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id="toc-Business_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Business operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traffic_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traffic_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Traffic exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traffic_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="نقطة تبادل إنترنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقطة تبادل إنترنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_m%C3%BCbadil%C9%99si_n%C3%B6qt%C9%99si" title="İnternet mübadiləsi nöqtəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnternet mübadiləsi nöqtəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Интернет точка за обмен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интернет точка за обмен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_d%27intercanvi_d%27Internet" title="Punt d'intercanvi d'Internet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punt d'intercanvi d'Internet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet-knudepunkt" title="Internet-knudepunkt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Internet-knudepunkt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet-Knoten" title="Internet-Knoten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internet-Knoten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punto_neutro" title="Punto neutro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punto neutro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trukagune" title="Trukagune – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trukagune" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA" title="نقطه تبادل اینترنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقطه تبادل اینترنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Exchange_Point" title="Internet Exchange Point – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Internet Exchange Point" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%84%B7_%EC%9D%B5%EC%8A%A4%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8" title="인터넷 익스체인지 포인트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인터넷 익스체인지 포인트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%84%D5%AB_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Ինտերնետ հոսքի փոխանակման հանգույց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինտերնետ հոսքի փոխանակման հանգույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Exchange_Point" title="Internet Exchange Point – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Internet Exchange Point" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%8C%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%95" title="ຈຸດແລກປ່ຽນທາງອິນເຕີຣ໌ເນັຕ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈຸດແລກປ່ຽນທາງອິນເຕີຣ໌ເນັຕ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് എക്സ്ചേഞ്ച് പോയിന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്റർനെറ്റ് എക്സ്ചേഞ്ച് പോയിന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_exchange" title="Internet exchange – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internet exchange" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8" title="インターネットエクスチェンジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インターネットエクスチェンジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punkt_wymiany_ruchu_internetowego" title="Punkt wymiany ruchu internetowego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Punkt wymiany ruchu internetowego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponto_de_troca_de_tr%C3%A1fego" title="Ponto de troca de tráfego – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ponto de troca de tráfego" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Exchange" title="Internet Exchange – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Internet Exchange" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Точка обмена интернет-трафиком – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Точка обмена интернет-трафиком" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetknutpunkt" title="Internetknutpunkt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internetknutpunkt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nternet_de%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fim_noktas%C4%B1" title="İnternet değişim noktası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnternet değişim noktası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%83_%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Точка обміну Інтернет-трафіком – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Точка обміну Інтернет-трафіком" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E4%BA%A4%E6%8D%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" 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text-align: center;"><span class="anchor" id="Internet_History_Timeline"></span><span class="anchor" id="Internet_history_timeline"></span><b>Internet history timeline</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fff;"> <p><i><b>Early research and development:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1960–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1960–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1962–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1962–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1965<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1965</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1969<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1969</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1970<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1970</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1971<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1971</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1974<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1974</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1975<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1975</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1976<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1976</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1978<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1978</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1979<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1979</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Merging the networks and creating the Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1984<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1985<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1985</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">ARPANET decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">USENET</a> access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2014<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Examples of Internet services:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Internet exchange points</b> (<b>IXes</b> or <b>IXPs</b>) are common grounds of <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> networking, allowing participant <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers (ISPs)</a> to exchange data destined for their respective networks.