865.jpg/330px-San_Francisco_Pacific_Railroad_Bond_WPRR_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/San_Francisco_Pacific_Railroad_Bond_WPRR_1865.jpg/440px-San_Francisco_Pacific_Railroad_Bond_WPRR_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Pacific Railroad Bond, City, and County of San Francisco, 1865</figcaption></figure><p> In 1856, he and Jane moved to <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits on a large scale. He was one of the four merchants known popularly as <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(Central_Pacific_Railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)">"The Big Four"</a> (or among themselves as "<i><b>the Associates</b></i>"), who were the key investors in Chief Engineer <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dehone_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Dehone Judah">Theodore Dehone Judah</a>'s plan for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad" title="Central Pacific Railroad">Central Pacific Railroad</a>. The five of them incorporated it on June 28, 1861, and Stanford was elected as its president. The other three associates were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Crocker" title="Charles Crocker">Charles Crocker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Hopkins (railroad)">Mark Hopkins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collis_Potter_Huntington" title="Collis Potter Huntington">Collis P. Huntington</a>. </p><p>The Central Pacific's first locomotive, named <i><a href="/wiki/Gov._Stanford" title="Gov. Stanford">Gov. Stanford</a></i> in his honor, is preserved on static display at the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Railroad_Museum" title="California State Railroad Museum">California State Railroad Museum</a>, in Sacramento.<sup id="cite_ref-DictAmBio502_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAmBio502-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stanford ran unsuccessfully for governor of California in 1859. He was nominated again in 1861 and won the election. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862" title="Great Flood of 1862">Great Flood of 1862</a>, he had to row to his inauguration in a rowboat.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served one term, then limited to two years. </p><p>While the Central Pacific was under construction, Stanford and his associates in 1868 acquired control of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific Railroad</a>. Stanford was elected president of the Southern Pacific, a post he held until 1890 (except for a brief period in 1869–1870 when Tevis was acting president) when he was ousted by <a href="/wiki/Collis_Huntington" class="mw-redirect" title="Collis Huntington">Collis Huntington</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leland_Stanford_and_CPRR_Officers_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Leland_Stanford_and_CPRR_Officers_1870.jpg/170px-Leland_Stanford_and_CPRR_Officers_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Leland_Stanford_and_CPRR_Officers_1870.jpg/255px-Leland_Stanford_and_CPRR_Officers_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Leland_Stanford_and_CPRR_Officers_1870.jpg/340px-Leland_Stanford_and_CPRR_Officers_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Leland Stanford and the officers of the CPRR in 1870</figcaption></figure><p>As head of the railroad company that built the western portion of the <a href="/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Transcontinental Railroad (North America)">"First Transcontinental Railroad"</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> eastward over the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada mountains</a> in California to Nevada and Utah, Stanford presided at the ceremonial driving of <a href="/wiki/Golden_spike" title="Golden spike">"Last Spike"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Promontory,_Utah" title="Promontory, Utah">Promontory, Utah</a> on May 10, 1869. The grade of the CPRR met that of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>, which had been built westward from its eastern terminus at <a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs, Iowa</a>/<a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>. He was even given the honor of driving the final spike. </p><p>Stanford moved with his family from Sacramento to San Francisco in 1874, where he assumed presidency of the <a href="/wiki/Occidental_and_Oriental_Steamship_Company" title="Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company">Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company</a>, the steamship line to Japan and China associated with the Central Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-NatCycofAmBio_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatCycofAmBio-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Company">Southern Pacific Company</a> was organized in 1884 as a holding company for the Central Pacific-Southern Pacific system. Stanford was president of the Southern Pacific Company from 1885 until 1890 when he was forced out of that post (as well as the presidency of the Southern Pacific Railroad) by Collis Huntington, the company's ranking vice president and the corporate directorate. That was thought to be retaliation for Stanford's election to the <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">US Senate</a> in 1885 over Huntington's friend, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Aaron A. Sargent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DictAm_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stanford was elected chairman of the Southern Pacific Railroad's executive committee in 1890, and he held this post and the presidency of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-DictAm_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_interests">Other interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1868, he joined <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Tevis" title="Lloyd Tevis">Lloyd Tevis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darius_Ogden_Mills" title="Darius Ogden Mills">Darius Ogden Mills</a>, H.D. Bacon, Hopkins, and Crocker in forming the Pacific Union Express Company. It merged in 1870 with <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wells Fargo and Company">Wells Fargo and Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stanford was a director of Wells Fargo and Company from 1870 to January 1884. After a brief retirement from the board, he served again from February 1884 to his death in June 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoomis1968215,_255,_270_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoomis1968215,_255,_270-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in May 1868, he started the Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (now <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Life" title="Pacific Life">Pacific Life</a>) and served as its first president from 1868 to 1876. </p><p>He owned two wineries, the <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Winery" title="Leland Stanford Winery">Leland Stanford Winery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County</a> founded in 1869, and run and later inherited by his brother Josiah, and the 55,000 acres (223 km<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Bosquejo" title="Rancho Bosquejo">Great Vina Ranch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehama_County,_California" title="Tehama County, California">Tehama County</a>, containing what was then the largest vineyard in the world at 3,575 acres (14 km<sup>2</sup>) and given to Stanford University.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Horse_in_Motion_high_res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Horse_in_Motion_high_res.jpg/220px-The_Horse_in_Motion_high_res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Horse_in_Motion_high_res.jpg/330px-The_Horse_in_Motion_high_res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/The_Horse_in_Motion_high_res.jpg/440px-The_Horse_in_Motion_high_res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5694" data-file-height="3510" /></a><figcaption>Muybridge's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse_in_Motion" title="The Horse in Motion">The Horse in Motion</a>,</i> 1878</figcaption></figure> <p>Stanford was also interested in horses and owned the <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Esquon" title="Rancho Esquon">Gridley tract</a> of 17,800 acres (72 km<sup>2</sup>) in <a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte County</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara County</a>, he founded his <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Stock_Farm_Horse_Barn" title="Palo Alto Stock Farm Horse Barn">Palo Alto Stock Farm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatCycofAmBio_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatCycofAmBio-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He bred <a href="/wiki/Standardbred" title="Standardbred">Standardbred</a> horses to be raced as trotters, including his chief sire, Electioneer (sired by <a href="/wiki/Hambletonian_10" title="Hambletonian 10">Hambletonian</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-electioneer_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electioneer-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his winning offspring: Arion,<sup id="cite_ref-arion_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arion-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunol,<sup id="cite_ref-sunol_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunol-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palo Alto, and Chimes<sup id="cite_ref-chimes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chimes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (out of Stanford's best known dam Beautiful Bells<sup id="cite_ref-bells_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bells-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); and <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbreds" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoroughbreds">Thoroughbreds</a> for flat racing. In 1872, Stanford commissioned the photographer <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a> to undertake scientific studies of the gaits of horses at a trot and gallop at the Agricultural Park race track in Sacramento. Images of the horses' feet were captured there, later moving to his Palo Alto Stock Farm. He wanted to determine if the horses ever had all four feet off the ground at the same time. The result was the proto-film <i><a href="/wiki/Sallie_Gardner_at_a_Gallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallie Gardner at a Gallop">Sallie Gardner at a Gallop</a></i> (1878). As the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a> breeding farm was later developed into the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, the university was nicknamed "The Farm." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stanford was politically active and became a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republican Party</a>. In 1856, he met with other Whig politicians in Sacramento on April 30 to organize the <a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California Republican Party</a> at its first state convention. He was chosen as a delegate to the Republican Party convention that selected US presidential electors in both 1856 and 1860. Stanford was defeated in his 1857 bid for California state treasurer, and his 1859 bid for the office of governor of California. In 1860, he was named a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Chicago, but did not attend. He was elected governor in a second campaign in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-DictAmBio502_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAmBio502-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_California">Governor of California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governor of California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Leland_Stanford_Trim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portrait_of_Leland_Stanford_Trim.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Leland_Stanford_Trim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portrait_of_Leland_Stanford_Trim.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Leland_Stanford_Trim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Portrait_of_Leland_Stanford_Trim.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Leland_Stanford_Trim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4250" data-file-height="5669" /></a><figcaption>Stanford <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860s</figcaption></figure> <p>He was elected the eighth <a href="/wiki/List_of_California_Governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of California Governors">Governor of California</a>, serving from January 1862 to December 1863, and the first Republican governor. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862" title="Great Flood of 1862">Great Flood of 1862</a>, the governor was said to have needed to row in a boat to his own inauguration. A large, slow-speaking man who always read from a prepared text, he impressed his listeners as being more sincere than a glib, extemporaneous speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler197356_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler197356-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his gubernatorial tenure, he cut the state's debt in half and advocated for the conservation of forests. He also oversaw the establishment of California's first state <a href="/wiki/Normal_school" title="Normal school">normal school</a> in San Jose, later to become <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a>. Following Stanford's governorship, the term of office changed from two years to four years, in line with legislation passed during his time in office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Native Americans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ongoing <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">eradication of the Native Americans living in California</a> continued under his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-madley_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madley-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did sign into law an act reversing part of the 1850 <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Government_and_Protection_of_Indians" title="Act for the Government and Protection of Indians">Act for the Government and Protection of Indians</a> that allowed the enslavement of Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-magliari_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magliari-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also continued the prosecution of the <a href="/wiki/Bald_Hills_War" title="Bald Hills War">Bald Hills War</a> in Northern California. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese_immigrants">Chinese immigrants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chinese immigrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gold strike in California had brought a large influx of newcomers into the territory, including Chinese immigrants, who faced persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Chinese sentiment became a political issue over time. In a message to the legislature in January 1862, Governor Stanford said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To my mind it is clear, that the settlement among us of an inferior race is to be discouraged by every legitimate means. Asia, with her numberless millions, sends to our shores the dregs of her population. Large numbers of this class are already here; and, unless we do something early to check their immigration, the question, which of the two tides of immigration, meeting upon the shores of the Pacific, shall be turned back, will be forced upon our consideration, when far more difficult than now of disposal. There can be no doubt but that the presence among us of numbers of degraded and distinct people must exercise a deleterious influence upon the superior race, and to a certain extent, repel desirable immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Stanford was initially acclaimed for such statements, but lost support when it was revealed that his Central Pacific Railroad was also importing Chinese workers to construct the railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsbury2008145_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbury2008145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Senator">United States Senator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United States Senator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LelandStanford1890.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LelandStanford1890.JPG/180px-LelandStanford1890.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LelandStanford1890.JPG/270px-LelandStanford1890.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/LelandStanford1890.JPG/360px-LelandStanford1890.JPG 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="1244" /></a><figcaption>Stanford in 1890.</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, he served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1885 until his death in 1893. He served for four years as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Public_Buildings_and_Grounds" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds">U.S. Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds</a> and on the Naval Committee. He was president and director of the Central Pacific Railroad the entire time he sat in the Senate. He authored several Senate bills that advanced ideas advocated by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">People's Party</a>: a bill to foster the creation of <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker-owned cooperatives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a bill to allow the issuance of currency backed by land value instead of only the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither bill made it out of committee. In Washington, DC, he had a residence on Farragut Square near the home of Baron <a href="/wiki/Karl_de_Struve" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl de Struve">Karl von Struve</a>, Russian minister to the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stanford_University">Stanford University</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stanford University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></div> <p>With his wife Jane, Stanford founded <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Leland Stanford Junior University</a> as a memorial for their only child, <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Jr." title="Leland Stanford Jr.">Leland Stanford Jr.</a>, who died as a teenager of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, Italy, in 1884 while on a trip to Europe. The university was established by the Endowment Act of the California Assembly and Senate of March 9, 1885, and the Grant of Endowment from Leland and Jane Stanford signed at the first meeting of the board of trustees on November 14, 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stanfords donated approximately $40 million<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to approximately $1,356,000,000 today) to develop the university, which held its opening exercises on October 1, 1891, and was intended for agricultural studies. Its first student, admitted to Encina Hall that day, was <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, who went on to become the 31st US president. The wealth of the Stanford family during the late 19th century is estimated at $50 million (equivalent to approximately $1,831,000,000 today). </p><p>Stanford had ideas of Stanford University employee ownership for more than thirty years before giving them expression in his plans for the university, proposals as a senator, and in interviews with the news media.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 30, 1850, Stanford married <a href="/wiki/Jane_Stanford" title="Jane Stanford">Jane Elizabeth Lathrop</a> in Albany, New York. She was the daughter of Dyer Lathrop, a merchant of that city, and Jane Anne (Shields) Lathrop.