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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>University of Paris</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Université de Paris</i>), known <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymically</a> as the <b>Sorbonne</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[sɔʁbɔn]</a></span>), was the leading university in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Emerging around 1150 as a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral school</a> of Paris, it was considered the <a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_universities" title="List of medieval universities">second-oldest university in Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haskins,_C._H_1923,_p._292_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haskins,_C._H_1923,_p._292-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">chartered</a> in 1200 by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">King Philip II</a> and recognised in 1215 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, it was nicknamed after its theological <a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">College of Sorbonne</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Sorbon" title="Robert de Sorbon">Robert de Sorbon</a> and chartered by <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis IX">King Louis IX</a> around 1257.<sup id="cite_ref-Haskins,_C._H_1923,_p._292_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haskins,_C._H_1923,_p._292-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of Paris</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Université de Paris</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Paris.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Paris.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Paris.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Paris.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Paris.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Paris.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_University_of_Paris.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> <a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-lat="48.848611111111" data-lon="2.3436111111111" data-overlays='["_11784f4cce94e431f6c72b29e15c57374d3e40ef"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/13/48.848611111111/2.3436111111111/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,48.848611111111,2.3436111111111,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=University_of_Paris&revid=1268686026&groups=_11784f4cce94e431f6c72b29e15c57374d3e40ef" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,48.848611111111,2.3436111111111,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=University_of_Paris&revid=1268686026&groups=_11784f4cce94e431f6c72b29e15c57374d3e40ef 2x" alt="Map"></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Hic et ubique terrarum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Here and anywhere on Earth</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Corporative</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">Origin: <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> at the Parisian <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral school</a><br> Founded: 1045–1150<br>Suppressed: 1793<br>Faculties reestablished: 1806<br>University reestablished: 1896<br>Divided: 1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data">Urban</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Highly reputed internationally for its academic performance in the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a> ever since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> – particularly in <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> – it introduced academic standards and traditions that have endured and spread, such as <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">doctoral degrees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Student_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Student nation">student nations</a>. Notable <a href="/wiki/Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="Popes">popes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royalty</a>, scientists, and intellectuals were educated at the University of Paris. A few of the colleges of the time are still visible close to the <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jardin_du_Luxembourg" title="Jardin du Luxembourg">Jardin du Luxembourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Bernardins" title="Collège des Bernardins">Collège des Bernardins</a> (18 rue de Poissy, <a href="/wiki/5th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="5th arrondissement of Paris">5th arr.</a>), <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Cluny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hôtel de Cluny">Hôtel de Cluny</a> (6 Place Paul Painlevé, 5th arr.), Collège Sainte-Barbe (4 rue Valette, 5th arr.), Collège d'Harcourt (44 Boulevard Saint-Michel, <a href="/wiki/6th_arrondissement_of_Paris" title="6th arrondissement of Paris">6th arr.</a>), and Cordeliers (21 rue École de Médecine, 6th arr.).<sup id="cite_ref-ParisDigest_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParisDigest-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793, during the French Revolution, the university was closed and, by Item 27 of the Revolutionary Convention, the college endowments and buildings were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_1975_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_1975-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new <a href="/wiki/University_of_France" title="University of France">University of France</a> replaced it in 1806 with four independent faculties: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_Faculty_of_Humanities" title="University of Paris Faculty of Humanities">Faculty of Humanities</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Faculté des Lettres</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Law_Faculty" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Law Faculty">Faculty of Law</a> (later including Economics), the Faculty of Science, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Paris Faculty of Medicine">Faculty of Medicine</a> and the Faculty of Theology (closed in 1885). </p><p>In 1896, a new University of Paris was re-founded as a grouping of the Paris faculties of science, <a href="/wiki/Facult%C3%A9_des_lettres_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculté des lettres de Paris">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Law of Paris">law</a>, medicine, <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Faculty_of_Theology_in_Paris" title="Protestant Faculty of Theology in Paris">Protestant theology</a> and the École supérieure de pharmacie de Paris. It was inaugurated on November 19, 1896, by French President <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Faure" title="Félix Faure">Félix Faure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, after the <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">civil unrest of May 1968</a>, the university was divided into 13 autonomous universities, which today are the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon-Sorbonne University">Panthéon-Sorbonne University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Assas University">Assas University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Nouvelle_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Nouvelle University">Sorbonne Nouvelle University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Cit%C3%A9_University" title="Paris Cité University">Paris Cité University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/PSL_University" class="mw-redirect" title="PSL University">PSL University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saclay_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Saclay University">Saclay University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nanterre_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanterre University">Nanterre University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_North_University" title="Sorbonne Paris North University">Sorbonne Paris North University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Paris-East Créteil University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" title="Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis">Paris 8 University</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chancellerie_des_Universit%C3%A9s_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellerie des Universités de Paris">Chancellerie des Universités de Paris</a> inherited the heritage assets of the University of Paris, including the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a> building, the "<i>La Sorbonne</i>" brand, control of the inter-university libraries, and management of the staff of the Paris universities (until 2007).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#12th_century:_Organisation"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">12th century: Organisation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#13th%E2%80%9314th_century:_Expansion"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">13th–14th century: Expansion</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rector"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rector</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Four_%22nations%22"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Four "nations"</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Faculties"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Faculties</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Colleges"><span class="tocnumber">1.3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Colleges</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#15th%E2%80%9318th_century:_Influence_in_France_and_Europe"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">15th–18th century: Influence in France and Europe</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#1793:_Abolition_by_the_French_Revolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">1793: Abolition by the French Revolution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#1806%E2%80%931968:_Re-establishment"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">1806–1968: Re-establishment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#May_1968%E2%80%931970:_Shutdown"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">May 1968–1970: Shutdown</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#1970:_Dissolution"><span class="tocnumber">1.8</span> <span class="toctext">1970: Dissolution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Notable_people"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Notable people</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Faculty"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Alumni"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Alumni</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Nobel_Laureates"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Nobel Laureates</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Alumni_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alumni</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Faculty_2"><span class="tocnumber">2.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Faculty</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><p> In 1150, the future University of Paris was a student-teacher corporation operating as an annex of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral school</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Paris" class="extiw" title="fr:École cathédrale de Paris">of Paris</a>. The earliest historical reference to it is found in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>'s reference to the studies of his own teacher (an abbot of <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral" title="St Albans Cathedral">St Albans</a>) and his acceptance into "the fellowship of the elect Masters" there in about 1170,<sup id="cite_ref-bartleby.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartleby.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is known that Lotario dei Conti di Segni, the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>, completed his studies there in 1182 at the age of 21. Its first college was the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Dix-Huit" title="Collège des Dix-Huit">Collège des Dix-Huit</a>, established in 1180 by an Englishman named Josse and endowed for 18 poor scholars. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorbona_2005a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sorbona_2005a.jpg/220px-Sorbona_2005a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sorbona_2005a.jpg/220px-Sorbona_2005a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sorbona_2005a.jpg/330px-Sorbona_2005a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sorbona_2005a.jpg/440px-Sorbona_2005a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>La Sorbonne</figcaption></figure> <p>The corporation was formally recognised as an "<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/universitas#Noun_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:universitas">Universitas</a></i>" in an edict by King <a href="/wiki/Philippe-Auguste" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe-Auguste">Philippe-Auguste</a> in 1200: in it, among other accommodations granted to future students, he allowed the corporation to operate under ecclesiastic law which would be governed by the elders of the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_school" title="Notre-Dame school">Notre-Dame Cathedral school</a>, and assured all those completing courses there that they would be granted a diploma.<sup id="cite_ref-sorbonne_ref_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorbonne_ref-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The university had four <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculties</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Arts</a>, Medicine, Law, and Theology. The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest, as students had to graduate there in order to be admitted to one of the higher faculties. The students were divided into four <i><a href="/wiki/Nation_(university)" title="Nation (university)">nationes</a></i> according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy, Picardy, and England. The last came to be known as the <i>Alemannian</i> (German) nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply: the English–German nation included students from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. </p><p>The faculty and nation system of the University of Paris (along with that of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>) became the model for all later medieval universities. Under the governance of the Church, students wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>, to signify they were under the protection of the church. Students followed the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the king's laws or courts. This presented problems for the city of Paris, as students ran wild, and its official had to appeal to Church courts for justice. Students were often very young, entering the school at 13 or 14 years of age and staying for six to 12 years. </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:280px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>School</b> </td> <td><b>Founded</b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Dix-Huit" title="Collège des Dix-Huit">College of the Eighteen</a> </td> <td>1180 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/College_of_Sorbonne" title="College of Sorbonne">College of Sorbonne</a> </td> <td>1257 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/College_of_Navarre" title="College of Navarre">College of Navarre</a> </td> <td>1305 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Law of Paris">Law</a> </td> <td>1150 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Paris Faculty of Medicine">Medicine</a> </td> <td>1200 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Facult%C3%A9_des_lettres_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculté des lettres de Paris">Arts</a> </td> <td>1213 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Paris" title="Catholic University of Paris">Divinity</a> </td> <td>1221 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure_(Paris)" title="École normale supérieure (Paris)">Education</a> </td> <td>1794 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Sciences </td> <td>1808 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>Pharmacy </td> <td>1864 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Government</a> </td> <td>1872 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/IAE_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="IAE Paris">Business</a> </td> <td>1956 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th_century:_Organisation">12th century: Organisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 12th century: Organisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Three schools were especially famous in Paris: the <i>palatine or palace school</i>, the <i>school of Notre-Dame</i>, and that of <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Geneviève Abbey">Sainte-Geneviève Abbey</a>. The latter two, although ancient, were initially eclipsed by the palatine school, until the decline of royalty brought about its