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Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Halloween&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Halloween_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Halloween (disambiguation)">Halloween (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"All Hallows' Eve" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/All_Hallows%27_Eve_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="All Hallows' Eve (disambiguation)">All Hallows' Eve (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the slasher multimedia franchise, see <a href="/wiki/Halloween_(franchise)" title="Halloween (franchise)">Halloween (franchise)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Halloween, or Hallowe'en<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (less commonly known as Allhalloween,<a href="#cite_note-Palmer1882-9">[9]</a> All Hallows' Eve,<a href="#cite_note-Elwell2001-10">[10]</a> or All Saints' Eve),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> is a celebration <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Halloween" title="Geography of Halloween">observed in many countries</a> on 31 October, the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian</a> feast of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Hallows' Day</a>. It is at the beginning of the observance of <a href="/wiki/Allhallowtide" title="Allhallowtide">Allhallowtide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> the time in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">liturgical year</a> dedicated to remembering the dead, including <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallow">hallows</a>), <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyrs</a>, and all the faithful departed.<a href="#cite_note-Surrey2014-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davis2009-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In popular culture, the day has become a celebration of <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Macabre" title="Macabre">macabre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_m-16">[16]</a> <table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lavender">Halloween</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg/240px-Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg/360px-Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg/480px-Jack-o%27-Lantern_2003-10-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1024"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption">A <a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">jack-o'-lantern</a>, the carving and displaying of which is a Halloween tradition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Hallowe'en</li> <li>Allhalloween</li> <li>All Hallows' Eve</li> <li>All Saints' Eve</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christians</a> and many non-Christians <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Halloween" title="Geography of Halloween">around the world</a><a href="#cite_note-Fasting-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>, cultural</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">First day of <a href="/wiki/Allhallowtide" title="Allhallowtide">Allhallowtide</a><a href="#cite_note-Worcester2020-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Surrey2014-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trick-or-treating" title="Trick-or-treating">Trick-or-treating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halloween_costume" title="Halloween costume">costume</a> <a href="/wiki/Costume_party" title="Costume party">parties</a>, making <a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">jack-o'-lanterns</a>, lighting <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_bobbing" title="Apple bobbing">apple bobbing</a>, visiting <a href="/wiki/Haunted_attraction_(simulated)" title="Haunted attraction (simulated)">haunted attractions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Observances</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">Church services</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Service-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Prayer-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fasting-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigil</a><a href="#cite_note-Vigil-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/31_October" class="mw-redirect" title="31 October">31 October</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hop-tu-Naa" title="Hop-tu-Naa">Hop-tu-Naa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allantide" title="Allantide">Allantide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Day" title="St. Martin's Day">St. Martin's Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mischief_Night" title="Mischief Night">Mischief Night</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vigil_(liturgy)" title="Vigil (liturgy)">vigil</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvest_festival" title="Harvest festival">harvest festivals</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> festival <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>, which are believed to have <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2004-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christianity1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christianity2-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christianity3-20">[20]</a> Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianized</a> as All Hallows' Day, along with its eve, by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1987-21">[21]</a> Other academics say Halloween began independently as a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> holiday, being the <a href="/wiki/Vigil#Eves_of_religious_celebrations" title="Vigil">vigil</a> of All Hallows' Day.