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IXPs are generally located at places with preexisting connections to multiple distinct networks, <i>i.e.</i>, <a href="/wiki/Datacenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Datacenter">datacenters</a>, and operate physical infrastructure (<a href="/wiki/Ethernet_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethernet switch">switches</a>) to connect their participants. Organizationally, most IXPs are each independent not-for-profit associations of their constituent participating networks (that is, the set of ISPs that participate in that IXP). The primary alternative to IXPs is <a href="/wiki/Private_peering" class="mw-redirect" title="Private peering">private peering</a>, where ISPs directly connect their networks. </p><p>IXPs reduce the portion of an ISP's traffic that must be delivered via their <a href="/wiki/Upstream_(networking)" title="Upstream (networking)">upstream</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_transit" title="Internet transit">transit</a> providers, thereby reducing the <a href="/wiki/Average_per-bit_delivery_cost" title="Average per-bit delivery cost">average per-bit delivery cost</a> of their service. Furthermore, the increased number of paths available through the IXP improves <a href="/wiki/Least-cost_routing" title="Least-cost routing">routing efficiency</a> (by allowing routers to select shorter paths) and <a href="/wiki/Fault-tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fault-tolerance">fault-tolerance</a>. IXPs exhibit the characteristics of the <a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">network effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewNSFNETArchitecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NewNSFNETArchitecture.jpg/440px-NewNSFNETArchitecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/NewNSFNETArchitecture.jpg/660px-NewNSFNETArchitecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/NewNSFNETArchitecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NSFNet" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNet">NSFNet</a> Internet architecture, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1995</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Internet exchange points began as <b>Network Access Points</b> or <b>NAPs</b>, a key component of <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Information_Infrastructure" title="National Information Infrastructure">National Information Infrastructure</a> (NII) plan, which defined the transition from the US Government-paid-for <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> era (when Internet access was government sponsored and commercial traffic was prohibited) to the commercial Internet of today. The four Network Access Points (NAPs) were defined as transitional data communications facilities at which Network Service Providers (NSPs) would exchange traffic, in replacement of the publicly financed <a href="/wiki/NSFNET" class="mw-redirect" title="NSFNET">NSFNET</a> Internet backbone.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prescriptive-policy-guide_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prescriptive-policy-guide-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> let contracts supporting the four NAPs, one to <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Fiber_Systems" title="Metropolitan Fiber Systems">MFS Datanet</a> for the preexisting <a href="/wiki/MAE-East" title="MAE-East">MAE-East</a> in Washington, D.C., and three others to <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ameritech" title="Ameritech">Ameritech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Bell" title="Pacific Bell">Pacific Bell</a>, for new facilities of various designs and technologies, in New York (actually <a href="/wiki/Pennsauken,_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsauken, New Jersey">Pennsauken, New Jersey</a>), Chicago, and California, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a transitional strategy, they were effective, providing a bridge from the Internet's beginnings as a government-funded academic experiment, to the modern Internet of many private-sector competitors collaborating to form a network-of-networks, transporting Internet bandwidth from its points-of-production at Internet exchange points to its sites-of-consumption at users' locations. </p><p>This transition was particularly timely, coming hard on the heels of the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network#Controversy" title="National Science Foundation Network">ANS CO+RE controversy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had disturbed the nascent industry, led to congressional hearings,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulted in a law allowing NSF to promote and use networks that carry commercial traffic,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prompted a review of the administration of NSFNET by the NSF's Inspector General (no serious problems were found),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and caused commercial operators to realize that they needed to be able to communicate with each other independent of third parties or at neutral exchange points. </p><p>Although the three telco-operated NAPs faded into obscurity relatively quickly after the expiration of the federal subsidies, <a href="/wiki/MAE-East" title="MAE-East">MAE-East</a>, thrived for fifteen more years, and its west-coast counterpart <a href="/wiki/MAE-West" title="MAE-West">MAE-West</a> continued for more than twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the phrase "Network Access Point" is of historical interest only, since the four transitional NAPs disappeared long ago, replaced by hundreds of modern Internet exchange points, though