<sup id="cite_ref-DictAmBio502_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAmBio502-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple did not have any children for years, until their only child, a son, <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Jr." title="Leland Stanford Jr.">Leland DeWitt Stanford</a>, was born in 1868 when his father was forty-four.<sup id="cite_ref-stanford-jane_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-jane-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Stanford was an active <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a> from 1850 to 1855, joining the Prometheus Lodge No. 17 in <a href="/wiki/Port_Washington,_Wisconsin" title="Port Washington, Wisconsin">Port Washington, Wisconsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After moving west, he became a member of the Michigan City Lodge No. 47 in <a href="/wiki/Michigan_City,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Michigan City, California">Michigan Bluff, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows" title="Independent Order of Odd Fellows">Independent Order of Odd Fellows in California</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residence_of_Governor_Stanford,_Palo_Alto,_California,_1888_(LAROCHE_12).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Residence_of_Governor_Stanford%2C_Palo_Alto%2C_California%2C_1888_%28LAROCHE_12%29.jpeg/220px-Residence_of_Governor_Stanford%2C_Palo_Alto%2C_California%2C_1888_%28LAROCHE_12%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Residence_of_Governor_Stanford%2C_Palo_Alto%2C_California%2C_1888_%28LAROCHE_12%29.jpeg/330px-Residence_of_Governor_Stanford%2C_Palo_Alto%2C_California%2C_1888_%28LAROCHE_12%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Residence_of_Governor_Stanford%2C_Palo_Alto%2C_California%2C_1888_%28LAROCHE_12%29.jpeg/440px-Residence_of_Governor_Stanford%2C_Palo_Alto%2C_California%2C_1888_%28LAROCHE_12%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The Stanford residence in Palo Alto, 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>The Stanfords retained ownership of their mansion in Sacramento, where their only son was born in 1868. Now the <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Mansion_State_Historic_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park">Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park</a>, the house museum is also used for California state social occasions. The Stanfords' home in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Nob_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Nob Hill">Nob Hill</a> district was destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a>; the site is now occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Court_Hotel" title="Stanford Court Hotel">Stanford Court Hotel</a>. The Stanford residence at the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Stock_Farm_Horse_Barn" title="Palo Alto Stock Farm Horse Barn">Palo Alto Stock Farm</a> became a convalescent home for children in 1919 (the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Lucille_Packard_Children%27s_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucille Packard Children's Hospital">Lucille Packard Children's Hospital</a>) and was torn down in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-suffering from <a href="/wiki/Locomotor_ataxia" title="Locomotor ataxia">locomotor ataxia</a>, Leland Stanford died of heart failure at home in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, on June 21, 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Mausoleum" title="Stanford Mausoleum">family mausoleum</a> on the Stanford campus. <a href="/wiki/Jane_Stanford" title="Jane Stanford">Jane Stanford</a> died in 1905 after being <a href="/wiki/Strychnine_poisoning" title="Strychnine poisoning">poisoned with strychnine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatCycofAmBio_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatCycofAmBio-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DictAm_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictAm-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1862, California volunteer troops re-building a military post at the confluence of the San Pedro River and Aravaipa Creek in Arizona Territory named the post <a href="/wiki/Camp_Grant,_Arizona_(formerly_Fort_Breckinridge,_Arizona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Grant, Arizona (formerly Fort Breckinridge, Arizona)">Fort Stanford</a> after the governor. However, the post later reverted to its former name, Fort Breckenridge, and in 1866 became <a href="/wiki/Camp_Grant,_Arizona_(formerly_Fort_Breckinridge,_Arizona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Grant, Arizona (formerly Fort Breckinridge, Arizona)">Camp Grant</a>. In 2008, Stanford was inducted into <a href="/wiki/The_California_Museum_for_History,_Women_and_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts">The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame" title="California Hall of Fame">California Hall of Fame</a>. A relative, Tom Stanford, accepted the honors on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Church" title="Stanford Memorial Church">Stanford Memorial Church</a> on the university campus is dedicated to his memory. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Stanford_(Fresno_and_Mono_counties,_California)" title="Mount Stanford (Fresno and Mono counties, California)">Mount Stanford</a>, located in California's Sierra Nevada, is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Pacific locomotives named for Stanford were:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gov._Stanford" title="Gov. Stanford">Gov. Stanford</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/4-4-0" title="4-4-0">4-4-0</a> locomotive built in 1863 by the <a href="/wiki/Norris_Locomotive_Works" title="Norris Locomotive Works">Norris Locomotive Works</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and brought to San Francisco by sailing vessel. This engine is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Railroad_Museum" title="California State Railroad Museum">California State Railroad Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Gobernador" title="El Gobernador">El Gobernador</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/4-10-0" title="4-10-0">4-10-0</a> locomotive built in the Central Pacific shops in Sacramento in 1884. Found to be disappointing in its performance as a freight hauler, it was scrapped in July 1894.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California" title="List of governors of California">List of governors of California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurlingame2004" class="citation book cs1">Burlingame, Dwight (August 19, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philanthropyinam00sant/page/456"><i>Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philanthropyinam00sant/page/456">456</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-860-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-860-0"><bdi>978-1-57607-860-0</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philanthropy+in+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004-08-19&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-860-0&rft.aulast=Burlingame&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilanthropyinam00sant%2Fpage%2F456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuterow2004" class="citation book cs1">Tuterow, Norman E. (2004). <i>The governor: the life and legacy of Leland Stanford, a California colossus, Volume 2</i>. Spokane, Washington: Arthur H. Clark Co. p. 1146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+governor%3A+the+life+and+legacy+of+Leland+Stanford%2C+a+California+colossus%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Spokane%2C+Washington&rft.pages=1146&rft.pub=Arthur+H.+Clark+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tuterow&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle2009" class="citation book cs1">Carlisle, Rodney P., ed. (April 2009). <i>Handbook to Life in America, Vol. 4</i>. Facts on File. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+America%2C+Vol.+4&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2009" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Bruce (2009). "Manifest Destiny's Offspring: Gold, the Continental Railroad, Texas". <i>Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300154979" title="Special:BookSources/9780300154979"><bdi>9780300154979</bdi></a>. <q>[...] other forty-niners parlayed their gold rush earnings into world-historical fortunes. Each has a name instantly associated with contemporary California: [...] Leland Stanford (the university) [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manifest+Destiny%27s+Offspring%3A+Gold%2C+the+Continental+Railroad%2C+Texas&rft.btitle=Dominion+from+Sea+to+Sea%3A+Pacific+Ascendancy+and+American+Power&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780300154979&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, David (2005) [1997]. "Anatomical museums". <i>Madness in the Making: The Triumphant Rise and Untimely Fall of America's Show Inventors</i> (reprint ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595347667" title="Special:BookSources/9780595347667"><bdi>9780595347667</bdi></a>. <q>The ex-governor of California, president of both the Central Pacific Railroad and the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, Stanford was a classic robber baron, who owned two hundred horses, a palatial Palo Alto estate, and his own private race course.