decline. </p><p>The first renowned professor at the school of Ste-Geneviève was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubold (page does not exist)">Hubold</a>, who lived in the tenth century. Not content with the courses at <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of Ste-Geneviève, and attracted many pupils via his teaching. Distinguished professors from the school of Notre-Dame in the eleventh century include Lambert, disciple of <a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert of Chartres</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Drogo_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drogo of Paris (page does not exist)">Drogo of Paris</a>; <a href="/wiki/Manegold_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Manegold of Germany">Manegold of Germany</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a>. These two schools attracted scholars from every country and produced many illustrious men, among whom were: <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_of_Szczepan%C3%B3w" title="Stanislaus of Szczepanów">St. Stanislaus of Szczepanów</a>, Bishop of Kraków; <a href="/wiki/Gebbard,_Archbishop_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebbard, Archbishop of Salzburg">Gebbard, Archbishop of Salzburg</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harding" title="Stephen Harding">St. Stephen, third Abbot of Cîteaux</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_d%27Arbrissel" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert d'Arbrissel">Robert d'Arbrissel</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Fontevrault" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Fontevrault">Abbey of Fontevrault</a> etc. Three other men who added prestige to the schools of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève were <a href="/wiki/William_of_Champeaux" title="William of Champeaux">William of Champeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ab%C3%A9lard" class="mw-redirect" title="Abélard">Abélard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a>. </p><p>Humanistic instruction comprised <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectics">dialectics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, music, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">trivium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a>). To the higher instruction belonged <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">dogmatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral theology">moral theology</a>, whose source was the Scriptures and the Patristic Fathers. It was completed by the study of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canon law</a>. The School of Saint-Victor arose to rival those of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève. It was founded by William of Champeaux when he withdrew to the Abbey of Saint-Victor. Its most famous professors are <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_St._Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh of St. Victor">Hugh of St. Victor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_St._Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of St. Victor">Richard of St. Victor</a>. </p><p>The plan of studies expanded in the schools of Paris, as it did elsewhere. A <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bolognese</a> compendium of canon law called the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></i></span> brought about a division of the theology department. Hitherto the discipline of the Church had not been separate from so-called theology; they were studied together under the same professor. But this vast collection necessitated a special course, which was undertaken first at Bologna, where <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> was taught. In France, first <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a> and then Paris erected chairs of canon law. Before the end of the twelfth century, the <a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">Decretals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gerard_La_Pucelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard La Pucelle">Gerard La Pucelle</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mathieu_d%27Angers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mathieu d'Angers (page does not exist)">Mathieu d'Angers</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anselm_of_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anselm of Paris (page does not exist)">Anselm (or Anselle) of Paris</a>, were added to the Decretum Gratiani. However, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> was not included at Paris. In the twelfth century, medicine began to be publicly taught at Paris: the first professor of medicine in Paris records is Hugo, <i>physicus excellens qui quadrivium docuit</i>. </p><p>Professors were required to have measurable knowledge and be appointed by the university. Applicants had to be assessed by <a href="/wiki/Test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Test (assessment)">examination</a>; if successful, the examiner, who was the head of the school, and known as <i>scholasticus</i>, <i>capiscol</i>, and <i>chancellor,</i> appointed an individual to teach. This was called the <a href="/wiki/Licence" class="mw-redirect" title="Licence">licence</a> or faculty to teach. The licence had to be granted freely. No one could teach without it; on the other hand, the examiner could not refuse to award it when the applicant deserved it. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg/220px-Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg/220px-Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg/330px-Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg/440px-Lasorbonne_photo2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The school of Saint-Victor, under the abbey, conferred the licence in its own right; the school of Notre-Dame depended on the diocese, that of Ste-Geneviève on the abbey or chapter. The diocese and the abbey or chapter, through their <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)" title="Chancellor (ecclesiastical)">chancellor</a>, gave professorial investiture in their respective territories where they had jurisdiction. Besides Notre-Dame, Ste-Geneviève, and Saint-Victor, there were several schools on the "Island" and on the "Mount". "Whoever", says <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Louis_Cr%C3%A9vier" title="Jean-Baptiste Louis Crévier">Crevier</a> "had the right to teach might open a school where he pleased, provided it was not in the vicinity of a principal school." Thus <a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Parvo_Ponte" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam de Parvo Ponte">a certain Adam</a>, who was of English origin, kept his "near the <a href="/wiki/Petit_Pont" title="Petit Pont">Petit Pont</a>"; another Adam, Parisian by birth, "taught at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Pont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Pont (page does not exist)">Grand Pont</a> which is called the <a href="/wiki/Pont-au-Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Pont-au-Change">Pont-au-Change</a>" (<i>Hist. de l'Univers. de Paris,</i> I, 272). </p><p>The number of students in the school of the capital grew constantly, so that lodgings were insufficient. French students included <a href="/wiki/Princes_of_the_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Princes of the blood">princes of the blood</a>, sons of the nobility, and ranking gentry. The courses at Paris were considered so necessary as a completion of studies that many foreigners flocked to them. Popes <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_II" title="Pope Celestine II">Celestine II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Innocent III</a> studied at Paris, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Alexander III</a> sent his nephews there. Noted German and English students included <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Freising" title="Otto of Freising">Otto of Freisingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Conrad,_Archbishop_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Conrad, Archbishop of Mainz">Cardinal Conrad, Archbishop of Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">St. Thomas of Canterbury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>; while Ste-Geneviève became practically the seminary for <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. The chroniclers of the time called Paris the city of letters par excellence, placing it above <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Rome, and other cities: "At that time, there flourished at Paris philosophy and all branches of learning, and there the seven arts were studied and held in such esteem as they never were at Athens, Egypt, Rome, or elsewhere in the world." ("Les gestes de Philippe-Auguste"). Poets extolled the university in their verses, comparing it to all that was greatest, noblest, and most valuable in the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorbona_in_snow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sorbona_in_snow.jpg/170px-Sorbona_in_snow.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sorbona_in_snow.jpg/170px-Sorbona_in_snow.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sorbona_in_snow.jpg/255px-Sorbona_in_snow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sorbona_in_snow.jpg/340px-Sorbona_in_snow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Sorbonne covered by snow.</figcaption></figure> <p>To allow poor students to study the first college <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Dix-Huit" title="Collège des Dix-Huit">des dix-Huit</a> was founded by a knight returning from Jerusalem called Josse of London for 18 scholars who received lodgings and 12 pence or denarii a month.<sup id="cite_ref-Madrasa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madrasa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the university developed, it became more institutionalized. First, the professors formed an association, for according to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Celles" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Celles">John of Celles</a>, twenty-first Abbot of <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans Abbey">St Albans</a>, England, was admitted as a member of the teaching corps of Paris after he had followed the courses (<i>Vita Joannis I, XXI, abbat. S. Alban</i>). The masters, as well as the students, were divided according to national origin,. Alban wrote that <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II, King of England</a>, in his difficulties with St. Thomas of Canterbury, wanted to submit his cause to a tribunal composed of professors of Paris, chosen from various provinces (Hist. major, Henry II, to end of 1169). This was likely the start of the division according to "nations," which was later to play an important part in the university. Celestine III ruled that both professors and students had the privilege of being subject only to the ecclesiastical courts, not to civil courts. </p><p>The three schools: Notre-Dame, Sainte-Geneviève, and Saint-Victor, may be regarded as the triple cradle of the <i>Universitas scholarium</i>, which included masters and students; hence the name <i>University</i>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Denifle" title="Henry Denifle">Henry Denifle</a> and some others hold that this honour is exclusive to the school of Notre-Dame (Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis), but the reasons do not seem convincing. He excludes Saint-Victor because, at the request of the abbot and the religious of Saint-Victor, Gregory IX in 1237 authorized them to resume the interrupted teaching of theology. But the university was largely founded about 1208, as is shown by a Bull of Innocent III. Consequently, the schools of Saint-Victor might well have contributed to its formation. Secondly, Denifle excludes the schools of Ste-Geneviève because there had been no interruption in the teaching of the liberal arts. This is debatable and through the period, theology was taught. The chancellor of Ste-Geneviève continued to give degrees in arts, something he would have ceased if his abbey had no part in the university organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th–14th_century:_Expansion"><span id="13th.E2.80.9314th_century:_Expansion"></span>13th–14th century: Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 13th–14th century: Expansion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg/170px-Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1522"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 268px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg/170px-Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="268" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg/255px-Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg/340px-Meeting_of_doctors_at_the_university_of_Paris.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Meeting of doctors at the University of Paris. From a 16th-century miniature.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1200, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">King Philip II</a> issued a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris," which affirmed that students were subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The provost and other officers were forbidden to arrest a student for any offence, unless to transfer him to ecclesiastical authority. The king's officers could not intervene with any member unless having a mandate from an ecclesiastical authority. His action followed a violent incident between students and officers outside the city walls at a pub. </p><p>In 1215, the Apostolic legate, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cour%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Courçon">Robert de Courçon</a>, issued new rules governing who could become a professor. To teach the arts, a candidate had to be at least twenty-one, to have studied these arts at least six years, and to take an engagement as professor for at least two years. For a chair in theology, the candidate had to be thirty years of age, with eight years of theological studies, of which the last three years were devoted to special courses of lectures in preparation for the mastership. These studies had to be made in the local schools under the direction of a master. In Paris, one was regarded as a scholar only by studies with particular masters. Lastly, purity of morals was as important as reading. The licence was granted, according to custom, gratuitously, without oath or condition. Masters and students were permitted to unite, even by oath, in defence of their rights, when they could not otherwise obtain justice in serious matters. No mention is made either of law or of medicine, probably because these sciences were less prominent. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_strike_of_1229" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris strike of 1229">University of Paris strike of 1229</a></div> <p>In 1229, a denial of justice by the queen led to suspension of the courses. The pope intervened with a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> that began with lavish praise of the university: "Paris", said <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a>, "mother of the sciences, is another Cariath-Sepher, city of letters". He commissioned the Bishops of Le Mans and Senlis and the Archdeacon of Châlons to negotiate with the French Court for the restoration of the university, but by the end of 1230 they had accomplished nothing. Gregory IX then addressed a Bull of 1231 to the masters and scholars of Paris. Not only did he settle the dispute, he empowered the university to frame statutes concerning the discipline of the schools, the method of instruction, the defence of theses, the costume of the professors, and the obsequies of masters and students (expanding upon Robert de Courçon's statutes). Most importantly, the pope granted the university the right to suspend its courses, if justice were denied it, until it should receive full satisfaction. </p><p>The pope authorized Pierre Le Mangeur to collect a moderate fee for the conferring of the license of professorship. Also, for the first time, the scholars had to pay <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuition fees">tuition fees</a> for their education: two sous weekly, to be deposited in the common fund. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rector">Rector</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rector" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The university was organized as follows: at the head of the teaching body was a <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a>. The office was elective and of short duration; at first it was limited to four or six weeks. <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Brion" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon de Brion">Simon de Brion</a>, legate of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in France, realizing that such frequent changes caused serious inconvenience, decided that the rectorate should last three months, and this rule was observed for three years. Then the term was lengthened to one, two, and sometimes three years. The right of election belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">procurators</a> of the four <a href="/wiki/Nation_(university)" title="Nation (university)">nations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Unna" title="Henry of Unna">Henry of Unna</a> was <a href="/wiki/Proctor" title="Proctor">proctor</a> of the University of Paris in the 14th century, beginning his term on January 13, 1340. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id='Four_"nations"'><span id="Four_.22nations.22"></span>Four "nations"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=6" title='Edit section: Four "nations"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png/220px-Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="638"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 251px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png/220px-Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png" data-width="220" data-height="251" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png/330px-Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png/440px-Four_nations_of_the_University_of_Paris.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Map showing the territories covered by the four nations of the University of Paris during the Middle Ages.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nation_(university)" title="Nation (university)">Nation (university)</a></div> <p>The "nations" appeared in the second half of the twelfth century. They were mentioned in the Bull of <a href="/wiki/Honorius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius III">Honorius III</a> in 1222. Later, they formed a distinct body. By 1249, the four nations existed with their procurators, their rights (more or less well-defined), and their keen rivalries: the nations were the French, English, Normans, and Picards. After the Hundred Years' War, the English nation was replaced by the Germanic. The four nations constituted the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Arts">faculty of arts or letters</a>. </p><p>The territories covered by the four nations were: </p> <ul><li>French nation: all the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance-speaking</a> parts of Europe except those included within the Norman and Picard nations</li> <li>English nation (renamed 'German nation' after the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>): the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic-speaking</a> parts of continental Europe (except those included within the Picard nation), and the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic-speaking</a> parts of Europe. The majority of students within that nation came from Germany and Scotland, and when it was renamed 'German nation' it was also sometimes called <i>natio Germanorum et Scotorum</i> ("nation of the Germans and Scots").<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Norman nation: the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_dioceses_of_France#Province_of_Rouen_(Lugdunensis_Secunda)" title="List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France">ecclesiastical province of Rouen</a>, which corresponded approximately to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>. This was a Romance-speaking territory, but it was not included within the French nation.</li> <li>Picard nation: the Romance-speaking <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">bishoprics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Beauvais" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Beauvais">Beauvais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Noyon" title="Ancient Diocese of Noyon">Noyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Amiens" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Amiens">Amiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Laon" title="Ancient Diocese of Laon">Laon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Arras" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Arras">Arras</a>; the bilingual (Romance and Germanic-speaking) bishoprics of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Diocese_of_Th%C3%A9rouanne" title="Ancient Diocese of Thérouanne">Thérouanne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cambrai" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai">Cambrai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Tournai" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Tournai">Tournai</a>; a large part of the bilingual bishopric of <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Prince-Bishopric of Liège">Liège</a>; and the southernmost part of the Germanic-speaking bishopric of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> (the part of that bishopric located south of the river <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a>; the rest of the bishopric north of the Meuse belonged to the English nation). It was estimated that about half of the students in the Picard nation were Romance-speakers (<a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a>), and the other half were Germanic-speakers (<a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Flemish" title="East Flemish">East Flemish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brabantian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brabantian dialect">Brabantian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limburgish" title="Limburgish">Limburgish</a> dialects).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculties">Faculties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Faculties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Law of Paris">Faculty of Law of Paris</a></div> <p>To classify professors' knowledge, the schools of Paris gradually divided into faculties. Professors of the same science were brought into closer contact until the community of rights and interests cemented the union and made them distinct groups. The faculty of medicine seems to have been the last to form. But the four faculties were already formally established by 1254, when the university described in a letter "theology, jurisprudence, medicine, and rational, natural, and moral philosophy". The masters of theology often set the example for the other faculties—e.g., they were the first to adopt an official seal. </p><p>The faculties of theology, canon law, and medicine, were called "superior faculties". The title of "<a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">Dean</a>" as designating the head of a faculty, came into use by 1268 in the faculties of law and medicine, and by 1296 in the faculty of theology. It seems that at first the deans were the oldest masters. The faculty of arts continued to have four procurators of its four nations and its head was the rector. As the faculties became more fully organized, the division into four nations partially disappeared for theology, law and medicine, though it continued in arts. Eventually the superior faculties included only doctors, leaving the bachelors to the faculty of arts. At this period, therefore, the university had two principal <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">degrees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">baccalaureate</a> and the doctorate. It was not until much later that the <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">licentiate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/DEA_(former_French_degree)" class="mw-redirect" title="DEA (former French degree)">DEA</a> became intermediate degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colleges">Colleges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Colleges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg/220px-Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1503"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg/220px-Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg/330px-Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg/440px-Paris_75005_Rue_Saint-Jacques_La_Sorbonne_facade_01c.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Rue Saint-Jacques and the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>The scattered condition of the scholars in Paris often made lodging difficult. Some students rented rooms from townspeople, who often exacted high rates while the students demanded lower. This tension between scholars and citizens would have developed into a sort of civil war if <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Cour%C3%A7on" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Courçon">Robert de Courçon</a> had not found the remedy of taxation. It was upheld in the Bull of Gregory IX of 1231, but with an important modification: its exercise was to be shared with the citizens. The aim was to offer the students a shelter where they would fear neither annoyance from the owners nor the dangers of the world. Thus were founded the colleges (colligere, to assemble); meaning not centers of instruction, but simple student boarding-houses. Each had a special goal, being established for students of the same nationality or the same science. Often, masters lived in each college and oversaw its activities. </p><p>Four colleges appeared in the 12th century; they became more numerous in the 13th, including <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_d%27Harcourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège d'Harcourt">Collège d'Harcourt</a> (1280) and the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège de Sorbonne">Collège de Sorbonne</a> (1257). Thus the University of Paris assumed its basic form. It was composed of seven groups, the four nations of the faculty of arts, and the three superior faculties of theology, law, and medicine. Men who had studied at Paris became an increasing presence in the high ranks of the Church hierarchy; eventually, students at the University of Paris saw it as a right that they would be eligible to benefices. Church officials such as St. Louis and Clement IV lavishly praised the university. </p><p>Besides the famous Collège de Sorbonne, other <i>collegia</i> provided housing and meals to students, sometimes for those of the same geographical origin in a more restricted sense than that represented by the nations. There were 8 or 9 <i>collegia</i> for foreign students: the oldest one was the Danish college, the <i>Collegium danicum</i> or <i>dacicum</i>, founded in 1257. <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> students could, during the 13th and 14th centuries, live in one of three Swedish colleges, the <i>Collegium Upsaliense</i>, the <i>Collegium Scarense</i> or the <i>Collegium Lincopense</i>, named after the Swedish dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skara" title="Skara">Skara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a>. </p><p>The<i> <a href="/wiki/College_of_Navarre" title="College of Navarre">Collège de Navarre</a></i> was founded in 1305, originally aimed at students from <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, but due to its size, wealth, and the links between the crowns of France and Navarre, it quickly accepted students from other nations. The establishment of the College of Navarre was a turning point in the university's history: Navarra was the first college to offer teaching to its students, which at the time set it apart from all previous colleges, founded as charitable institutions that provided lodging, but no tuition. Navarre's model combining lodging and tuition would be reproduced by other colleges, both in Paris and <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">other universities</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-Geelhaar_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geelhaar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German College, <i>Collegium alemanicum</i> is mentioned as early as 1345, the <a href="/wiki/Scots_College_(Paris)" title="Scots College (Paris)">Scots college</a> or <i>Collegium scoticum</i> was founded in 1325. The Lombard college or <i>Collegium lombardicum</i> was founded in the 1330s. The <i>Collegium constantinopolitanum</i> was, according to a tradition, founded in the 13th century to facilitate a merging of the eastern and western churches. It was later reorganized as a French institution, the <i>Collège de la Marche-Winville</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Montaigu" title="Collège de Montaigu">Collège de Montaigu</a> was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rouen">Archbishop of Rouen</a> in the 14th century, and reformed in the 15th century by the <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Standonck" title="Jan Standonck">Jan Standonck</a>, when it attracted reformers from within the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a>) and those who subsequently became <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a>). </p><p>At this time, the university also went the controversy of the <a href="/wiki/Condemnations_of_1210%E2%80%931277" title="Condemnations of 1210–1277">condemnations of 1210–1277</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_College_in_Paris" title="Irish College in Paris">Irish College in Paris</a> originated in 1578 with students dispersed between Collège Montaigu, Collège de Boncourt, and the Collège de Navarre; in 1677 it was awarded possession of the Collège des Lombards. A new Irish College was built in 1769 in rue du Cheval Vert (now rue des Irlandais), which exists today as the Irish Chaplaincy and Cultural centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th–18th_century:_Influence_in_France_and_Europe"><span id="15th.E2.80.9318th_century:_Influence_in_France_and_Europe"></span>15th–18th century: Influence in France and Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 15th–18th century: Influence in France and Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg/220px-Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="402"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 95px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg/220px-Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="95" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg/330px-Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg/440px-Old.Sorbonne.1670.before.fire.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Old Sorbonne on fire in 1670.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorbonne_17thc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sorbonne_17thc.jpg/220px-Sorbonne_17thc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="313"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sorbonne_17thc.jpg/220px-Sorbonne_17thc.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sorbonne_17thc.jpg/330px-Sorbonne_17thc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sorbonne_17thc.jpg/440px-Sorbonne_17thc.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Sorbonne, Paris, in a 17th-century engraving</figcaption></figure> <p>In the fifteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Estouteville" title="Guillaume d'Estouteville">Guillaume d'Estouteville</a>, a cardinal and <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_legate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic legate">Apostolic legate</a>, reformed the university, correcting its perceived abuses and introducing various modifications. This reform was less an innovation than a recall to observance of the old rules, as was the reform of 1600, undertaken by the royal government with regard to the three higher faculties. Nonetheless, and as to the faculty of arts, the reform of 1600 introduced the study of Greek, of French poets and orators, and of additional classical figures like <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>. The prohibition from teaching civil law was never well observed at Paris, but in 1679 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> officially authorized the teaching of civil law in the faculty of <a href="/wiki/Decretal" title="Decretal">decretals</a>. The "faculty of law" hence replaced the "faculty of decretals". The colleges meantime had multiplied; those of Cardinal Le-Moine and <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège de Navarre">Navarre</a> were founded in the fourteenth century. The Hundred Years' War was fatal to these establishments, but the university set about remedying the injury. </p><p>Besides its teaching, the University of Paris played an important part in several disputes: in the Church, during the <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">Great Schism</a>; in the councils, in dealing with heresies and divisions; in the State, during national crises. Under the domination of England it played a role in the trial of <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne d'Arc">Joan of Arc</a>. </p><p>Proud of its rights and privileges, the University of Paris fought energetically to maintain them, hence the long struggle against the mendicant orders on academic as well as on religious grounds. Hence also the shorter conflict against the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, who claimed by word and action a share in its teaching. It made extensive use of its right to decide administratively according to occasion and necessity. In some instances it openly endorsed the censures of the faculty of theology and pronounced condemnation in its own name, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Flagellants" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellants">Flagellants</a>. </p><p>Its patriotism was especially manifested on two occasions. During the captivity of King John, when Paris was given over to factions, the university sought to restore peace; and under Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV, when the Spaniards crossed the Somme and threatened the capital, it placed two hundred men at the king's disposal and offered the Master of Arts degree gratuitously to scholars who should present certificates of service in the army (Jourdain, <i>Hist. de l'Univers. de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle</i>, 132–34; <i>Archiv. du ministère de l'instruction publique</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1793:_Abolition_by_the_French_Revolution">1793: Abolition by the French Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1793: Abolition by the French Revolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg/170px-Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg/170px-Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg/255px-Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg/340px-Front_of_the_Sorbonne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The Sorbonne as seen from <i>rue des Écoles</i>.