CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="ko" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>자유팽창 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )kowikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"ko", "wgMonthNames":["","1월","2월","3월","4월","5월","6월","7월","8월","9월","10월","11월","12월"],"wgRequestId":"c47f43fd-526e-4e65-a79a-4f52a23a0230","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"자유팽창","wgTitle":"자유팽창","wgCurRevisionId":37142151,"wgRevisionId":37142151,"wgArticleId":1312368,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["해결되지 않은 속성이 있는 문서","위키데이터 속성 P18을 사용하는 문서","위키데이터 속성 P373을 사용하는 문서","위키데이터 속성 P7859를 사용하는 문서","출처가 필요한 글/2023년 1월","출처가 필요한 모든 글","전체에 출처가 필요한 글","한국어 위키백과의 링크가 위키데이터와 같은 위키공용분류","물리학에 관한 토막글","모든 토막글 문서","열역학적 과정"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ko", "wgPageContentLanguage":"ko","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"자유팽창","wgRelevantArticleId":1312368,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ko","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ko"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":2000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1109469","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.SectionFont":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.directcommons","ext.gadget.edittools","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.siteNotice","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.gadget.strikethroughTOC","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ko&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ko&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ko&modules=ext.gadget.SectionFont&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ko&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/1200px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="529"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/800px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="352"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/640px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="282"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="자유팽창 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ko.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="편집" href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="위키백과 (ko)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ko.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ko"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="위키백과 아톰 피드" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B5%9C%EA%B7%BC%EB%B0%94%EB%80%9C&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-자유팽창 rootpage-자유팽창 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">본문으로 이동</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="주 메뉴" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">주 메뉴</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">주 메뉴</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 둘러보기 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%8C%80%EB%AC%B8" title="대문으로 가기 [z]" accesskey="z"><span>대문</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B5%9C%EA%B7%BC%EB%B0%94%EB%80%9C" title="위키의 최근 바뀐 목록 [r]" accesskey="r"><span>최근 바뀜</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%9A%94%EC%A6%98_%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C" title="최근의 소식 알아 보기"><span>요즘 화제</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%9E%84%EC%9D%98%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="무작위로 선택된 문서 불러오기 [x]" accesskey="x"><span>임의의 문서로</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-사용자_모임" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-사용자_모임" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 사용자 모임 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-projectchat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%91%EB%B0%A9"><span>사랑방</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A8%EC%9E%84" title="위키백과 참여자를 위한 토론/대화 공간입니다."><span>사용자 모임</span></a></li><li id="n-request" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9A%94%EC%B2%AD"><span>관리 요청</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-편집_안내" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-편집_안내" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 편집 안내 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-helpintro" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C"><span>소개</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90" title="도움말"><span>도움말</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EA%B3%BC_%EC%A7%80%EC%B9%A8"><span>정책과 지침</span></a></li><li id="n-qna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%A7%88%EB%AC%B8%EB%B0%A9"><span>질문방</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%8C%80%EB%AC%B8" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="위키백과" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ko.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.75em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ko.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B2%80%EC%83%89" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="위키백과 검색 [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>검색</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="위키백과 검색" aria-label="위키백과 검색" autocapitalize="sentences" title="위키백과 검색 [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="특수:검색"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">검색</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="개인 도구"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="보이기"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="문서의 글꼴 크기, 폭, 색의 모습을 변경합니다" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="보이기" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">보이기</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">자유팽창</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 16개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84" title="تمدد جول – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمدد جول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3_lliure" title="Expansió lliure – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Expansió lliure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule-ekspansion" title="Joule-ekspansion – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joule-ekspansion" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay-Lussac-Versuch" title="Gay-Lussac-Versuch – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gay-Lussac-Versuch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_expansion" title="Joule expansion – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Joule expansion" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansi%C3%B3n_libre" title="Expansión libre – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Expansión libre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9tente_de_Joule-Gay-Lussac" title="Détente de Joule-Gay-Lussac – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Détente de Joule-Gay-Lussac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C" title="התפשטות ג'אול – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפשטות ג'אול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espansione_di_Joule" title="Espansione di Joule – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Espansione di Joule" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule-ekspansjon" title="Joule-ekspansjon – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joule-ekspansjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expans%C3%A3o_livre" title="Expansão livre – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Expansão livre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destindere_Joule" title="Destindere Joule – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Destindere Joule" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule_geni%C5%9Flemesi" title="Joule genişlemesi – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Joule genişlemesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A3n_n%E1%BB%9F_t%E1%BB%B1_do" title="Giãn nở tự do – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giãn nở tự do" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="自由膨脹 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="自由膨脹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3" title="自由擴散 – 광둥어" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自由擴散" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="광둥어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1109469#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="언어 간 링크 편집" class="wbc-editpage">링크 편집</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="이름공간"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="본문 보기 [c]" accesskey="c"><span>문서</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" rel="discussion" title="문서의 내용에 대한 토론 문서 [t]" accesskey="t"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="언어 변종 바꾸기" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">한국어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="보기"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD"><span>읽기</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=edit" title="이 문서의 원본 코드를 편집 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>편집</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=history" title="이 문서의 과거 편집 내역입니다. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>역사 보기</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="도구" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">도구</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="더 많은 옵션" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 동작 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD"><span>읽기</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=edit" title="이 문서의 원본 코드를 편집 [e]" accesskey="e"><span>편집</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=history"><span>역사 보기</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 일반 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%ED%82%A4%EB%8A%94%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="여기를 가리키는 모든 위키 문서의 목록 [j]" accesskey="j"><span>여기를 가리키는 문서</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC%EC%B5%9C%EA%B7%BC%EB%B0%94%EB%80%9C/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" rel="nofollow" title="이 문서에서 링크한 문서의 최근 바뀜 [k]" accesskey="k"><span>가리키는 글의 최근 바뀜</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/위키백과:파일_올리기" title="파일 올리기 [u]" accesskey="u"><span>파일 올리기</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="모든 특수 문서의 목록 [q]" accesskey="q"><span>특수 문서 목록</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&oldid=37142151" title="이 문서의 이 판에 대한 고유 링크"><span>고유 링크</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=info" title="이 문서에 대한 자세한 정보"><span>문서 정보</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%9D%B4%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9&page=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&id=37142151&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="이 문서를 인용하는 방법에 대한 정보"><span>이 문서 인용하기</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fko.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%259C%25A0%25ED%258C%25BD%25EC%25B0%25BD"><span>축약된 URL 얻기</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fko.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25EC%259E%2590%25EC%259C%25A0%25ED%258C%25BD%25EC%25B0%25BD"><span>QR 코드 다운로드</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 인쇄/내보내기 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD"><span>책 만들기</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:DownloadAsPdf&page=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF로 다운로드</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&printable=yes" title="이 문서의 인쇄용 판 [p]" accesskey="p"><span>인쇄용 판</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 다른 프로젝트 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joule/Gay-Lussac_expansions" hreflang="en"><span>위키미디어 공용</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1109469" title="데이터 저장소에 연결된 항목을 가리키는 링크 [g]" accesskey="g"><span>위키데이터 항목</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="페이지 도구"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="보이기"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">보이기</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ko" dir="ltr"><p><span class="nowrap"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480376">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%;font-size:small}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98_%EB%B0%9D%ED%9E%88%EA%B8%B0" title="위키백과:출처 밝히기"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Question_mark_on_a_scroll.svg/40px-Question_mark_on_a_scroll.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Question_mark_on_a_scroll.svg/60px-Question_mark_on_a_scroll.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Question_mark_on_a_scroll.svg/80px-Question_mark_on_a_scroll.