<a href="#cite_note-FoleyO%E2%80%99Donnell2008-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barr2016-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> for centuries, <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish</a> immigrants took many Halloween customs to North America in the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-rogers_nw-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunvand,_Jan_2006._p.749-27">[27]</a> and then through American influence various Halloween customs spread to other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_m-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colavito,_Jason_2007._pp.151-28">[28]</a> Popular activities during Halloween include <a href="/wiki/Trick-or-treating" title="Trick-or-treating">trick-or-treating</a> (or the related <a href="/wiki/Guising" class="mw-redirect" title="Guising">guising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Souling" class="mw-redirect" title="Souling">souling</a>), attending <a href="/wiki/Halloween_costume" title="Halloween costume">Halloween costume</a> parties, carving pumpkins or turnips into <a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">jack-o'-lanterns</a>, lighting <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_bobbing" title="Apple bobbing">apple bobbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">divination</a> games, playing <a href="/wiki/Practical_joke" title="Practical joke">pranks</a>, visiting <a href="/wiki/Haunted_attraction_(simulated)" title="Haunted attraction (simulated)">haunted attractions</a>, telling frightening stories, and watching <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_Halloween" title="List of films set around Halloween">horror or Halloween-themed films</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fieldhouse2017p256-29">[29]</a> Some people practice the Christian observances of All Hallows' Eve, including attending church services and lighting <a href="/wiki/Votive_candle" title="Votive candle">candles</a> on the graves of the dead,<a href="#cite_note-Skog2008-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duke2014-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> although it is a secular celebration for others.<a href="#cite_note-Hynes1993-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kernan2013-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-BradenVillage1988-35">[35]</a> Some Christians historically <a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">abstained from meat</a> on All Hallows' Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> foods on this <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigil</a> day, including apples, <a href="/wiki/Potato_pancake" title="Potato pancake">potato pancakes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soul_cake" title="Soul cake">soul cakes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahon1991-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fieldhouse2017-39">[39]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Christian_origins_and_historic_customs">2.1 Christian origins and historic customs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Gaelic_folk_influence">2.2 Gaelic folk influence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Spread_to_North_America">2.3 Spread to North America</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Symbols">3 Symbols</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Trick-or-treating_and_guising">4 Trick-or-treating and guising</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Costumes">5 Costumes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Pet_costumes">5.1 Pet costumes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Games_and_other_activities">6 Games and other activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Haunted_attractions">7 Haunted attractions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Food">8 Food</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Christian_observances">9 Christian observances</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Analogous_celebrations_and_perspectives">10 Analogous celebrations and perspectives</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Judaism">10.1 Judaism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Islam">10.2 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Hinduism">10.3 Hinduism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Neopaganism">10.4 Neopaganism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Geography">11 Geography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cost">12 Cost</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Halloween" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Halloween">Halloween</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> The word Halloween or Hallowe'en ("<a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a>' evening"<a href="#cite_note-Luck1998-40">[40]</a>) is of <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Christian origin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-DSL-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> a term equivalent to "All Hallows Eve" as attested in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-oed-43">[43]</a> The word hallowe[']en comes from the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scottish</a> form of All Hallows' Eve (the evening before <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Hallows' Day</a>):<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> even is the Scots term for "eve" or "evening",<a href="#cite_note-Contraction-45">[45]</a> and is contracted to e'en or een;<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en became Hallowe'en. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_origins_and_historic_customs">Christian origins and historic customs</h3></div> Halloween is thought to have influences from Christian beliefs and practices.<a href="#cite_note-Hopwood2019-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barr2016-23">[23]</a> The English word 'Halloween' comes from "All Hallows' Eve", being the evening before the Christian holy days of <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Hallows' Day</a> (All Saints' Day) on 1 November and <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a> on 2 November.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_religion-48">[48]</a> Since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints#Ranking_of_feast_days" title="Calendar of saints">major feasts</a> in Christianity (such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>) had <a href="/wiki/Vigil#Eves_of_religious_celebrations" title="Vigil">vigils</a> that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows.<a href="#cite_note-Benham1887-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hopwood2019-47">[47]</a> These three days are collectively called <a href="/wiki/Allhallowtide" title="Allhallowtide">Allhallowtide</a> and are a time when <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christians</a> honour all <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> and pray for recently departed <a href="/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible" title="Soul in the Bible">souls</a> who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations of all saints and <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyrs</a> were held by several churches on various dates, mostly in springtime.