</figcaption></figure><p> The ancient university disappeared with the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. On 15 September 1793, petitioned by the Department of Paris and several departmental groups, the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> decided that independently of the primary schools, </p><blockquote><p>"there should be established in the Republic three progressive degrees of instruction; the first for the knowledge indispensable to artisans and workmen of all kinds; the second for further knowledge necessary to those intending to embrace the other professions of society; and the third for those branches of instruction the study of which is not within the reach of all men".</p></blockquote> <p>Measures were to be taken immediately: "For means of execution the department and the municipality of Paris are authorized to consult with the Committee of Public Instruction of the National Convention, in order that these establishments shall be put in action by 1 November next, and consequently colleges now in operation and the faculties of theology, medicine, arts, and law are suppressed throughout the Republic". This was the death-sentence of the university. It was not to be restored after the Revolution had subsided, no more than those of the provinces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1806–1968:_Re-establishment"><span id="1806.E2.80.931968:_Re-establishment"></span>1806–1968: Re-establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1806–1968: Re-establishment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The university was re-established by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> on 1 May 1806. All the faculties were replaced by a single centre, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_France" title="University of France">University of France</a>. The decree of 17 March 1808 created five distinct faculties: Law, Medicine, Letters/Humanities, Sciences, and Theology; traditionally, Letters and Sciences had been grouped together into one faculty, that of "Arts". After a century, people recognized that the new system was less favourable to study. The defeat of 1870 at the hands of Prussia was partially blamed on the growth of the superiority of the German university system of the 19th century, and led to another serious reform of the French university. In the 1880s, the "licence" (bachelor) degree is divided into, for the Faculty of Letters: Letters, Philosophy, History, Modern Languages, with French, Latin and Greek being requirements for all of them; and for the Faculty of Science, into: Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Natural Sciences; the Faculty of Theology is abolished by the Republic. At this time, the building of the Sorbonne was fully renovated.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_1968–1970:_Shutdown"><span id="May_1968.E2.80.931970:_Shutdown"></span>May 1968–1970: Shutdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: May 1968–1970: Shutdown" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></div> <p>The student revolts of the late 1960s were caused in part by the French government's failure to plan for a sudden explosion in the number of university students as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-twentieth_century_baby_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-twentieth century baby boom">postwar baby boom</a>. The number of French university students skyrocketed from only 280,000 during the 1962–63 academic year to 500,000 in 1967–68, but at the start of the decade, there were only 16 public universities in the entire country. To accommodate this rapid growth, the government hastily developed bare-bones off-site faculties as annexes of existing universities (roughly equivalent to American <a href="/wiki/Satellite_campus" title="Satellite campus">satellite campuses</a>). These faculties did not have university status of their own and lacked academic traditions and amenities to support student life or resident professors. One-third of all French university students ended up in these new faculties, and were ripe for radicalization as a result of being forced to pursue their studies in such shabby conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Legois_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legois-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, after a student revolt in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Fouchet" title="Christian Fouchet">Christian Fouchet</a>, minister of education, proposed "the reorganisation of university studies into separate two- and four-year degrees, alongside the introduction of selective admission criteria" as a response to overcrowding in lecture halls.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dissatisfied with these educational reforms, students began protesting in November 1967, at the campus of the University of Paris in <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, according to James Marshall, these reforms were seen "as the manifestations of the technocratic-capitalist state by some, and by others as attempts to destroy the liberal university".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After student activists protested against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the campus was closed by authorities on 22 March and again on 2 May 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agitation spread to the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_(building)" title="Sorbonne (building)">Sorbonne</a> the next day, and many students were arrested in the following week.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barricades were erected throughout the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Quarter,_Paris" title="Latin Quarter, Paris">Latin Quarter</a>, and a massive demonstration took place on 13 May, gathering students and workers on strike.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of workers on strike reached about nine million by 22 May.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As explained by Bill Readings: </p> <blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a> responded on May 24 by calling for a referendum, and [...] the revolutionaries, led by informal action committees, attacked and burned the <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Paris Stock Exchange</a> in response. The <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullist</a> government then held talks with union leaders, who agreed to a package of wage-rises and increases in union rights. The strikers, however, simply refused the plan. With the French state tottering, de Gaulle fled France on May 29 for a French military base in Germany. He later returned and, with the assurance of military support, announced [general] elections [within] forty days. [...] Over the next two months, the strikes were broken (or broke up) while the election was won by the Gaullists with an increased majority.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970:_Dissolution">1970: Dissolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1970: Dissolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_higher_education_institutions_in_the_Paris_region#History_since_the_dissolution_of_the_University_of_Paris_(1970)" title="List of universities and higher education institutions in the Paris region">List of universities and higher education institutions in the Paris region § History since the dissolution of the University of Paris (1970)</a></div> <p>Following the disruption, de Gaulle appointed <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Faure" title="Edgar Faure">Edgar Faure</a> as minister of education; Faure was assigned to prepare a legislative proposal for reform of the French university system, with the help of academics.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their proposal was adopted on 12 November 1968;<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in accordance with the new law, the faculties of the University of Paris were to reorganize themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the division of the University of Paris into 13 universities. </p><p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris-Sorbonne University">Paris 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-and-Marie-Curie_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University">Paris 6</a> universities merged to form the <a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Descartes_University" title="Paris Descartes University">Paris 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris_Diderot_University" title="Paris Diderot University">Paris 7</a> universities merged to form the new <a href="/wiki/Paris_Cit%C3%A9_University" title="Paris Cité University">Paris Cité University</a>, leaving the number of successor universities at 11.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Number </th> <th>Previous name </th> <th>Current name </th> <th>Faculties/institutes before breakup </th> <th>Current subjects </th> <th>Students </th> <th>Academy </th></tr> <tr> <td>Paris I </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Paris_1_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University">University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Law and Economics (35 out of 41 of the economics Professors joined, along with a few professors from law) and the Faculty of Humanities. There were also Paris Institute of Geography, Paris Institute of Business Administration, part of Institute of Art and Archeology of the University of Paris </td> <td>Humanities, Law, Social sciences, Economics </td> <td>45,200 </td> <td>Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris II </td> <td>Paris II Panthéon-Assas </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris-Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" title="Paris-Panthéon-Assas University">Paris-Panthéon-Assas University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Law and Economics of Paris (88 out of 108 of the law professors joined, along with a few professors from Economics), and Graduate Institute of International Studies </td> <td>Law, Political Science, Economics </td> <td>17,705 </td> <td>Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris III </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Nouvelle_University_Paris_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorbonne Nouvelle University Paris 3">New Sorbonne University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Humanities accompanined by Institute of Linguistics of Paris, Institute for Advanced Latin American Studies of the University of Paris </td> <td>Humanities </td> <td>19,360 </td> <td>Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris IV </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University" title="Paris-Sorbonne University">Paris-Sorbonne University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_University" title="Sorbonne University">Sorbonne University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Humanities, along with Institute of Slavic Studies of the University of Paris, and Institute of Musicology of the University of Paris </td> <td>Humanities </td> <td rowspan="2">55,600 </td> <td rowspan="2">Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris VI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_University" title="Pierre and Marie Curie University">Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine, National School of Chemistry, and Paris Institute of Earth Physics (until 1990) </td> <td>Science, Medicine </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris V </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris_Descartes_University" title="Paris Descartes University">Paris Descartes University</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Paris_Cit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Université Paris Cité">Paris Cité University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Institute of Psychology, Paris Institute of Pharmacotechnics and Pharmacodynamics, Avenue de Versailles University Institute of Technology, and Paris Institute of Molecular Pathology. </td> <td>Medicine, Social sciences, Humanities </td> <td rowspan="2">64,100 </td> <td>Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris VII </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris_Diderot_University" title="Paris Diderot University">Paris Diderot University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Sciences, Faculty of Letters, and Faculty of Medicine </td> <td>Science, Medicine, Humanities, Social sciences, Arts </td> <td>Paris </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris VIII </td> <td>University of Vincennes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris_8_University_Vincennes-Saint-Denis" title="Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis">Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis</a> </td> <td>Vincennes University Center (Most professors were from Faculty of Humanities) </td> <td>Social sciences </td> <td>14,070 </td> <td>Créteil </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris IX </td> <td>Paris-IX University </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris_Dauphine_University" title="Paris Dauphine University">Paris Dauphine University</a> - PSL (<i><a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%A9cole" title="Grande école">grande école</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Paris_Sciences_et_Lettres_University" title="Paris Sciences et Lettres University">PSL University</a>) </td> <td>Dauphine University Center (The professors were from the Department of Economics of the Faculty of Law and Economics) </td> <td>Mathematics, Computer Science, Management, Economics, Finance, Law, Political Science, Journalism </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>Créteil </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris X </td> <td>Université Paris Ouest </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris_Nanterre_University" title="Paris Nanterre University">Paris Nanterre University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Law and Economics and Faculty of Humanities in Nanterre, along with Ville-d'Avray University Institute of Technology </td> <td>Law, humanities, political science, social and natural sciences and economics. </td> <td>32,000 </td> <td>Versailles </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris XI </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris-Sud_University" title="Paris-Sud University">Université Paris-Sud</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris-Saclay_University" title="Paris-Saclay University">Paris-Saclay University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Science in Orsay (Fourth Faculty of Sciences), <a href="/wiki/Institut_Gustave_Roussy" title="Institut Gustave Roussy">Institut Gustave Roussy</a>, Institute of Nuclear Physics of the University of Paris, Orsay University Institute of Technology, Cachan University Institute of Technology, and Sceaux University Institute of Technology </td> <td>Medicine, Science, Law, Economics </td> <td>60,000 </td> <td>Versailles </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris XII </td> <td>Université Paris-Est </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris-East_Cr%C3%A9teil_University" title="Paris-East Créteil University">Paris-East Créteil University</a> </td> <td>University Hospital Center (In French: Centre hospitalier universitaire, CHU) Henri-Mondor, Faculty of Law and Economics in Créteil, Varenne-Saint-Hilaire University Center, and Planning Institute of Paris </td> <td>Medicine, Science </td> <td>32,156 </td> <td>Créteil </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paris XIII </td> <td>Université Paris Nord </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorbonne_Paris_North_University" title="Sorbonne Paris North University">Sorbonne Paris North University</a> </td> <td>Faculty of Sciences of Paris in Villetaneuse (Third Faculty of Sciences), Faculty of Law and Economics, Saint-Denis University Center - Villetaneuse, and Saint-Denis University Institutes of Technology </td> <td>Science, Social sciences, Medicine, Law </td> <td>23,078 </td> <td>Créteil </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The successor universities to the University of Paris are now split over of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Île-de-France (region)">Île-de-France</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of these successor universities have joined several <a href="/wiki/Groups_of_universities_and_institutions_in_the_Paris_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Groups of universities and institutions in the Paris region">groups of universities and higher education institutions</a> in the Paris region, created in the 2010s. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_of_Paris_people" title="List of University of Paris people">List of University of Paris people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty">Faculty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Faculty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bonaventure"><noscript><img alt="Bonaventure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/109px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="3201"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 109px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/109px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="Bonaventure" data-width="109" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/164px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/219px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_-_The_Prayer_of_St._Bonaventura_about_the_Selection_of_the_New_Pope_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guizot,_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="François Guizot"><noscript><img alt="François Guizot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guizot%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg/97px-Guizot%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1971"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 97px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guizot%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg/97px-Guizot%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg" data-alt="François Guizot" data-width="97" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guizot%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg/146px-Guizot%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Guizot%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg/194px-Guizot%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois_-_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Jacques Ampère"><noscript><img alt="Jean-Jacques Ampère" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg/93px-Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="716"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg/93px-Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg" data-alt="Jean-Jacques Ampère" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg/139px-Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg/186px-Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Amp%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Jacques Ampère">Jean-Jacques Ampère</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray,_late_1850s-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Victor Cousin"><noscript><img alt="Victor Cousin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray%2C_late_1850s-crop.jpg/80px-Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray%2C_late_1850s-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="930"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray%2C_late_1850s-crop.jpg/80px-Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray%2C_late_1850s-crop.jpg" data-alt="Victor Cousin" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray%2C_late_1850s-crop.jpg/120px-Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray%2C_late_1850s-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray%2C_late_1850s-crop.jpg/160px-Victor_Cousin_by_Gustave_Le_Gray%2C_late_1850s-crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henri Poincaré"><noscript><img alt="Henri Poincaré" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg/89px-Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 89px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg/89px-Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg" data-alt="Henri Poincaré" data-width="89" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg/133px-Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg/178px-Henri_Poincar%C3%A9-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alumni" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Sorbonne has educated 11 <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French presidents</a>, almost 50 French heads of government, three Popes (<a href="/wiki/Innocent_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent III">Innocent III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celestine_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestine II">Celestine II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian IV">Adrian IV</a>), and many other political and social figures. The Sorbonne has also educated leaders of Albania, Canada, the Dominican Republic, Gabon, Guinea, Iraq, Jordan, Kosovo, Tunisia, and Niger among others. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Calvin"><noscript><img alt="John Calvin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg/98px-John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1174"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 98px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg/98px-John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg" data-alt="John Calvin" data-width="98" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg/146px-John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg/195px-John_Calvin_-_Young.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Aquinas"><noscript><img alt="Thomas Aquinas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/77px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="3144"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 77px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/77px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg" data-alt="Thomas Aquinas" data-width="77" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/116px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg/154px-Carlo_Crivelli_007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Denis_Diderot_111.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Denis Diderot"><noscript><img alt="Denis Diderot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Denis_Diderot_111.PNG/97px-Denis_Diderot_111.PNG" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="2052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 97px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Denis_Diderot_111.PNG/97px-Denis_Diderot_111.PNG" data-alt="Denis Diderot" data-width="97" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Denis_Diderot_111.PNG/145px-Denis_Diderot_111.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Denis_Diderot_111.PNG/193px-Denis_Diderot_111.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re,_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_(vers_1724-1725)_-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Voltaire"><noscript><img alt="Voltaire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_%28vers_1724-1725%29_-001.jpg/96px-Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_%28vers_1724-1725%29_-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1563"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_%28vers_1724-1725%29_-001.jpg/96px-Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_%28vers_1724-1725%29_-001.jpg" data-alt="Voltaire" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_%28vers_1724-1725%29_-001.jpg/144px-Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_%28vers_1724-1725%29_-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_%28vers_1724-1725%29_-001.jpg/191px-Nicolas_de_Largilli%C3%A8re%2C_Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie_Arouet_dit_Voltaire_%28vers_1724-1725%29_-001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_(1842)_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Honoré de Balzac"><noscript><img alt="Honoré de Balzac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/120px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/120px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg" data-alt="Honoré de Balzac" data-width="120" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/180px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/240px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Honoré de Balzac</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Robles" title="Rodolfo Robles">Rodolfo Robles</a>, physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Simard" title="Albert Simard">Albert Simard</a>, physician, activist during and post WWII.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alvarado-Larroucau" title="Carlos Alvarado-Larroucau">Carlos Alvarado-Larroucau</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Biya" title="Paul Biya">Paul Biya</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Delmas_(palaeographer)" title="Jean-François Delmas (palaeographer)">Jean-François Delmas</a>, archivist, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Inguimbertine" title="Bibliothèque Inguimbertine">Bibliothèque Inguimbertine</a> and the museums of Carpentras</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold" title="Aklilu Habte-Wold">Aklilu Habte-Wold</a>, Ethiopian politician who served in <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>'s cabinet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_L%C3%B3pez_Luj%C3%A1n" title="Leonardo López Luján">Leonardo López Luján</a>, Mexican archaeologist and director of the Templo Mayor Project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmin_Nasution" title="Darmin Nasution">Darmin Nasution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Ministry_for_Economic_Affairs_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinating Ministry for Economic Affairs (Indonesia)">Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Pavlova" title="Maria Pavlova">Maria Vasillievna Pavlova</a> (née Gortynskaia) (1854–1939), paleontologist and academician <sup id="cite_ref-OgilvieHarvey2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OgilvieHarvey2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Peyrelevade" title="Jean Peyrelevade">Jean Peyrelevade</a>, French civil servant, <a href="/wiki/French_politician" class="mw-redirect" title="French politician">politician</a> and business leader.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issei_Sagawa" title="Issei Sagawa">Issei Sagawa</a>, cannibal and murderer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Nayhau%C3%9F" title="Tamara Gräfin von Nayhauß">Tamara Gräfin von Nayhauß</a>, German television presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sapin" title="Michel Sapin">Michel Sapin</a>, Deputy Minister of Justice from May 1991 to April 1992, Finance Minister from April 1992 to March 1993, and Minister of Civil Servants and State Reforms from March 2000 to May 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-assembly_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assembly-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, Head of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Abu_el-Fotoh" title="Ali Abu el-Fotoh">Ali Abu el-Fotoh</a>, was one of the most influential <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> economists from the 19th-century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tayyeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Tayyeb">Ahmad al-Tayyeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_Al-Azhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Imam of Al-Azhar">Grand Imam of Al-Azhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Theis" title="Pol Theis">Pol Theis</a>, attorney, interior designer, and founder of P&T Interiors in New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Thiollet" title="Jean-Pierre Thiollet">Jean-Pierre Thiollet</a>, French writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Vadelorge" title="Loïc Vadelorge">Loïc Vadelorge</a>, French historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves-Marie_Berc%C3%A9" title="Yves-Marie Bercé">Yves-Marie Bercé</a>, historian, winner of the <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Laurain-Portemer" title="Madeleine Laurain-Portemer">Madeleine Laurain-Portemer</a> Prize of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulrenu_Guha" title="Phulrenu Guha">Phulrenu Guha</a>, Indian Bengali politician and educationist, class of 1928</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Compagnon" title="Antoine Compagnon">Antoine Compagnon</a>, professor of <a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">French literature</a> at the Collège de France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatole_F%C3%A9lix_Le_Double" title="Anatole Félix Le Double">Anatole Félix Le Double</a>, anatomist, physician, and academic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Contamine" title="Philippe Contamine">Philippe Contamine</a>, historian, member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_inscriptions_et_belles-lettres" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres">Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridi_Banomyong" title="Pridi Banomyong">Pridi Banomyong</a>, a Thai politician and professor who played an important role in drafting <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>'s first constitutions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Crouzet" title="Denis Crouzet">Denis Crouzet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> historian, winner of the Madeleine Laurain-Portemer Prize of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Fumaroli" title="Marc Fumaroli">Marc Fumaroli</a>, member of the Académie française and professor at the Collège de France</li> <li>Olivier Forcade, historian of Political and <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris-Sorbonne">University of Paris-Sorbonne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sciences-Po_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences-Po Paris">Sciences-Po Paris</a>, member of the French National Council of Universities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Philips" title="Edith Philips">Edith Philips</a>, American writer and educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Favier" title="Jean Favier">Jean Favier</a>, historian, member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_inscriptions_et_belles-lettres" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres">Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</a>, president of the French Commission for <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Nicolas Grimal</a>, egyptologist, winner of the Gaston-Maspero prize of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_inscriptions_et_belles-lettres" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres">Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</a> et member of the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_inscriptions_et_belles-lettres" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres">Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres</a>, winner of the Diane Potier-Boes Prize of the Académie française.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kneller" title="John Kneller">John Kneller</a> (1916–2009), English-American professor and fifth president of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_College" title="Brooklyn College">Brooklyn College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecouteux" title="Claude Lecouteux">Claude Lecouteux</a>, professor of Medieval German literature, winner of the Strasbourg Prize of the Académie française</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">Philosopher</a>, member of the Académie française</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B4n_N%E1%BB%AF_Th%E1%BB%8B_Ninh" title="Tôn Nữ Thị Ninh">Tôn Nữ Thị Ninh</a>, former Ambassador of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%A8le_Pistone" title="Danièle Pistone">Danièle Pistone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Musicologist">Musicologist</a>, member of the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_beaux-arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Académie des beaux-arts">Académie des beaux-arts</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Tadi%C3%A9" title="Jean-Yves Tadié">Jean-Yves Tadié</a>, professor of French literature, Grand Prize of the Académie française</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tulard" title="Jean Tulard">Jean Tulard</a>, historian, member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> leader and head of state of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFm_Br%C3%A9zis" class="mw-redirect" title="Haïm Brézis">Haïm Brézis</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who mainly works in <a href="/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis">functional analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">partial differential equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_G._Ciarlet" title="Philippe G. Ciarlet">Philippe G. Ciarlet</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, known particularly for his work on mathematical analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_method" title="Finite element method">finite element method</a>. He has contributed also to elasticity, to the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_plates_and_shells" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of plates and shells">theory of plates and shells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Differential_geometry" title="Differential geometry">differential geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_F%C3%A9rey" title="Gérard Férey">Gérard Férey</a>, was a French <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who specialized