in Spanish-speaking <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, the phrase lives on to a small degree, among those who conflate the NAPs with IXPs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TelehouseDocklands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/TelehouseDocklands.jpg/220px-TelehouseDocklands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/TelehouseDocklands.jpg/330px-TelehouseDocklands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/TelehouseDocklands.jpg/440px-TelehouseDocklands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Initial location of the <a href="/wiki/London_Internet_Exchange" title="London Internet Exchange">London Internet Exchange</a> (LINX): <a href="/wiki/Telehouse_Europe" title="Telehouse Europe">Telehouse Docklands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The primary purpose of an IXP is to allow networks to interconnect directly, via the exchange, rather than going through one or more third-party networks. The primary advantages of direct interconnection are cost, <a href="/wiki/Network_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Network latency">latency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-prescriptive-policy-guide_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prescriptive-policy-guide-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traffic passing through an exchange is typically not billed by any party, whereas traffic to an ISP's <a href="/wiki/Upstream_(networking)" title="Upstream (networking)">upstream</a> provider is.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The direct interconnection, often located in the same city as both networks, avoids the need for data to travel to other cities—and potentially on other continents—to get from one network to another, thus reducing latency.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd-market-developments_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd-market-developments-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third advantage, speed, is most noticeable in areas that have poorly developed long-distance connections. ISPs in regions with poor connections might have to pay between 10 or 100 times more for data transport than ISPs in North America, Europe, or Japan. Therefore, these ISPs typically have slower, more limited connections to the rest of the Internet. However, a connection to a local IXP may allow them to transfer data without limit, and without cost, vastly improving the bandwidth between customers of such adjacent ISPs.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd-market-developments_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd-market-developments-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) are public locations where several networks are connected to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public peering is done at IXPs, while private peering can be done with direct links between networks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Springer_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DE-CIX_GERMANY_-_Switch_Rack_(6218137120).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DE-CIX_GERMANY_-_Switch_Rack_%286218137120%29.jpg/220px-DE-CIX_GERMANY_-_Switch_Rack_%286218137120%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DE-CIX_GERMANY_-_Switch_Rack_%286218137120%29.jpg/330px-DE-CIX_GERMANY_-_Switch_Rack_%286218137120%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/DE-CIX_GERMANY_-_Switch_Rack_%286218137120%29.jpg/440px-DE-CIX_GERMANY_-_Switch_Rack_%286218137120%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">19-inch rack</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switches</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Commercial_Internet_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Commercial Internet Exchange">DE-CIX</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_operations">Technical operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technical operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A typical IXP consists of one or more <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">network switches</a>, to which each of the participating ISPs connect. Prior to the existence of switches, IXPs typically employed <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_inter-repeater_link" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber-optic inter-repeater link">fiber-optic inter-repeater link</a> (FOIRL) hubs or <a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">Fiber Distributed Data Interface</a> (FDDI) rings, migrating to <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> and FDDI switches as those became available in 1993 and 1994. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> (ATM) switches were briefly used at a few IXPs in the late 1990s, accounting for approximately 4% of the market at their peak, and there was an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>-based IXP <a href="/wiki/NetNod" class="mw-redirect" title="NetNod">NetNod</a> to use <a href="/wiki/SRP/DPT" class="mw-redirect" title="SRP/DPT">SRP/DPT</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> has prevailed, accounting for more than 95% of all existing Internet exchange switch fabrics. All Ethernet port speeds are to be found at modern IXPs, ranging from 10 <a href="/wiki/Megabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabit">Mb</a>/second ports in use in small developing-country IXPs, to ganged 10 <a href="/wiki/Gigabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit">Gb</a>/second ports in major centers like Seoul, New York, London, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, and Palo Alto. Ports with 100 Gb/second are available, for example, at the AMS-IX in Amsterdam and at the DE-CIX in Frankfurt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMS-IX_optical_patch_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/AMS-IX_optical_patch_panel.jpg/220px-AMS-IX_optical_patch_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/AMS-IX_optical_patch_panel.jpg/330px-AMS-IX_optical_patch_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/AMS-IX_optical_patch_panel.jpg/440px-AMS-IX_optical_patch_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> <a href="/wiki/Patch_panel" title="Patch panel">patch panel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Internet_Exchange" title="Amsterdam Internet Exchange">Amsterdam Internet Exchange</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_operations">Business operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal business and governance models for IXPs include:<sup id="cite_ref-oecd-market-developments_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd-market-developments-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Not-for-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">association</a> (usually of the participating <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network-neutral_data_center" title="Network-neutral data center">Operator-neutral</a> for-profit company (usually the operator of a <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">datacenter</a> hosting the IXP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">Government agency</a> (often the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">communications ministry</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">regulator</a>, at national scale, or <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipal government</a>, at local scale)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association#Legal_status" title="Voluntary association">Unincorporated informal association</a> of networks (defined by an open-ended multi-party contract, without independent legal existence)</li></ul> <p>The technical and business logistics of traffic exchange between ISPs is governed by bilateral or multilateral <a href="/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">peering</a> agreements. Under such agreements, traffic is exchanged without compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-pch-peering-survey-2016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pch-peering-survey-2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When an IXP incurs operating costs, they are typically shared among all of its participants. </p><p>At the more expensive exchanges, participants pay a monthly or annual fee, usually determined by the speed of the port or ports which they are using. Fees based on the volume of traffic are less common because they provide a counterincentive to the growth of the exchange. Some exchanges charge a setup fee to offset the costs of the switch port and any media adaptors (<a href="/wiki/Gigabit_interface_converter" title="Gigabit interface converter">gigabit interface converters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_form-factor_pluggable_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form-factor pluggable transceiver">small form-factor pluggable transceivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/XFP_transceiver" title="XFP transceiver">XFP transceivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/XENPAK" title="XENPAK">XENPAKs</a>, etc.) that the new participant requires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traffic_exchange">Traffic exchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traffic exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IXP_Topology_L1-L2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IXP_Topology_L1-L2.svg/220px-IXP_Topology_L1-L2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IXP_Topology_L1-L2.svg/330px-IXP_Topology_L1-L2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/IXP_Topology_L1-L2.svg/440px-IXP_Topology_L1-L2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the Layer 1 (physical) and Layer 2 (Data Link) topology of an Internet exchange point (IXP)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IXP_Topology_L3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/IXP_Topology_L3.svg/220px-IXP_Topology_L3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/IXP_Topology_L3.svg/330px-IXP_Topology_L3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/IXP_Topology_L3.svg/440px-IXP_Topology_L3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the Layer 3 (network) topology of an Internet exchange point (IXP)</figcaption></figure> <p>Internet traffic exchange between two participants on an IXP is facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP) routing configurations between them. They choose to announce routes via the peering relationship – either routes to their own addresses or routes to addresses of other ISPs that they connect to, possibly via other mechanisms. The other party to the peering can then apply <a href="/wiki/Route_filtering" title="Route filtering">route filtering</a>, where it chooses to accept those routes, and route traffic accordingly, or to ignore those routes, and use other routes to reach those addresses. </p><p>In many cases, an ISP will have both a direct link to another ISP and accept a route (normally ignored) to the other ISP through the IXP; if the direct link fails, traffic will then start flowing over the IXP. In this way, the IXP acts as a backup link. </p><p>When these conditions are met, and a contractual structure exists to create a market to purchase network services, the IXP is sometimes called a "transit exchange". The Vancouver Transit Exchange, for example, is described as a "shopping mall" of service providers at one central location, making it easy to switch providers, "as simple as getting a <a href="/wiki/VLAN" title="VLAN">VLAN</a> to a new provider".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VTE is run by BCNET, a public entity. </p><p>Advocates of green broadband schemes and more competitive telecommunications services often advocate aggressive expansion of transit exchanges into every municipal area network so that competing service providers can place such equipment as <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> hosts and <a href="/wiki/PSTN" class="mw-redirect" title="PSTN">PSTN</a> switches to serve existing phone equipment, without being answerable to any monopoly incumbent. </p><p>Since the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_backbone" title="Internet backbone">Internet backbone</a> and transition to the IXP system in 1992, the measurement of Internet traffic exchanged at IXPs has been the primary source of data about Internet bandwidth production: how it grows over time and where it is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-oecd-market-developments_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oecd-market-developments-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standardized measures of bandwidth production have been in place since 1996<sup id="cite_ref-standardized-format-1996_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-standardized-format-1996-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have been refined over time.