<a href="#cite_note-CP-51">[51]</a> In 4th-century Roman <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> it was held on 13 May, and on 13 May 609, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Pope Boniface IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianized_sites" title="Christianized sites">re-dedicated</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> in Rome to "St Mary and all martyrs".<a href="#cite_note-Saunders-52">[52]</a> This was the date of <a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(festival)" title="Lemuria (festival)">Lemuria</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">ancient Roman</a> festival of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In the 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Pope Gregory III</a> (731–741) founded an <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">St Peter's</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Relic#Christianity" title="Relic">relics</a> "of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors".<a href="#cite_note-Hopwood2019-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Some sources say it was dedicated on 1 November,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> while others say it was on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> in April 732.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland<a href="#cite_note-farmer-58">[58]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.<a href="#cite_note-hutton364-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a> of Northumbria, a member of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>'s court, may then have introduced this 1 November date in the <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 835, it became the official date in the Frankish Empire.<a href="#cite_note-hutton364-59">[59]</a> Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea,<a href="#cite_note-hutton364-59">[59]</a> although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.<a href="#cite_note-macculloch10-61">[61]</a> They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do so, as it is a time of 'dying' in nature.<a href="#cite_note-hutton364-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-macculloch10-61">[61]</a> It is also suggested the change was made on the "practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it", and perhaps because of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> concerns over <a href="/wiki/Roman_Fever_(disease)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Fever (disease)">Roman Fever</a>, which claimed a number of lives during Rome's sultry summers.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hopwood2019-47">[47]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg/250px-Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg/250px-Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg/375px-Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg/500px-Halloween_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_Sweden.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Halloween_Sweden.png/250px-Halloween_Sweden.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="514"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Halloween_Sweden.png/250px-Halloween_Sweden.png" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Halloween_Sweden.png/375px-Halloween_Sweden.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Halloween_Sweden.png/500px-Halloween_Sweden.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">On All Hallows' Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit cemeteries to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Top: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Christians in Bangladesh</a> lighting candles on the headstone of a relative. Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran Christians</a> praying and lighting candles in front of the central crucifix of a graveyard.</div></div></div></div> By the end of the 12th century, the celebration had become known as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_day_of_obligation" title="Holy day of obligation">holy days of obligation</a> in Western Christianity and involved such traditions as ringing <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> for souls in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>. It was also "customary for <a href="/wiki/Town_crier" title="Town crier">criers</a> dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The Allhallowtide custom of baking and sharing <a href="/wiki/Soul_cake" title="Soul cake">soul cakes</a> for all <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">christened</a> souls,<a href="#cite_note-AFP-65">[65]</a> has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-66">[66]</a> The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th century<a href="#cite_note-hutton374-375-67">[67]</a> and was found in parts of England, Wales, Flanders, <a href="/wiki/Allerheiligenstriezel" title="Allerheiligenstriezel">Bavaria and Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miles-68">[68]</a> Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">praying for the dead</a>, especially the souls of the givers' friends and relatives. This was called "souling".<a href="#cite_note-hutton374-375-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodge-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeMello2012-70">[70]</a> Soul cakes were also offered for the souls themselves to eat,<a href="#cite_note-miles-68">[68]</a> or the 'soulers' would act as their representatives.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> As with the <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lenten</a> tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hot_cross_bun" title="Hot cross bun">hot cross buns</a>, soul cakes were often marked with a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a>, indicating they were baked as <a href="/wiki/Alms#Christianity" title="Alms">alms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levene2016-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> mentions souling in his comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Gentlemen_of_Verona" title="The Two Gentlemen of Verona">The Two Gentlemen of Verona</a> (1593).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> While souling, Christians would carry "lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips", which could have originally represented souls of the dead;<a href="#cite_note-PulliamFonseca2016-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-rogers57-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lanterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack-o'-lanterns">jack-o'-lanterns</a> were used to ward off evil spirits.