in the <a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical chemistry</a> of solids and materials. He focused on the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_chemistry" title="Crystal chemistry">crystal chemistry</a> of inorganic <a href="/wiki/Fluorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorides">fluorides</a> and on porous solids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_Lions" title="Jacques-Louis Lions">Jacques-Louis Lions</a>, was a French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who made contributions to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">partial differential equations</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stochastic processes">stochastic control</a>, among other areas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Yor" title="Marc Yor">Marc Yor</a>, was a French mathematician well known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stochastic processes">stochastic processes</a>, especially properties of <a href="/wiki/Semimartingale" title="Semimartingale">semimartingales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> and other <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévy processes">Lévy processes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bessel_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessel processes">Bessel processes</a>, and their applications to <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_finance" title="Mathematical finance">mathematical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Derrida" title="Bernard Derrida">Bernard Derrida</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>. He is best known for his work in <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>, and is the eponym of <i>Derrida plots</i>, an analytical technique for characterising differences between <a href="/wiki/Boolean_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Boolean networks">Boolean networks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Loeser" title="François Loeser">François Loeser</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who specialized in <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a> and is best known for his work on <a href="/wiki/Motivic_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Motivic Integration">motivic integration</a>, part of it in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Jan_Denef" title="Jan Denef">Jan Denef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Mbembe" title="Achille Mbembe">Achille Mbembe</a>, Cameroonian <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual historian">Intellectual historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Postcolony" title="On the Postcolony">On the Postcolony</a></i>, introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Necropolitics" title="Necropolitics">necropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Voisin" title="Claire Voisin">Claire Voisin</a>, French mathematician known for her work in <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Coron" title="Jean-Michel Coron">Jean-Michel Coron</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> who studied the <a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">control theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">partial differential equations</a>, and which includes both control and stabilization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Talagrand" title="Michel Talagrand">Michel Talagrand</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> specialized in <a href="/wiki/Functional_analysis" title="Functional analysis">functional analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a> and their applications</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who specialized in methods of <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a> and trapping atoms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who specialized in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum physics</a>, whose other works developed <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_Al_Solh" title="Riad Al Solh">Riad Al Solh</a>, First Prime-minister of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benal_Nevzat_%C4%B0star_Ar%C4%B1man" class="mw-redirect" title="Benal Nevzat İstar Arıman">Benal Nevzat İstar Arıman</a> (1903–1990), one of the first woman members of the Turkish parliament (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelkebir_Khatibi" title="Abdelkebir Khatibi">Abdelkebir Khatibi</a>, Moroccan literary critic, novelist, philosopher, playwright, poet, and sociologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahidullah" title="Muhammad Shahidullah">Muhammad Shahidullah</a>, Bengali linguist, educationalist, and social reformer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Armattoe" title="Raphael Armattoe">Raphael Armattoe</a>, Ghanaian medical doctor, politician, poet and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Songgao" title="Wu Songgao">Wu Songgao</a> (1898–1953), <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> politician, jurist and political scientist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafeez_Mirza" title="Abdul Hafeez Mirza">Abdul Hafeez Mirza</a> (1939–2021) Pakistani tourism worker, cultural activist and Professor of French. Recipient of <a href="/wiki/Ordre_des_Palmes_acad%C3%A9miques" title="Ordre des Palmes académiques">Ordre des Palmes Academiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostislav_Doboujinsky" title="Rostislav Doboujinsky">Rostislav Doboujinsky</a> (1903-2000), Russian designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jo_Allen" title="Barbara Jo Allen">Barbara Jo Allen</a> (1906–1974), American actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inam_Karimov" title="Inam Karimov">Inam Karimov</a>, Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Azerbaijan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Vaucouleurs" title="Gérard de Vaucouleurs">Gérard de Vaucouleurs</a>, observational astronomer known for his work on galaxies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Abenhaim" title="Lucien Abenhaim">Lucien Abenhaim</a> Pharmacoepidemiologist, professor of Public Health, and former General Director of Health for France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Ribault" title="Nadine Ribault">Nadine Ribault</a> (1964–2021), writer and translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lodie_Yung" title="Élodie Yung">Élodie Yung</a>, actress.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Laureates">Nobel Laureates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Nobel Laureates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alumni_2">Alumni</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Alumni" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nobel Prize winners who had attended the University of Paris or one of its thirteen successors are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> (PhD) – 2007</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> (DSc) – 1966</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> (DSc) – 1908</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> (DSc) – 1926</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a> (MSc) – 1970</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> (DSc) – 1929</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (DSc) – 1903, 1911</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (DSc) – 1903</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> (DSc) – 1991</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a> (PhD, DSc) – 2012</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> (DSc) – 1935</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a> (Attendee) – 2007</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> (DSc) – 1906</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a> (DSc) – 1935</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff</a> (Attendee) – 2007</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Frédéric Cournand</a> (M.D) – 1956</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff" class="mw-redirect" title="André Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> (M.D, DSc) – 1965</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a> (Attendee) – 1991</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a> (M.D) – 1928</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a> (M.D, DSc) – 1913</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> (M.D) – 1965</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a> (PhD) – 2008</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a> (DSc) – 1965</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> (MD) – 1980</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> (MD) – 2008</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdc4f8" title="Economics">[Ec.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (DSc) – 1983</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdc4f8" title="Economics">[Ec.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Allais" title="Maurice Allais">Maurice Allais</a> (D.Eng.) – 1988</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdc4f8" title="Economics">[Ec.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a> (PhD) – 2014</li> <li><abbr style="background:#f5f18c" title="Peace">[Pe.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a> (PhD) – 1952</li> <li><abbr style="background:#f5f18c" title="Peace">[Pe.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Albert Gobat</a> (Attendee) – 1902</li> <li><abbr style="background:#f5f18c" title="Peace">[Pe.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> (DLitt) – 1927</li> <li><abbr style="background:#f5f18c" title="Peace">[Pe.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a> (DCL) – 1920</li> <li><abbr style="background:#f5f18c" title="Peace">[Pe.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a> (DCL) – 1907</li> <li><abbr style="background:#f5f18c" title="Peace">[Pe.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a> (DCL) – 1968</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdf6f8" title="Literature">[Li.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a> (LLB) – 1963</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdf6f8" title="Literature">[Li.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> (B.A) – 1927</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdf6f8" title="Literature">[Li.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (B.A) – 1964</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdf6f8" title="Literature">[Li.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a> (Attendee) – 2014</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdf6f8" title="Literature">[Li.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> (D Litt) – 1915</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdf6f8" title="Literature">[Li.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/T.S.Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S.Eliot">T.S.Eliot</a> (Attendee) – 1979</li></ol></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antoine-Henri Becquerel"><noscript><img alt="Antoine-Henri Becquerel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/84px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2481" data-file-height="3553"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 84px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/84px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg" data-alt="Antoine-Henri Becquerel" data-width="84" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/126px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg/167px-Paul_Nadar_-_Henri_Becquerel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine-Henri Becquerel">Antoine-Henri Becquerel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marie Skłodowska Curie"><noscript><img alt="Marie Skłodowska Curie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/88px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1984"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/88px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg" data-alt="Marie Skłodowska Curie" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/132px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg/176px-Marie_Curie_c1920.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Sk%C5%82odowska_Curie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Skłodowska Curie">Marie Skłodowska Curie</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="René Cassin"><noscript><img alt="René Cassin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg/85px-Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg/85px-Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg" data-alt="René Cassin" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg/127px-Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg/170px-Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Bergson_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henri Bergson"><noscript><img alt="Henri Bergson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Henri_Bergson_02.jpg/94px-Henri_Bergson_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="4793"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Henri_Bergson_02.jpg/94px-Henri_Bergson_02.jpg" data-alt="Henri Bergson" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Henri_Bergson_02.jpg/141px-Henri_Bergson_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Henri_Bergson_02.jpg/188px-Henri_Bergson_02.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Paul Sartre"><noscript><img alt="Jean-Paul Sartre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/120px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="873"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/120px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" data-alt="Jean-Paul Sartre" data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/180px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/240px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Tirole.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Tirole"><noscript><img alt="Jean Tirole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jean_Tirole.jpg/120px-Jean_Tirole.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jean_Tirole.jpg/120px-Jean_Tirole.jpg" data-alt="Jean Tirole" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jean_Tirole.jpg/180px-Jean_Tirole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Jean_Tirole.jpg/240px-Jean_Tirole.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Tirole" title="Jean Tirole">Jean Tirole</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faculty_2">Faculty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Faculty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>List of Nobel Prize winners who were affiliated with the University of Paris or one of its thirteen successors. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ol><li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">George Smoot</a> (Professor) – 2006</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann"><u>Gabriel Lippmann</u></a> (Professor) – 1908*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin"><u>Jean Perrin</u></a> (Professor) – 1926*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie"><u>Louis de Broglie</u></a> (Professor) – 1929*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie"><u>Marie Curie</u></a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Professor) – 1903*, 1911*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#b6ffb0" title="Physics">[Ph.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler"><u>Alfred Kastler</u></a> (Researcher) – 1966</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan"><u>Henri Moissan</u></a> (Professor) – 1906*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie"><u>Irène Joliot-Curie</u></a> (Professor) – 1935*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffa0f0" title="Chemistry">[Ch.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Visiting Lecturer) – 1936</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet"><u>Charles Richet</u></a> (Professor) – 1913*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a> (Researcher) – 1919</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> (Researcher) – 1977</li> <li><abbr style="background:#ffb9a0" title="Physiology or Medicine">[PM]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset"><u>Jean Dausset</u></a> (Professor) – 1980*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#f5f18c" title="Peace">[Pe.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)"><u>Louis Renault</u></a> (Professor) – 1907*</li> <li><abbr style="background:#bdf6f8" title="Literature">[Li.]</abbr> <a href="/wiki/T.S._Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Eliot">T.S. Eliot</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Visitor) – 1948</li></ol> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gabriel Lippmann"><noscript><img alt="Gabriel Lippmann" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg/85px-Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg/85px-Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg" data-alt="Gabriel Lippmann" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg/127px-Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg/170px-Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean Perrin"><noscript><img alt="Jean Perrin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/91px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1074"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/91px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg" data-alt="Jean Perrin" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/137px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/182px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kastler.