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatomical+museums&rft.btitle=Madness+in+the+Making%3A+The+Triumphant+Rise+and+Untimely+Fall+of+America%27s+Show+Inventors&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=214&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780595347667&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goethals,_George_R._page_897-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goethals,_George_R._page_897_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonEylonMarkus2004" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Scott T.; Eylon, Dafna; Markus, Michael J.; et al. (February 29, 2004). "Legacy". In Goethals, George R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uiCQAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Leadership, Volume 2</i></a>. Sage Publications. p. 897. <q>The Rockefeller family, the industrialist Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919), and the railroad magnate Amasa Leland Stanford (1824-1893) were other late-nineteenth-century men and women of wealth and power who left sizable philanthropic legacies, perhaps spurred into giving by the pejorative label robber baron.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legacy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Leadership%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=897&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2004-02-29&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Scott+T.&rft.au=Eylon%2C+Dafna&rft.au=Markus%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3uiCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuterow2004" class="citation book cs1">Tuterow, Norman E. (2004). <i>The governor: the life and legacy of Leland Stanford, a California colossus, Volume 2</i>. Arthur H. Clark Co. p. 1146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+governor%3A+the+life+and+legacy+of+Leland+Stanford%2C+a+California+colossus%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=1146&rft.pub=Arthur+H.+Clark+Co.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Tuterow&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle2009" class="citation book cs1">Carlisle, Rodney P., ed. (April 2009). <i>Handbook to Life in America, Vol. 4</i>. Facts on File. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+America%2C+Vol.+4&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2009" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, Bruce (2009). "Manifest Destiny's Offspring: Gold, the Continental Railroad, Texas". <i>Dominion from Sea to Sea: Pacific Ascendancy and American Power</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300154979" title="Special:BookSources/9780300154979"><bdi>9780300154979</bdi></a>. <q>[...] Mark Hopkins [...], Leland Stanford [...], Charles Crocker [...], and Collis P. Huntington [...] were dubbed the 'Big Four,' and not just because of their robber baron notoriety; together they weighed in at nearly 900 pounds.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Manifest+Destiny%27s+Offspring%3A+Gold%2C+the+Continental+Railroad%2C+Texas&rft.btitle=Dominion+from+Sea+to+Sea%3A+Pacific+Ascendancy+and+American+Power&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780300154979&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2005" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, David (2005) [1997]. "Anatomical museums". <i>Madness in the Making: The Triumphant Rise and Untimely Fall of America's Show Inventors</i> (reprint ed.). Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595347667" title="Special:BookSources/9780595347667"><bdi>9780595347667</bdi></a>. <q>The ex-governor of California, president of both the Central Pacific Railroad and the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, Stanford was a classic robber baron, who owned two hundred horses, a palatial Palo Alto estate, and his own private race course.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anatomical+museums&rft.btitle=Madness+in+the+Making%3A+The+Triumphant+Rise+and+Untimely+Fall+of+America%27s+Show+Inventors&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pages=214&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780595347667&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllisonEylonMarkus2004" class="citation book cs1">Allison, Scott T.; Eylon, Dafna; Markus, Michael J.; et al. (February 29, 2004). "Legacy". In Goethals, George R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3uiCQAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Leadership, Volume 2</i></a>. Sage Publications. p. 897. <q>The Rockefeller family, the industrialist Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919), and the railroad magnate Amasa Leland Stanford (1824-1893) were other late-nineteenth-century men and women of wealth and power who left sizable philanthropic legacies, perhaps spurred into giving by the pejorative label robber baron.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legacy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Leadership%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=897&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2004-02-29&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Scott+T.&rft.au=Eylon%2C+Dafna&rft.au=Markus%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3uiCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DictAmBio501-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DictAmBio501_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DictAmBio501_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DictAmBio501_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Dictionary of American Biography</i>. 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New York: Time-Life Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railroaders00time/page/60">60–61</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Railroaders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60-61&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frailroaders00time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiebergStrapac1987" class="citation book cs1">Dieberg, Timothy S.; Strapac, Joseph A. (1987). <i>Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Compendium</i>. 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July 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California%27s+little+known+genocide&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fcalifornias-little-known-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-magliari-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magliari_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagliari2012" class="citation journal cs1">Magliari, Michael F. 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Basic Books. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Coast&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Asbury&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandmeyer1991" class="citation book cs1">Sandmeyer, Elmer Clarence (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antichinesemovem00sand"><i>The Anti-Chinese Movement in California</i></a></span>. University of Illinois Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antichinesemovem00sand/page/43">43</a>–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252062261" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252062261"><bdi>978-0252062261</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive. <q>The presence of numbers of that degraded and distinct people would exercise a deleterious effect upon the superior race.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anti-Chinese+Movement+in+California&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0252062261&rft.aulast=Sandmeyer&rft.aufirst=Elmer+Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantichinesemovem00sand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsbury2008145-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsbury2008145_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAsbury2008">Asbury 2008</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford1887" class="citation news cs1">Stanford, Leland (May 4, 1887). "Co-operation of Labor". <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Tribune&rft.atitle=Co-operation+of+Labor&rft.date=1887-05-04&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=Leland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span> Special Collection 33a, Box 7, Folder 74, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dynamics.org/Altenberg/PAPERS/BCLSFV/REFS/Stanford_Cooperation_of_labor.1887.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congressional Record, 49 Congress, 2 Sess.: 1804–1805; 51 Congress, 1 Sess.: 2068–2069, 5169–5170, 2 Sess.: 667–668; 52 Congress, 1 Sess.: 468–479, 2684–2686.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F01E3DD1438E233A25752C3A9659C94639ED7CF">"The Land Loan Project: Senator Stanford Explains His New Money Scheme"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. March 31, 1892.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Land+Loan+Project%3A+Senator+Stanford+Explains+His+New+Money+Scheme&rft.date=1892-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9F01E3DD1438E233A25752C3A9659C94639ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The great question: an interview with Senator Leland Stanford on money</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7456711">7456711</a> – via worldcat.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+question%3A+an+interview+with+Senator+Leland+Stanford+on+money&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7456711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lelandstanfordju00stanrich">"The Leland Stanford, Junior, University"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. 1885.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Leland+Stanford%2C+Junior%2C+University&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flelandstanfordju00stanrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span> The Act of the Legislature of California. The Grant of Endowment. Address of Leland Stanford to the Trustees. Minutes of the First Meeting of Board of Trustees.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UhhKAAAAIBAJ&pg=1757%2C3477578">"Stanford Estate Worth Seven Millions"</a>. <i>The Evening News</i>. 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Vol. 14, no. 1. Stanford, California: Stanford Historical Society. pp. 8–20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sandstone+and+Tile&rft.atitle=Beyond+Capitalism%3A+Leland+Stanford%27s+Forgotten+Vision&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-20&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Altenberg&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdynamics.org%2FAltenberg%2FPAPERS%2FBCLSFV%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-jane-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanford-jane_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160521025646/http://janestanford.stanford.edu/biography.html">"Jane Stanford: The woman behind Stanford University"</a>. Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janestanford.stanford.edu/biography.html">the original</a> on May 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jane+Stanford%3A+The+woman+behind+Stanford+University&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanestanford.stanford.edu%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.acgl.eu/index.php/freemasonry/information">"Famous men members of Masonic Lodges"</a>. <i>American Canadian Grand Lodge ACGL</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181117142833/https://pub.acgl.eu/index.php/freemasonry/information">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Canadian+Grand+Lodge+ACGL&rft.atitle=Famous+men+members+of+Masonic+Lodges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpub.acgl.eu%2Findex.php%2Ffreemasonry%2Finformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenslow2007" class="citation book cs1">Denslow, William (June 15, 2007) [1957]. <i>10,000 Famous Freemasons</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janestanford.stanford.edu/timeline.html">the original</a> on October 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jane+L.+Stanford%3A+Timeline&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjanestanford.stanford.edu%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Q0-AQAAMAAJ&q=leland+stanford+locomotor+ataxia&pg=PA403">"Leland Stanford"</a>. <i>Kate Field's Washington</i>. Vol. 7, no. 26. June 28, 1893. p. 403.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kate+Field%27s+Washington&rft.atitle=Leland+Stanford&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=403&rft.date=1893-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Q0-AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dleland%2Bstanford%2Blocomotor%2Bataxia%26pg%3DPA403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDancis2008" class="citation news cs1">Dancis, Bruce (May 28, 2008). "New California Hall of Fame class includes Fonda, Nicholson". <i>Sacramento Bee</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+Bee&rft.atitle=New+California+Hall+of+Fame+class+includes+Fonda%2C+Nicholson&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft.aulast=Dancis&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erwin G. Gudde, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ibMwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA373">California Place Names</a></i>, University of California Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520266193" title="Special:BookSources/9780520266193">9780520266193</a>, page 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose2000" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothinglikeitinw00ambr"><i>Nothing Like It in the World. The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863–1869</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothinglikeitinw00ambr/page/115">115</a>, 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+Like+It+in+the+World.+The+Men+Who+Built+the+Transcontinental+Railroad+1863%E2%80%931869&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=115%2C+117&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnothinglikeitinw00ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollingsworth1984" class="citation book cs1">Hollingsworth, Brian (1984). <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of North American Locomotives</i>. New York: Crescent Books. pp. 40–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Locomotives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40-41&rft.pub=Crescent+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Hollingsworth&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Stanford, Leland"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Stanford,_Leland">"Stanford, Leland" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stanford%2C+Leland&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">White, Richard</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railroadedtransc00whit_0"><i>Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06126-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroaded%3A+The+Transcontinentals+and+the+Making+of+Modern+America&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06126-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frailroadedtransc00whit_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leland_Stanford_Jr._University" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leland Stanford Jr. University">Leland Stanford Jr. University</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 406.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leland+Stanford+Jr.+University&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=406&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leland_Stanford&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leland_Stanford" class="extiw" title="commons:Leland Stanford"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Leland Stanford</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://governors.library.ca.gov/08-Stanford.html">Governor Leland Stanford biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Library" title="California State Library">California State Library</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressS000793" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000793">"Leland Stanford (id: S000793)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Leland+Stanford+%28id%3A+S000793%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DS000793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeland+Stanford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070619190713/http://www.rootsweb.com/~usgenweb/ca/placer/postcards/stnfrd.jpg">Penny Postcards: Leland Stanford's store: Michigan Bluff, California</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/972">Leland Stanford</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanly" title="Edward Stanly">Edward Stanly</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1859_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1859 California gubernatorial election">1859</a>, <a href="/wiki/1861_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1861 California gubernatorial election">1861</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Low" title="Frederick Low">Frederick Low</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Downey" title="John G. Downey">John G. Downey</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> </b><br />January 10, 1862 – December 10, 1863 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Low" title="Frederick Low">Frederick Low</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farley" title="James T. Farley">James T. Farley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California"> U.S. senator (Class 3) from California</a> </b><br />March 4, 1885 – June 21, 1893 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">John F. Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">George Hearst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Felton" title="Charles N. Felton">Charles N. Felton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._White" title="Stephen M. White">Stephen M. White</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">George C. Perkins</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ffcc66;">Business positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>None</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Executive Committee Chairmen<br /><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific Railroad</a> </b><br />1890–1893 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Lovett" title="Robert S. Lovett">Robert S. 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United States senators">Class 1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Broderick" title="David C. Broderick">Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Haun" title="Henry P. Haun">Haun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Latham" title="Milton Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conness" title="John Conness">Conness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Casserly" title="Eugene Casserly">Casserly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Hager" title="John S. Hager">Hager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Booth" title="Newton Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Williams" title="Abram Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Felton" title="Charles N. Felton">Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._White" title="Stephen M. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Bard" title="Thomas R. Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Flint" title="Frank Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Works" title="John D. Works">Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Salinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V._Tunney" title="John V. Tunney">Tunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa" title="S. I. Hayakawa">Hayakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seymour_(California_politician)" title="John Seymour (California politician)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laphonza_Butler" title="Laphonza Butler">Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McDougall" title="James A. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cole" title="Cornelius Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farley" title="James T. Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Shortridge" title="Samuel M. Shortridge">Shortridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Storke" title="Thomas M. Storke">Storke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Kuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FCC200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_California" title="Template:Governors of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_California" title="Template talk:Governors of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governors of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Under Spain<br /><span class="nobold">(1769–1822)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Capt. Portolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fages" title="Pedro Fages">Col. Fages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rivera_y_Moncada" title="Fernando Rivera y Moncada">Capt. Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Neve" title="Felipe de Neve">Capt-Gen. de Neve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fages" title="Pedro Fages">Col. Fages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rom%C3%A9u" title="José Antonio Roméu">Capt. Roméu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Arrillaga" title="José Joaquín de Arrillaga">Capt. Arrillaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Borica" title="Diego de Borica">Col. Bórica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Albern%C3%AD_y_Teixidor" title="Pedro de Alberní y Teixidor">Lt. Col. Alberní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Arrillaga" title="José Joaquín de Arrillaga">Capt. Arrillaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dar%C3%ADo_Arg%C3%BCello" title="José Darío Argüello">Capt. J. Argüello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Vicente_de_Sol%C3%A1" title="Pablo Vicente de Solá">Don Solá</a></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png/100px-Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png/150px-Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png/200px-Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="519" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico" title="1824 Constitution of Mexico">Under Mexico<br /><span class="nobold">(1822–1846)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Arg%C3%BCello" title="Luis Antonio Argüello">Capt. L. Argüello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Echeand%C3%ADa" title="José María de Echeandía">Lt. Col. Echeandía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Victoria" title="Manuel Victoria">Gen. Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Don P. Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Echeand%C3%ADa" title="José María de Echeandía">Lt. Col. Echeandía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa" title="José Figueroa">Brig. Gen. Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castro" title="José Castro">Lt. Col. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Nicolás Gutiérrez">Lt. Col. Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Chico" title="Mariano Chico">Col. Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Nicolás Gutiérrez">Lt. Col. Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado" title="Juan Bautista Alvarado">Pres. Alvarado</a> <b>·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_Carrillo" title="Carlos Antonio Carrillo">Carrillo</a></i> (rival)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Micheltorena" title="Manuel Micheltorena">Brig. Gen. Micheltorena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Don P. Pico</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Under U.S. military<br /><span class="nobold">(1846–1850)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Sloat" title="John D. Sloat">Cdre. Sloat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Cdre. Stockton</a> <b>·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Flores" title="José María Flores">Gen. Flores</a></i> (rival)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Gen. Kearny</a> <b>·</b> <i><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Maj. Frémont</a></i> (mutineer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnes_Mason" title="Richard Barnes Mason">Gen. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persifor_Frazer_Smith" title="Persifor Frazer Smith">Gen. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennet_C._Riley" title="Bennet C. Riley">Gen. Riley</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">U.S. state<br /><span class="nobold">(since 1850)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hardeman_Burnett" title="Peter Hardeman Burnett">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDougal" title="John McDougal">McDougal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bigler" title="John Bigler">Bigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neely_Johnson" title="J. Neely Johnson">J. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Latham" title="Milton Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Downey" title="John G. Downey">Downey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Low" title="Frederick Low">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Huntly_Haight" title="Henry Huntly Haight">Haight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Booth" title="Newton Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco" title="Romualdo Pacheco">Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Irwin_(California_politician)" title="William Irwin (California politician)">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stoneman" title="George Stoneman">Stoneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bartlett" title="Washington Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Waterman_(governor)" title="Robert Waterman (governor)">Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Markham" title="Henry Markham">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Budd" title="James Budd">Budd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_T._Gage" title="Henry T. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pardee" title="George Pardee">Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gillett" title="James Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">H. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_(American_politician)" title="William Stephens (American politician)">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_Richardson" title="Friend Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._C._Young" title="C. C. Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Merriam" title="Frank Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodwin_Knight" title="Goodwin Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">P. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Deukmejian" title="George Deukmejian">Deukmejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Davis" title="Gray Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FCC200"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California_before_1850" title="List of governors of California before 1850">Before 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California" title="List of governors of California">Since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California_by_education" title="List of governors of California by education">By education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_and_Partners_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ladies and Partners of California">Spouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Environment_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Environment chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Environment_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Environment chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Environment_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Environment chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Environment_and_Public_Works" title="United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works">United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Buildings<br /><span class="nobold">(1838–1857)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Fulton" title="William S. Fulton">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leeds_Kerr" title="John Leeds Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tillinghast_James" title="Charles Tillinghast James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_Jr." title="James A. Bayard Jr.">Bayard</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Buildings and Grounds<br /><span class="nobold">(1857–1947)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Foot" title="Solomon Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Jones" title="Charles W. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Rollins" title="Edward H. Rollins">Rollins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_Vest" title="George Graham Vest">Vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Warren" title="Francis E. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_B._Scott" title="Nathan B. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_M._Fernald" title="Bert M. Fernald">Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvine_Lenroot" title="Irvine Lenroot">Lenroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Keyes" title="Henry W. Keyes">Keyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Connally" title="Tom Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_T._Maloney" title="Francis T. Maloney">Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Andrews" title="Charles O. Andrews">Andrews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Works<br /><span class="nobold">(1947–1977)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_Revercomb" title="Chapman Revercomb">Revercomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Dennis Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Dennis Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Randolph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment and Public Works<br /><span class="nobold">(1977–present)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stafford" title="Robert Stafford">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Burdick" title="Quentin Burdick">Burdick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Baucus" title="Max Baucus">Baucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chafee" title="John Chafee">Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Inhofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Inhofe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barrasso" title="John Barrasso">Barrasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Carper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Southern_Pacific_Railroad" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_Pacific_Presidents" title="Template:Southern Pacific Presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_Pacific_Presidents" title="Template talk:Southern Pacific Presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_Pacific_Presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern Pacific Presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Southern_Pacific_Railroad" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_(corporate_title)" title="President (corporate title)">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company" title="Southern Pacific Transportation Company">Southern Pacific Railroad</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Guy_Phelps" title="Timothy Guy Phelps">Timothy Guy Phelps</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Crocker" title="Charles Crocker">Charles Crocker</a> (1868)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leland Stanford</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collis_Potter_Huntington" title="Collis Potter Huntington">Collis Potter Huntington</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Melville_Hays" title="Charles Melville Hays">Charles Melville Hays</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Harriman" title="E. H. Harriman">E. H. Harriman</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Lovett" title="Robert S. Lovett">Robert S. Lovett</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sproule" title="William Sproule">William Sproule</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Kruttschnitt" title="Julius Kruttschnitt">Julius Kruttschnitt</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sproule" title="William Sproule">William Sproule</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Shoup" title="Paul Shoup">Paul Shoup</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Daniel_McDonald" title="Angus Daniel McDonald">Angus Daniel McDonald</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Mercier" title="Armand Mercier">Armand Mercier</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Russell" title="Donald J. Russell">Donald J. Russell</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Biaggini" title="Benjamin Biaggini">Benjamin Biaggini</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denman_McNear&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denman McNear (page does not exist)">Denman McNear</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Furth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Furth (page does not exist)">Alan Furth</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Krebs" title="Robert Krebs">Robert Krebs</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D._M._Mohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. M. Mohan (page does not exist)">D. M. Mohan</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Moyers" title="Edward L. Moyers">Edward L. Moyers</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Pacific_Railroad_·_The_Big_Four" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Big_Four" title="Template:The Big Four"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Big_Four" title="Template talk:The Big Four"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Big_Four" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Big Four"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Pacific_Railroad_·_The_Big_Four" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_Railroad" title="Central Pacific Railroad">Central Pacific Railroad</a> · <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(Central_Pacific_Railroad)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad)">The Big Four</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Crocker" title="Charles Crocker">Charles Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_Jr." title="Mark Hopkins Jr.">Mark Hopkins Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collis_Potter_Huntington" title="Collis Potter Huntington">Collis Potter Huntington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leland Stanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stanford_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stanford_University" title="Template:Stanford University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stanford_University" title="Template talk:Stanford University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stanford_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stanford University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stanford_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Stanford University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;"><div><b>Located in</b>: <a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California"><span style="color:white">Stanford, California</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Graduate_School_of_Business" title="Stanford Graduate School of Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Graduate_School_of_Education" title="Stanford University Graduate School of Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Engineering" title="Stanford University School of Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Humanities_and_Sciences" title="Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences">Humanities and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Stanford University School of Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Doerr_School_of_Sustainability" title="Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Libraries" title="Stanford University Libraries">Libraries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cecil_H._Green_Library" title="Cecil H. Green Library">Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Branner_Earth_Sciences_Library" title="Branner Earth Sciences Library">Branner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lane_Medical_Library" title="Lane Medical Library">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lathrop_Library" title="Lathrop Library">Lathrop</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">Centers and institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cancer_Institute" title="Stanford Cancer Institute">Cancer Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Study_in_the_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences">Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasso_Plattner_Institute_of_Design" title="Hasso Plattner Institute of Design">Hasso Plattner Institute of Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Marine_Station" title="Hopkins Marine Station">Hopkins Marine Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Institute_for_Economic_Policy_Research" title="Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research">Institute for Economic Policy Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics">Institute for Theoretical Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridge_Biological_Preserve" title="Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve">Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Medical_Center" title="Stanford University Medical Center">Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Synchrotron_Radiation_Lightsource" title="Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource">Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Arboretum" title="Stanford University Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cactus_Garden" title="Arizona Cactus Garden">Arizona Cactus Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Concert_Hall" title="Bing Concert Hall">Bing Concert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braun_Music_Center" title="Braun Music Center">Braun Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts">Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Clock_Tower" title="Stanford Clock Tower">Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dish_(landmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dish (landmark)">Dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Fire_Truck_House" title="Stanford Fire Truck House">Fire Truck House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_Amphitheater" title="Frost Amphitheater">Frost Amphitheater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_Computer_Science_Building,_Stanford" title="Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford">Gates Computer Science Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Earth_Sciences" title="Green Earth Sciences">Green Earth Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haas_Center_for_Public_Service" title="Haas Center for Public Service">Haas Center for Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna%E2%80%93Honeycomb_House" title="Hanna–Honeycomb House">Hanna–Honeycomb House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House" title="Lou Henry Hoover House">Hoover House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Tower" title="Hoover Tower">Hoover Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Lagunita" title="Lake Lagunita">Lake Lagunita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Quad_(Stanford_University)" title="Main Quad (Stanford University)">Main Quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_(Stanford_University)" title="Oval (Stanford University)">Oval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford,_California" title="Stanford, California">Stanford, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Mausoleum" title="Stanford Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Auditorium" title="Stanford Memorial Auditorium">Memorial Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Memorial_Church" title="Stanford Memorial Church">Memorial Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Research Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center" title="Stanford Shopping Center">Shopping Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Public art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Sentinels" title="Bedford