<a href="#cite_note-CarterPetro1998-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guiley2008-77">[77]</a> On All Saints' and All Souls' Day during the 19th century, candles were lit in homes in Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-Santino,_p.95-78">[78]</a> Flanders, Bavaria, and in <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a>, where they were called "soul lights",<a href="#cite_note-Frazer_All_Souls-79">[79]</a> that served "to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In many of these places, candles were also lit at graves on All Souls' Day.<a href="#cite_note-Frazer_All_Souls-79">[79]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libations</a> of milk were poured on the graves of kinfolk,<a href="#cite_note-miles-68">[68]</a> or food would be left overnight on the dinner table for the returning souls;<a href="#cite_note-Frazer_All_Souls-79">[79]</a> a custom also found in Tyrol and parts of Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Morton2013-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frazer_All_Souls-79">[79]</a> Christian minister Prince Sorie Conteh linked the wearing of costumes to the belief in <a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">vengeful ghosts</a>: "It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints' Day, and All Hallows' Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">next world</a>. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes".<a href="#cite_note-Christian-82">[82]</a> In the Middle Ages, churches in Europe that were too poor to display <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyred saints</a> at Allhallowtide let parishioners dress up as saints instead.<a href="#cite_note-Bannatyne1998-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morrow2001-84">[84]</a> Some Christians observe this custom at Halloween today.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Bannatyne" title="Lesley Bannatyne">Lesley Bannatyne</a> believes this could have been a Christianization of an earlier pagan custom.<a href="#cite_note-bannatyne9-86">[86]</a> Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believed "that once a year, on Hallowe'en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival" known as the <a href="/wiki/Danse_macabre" class="mw-redirect" title="Danse macabre">danse macabre</a>, which was often depicted in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">church decoration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Allmand" title="Christopher Allmand">Christopher Allmand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick" title="Rosamond McKitterick">Rosamond McKitterick</a> write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that the danse macabre urged Christians "not to forget the end of all earthly things".<a href="#cite_note-Allmand1998-88">[88]</a> The danse macabre was sometimes enacted in European village pageants and <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">court masques</a>, with people "dressing up as corpses from various strata of society", and this may be the origin of Halloween costume parties.<a href="#cite_note-Reimer2018-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeSpelderStrickland2009-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-PulliamFonseca2016-74">[74]</a> In Britain, these customs came under attack during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> berated purgatory as a "<a href="/wiki/Popish" class="mw-redirect" title="Popish">popish</a>" doctrine incompatible with the Calvinist doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>. State-sanctioned ceremonies associated with the <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">intercession of saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">prayer for souls in purgatory</a> were abolished during the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan reform</a>, though All Hallows' Day remained in the English <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical calendar">liturgical calendar</a> to "commemorate saints as godly human beings".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> For some <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist Protestants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a> of All Hallows' Eve was redefined: "souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Other Protestants believed in an <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">intermediate state</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bosom_of_Abraham" title="Bosom of Abraham">Bosom of Abraham</a>).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In some localities, Catholics and Protestants continued souling, <a href="/wiki/Votive_candle" title="Votive candle">candlelit</a> <a href="/wiki/Procession" title="Procession">processions</a>, or ringing church bells for the dead;<a href="#cite_note-rogers_religion-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mosteller-95">[95]</a> the Anglican church eventually suppressed this bell-ringing.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Mark Donnelly, a professor of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" title="Medieval archaeology">medieval archaeology</a>, and historian Daniel Diehl write that "barns and <a href="/wiki/House_blessing" title="House blessing">homes were blessed</a> to protect people and livestock from the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">effect of witches</a>, who were believed to accompany the <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">malignant spirits</a> as they traveled the earth".<a href="#cite_note-Medieval_Celebrations_page_17-97">[97]</a> After 1605, Hallowtide was eclipsed in England by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes_Night" title="Guy Fawkes Night">Guy Fawkes Night</a> (5 November), which appropriated some of its customs.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_kirk-98">[98]</a> In England, the ending of official ceremonies related to the intercession of saints led to the development of new, unofficial Hallowtide customs. In 18th–19th century rural <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, Catholic families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows' Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a <a href="/wiki/Pitchfork" title="Pitchfork">pitchfork</a> while the rest knelt around him, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen'lay.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton2001-99">[99]</a> There was a similar custom in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, and the lighting of 'tindle' fires in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Some suggested these 'tindles' were originally lit to "guide the poor souls back to earth".