<sup id="cite_ref-ixp-documentation-2007_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ixp-documentation-2007-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Historical IXPs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAE-East" title="MAE-East">MAE-East</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAE-West" title="MAE-West">MAE-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchange</a> (FIX)</li></ul></li> <li>Associations of Internet exchange point operators: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro-IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro-IX">Euro-IX</a>, the European Internet Exchange Association<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APIX" class="mw-redirect" title="APIX">APIX</a>, the Asia Pacific Internet Exchange Association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAC-IX" class="mw-redirect" title="LAC-IX">LAC-IX</a>, the Latin America & Caribbean Internet Exchange Association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_IXP_Association" title="African IXP Association">Af-IX</a>, the African IXP Association</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_server" title="Route server">Route server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">Data center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_Clearing_House" title="Packet Clearing House">Packet Clearing House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_exchange_points" title="List of Internet exchange points">List of Internet exchange points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">Peering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drpeering.net/white-papers/Art-Of-Peering-The-IX-Playbook.html">"The Art of Peering - The IX Playbook"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220190247/http://www.drpeering.net/white-papers/Art-Of-Peering-The-IX-Playbook.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Peering+-+The+IX+Playbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drpeering.net%2Fwhite-papers%2FArt-Of-Peering-The-IX-Playbook.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drpeering.net/white-papers/Internet-Service-Providers-And-Peering.html">"Internet Service Providers and Peering v3.0"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150420130051/http://drpeering.net/white-papers/Internet-Service-Providers-And-Peering.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internet+Service+Providers+and+Peering+v3.0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drpeering.net%2Fwhite-papers%2FInternet-Service-Providers-And-Peering.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Govt_docs/nsf_nren.rfp">NSF Solicitation 93-52</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030153/https://w2.eff.org/Infrastructure/Govt_docs/nsf_nren.rfp">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Network Access Point Manager, Routing Arbiter, Regional Network Providers, and Very High Speed Backbone Network Services Provider for NSFNET and the NREN(SM) Program, May 6, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prescriptive-policy-guide-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prescriptive-policy-guide_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prescriptive-policy-guide_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcock2001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Woodcock" title="Bill Woodcock">Woodcock, Bill</a> (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pch.net/resources/papers/policy-guide/policy-guide.html">"Prescriptive Policy Guide for Developing Nations Wishing to Encourage the Formation of a Domestic Internet Industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Packet_Clearing_House" title="Packet Clearing House">Packet Clearing House</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603065525/https://www.pch.net/resources/Papers/policy-guide/policy-guide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prescriptive+Policy+Guide+for+Developing+Nations+Wishing+to+Encourage+the+Formation+of+a+Domestic+Internet+Industry&rft.pub=Packet+Clearing+House&rft.date=2001-03&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.net%2Fresources%2Fpapers%2Fpolicy-guide%2Fpolicy-guide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merit.edu/mail.archives/mjts/1994-03/msg00001.html">E-mail regarding Network Access Points from Steve Wolff (NSF) to the com-priv list</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195813/http://www.merit.edu/mail.archives/mjts/1994-03/msg00001.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, sent 13:51 EST 2 March 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookreport.com/">"The Cook Report on the Internet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805001912/http://cookreport.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cook+Report+on+the+Internet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cookreport.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cookreport.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=216:310&catid=53:1995&Itemid=63">"A Critical Look at the University of Michigan's Role in the 1987 Merit Agreement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810194235/http://www.cookreport.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=216:310&catid=53:1995&Itemid=63">Archived</a> 10 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chetly Zarko in <i>The Cook Report on the Internet</i>, January 1995, pp. 9–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED350986&searchtype=keyword&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&accno=ED350986&_nfls=false">Management of NSFNET</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728150959/http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/recordDetails.