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfred Kastler"><noscript><img alt="Alfred Kastler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kastler.jpg/85px-Kastler.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kastler.jpg/85px-Kastler.jpg" data-alt="Alfred Kastler" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kastler.jpg/127px-Kastler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kastler.jpg/170px-Kastler.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Irène Joliot-Curie"><noscript><img alt="Irène Joliot-Curie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg/89px-Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 89px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg/89px-Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg" data-alt="Irène Joliot-Curie" data-width="89" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg/134px-Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg/179px-Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie_Harcourt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jules Bordet"><noscript><img alt="Jules Bordet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg/78px-Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2354"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 78px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg/78px-Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg" data-alt="Jules Bordet" data-width="78" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg/117px-Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg/156px-Jules_Bordet_signed.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_(1934).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T. S. Eliot"><noscript><img alt="T. S. Eliot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/104px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 104px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/104px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg" data-alt="T. S. Eliot" data-width="104" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/155px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg/207px-Thomas_Stearns_Eliot_by_Lady_Ottoline_Morrell_%281934%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Animal_Magnetism" title="Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism">Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Law of Paris">Faculty of Law of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_split_up_universities" title="List of split up universities">List of split up universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_universities#List" title="List of medieval universities">List of medieval universities</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Records of The Tercentenary Festival of Dublin University</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Ireland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hodges_Figgis" title="Hodges Figgis">Hodges, Figgis & Co.</a> 1894. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781355361602" title="Special:BookSources/9781355361602"><bdi>9781355361602</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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Princeton: Princeton Legacy Library. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69-161796-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69-161796-1"><bdi>978-0-69-161796-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=27%2C+The+National+Convention+orders+the+sale+of+all+college+endowments&rft.btitle=The+School+of+The+French+Revolution+%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+the+College+of+Louis-le-Grand+and+its+Director%2C+Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Champagne%2C+1762%E2%80%931814&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-69-161796-1&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pantheonsorbonne.fr/universite/presentation/histoire-luniversite">"Histoire de l'université | Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne"</a>. <i>www.pantheonsorbonne.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sorbonne+University+%E2%80%93+the+University+of+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sorbonne.fr%2Fen%2Fthe-sorbonne%2Fhistory-of-the-sorbonne%2Fla-fondation-de-la-sorbonne-au-moyen-age-par-le-theologien-robert-de-sorbon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madrasa-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madrasa_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Madrasa" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, CI (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://princeton.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.23943/princeton/9780691155319.001.0001/upso-9780691155319-appendix-3"><i>Warriors of the Cloisters: The Central Asian Origins of Science in the Medieval World.</i></a> Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691155319.001.0001">10.23943/princeton/9780691155319.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691155319" title="Special:BookSources/9780691155319"><bdi>9780691155319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+of+the+Cloisters%3A+The+Central+Asian+Origins+of+Science+in+the+Medieval+World..&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691155319.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780691155319&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=CI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprinceton.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691155319.001.0001%2Fupso-9780691155319-appendix-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmouAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+natio+Germanorum+et+Scotorum%22&pg=PA19">"Miscellanea Scotica: Memoirs of the ancient alliance between France and Scotland. Account of the Earl of Glencairn's expedition into the Highlands of Scotland, in the years 1653-4, written by Graham of Deuchrie. Life and death of King James the Fifth of Scotland. Buchanan's inquiry into the genealogy and present state of ancient Scottish surnames; with the history of the family of Buchanan. Monro's (High Dean of the Isles) genealogies of the clans of the isles"</a>. sold. 21 January 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miscellanea+Scotica%3A+Memoirs+of+the+ancient+alliance+between+France+and+Scotland.+Account+of+the+Earl+of+Glencairn%27s+expedition+into+the+Highlands+of+Scotland%2C+in+the+years+1653-4%2C+written+by+Graham+of+Deuchrie.+Life+and+death+of+King+James+the+Fifth+of+Scotland.+Buchanan%27s+inquiry+into+the+genealogy+and+present+state+of+ancient+Scottish+surnames%3B+with+the+history+of+the+family+of+Buchanan.+Monro%27s+%28High+Dean+of+the+Isles%29+genealogies+of+the+clans+of+the+isles&rft.pub=sold&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWmouAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2Bnatio%2BGermanorum%2Bet%2BScotorum%2522%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v6wQAAAAYAAJ&q=%22+natio+Germanorum+et+Scotorum%22&pg=PA18">"Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland, and of the Border Raids, Forays, and Conflicts"</a>. Fullarton. 21 January 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Tales+of+the+Wars+of+Scotland%2C+and+of+the+Border+Raids%2C+Forays%2C+and+Conflicts&rft.pub=Fullarton&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv6wQAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2Bnatio%2BGermanorum%2Bet%2BScotorum%2522%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.u-picardie.fr/LESCLaP/IMG/doc/lusignan_gervais_29082008_finale_interligne1.doc">« Picard » et « Picardie », espace linguistique et structures sociopolitiques</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217051646/http://www.u-picardie.fr/LESCLaP/IMG/doc/lusignan_gervais_29082008_finale_interligne1.doc">Archived</a> 17 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Serge Lusignan and Diane Gervais, August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geelhaar-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geelhaar_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuchterHoffmannYun2011" class="citation book cs1">Feuchter, Jörg; Hoffmann, Friedhelm; Yun, Bee, eds. (2011). <i>Cultural transfers in dispute: representations in Asia, Europe, and the Arab world since the Middle Ages</i>. Eigene und fremde Welten. Frankfurt-on-Main ; New York: Campus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-39404-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-39404-6"><bdi>978-3-593-39404-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+transfers+in+dispute%3A+representations+in+Asia%2C+Europe%2C+and+the+Arab+world+since+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Frankfurt-on-Main+%3B+New+York&rft.series=Eigene+und+fremde+Welten&rft.pub=Campus&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-593-39404-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Robert Pitte (ed), La Sorbonne au service des Humanités: 750 ans de création et de transmission du savoir, Presses Universitaires de Paris-Sorbonne, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legois-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legois_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegoisMonchablon2018" class="citation book cs1">Legois, Jean-Philippe; Monchablon, Alain (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkgrDwAAQBAJ&dq=University%20of%20Paris%201968%20split&pg=PA68">"From the Struggle against Repression to the 1968 General Strike in France"</a>. In Dhondt, Pierre; Boran, Elizabethanne (eds.). <i>Student Revolt, City, and Society in Europe: From the Middle Ages to the Present</i>. New York: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351691031" title="Special:BookSources/9781351691031"><bdi>9781351691031</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+the+Struggle+against+Repression+to+the+1968+General+Strike+in+France&rft.btitle=Student+Revolt%2C+City%2C+and+Society+in+Europe%3A+From+the+Middle+Ages+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351691031&rft.aulast=Legois&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philippe&rft.au=Monchablon%2C+Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkgrDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DUniversity%2520of%2520Paris%25201968%2520split%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReadings1996" class="citation book cs1">Readings, Bill (1996). <i>The university in ruins</i>. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">136–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92952-4"><bdi>978-0-674-92952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+university+in+ruins&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-92952-4&rft.aulast=Readings&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2004" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, James Derek (2004). "Introduction". <i>Postructuralism, philosophy, pedagogy</i>. Philosophy and education. Dordrecht: Kluwer academic. p. xviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1894-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-1894-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-1894-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Postructuralism%2C+philosophy%2C+pedagogy&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Philosophy+and+education&rft.pages=xviii&rft.pub=Kluwer+academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-1894-7&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=James+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPudal2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pudal, Bernard (2008). <i>Mai - juin 68</i> (in French). Ivry-sur-Seine: Ed. de l'Atelier. pp. <span class="nowrap">190–</span>191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7082-3976-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7082-3976-0"><bdi>978-2-7082-3976-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mai+-+juin+68&rft.place=Ivry-sur-Seine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=Ed.+de+l%27Atelier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-7082-3976-0&rft.aulast=Pudal&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotmanDevillairs2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rotman, Patrick; Devillairs, Laurence (2008). <i>Mai 68 raconté à ceux qui ne l'ont pas vécu</i> (in French). Paris: Seuil. pp. <span class="nowrap">10–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-096596-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-096596-5"><bdi>978-2-02-096596-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mai+68+racont%C3%A9+%C3%A0+ceux+qui+ne+l%27ont+pas+v%C3%A9cu&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-02-096596-5&rft.aulast=Rotman&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Devillairs%2C+Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilesSnyder2001" class="citation book cs1">Giles, Robert; Snyder, Robert (2001). <i>1968: year of media decision</i>. New Brunswick [N.J.]: Transaction Publishers. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780765806215" title="Special:BookSources/9780765806215"><bdi>9780765806215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1968%3A+year+of+media+decision&rft.place=New+Brunswick+%5BN.J.%5D&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780765806215&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Snyder%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berstein, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berstein, p. 229; <i>loi n<sup>o</sup> 68-978 du 12 novembre 1968</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conac, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/campus/article/2017/01/20/sorbonne-universite-pierre-et-marie-curie-et-paris-sorbonne-en-route-vers-la-fusion_5066358_4401467.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>" Sorbonne Université " : Pierre-et-Marie-Curie et Paris-Sorbonne en route vers la fusion"</a>. <i>Le Monde</i> (in French). 2017-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=%22+Sorbonne+Universit%C3%A9+%22+%3A+Pierre-et-Marie-Curie+et+Paris-Sorbonne+en+route+vers+la+fusion&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fcampus%2Farticle%2F2017%2F01%2F20%2Fsorbonne-universite-pierre-et-marie-curie-et-paris-sorbonne-en-route-vers-la-fusion_5066358_4401467.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauline2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pauline, Verge (21 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etudiant.lefigaro.fr/article/les-universites-descartes-et-diderot-fusionnent-au-sein-de-l-universite-de-paris_50ac459e-4bf2-11e9-8a9c-cf6259d2906a/">"Les universités Descartes et Diderot fusionnent au sein de "l'Université de Paris"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Le Figaro</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Les+universit%C3%A9s+Descartes+et+Diderot+fusionnent+au+sein+de+%22l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Paris%22&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft.aulast=Pauline&rft.aufirst=Verge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetudiant.lefigaro.fr%2Farticle%2Fles-universites-descartes-et-diderot-fusionnent-au-sein-de-l-universite-de-paris_50ac459e-4bf2-11e9-8a9c-cf6259d2906a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education.gouv.fr/academie-de-paris-100049#">"ACADÉMIE DE PARIS"</a>. <i>Ministère de l'education nationale et de la jeunesse</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27education+nationale+et+de+la+jeunesse&rft.atitle=ACAD%C3%89MIE+DE+PARIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education.gouv.fr%2Facademie-de-paris-100049%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OgilvieHarvey2000-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OgilvieHarvey2000_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarilyn_Bailey_OgilvieJoy_Dorothy_Harvey2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Bailey_Ogilvie" title="Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie">Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joy_Harvey" title="Joy Harvey">Joy Dorothy Harvey</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTSYePZvSXYC&pg=PA992"><i>The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">992–</span>993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92040-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92040-7"><bdi>978-0-415-92040-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Women+in+Science%3A+L-Z&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E992-%3C%2Fspan%3E993&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92040-7&rft.au=Marilyn+Bailey+Ogilvie&rft.au=Joy+Dorothy+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTSYePZvSXYC%26pg%3DPA992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717134426/http://nousbayrou.tumblr.com/post/15345499152/jean-peyrelevade-sur-son-soutien-a-hollande">"NOUS BAYROU • Jean Peyrelevade sur son soutien à Hollande :..."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nousbayrou.tumblr.com/post/15345499152/jean-peyrelevade-sur-son-soutien-a-hollande">the original</a> on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Mar 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOUS+BAYROU+%E2%80%A2+Jean+Peyrelevade+sur+son+soutien+%C3%A0+Hollande+%3A...&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnousbayrou.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F15345499152%2Fjean-peyrelevade-sur-son-soutien-a-hollande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assembly-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-assembly_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/tribun/fiches_id/2679.asp">"M. Michel Sapin : Assemblée Nationale"</a>. <i>Assemblee-nationale.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Assemblee-nationale.fr&rft.atitle=M.+Michel+Sapin+%3A+Assembl%C3%A9e+Nationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2F13%2Ftribun%2Ffiches_id%2F2679.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1911/marie-curie-facts.html">"Marie Curie – Facts"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Marie+Curie+%E2%80%93+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1911%2Fmarie-curie-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtens2003" class="citation book cs1">Courtens, Eric (2003). "Peter Debye – A Life for Science". In Gonzalo, Julio A.; Aragó López, Carmen (eds.). <i>Great solid state physicists of the 20th century</i>. River Edge, N.J.: World Scientific. pp. <span class="nowrap">144–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812795267" title="Special:BookSources/9789812795267"><bdi>9789812795267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peter+Debye+%E2%80%93+A+Life+for+Science&rft.btitle=Great+solid+state+physicists+of+the+20th+century&rft.place=River+Edge%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789812795267&rft.aulast=Courtens&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadid=00478">"T. S. (Thomas Stearns) Eliot: An Inventory of His Collection in the Manuscript Collection at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center"</a>. <i>norman.hrc.utexas.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=norman.hrc.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=T.+S.+%28Thomas+Stearns%29+Eliot%3A+An+Inventory+of+His+Collection+in+the+Manuscript+Collection+at+the+Harry+Ransom+Humanities+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorman.hrc.utexas.edu%2Ffasearch%2FfindingAid.cfm%3Feadid%3D00478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/University_of_Paris" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/University of Paris">University of Paris</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=University+of+Paris&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+Paris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Franklin_(historian)" title="Alfred Franklin (historian)">Franklin, Alfred</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006515481"><i>La Sorbonne: ses origines, sa bibliothèque, les débuts de l'imprimerie à Paris et la succession de Richelieu d'après des documents inédits, 2. édition</i></a>, Paris: L. Willem, 1875</li> <li>Leutrat, Jean-Louis: <i>De l'Université aux Universités</i> (From the University to the Universities), Paris: Association des Universités de Paris, 1997</li> <li>Post, Gaines: <i>The Papacy and the Rise of Universities</i> Ed. with a Preface by William J. Courtenay. Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 54 Leiden: Brill, 2017.</li> <li>Rivé, Phillipe: <i>La Sorbonne et sa reconstruction</i> (The Sorbonne and its Reconstruction), Lyon: La Manufacture, 1987</li> <li>Tuilier, André: <i>Histoire de l'Université de Paris et de la Sorbonne</i> (History of the University of Paris and of the Sorbonne), in 2 volumes (From the Origins to Richelieu, From Louis<span class="nowrap"> </span>XIV to the Crisis of 1968), Paris: Nouvelle Librairie de France, 1997</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Verger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Verger (page does not exist)">Verger, Jacques</a>: <i>Histoire des Universités en France</i> (History of French Universities), Toulouse: Editions Privat, 1986</li> <li>Traver, Andrew G. 'Rewriting History?: The Parisian Secular Masters' <i>Apologia</i> of 1254,' <i>History of Universities</i> 15 (1997–9): 9–45.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Paris&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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plainlist">French <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="fr" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/fr:Loi_du_10_juillet_1896_relative_%C3%A0_la_constitution_des_universit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="s:fr:Loi du 10 juillet 1896 relative à la constitution des universités">Loi du 10 juillet 1896 relative à la constitution des universités</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sorbonne.fr/">Chancellerie des Universités de Paris</a> (official homepage)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lamop-vs3.univ-paris1.fr/studium/">Projet Studium Parisiense</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002215222/http://lamop-vs3.univ-paris1.fr/studium/">Archived</a> 2018-10-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: database of members of the University of Paris from the 11th to 16th centuries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sorbonne.fr/toutes-les-universites/">Liste des Universités de Paris et d'Ile-de-France : nom, adresse, cours, diplômes...</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جامعة باريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة باريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidat_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Universidat de París – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Universidat de París" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Universidá de París – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de París" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Universiteti" title="Paris Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paris Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پاریس بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاریس بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A9rsitas_Sorbonne" title="Univérsitas Sorbonne – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Univérsitas Sorbonne" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="প্যারিস বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্যারিস বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Париж университеты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Париж университеты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Парыжскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парыжскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Парижки университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парижки университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Universitat de París – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de París" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BEsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Pařížská univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pařížská univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Paris" title="Prifysgol Paris – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Paris" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_(Paris_Universitet)" title="Sorbonne (Paris Universitet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sorbonne (Paris Universitet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_von_Paris" title="Universität von Paris – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Universität von Paris" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisi_%C3%9Clikool" title="Pariisi Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pariisi Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Παρισιού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Παρισιού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Universidad de París – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de París" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_de_Parizo" title="Universitato de Parizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato de Parizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parisko_Unibertsitatea" title="Parisko Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parisko Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="دانشگاه پاریس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه پاریس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Paris_(1896-1970)" title="Université de Paris (1896-1970) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de Paris (1896-1970)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_fan_Parys" title="Universiteit fan Parys – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Universiteit fan Parys" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Paris_(Sorbonne)" title="Oilthigh Paris (Sorbonne) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Paris (Sorbonne)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Par%C3%ADs" title="Universidade de París – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de París" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0_%ED%8C%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="신 파리 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신 파리 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Փարիզի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փարիզի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="पैरिस विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पैरिस विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Parizu" title="Sveučilište u Parizu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište u Parizu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_di_Paris" title="Universitato di Paris – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Universitato di Paris" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Paris" title="Universitas Paris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Paris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADsarh%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Parísarháskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Parísarháskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_Parigi" title="Università di Parigi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università di Parigi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סורבון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סורבון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne-Universitas_Paris" title="Sorbonne-Universitas Paris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sorbonne-Universitas Paris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorbonne_sukuli_k%C9%A9t%C9%9Bz%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Sorbonne sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sorbonne sukuli kɩtɛzʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პარიზის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარიზის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Parisiensis" title="Universitas Parisiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Parisiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%ABzes_Universit%C4%81te" title="Parīzes Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parīzes Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pary%C5%BEiaus_universitetas_(1896%E2%80%931970)" title="Paryžiaus universitetas (1896–1970) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paryžiaus universitetas (1896–1970)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universia_de_Paris" title="Universia de Paris – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Universia de Paris" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82)" title="Сорбона (универзитет) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сорбона (универзитет)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് പാരീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി ഓഫ് പാരീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0" title="पॅरिस विद्यापीठ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पॅरिस विद्यापीठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პარიზიშ უნივერსიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პარიზიშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جامعة پاريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة پاريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Paris" title="Universiti Paris – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Paris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Парисын Их Сургууль – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Парисын Их Сургууль" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ပါရီ တက္ကသိုလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပါရီ တက္ကသိုလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_Parijs" title="Universiteit van Parijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit van Parijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="パリ大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パリ大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetet_i_Paris" title="Universitetet i Paris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universitetet i Paris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitetet_i_Paris" title="Universitetet i Paris – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Universitetet i Paris" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parij_universiteti" title="Parij universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parij universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੈਰਸ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੈਰਸ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="پیرس یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیرس یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Paryski" title="Uniwersytet Paryski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Paryski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_Paris" title="Universidade de Paris – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de Paris" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parij_universiteti" title="Parij universiteti – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Parij universiteti" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_din_Paris" title="Universitatea din Paris – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea din Paris" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B6%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Парижский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парижский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_o_Paris" title="Varsity o Paris – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Varsity o Paris" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Parisit" title="Universiteti i Parisit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Parisit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of Paris" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%AD%C5%BEska_univerzita" title="Parížska univerzita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parížska univerzita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="زانکۆی پاریس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی پاریس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сорбона – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сорбона" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_u_Parizu" title="Univerzitet u Parizu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet u Parizu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariisin_yliopisto" title="Pariisin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pariisin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_universitet" title="Paris universitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paris universitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாரிஸ் பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரிஸ் பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA" title="มหาวิทยาลัยปารีส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยปารีส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Донишгоҳи Порис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Порис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Paris Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paris Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Паризький університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паризький університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="جامعہ پیرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جامعہ پیرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89%DA%98_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="پارىژ ئۇنىۋېرسىتىتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پارىژ ئۇنىۋېرسىتىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Paris" title="Đại học Paris – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Paris" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_han_Paris" title="Unibersidad han Paris – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad han Paris" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="巴黎大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴黎大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" title="אוניווערסיטעט פון פאריז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוניווערסיטעט פון פאריז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="巴黎大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴黎大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="巴黎大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴黎大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersit%C3%A8t_Paris" title="Uniwersitèt Paris – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Uniwersitèt Paris" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 January 2025, at 01:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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