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">이 문서의 내용은 <b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98_%EB%B0%9D%ED%9E%88%EA%B8%B0" title="위키백과:출처 밝히기">출처</a>가 분명하지 않습니다.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"><br />이 <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=edit">문서를 편집</a></span>하여, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%8B%A0%EB%A2%B0%ED%95%A0_%EC%88%98_%EC%9E%88%EB%8A%94_%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98" title="위키백과:신뢰할 수 있는 출처">신뢰할 수 있는 출처</a>를 표기해 주세요. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%ED%99%95%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5" title="위키백과:확인 가능">검증</a>되지 않은 내용은 삭제될 수도 있습니다. 내용에 대한 의견은 <a href="/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="토론:자유팽창">토론 문서</a>에서 나누어 주세요.</span> <span class="date-container">(<small><span class="date">2023년 1월</span></small>)</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li:after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li:after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li:after{content:", ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-slash dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-slash li:after{content:" / ";font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480595">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311371">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480595"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311371"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학">열역학</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="카르노 기관"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0.5em 0.2em 0.6em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; display:block;margin-bottom:0.1em;">고전적 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="카르노 기관">카르노 기관</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">분과</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학">고전열역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="통계역학">통계역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="화학열역학">화학열역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="평형열역학">평형열역학</a>/<a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="비평형열역학">비평형열역학</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">법칙</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C0%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제0법칙">열역학 제0법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C1%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제1법칙">열역학 제1법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C2%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제2법칙">열역학 제2법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C3%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제3법칙">열역학 제3법칙</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학 계">계</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="열역학적 상태">상태</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="상태방정식">상태방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="이상기체">이상기체</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="실제 기체">실제 기체</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태">물질의 상태</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형">열역학적 평형</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%9C%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="공제부피 (없는 문서)">공제부피</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="열역학 과정">과정</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%95%95%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등압과정">등압과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등적과정">등적과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%98%A8%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등온과정">등온과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%97%B4%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="단열과정">단열과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등엔트로피 과정">등엔트로피 과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등엔탈피 과정">등엔탈피 과정</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%80%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="준정적과정 (없는 문서)">준정적과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="다방과정">다방과정</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">자유팽창</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="가역과정">가역과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="비가역과정">비가역과정</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%81%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="내적가역 열역학 (없는 문서)">내적가역성</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4" title="열역학 사이클">순환</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="열기관">열기관</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%83%89%EB%82%9C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="냉난방 순환 (없는 문서)">냉난방 순환</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%9A%A8%EC%9C%A8" title="열효율">열효율</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="열역학적 성질">계의 성질</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="font-size:90%;padding-bottom:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">비고: <i>기울임꼴</i>로 된 것들은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%B5%EC%95%A1%EB%B3%80%EC%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="공액변수 (없는 문서)">공액변수</a>이다.</div> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EB%8F%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학도 (없는 문서)">열역학도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EA%B3%BC_%ED%81%AC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="세기 성질과 크기 성질">세기 성질과 크기 성질</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="상태함수">상태함수</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학적 온도">온도</a>  / <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_%EA%B0%9C%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 개론 (없는 문서)">개론</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="압력">압력</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="부피 (열역학) (없는 문서)">부피</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="화학적 퍼텐셜 (없는 문서)">화학적 퍼텐셜</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EC%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="입자수">입자수</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%EB%9F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="증기량 (없는 문서)">증기량</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8C%80%EB%B9%84%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="대비성질 (없는 문서)">대비성질</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C_%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" title="경로 함수">과정함수</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="일 (물리학)">일</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4" title="열">열</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%84%B1_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="물성 (열역학) (없는 문서)">물성</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%88%9C%EC%88%98_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="순수 물질의 열역학적 데이터베이스 (없는 문서)">순수 물질의 열역학적 데이터베이스</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="열용량">비열용량</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EC%B6%95%EB%A5%A0" title="압축률">압축률</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="열팽창">열팽창</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 방정식 (없는 문서)">방정식</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="카르노 정리 (열역학) (없는 문서)">카르노 정리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="클라우지우스 정리 (없는 문서)">클라우지우스 정리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 기본관계 (없는 문서)">열역학 기본관계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="이상기체 법칙">이상기체 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 관계식">맥스웰 관계식</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%A8%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="온사게르 상호관계식 (없는 문서)">온사게르 상호관계식</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80%EB%A8%BC_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="브리지먼 열역학 방정식 (없는 문서)">브리지먼 열역학 방정식</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D_%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 방정식 표 (없는 문서)">열역학 방정식 표</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학적 퍼텐셜">퍼텐셜</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="열역학적 자유 에너지">자유 에너지</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="자유 엔트로피 (없는 문서)">자유 엔트로피</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="내부 에너지">내부 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="엔탈피">엔탈피</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="헬름홀츠 자유 에너지">헬름홀츠 자유 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="깁스 자유 에너지">깁스 자유 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">역사</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 열역학사</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학사 (없는 문서)">개괄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4_%EA%B0%9C%EB%85%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열 개념의 역사 (없는 문서)">열 개념의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피의 역사 (없는 문서)">엔트로피의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="기체 법칙">기체 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="영구기관의 역사 (없는 문서)">영구기관의 역사</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="통계열역학철학 (없는 문서)">과학철학</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_(%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84%EC%9D%98_%ED%99%94%EC%82%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 (시간의 화살) (없는 문서)">엔트로피와 시간</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%99%80_%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피와 생명 (없는 문서)">엔트로피와 생명</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4_%EB%9E%98%EC%B9%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="브라운 래칫 (없는 문서)">브라운 래칫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%84%EA%B9%A8%EB%B9%84" title="맥스웰의 도깨비">맥스웰의 도깨비</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%8C_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열죽음 역설 (없는 문서)">열죽음 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="로슈미트의 역설 (없는 문서)">로슈미트의 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%98%91%EB%8F%99%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="협동학 (없는 문서)">협동학</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 이론</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="열소설">열소설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열이론 (없는 문서)">열이론</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%9C%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="활력 (없는 문서)">활력</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%82%AC%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%EB%9F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열의 사사당량 (없는 문서)">열의 사사당량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5" title="원동력">원동력</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 주요 저서</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0_%EB%95%8C_%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B8%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EC%A0%81_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="마찰 때 발생하는 열의 원인에 관한 실험적 조사 (없는 문서)">마찰 때 발생하는 열의 원인에<br />관한 실험적 조사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%88%EA%B7%A0%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="불균일 물질의 평형에 대하여 (없는 문서)">불균일 물질의<br />평형에 대하여</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%B0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="불의 원동력에 관한 고찰 (없는 문서)">불의 원동력에 <br /> 관한 고찰</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 연표</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학사 연표 (없는 문서)">열역학사 연표</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열기관 개발사 연표 (없는 문서)">열기관 개발사 연표</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 교육</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%91%9C%EB%A9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="맥스웰의 열역학적 표면 (없는 문서)">맥스웰의 열역학적 표면</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_(%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 (에너지 분산) (없는 문서)">에너지 분산으로서의 엔트로피</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">과학자</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%97%98_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%88%84%EC%9D%B4" title="다니엘 베르누이">베르누이</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%AC%EB%94%94_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="니콜라 레오나르 사디 카르노">카르노</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B2%A0%EB%88%84%EC%95%84_%ED%8F%B4_%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%8E%98%EB%A1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="베누아 폴 에밀 클라페롱 (없는 문서)">클라페롱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="루돌프 클라우지우스">클라우지우스</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B4_%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%A6%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="콘스탄틴 카라테오도리 (없는 