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED350986&searchtype=keyword&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&_pageLabel=RecordDetails&accno=ED350986&_nfls=false">Archived</a> 28 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a transcript of the March 12, 1992, hearing before the Subcommittee on Science of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">Committee on Science, Space, and Technology</a>, U.S. House of Representatives, <a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Second_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="One Hundred Second Congress">One Hundred Second Congress</a>, Second Session, Hon. <a href="/wiki/Rick_Boucher" title="Rick Boucher">Rick Boucher</a>, subcommittee chairman, presiding</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:S.1146:">Scientific and Advanced-Technology Act of 1992</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705025503/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d102:S.1146:">Archived</a> 5 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Public Law No: 102-476, 43 U.S.C. 1862(g)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/stis1993/oig9301/oig9301.txt">Review of NSFNET</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706035156/https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/stis1993/oig9301/oig9301.txt">Archived</a> 6 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Office of the Inspector General, National Science Foundation, 23 March 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfinkel1996" class="citation web cs1">Garfinkel, Simson (11 September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simson.net/clips/1996/96.HW.MAE_West.pdf">"Where Streams Converge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111123341/https://simson.net/clips/1996/96.HW.MAE_West.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Streams+Converge&rft.date=1996-09-11&rft.aulast=Garfinkel&rft.aufirst=Simson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimson.net%2Fclips%2F1996%2F96.HW.MAE_West.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan,_Patrick_S.Gerson,_Jason2012" class="citation book cs1">Ryan, Patrick S.; Gerson, Jason (11 August 2012). <i>A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers</i>. Social Science Research Network (SSRN). <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2128103">2128103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+on+Internet+Exchange+Points+for+Policymakers+and+Non-Engineers&rft.pub=Social+Science+Research+Network+%28SSRN%29&rft.date=2012-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2128103%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Patrick+S.&rft.au=Gerson%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oecd-market-developments-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-market-developments_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-market-developments_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-market-developments_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-market-developments_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcockWeller2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Woodcock" title="Bill Woodcock">Woodcock, Bill</a>; Weller, Dennis (29 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/internet-traffic-exchange_5k918gpt130q-en">"Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenges"</a>. <i>Digital Economy Papers</i>. OECD Digital Economy Papers. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F5k918gpt130q-en">10.1787/5k918gpt130q-en</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210810194458/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/internet-traffic-exchange_5k918gpt130q-en">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Digital+Economy+Papers&rft.atitle=Internet+Traffic+Exchange%3A+Market+Developments+and+Policy+Challenges&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F5k918gpt130q-en&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Weller%2C+Dennis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org%2Fscience-and-technology%2Finternet-traffic-exchange_5k918gpt130q-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IM-Y2W0RIF0C&dq=tier+1+peering&pg=PA293"><i>Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures</i></a>. Elsevier. 19 July 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047497-7"><bdi>978-0-08-047497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Routing%3A+Algorithms%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Architectures&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.isbn=978-0-08-047497-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIM-Y2W0RIF0C%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bpeering%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IM-Y2W0RIF0C&dq=internet+exchange+point+tier+1&pg=PA291"><i>Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures</i></a>. Elsevier. 19 July 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047497-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-047497-7"><bdi>978-0-08-047497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Network+Routing%3A+Algorithms%2C+Protocols%2C+and+Architectures&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-07-19&rft.isbn=978-0-08-047497-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIM-Y2W0RIF0C%26dq%3Dinternet%2Bexchange%2Bpoint%2Btier%2B1%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXZODwAAQBAJ&dq=tier+1+peering&pg=PA156"><i>Information Network Engineering</i></a>. 株式会社オーム社. 20 July 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-274-99991-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-274-99991-8"><bdi>978-4-274-99991-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Information+Network+Engineering&rft.pub=%E6%A0%AA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE+%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.isbn=978-4-274-99991-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXZODwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bpeering%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Springer-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Springer_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunyaev2020" class="citation book cs1">Sunyaev, Ali (12 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgDQDwAAQBAJ&dq=tier+1+peering&pg=PA88"><i>Internet Computing: Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-34957-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-34957-8"><bdi>978-3-030-34957-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Computing%3A+Principles+of+Distributed+Systems+and+Emerging+Internet-Based+Technologies&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-34957-8&rft.aulast=Sunyaev&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgDQDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtier%2B1%2Bpeering%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pch-peering-survey-2016-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pch-peering-survey-2016_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodcockFrigino2016" class="citation web cs1">Woodcock, Bill; Frigino, Marco (21 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pch.net/resources/Papers/peering-survey/PCH-Peering-Survey-2016/PCH-Peering-Survey-2016.pdf">"2016 Survey of Internet Carrier Interconnection Agreements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Packet Clearing House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210707084312/https://www.pch.net/resources/Papers/peering-survey/PCH-Peering-Survey-2016/PCH-Peering-Survey-2016.