Sentinels">Bedford Sentinels</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boo-Qwilla" title="Boo-Qwilla">Boo-Qwilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Column_I" title="Column I">Column I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Monument" title="Gay Liberation Monument">Gay Liberation Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luna_Moth_Walk_I" title="Luna Moth Walk I">Luna Moth Walk I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Union_Fountain" title="Old Union Fountain">Old Union Fountain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sieve_of_Eratosthenes_(sculpture)" title="The Sieve of Eratosthenes (sculpture)">The Sieve of Eratosthenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Legacy" title="The Stanford Legacy">The Stanford Legacy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_von_Humboldt_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Alexander von Humboldt (Stanford University)">Statue of Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Benjamin_Franklin_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Benjamin Franklin (Stanford University)">Statue of Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Johannes_Gutenberg_(Stanford_University)" title="Statue of Johannes Gutenberg (Stanford University)">Statue of Johannes Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Louis_Agassiz" title="Statue of Louis Agassiz">Statue of Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Fountain" title="Tanner Fountain">Tanner Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Memorial_Fountain" title="White Memorial Fountain">White Memorial Fountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HighWire_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="HighWire Press">HighWire Press</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_Review" title="Stanford Law Review">Stanford Law Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_student_housing" title="Stanford University student housing">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KZSU" title="KZSU">KZSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Band" title="Stanford Band">Stanford Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stanford_University_a_cappella_groups" title="List of Stanford University a cappella groups">A cappella groups</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Chaparral" title="Stanford Chaparral">Stanford Chaparral</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Flipside" title="The Stanford Flipside">The Stanford Flipside</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Daily" title="The Stanford Daily">The Stanford Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stanford_Review" title="The Stanford Review">The Stanford Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_Hopper" title="The Fountain Hopper">The Fountain Hopper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Tree" title="Stanford Tree">Stanford Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Association_of_Stanford_Entrepreneurial_Students" title="Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students">Business Association of Stanford Entrepreneurial Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StartX" title="StartX">StartX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Athletics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#8C1515">Overview</span></b>: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal" title="Stanford Cardinal">Stanford Cardinal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pac-12_Conference" title="Pac-12 Conference">Pac-12 Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference" title="Atlantic Coast Conference">Atlantic Coast Conference</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#8C1515;color:#FFFFFF;">Teams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_baseball" title="Stanford Cardinal baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li>Basketball <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_men%27s_basketball" title="Stanford Cardinal men's basketball">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_women%27s_basketball" title="Stanford Cardinal women's basketball">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_football" title="Stanford Cardinal football">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Game_(American_football)" title="Big Game (American football)">Big Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Play_(American_football)" title="The Play (American football)">The Play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_men%27s_gymnastics" title="Stanford Cardinal men's gymnastics">Men's gymnastics</a></li> <li>Soccer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_men%27s_soccer" title="Stanford Cardinal men's soccer">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_women%27s_soccer" title="Stanford Cardinal women's soccer">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_women%27s_volleyball" title="Stanford Cardinal women's volleyball">Women's volleyball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#8C1515;color:#FFFFFF;">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrillaga_Family_Rowing_and_Sailing_Center" title="Arrillaga Family Rowing and Sailing Center">Arrillaga Family Rowing and Sailing Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnham_Pavilion_(Stanford_University)" title="Burnham Pavilion (Stanford University)">Burnham Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Field_at_Sunken_Diamond" title="Klein Field at Sunken Diamond">Klein Field at Sunken Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laird_Q._Cagan_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laird Q. Cagan Stadium">Maloney Field at Laird Q. Cagan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maples_Pavilion" title="Maples Pavilion">Maples Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Beach_Volleyball_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Beach Volleyball Stadium">Stanford Beach Volleyball Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Golf_Course" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Golf Course">Stanford Golf Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Stadium" title="Stanford Stadium">Stanford Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taube_Tennis_Center" title="Taube Tennis Center">Taube Tennis Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#8C1515;color:#FFFFFF;">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Axe" title="Stanford Axe">Stanford Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACDA_Directors%27_Cup" title="NACDA Directors' Cup">NACDA Directors' Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Levin_(economist)" title="Jonathan Levin (economist)">Jonathan Levin</a></li> <li>Provost <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Mart%C3%ADnez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenny Martínez">Jenny Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stanford_University_faculty_and_staff" title="List of Stanford University faculty and staff">Faculty and staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stanford_University_alumni" title="List of Stanford University alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_founded_by_Stanford_University_alumni" title="List of companies founded by Stanford University alumni">Companies founded by alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford_Jr." title="Leland Stanford Jr.">Leland Stanford Jr.</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leland Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Stanford" title="Jane Stanford">Jane Stanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#8C1515;color:white;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Stanford_University" title="History of Stanford University">History of Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deans_of_Stanford_Law_School" title="List of deans of Stanford Law School">Dean of Stanford Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Stanford_University" title="Academic regalia of Stanford University">Academic regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-Hennessy_Scholars" title="Knight-Hennessy Scholars">Knight-Hennessy Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Network" title="Stanford University Network">Stanford University Network (SUN)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_(film)" title="Orange County (film)">Orange County</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_Red" title="Stanford Cardinal Red">Stanford Cardinal Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_endowment" title="Stanford University endowment">Stanford University endowment (Stanford Management Company)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palo_Alto_Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palo Alto Green (page does not exist)">Palo Alto Green</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382109#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382109#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382109#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121332029">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/52824963">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/59534/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgt34Fph8YfK9tWWmP84q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131567519">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80107311">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15037383h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15037383h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621505">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p175171653">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13043503">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007426204105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500326383">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S000793">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/13088362X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x92d58">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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