문서)">카라테오도리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%92%A4%EC%97%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="피에르 뒤엠 (없는 문서)">뒤엠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="조시아 윌러드 깁스 (없는 문서)">깁스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%ED%8F%B0_%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0" title="헤르만 폰 헬름홀츠">헬름홀츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7_%EC%A4%84" title="제임스 프레스콧 줄">줄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%ED%81%AC_%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0" title="제임스 클러크 맥스웰">맥스웰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="율리우스 폰 마이어">폰 마이어</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%A8%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4" title="라르스 온사게르">온사게르</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A7%A5%EC%BF%BC%EB%A5%B8_%EB%9E%AD%ED%82%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="윌리엄 존 맥쿼른 랭킨 (없는 문서)">랭킨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B4_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="존 스미튼 (없는 문서)">스미튼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%88%ED%83%88" title="게오르크 에른스트 슈탈">슈탈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EC%A0%80%EB%AF%BC_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="벤저민 톰슨">톰슨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%BC%88%EB%B9%88_%EB%82%A8%EC%9E%91_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="제1대 켈빈 남작 윌리엄 톰슨">켈빈 남작</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0%EC%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="존 제임스 워터슨 (없는 문서)">워터슨</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="분류"><img alt="분류" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="분류:열역학">분류: 열역학</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311309">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="틀:열역학"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:열역학 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="특수:문서편집/틀:열역학"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>자유팽창</b>(自由膨脹, free expansion)은 단열된 진공 공간으로 저절로 팽창하는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="비가역과정">비가역과정</a>이다. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%84_%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="줄 팽창 (없는 문서)">줄 팽창</a>이라고도 한다. </p><p>실제 기체는 자유팽창을 하는 도중에도 온도 변화가 생긴다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="이상기체">이상기체</a>에서는 온도가 변하지 않는다고 가정하며, 단열자유팽창은 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{i}V_{i}=P_{f}V_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{i}V_{i}=P_{f}V_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33852088656c5a9c1bade6f1efe74f3577bc677d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.666ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{i}V_{i}=P_{f}V_{f}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>를 만족한다. 이때 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>P</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b4dc73bf40314945ff376bd363916a738548d40a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.745ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P}"></span>는 압력, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span>는 부피이고 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>i</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}"></span>와 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}"></span>는 각각 이전과 이후를 나타낸다. 즉 기체가 팽창해서 부피가 늘어나면(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{i}<V_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo><</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{i}<V_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0f4699677babb6b4eb484936b44f025c7bc97cb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.745ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{i}<V_{f}}"></span>) 압력은 감소한다(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle P_{i}>P_{f}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>></mo> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{i}>P_{f}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9a859aeee7f5b63af24cd138f92083e7b82fd4e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:8.019ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle P_{i}>P_{f}}"></span>). </p><p>자유팽창을 하는 기체는 일을 하지 않는다. 기체는 최종 상태가 될 때까지 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형">열역학적 평형</a>이 아닌 상태를 거치며, 이 상태에서는 기체의 열역학적 변수를 모두 결정할 수 없다. 예컨대 기체의 압력은 점에서 점마다 국소적으로 변하기 때문에 입자의 총체로서의 기체의 부피는 쉽게 정의할 수 있는 양이 아니다. </p><p>코크를 열어서 기체가 진공으로 퍼져나가는 것이 자유팽창의 대표적인 사례이다. 계 안으로 들어오거나 나가는 열에너지가 없으므로, 이루어진 일은 없다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a> 변화는 있지만 잘 알려진 엔트로피 변화공식 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S=\int {\frac {dQ_{rev}}{T}}\,,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S=\int {\frac {dQ_{rev}}{T}}\,,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d92e2d5582ffd448e9a64734d1f9010a6b5ddb26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:16.576ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S=\int {\frac {dQ_{rev}}{T}}\,,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>은 적용되지 않는다. 이는 자유팽창이 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="가역과정">가역과정</a>이 아니기 때문이다. 이상기체의 경우 자유팽창의 엔트로피는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%84-%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="줄-톰슨 효과">줄-톰슨 효과</a>와 같이 구한다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta S=\int _{i}^{f}\mathrm {d} S=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}{\frac {P\,\mathrm {d} V}{T}}=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}{\frac {nR\,\mathrm {d} V}{V}}=nR\ln {\frac {V_{f}}{V_{i}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>P</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mrow> <mi>V</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta S=\int _{i}^{f}\mathrm {d} S=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}{\frac {P\,\mathrm {d} V}{T}}=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}{\frac {nR\,\mathrm {d} V}{V}}=nR\ln {\frac {V_{f}}{V_{i}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d82a140ebb76802e224d5b839fd7235ba736387" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:55.845ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta S=\int _{i}^{f}\mathrm {d} S=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}{\frac {P\,\mathrm {d} V}{T}}=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}{\frac {nR\,\mathrm {d} V}{V}}=nR\ln {\frac {V_{f}}{V_{i}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tipler, P., and Mosca, G. <i>Physics for Scientists and Engineers (with modern physics), 6th edition, 2008. pages 602 and 647</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> 위키미디어 공용에 <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Joule/Gay-Lussac_expansions?uselang=ko">자유팽창</a></span> 관련 미디어 분류가 있습니다.