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>. <q>Of the agreements we analyzed, 1,935,111 (99.98%) had symmetric terms, in which each party gave and received the same conditions as the other. Only 403 (0.02%) had asymmetric terms, in which the parties gave and received conditions with specifically defined differences, and these exceptions were down from 0.27% in 2011. Typical examples of asymmetric agreements are ones in which one of the parties compensates the other for routes that it would not otherwise receive (sometimes called 'paid peering' or 'on-net routes'), or in which one party is required to meet terms or requirements imposed by the other ('minimum peering requirements'), often concerning volume of traffic or number or geographic distribution of interconnection locations. In the prevailing symmetric relationship, the parties to the agreement simply exchange customer routes with each other, without settlements or other requirements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Survey+of+Internet+Carrier+Interconnection+Agreements&rft.pub=Packet+Clearing+House&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Frigino%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pch.net%2Fresources%2FPapers%2Fpeering-survey%2FPCH-Peering-Survey-2016%2FPCH-Peering-Survey-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBCnet2009" class="citation web cs1">BCnet (4 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billstarnaud.blogspot.com/2009/06/how-r-networks-can-help-small-business.html">"Transit Exchange helps Novus Entertainment Save on Internet Costs and Improve Performance"</a>. <i>How R&E networks can help small business</i>. Bill St. Arnaud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821233756/http://billstarnaud.blogspot.com/2009/06/how-r-networks-can-help-small-business.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=How+R%26E+networks+can+help+small+business&rft.atitle=Transit+Exchange+helps+Novus+Entertainment+Save+on+Internet+Costs+and+Improve+Performance&rft.date=2009-06-04&rft.au=BCnet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbillstarnaud.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F06%2Fhow-r-networks-can-help-small-business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-standardized-format-1996-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-standardized-format-1996_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaffySiegelWoodcock1996" class="citation web cs1">Claffy, Kimberly; Siegel, Dave; Woodcock, Bill (30 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academ.com/nanog/may1996/trafficstatistics.html">"Standarized Format for Exchange Point Traffic Recording & Interchange"</a>. North American Network Operators Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981203120611/http://www.academ.com/nanog/may1996/trafficstatistics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standarized+Format+for+Exchange+Point+Traffic+Recording+%26+Interchange&rft.pub=North+American+Network+Operators+Group&rft.date=1996-05-30&rft.aulast=Claffy&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Dave&rft.au=Woodcock%2C+Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academ.com%2Fnanog%2Fmay1996%2Ftrafficstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ixp-documentation-2007-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ixp-documentation-2007_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DSTI%2FICCP%2FCISP%282007%299&docLanguage=En"><i>Good Practices in Internet Exchange Point Documentation and Measurement</i></a>. OECD. 26 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220119085322/https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=DSTI%2FICCP%2FCISP%282007%299&docLanguage=En">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Practices+in+Internet+Exchange+Point+Documentation+and+Measurement&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2007-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fofficialdocuments%2Fpublicdisplaydocumentpdf%2F%3Fcote%3DDSTI%252FICCP%252FCISP%25282007%25299%26docLanguage%3DEn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413121337/https://www.euro-ix.net/euro-ix">"Euro-IX Website"</a>. European Internet Exchange. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euro-ix.net">the original</a> on 13 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Euro-IX+Website&rft.pub=European+Internet+Exchange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro-ix.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternet+exchange+point" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro-ix.net">European Internet Exchange Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pch.net/ixpdir">Internet Exchange Directory</a> maintained by <a href="/wiki/Packet_Clearing_House" title="Packet Clearing House">Packet Clearing House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.datacentermap.com/ixps.html">Internet Exchange Points</a> from Data Center Map</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peeringdb.com/">PeeringDB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lookinglass.org/wix.php">Lookin'Glass.Org</a> BGP Looking Glass services at IX's.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&oldid=1247827498">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_exchange_point&oldid=1247827498</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_exchange_points" title="Category:Internet exchange points">Internet exchange points</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Routing" title="Category:Routing">Routing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use American English from January 2019">Use American English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2015" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2015">Use dmy dates from April 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_timeline_metadata" title="Category:Pages with timeline metadata">Pages with timeline metadata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 September 2024, at 06:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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