</li></ul> <table class="notice metadata plainlinks stub" style="clear: both; font-size: smaller;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 40px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%89%EA%B8%80" title="분류:물리학에 관한 토막글"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emojione_269B.svg/40px-Emojione_269B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emojione_269B.svg/60px-Emojione_269B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Emojione_269B.svg/80px-Emojione_269B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td> <td>이 글은 물리학에 관한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%89%EA%B8%80" title="위키백과:토막글">토막글</a>입니다. 여러분의 지식으로 알차게 <a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&action=edit">문서를 완성해</a> 갑시다. </td></tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">원본 주소 "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=자유팽창&oldid=37142151">https://ko.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=자유팽창&oldid=37142151</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98" title="특수:분류">분류</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="분류:열역학적 과정">열역학적 과정</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">숨은 분류: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%ED%95%B4%EA%B2%B0%EB%90%98%EC%A7%80_%EC%95%8A%EC%9D%80_%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4_%EC%9E%88%EB%8A%94_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="분류:해결되지 않은 속성이 있는 문서">해결되지 않은 속성이 있는 문서</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1_P18%EC%9D%84_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="분류:위키데이터 속성 P18을 사용하는 문서">위키데이터 속성 P18을 사용하는 문서</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1_P373%EC%9D%84_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="분류:위키데이터 속성 P373을 사용하는 문서">위키데이터 속성 P373을 사용하는 문서</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0_%EC%86%8D%EC%84%B1_P7859%EB%A5%BC_%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="분류:위키데이터 속성 P7859를 사용하는 문서">위키데이터 속성 P7859를 사용하는 문서</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98%EA%B0%80_%ED%95%84%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%EA%B8%80/2023%EB%85%84_1%EC%9B%94" title="분류:출처가 필요한 글/2023년 1월">출처가 필요한 글/2023년 1월</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98%EA%B0%80_%ED%95%84%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%A0_%EA%B8%80" title="분류:출처가 필요한 모든 글">출처가 필요한 모든 글</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%A0%84%EC%B2%B4%EC%97%90_%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98%EA%B0%80_%ED%95%84%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C_%EA%B8%80" title="분류:전체에 출처가 필요한 글">전체에 출처가 필요한 글</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4_%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%A7%81%ED%81%AC%EA%B0%80_%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EC%99%80_%EA%B0%99%EC%9D%80_%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%A9%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98" title="분류:한국어 위키백과의 링크가 위키데이터와 같은 위키공용분류">한국어 위키백과의 링크가 위키데이터와 같은 위키공용분류</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%89%EA%B8%80" title="분류:물리학에 관한 토막글">물리학에 관한 토막글</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%A0_%ED%86%A0%EB%A7%89%EA%B8%80_%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C" title="분류:모든 토막글 문서">모든 토막글 문서</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 이 문서는 2024년 5월 18일 (토) 10:25에 마지막으로 편집되었습니다.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">모든 문서는 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ko">크리에이티브 커먼즈 저작자표시-동일조건변경허락 4.0</a>에 따라 사용할 수 있으며, 추가적인 조건이 적용될 수 있습니다. 자세한 내용은 <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use/ko">이용 약관</a>을 참고하십시오.<br />Wikipedia®는 미국 및 다른 국가에 등록되어 있는 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikimediafoundation.org">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a> 소유의 등록 상표입니다.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">개인정보처리방침</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C">위키백과 소개</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%A9%B4%EC%B1%85_%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%AD">면책 조항</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">행동 강령</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">개발자</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ko.wikipedia.org">통계</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">쿠키 정책</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ko.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">모바일 보기</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5wzkx","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.283","walltime":"0.444","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1352,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":57456,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":851,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":32379,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 245.683 1 -total"," 50.16% 123.231 1 틀:열역학"," 49.05% 120.507 1 틀:접이식_사이드바"," 28.47% 69.941 3 틀:Sidebar"," 24.47% 60.117 1 틀:출처_필요"," 19.24% 47.263 1 틀:Ambox"," 11.52% 28.311 1 틀:위키데이터_속성_추적"," 7.21% 17.720 1 틀:토막글"," 5.78% 14.199 1 틀:위키공용분류-줄"," 5.45% 13.397 1 틀:이름공간_검출"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.120","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1652658,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7cb5748566-s7z2f","timestamp":"20241107001833","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\uc790\uc720\ud33d\ucc3d","url":"https:\/\/ko.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1109469","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1109469","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\uc704\ud0a4\ubbf8\ub514\uc5b4 \ud504\ub85c\uc81d\ud2b8 \uae30\uc5ec\uc790"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2015-06-12T18:54:57Z","dateModified":"2024-05-18T01:25:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/22\/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg"}</script> </body> </html>