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In Scotland and Ireland, old Allhallowtide customs that were at odds with Reformed teaching were not suppressed as they "were important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities" and curbing them would have been difficult.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_nw-26">[26]</a> In parts of Italy until the 15th century, families left a meal out for the <a href="/wiki/Ghost#Jud%C3%A6o-Christian" title="Ghost">ghosts</a> of relatives, before leaving for <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morton2013-81">[81]</a> In 19th-century Italy, churches staged "theatrical re-enactments of scenes from the lives of the saints" on All Hallows' Day, with "participants represented by realistic wax figures".<a href="#cite_note-Morton2013-81">[81]</a> In 1823, the graveyard of <a href="/wiki/Ospedale_di_Santo_Spirito_in_Sassia" title="Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia">Holy Spirit Hospital</a> in Rome presented a scene in which bodies of those who recently died were arrayed around a wax statue of an <a href="/wiki/Christian_angelology" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian angelology">angel</a> who pointed upward towards <a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">heaven</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morton2013-81">[81]</a> In the same country, "parish priests went house-to-house, asking for small gifts of food which they shared among themselves throughout that night".<a href="#cite_note-Morton2013-81">[81]</a> In Spain, they continue to bake special pastries called "bones of the holy" (Spanish: Huesos de Santo) and set them on graves.<a href="#cite_note-The_Halloween_Encyclopedia_page_9-102">[102]</a> At cemeteries in Spain and France, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, priests lead <a href="/wiki/Christian_procession" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian procession">Christian processions</a> and services during Allhallowtide, after which people keep an all night vigil.<a href="#cite_note-2017Fieldhouse-103">[103]</a> In 19th-century <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a>, there was a procession to the city cemetery at Allhallowtide, an event that drew beggars who "appeal[ed] to the tender recollections of one's deceased relations and friends" for sympathy.<a href="#cite_note-Ford1855-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaelic_folk_influence">Gaelic folk influence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg/220px-Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg/220px-Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg/330px-Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg/440px-Traditional-irish-halloween-mask.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An early 20th-century Irish Halloween mask displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Country_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Country Life">Museum of Country Life</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> Today's Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk</a> customs and beliefs from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic-speaking countries</a>, some of which are believed to have <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">pagan</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Santino" title="Jack Santino">Jack Santino</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folklorist</a>, writes that "there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The origins of Halloween customs are typically linked to the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> festival <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_s-107">[107]</a> Samhain is one of the <a href="/wiki/Quarter_days" title="Quarter days">quarter days</a> in the medieval Gaelic calendar and has been celebrated on 31 October – 1 November<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> in Ireland, Scotland and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roud-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_halloween-110">[110]</a> A kindred festival has been held by the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> Celts, called <a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a> in Wales, <a href="/wiki/Allantide" title="Allantide">Kalan Gwav</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and Kalan Goañv in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>; a name meaning "first day of winter". For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset; thus the festival begins the evening before 1 November by modern reckoning.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-hutton365-369-112">[112]</a> and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG/220px-Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG/220px-Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG/330px-Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG/440px-Snap-Apple_Night_globalphilosophy.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Snap-Apple Night, or All-Hallow Eve, painted by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Maclise" title="Daniel Maclise">Daniel Maclise</a> in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a></figcaption></figure> Samhain marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvest</a> season and beginning of winter or the 'darker half' of the year.<a href="#cite_note-monaghan407-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> It was seen as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/liminal" class="extiw" title="wikt:liminal">liminal</a> time, when the boundary between this world and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Otherworld</a> thinned. This meant the <a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a>, the 'spirits' or '<a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairies</a>', could more easily come into this world and were particularly active.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Most scholars see them as "degraded versions of ancient gods [...] whose power remained active in the people's minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> They were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> when approaching their dwellings.<a href="#cite_note-Monaghan2009-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> At Samhain, the Aos Sí were <a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">appeased</a> to ensure the people and livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left outside for them.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes seeking <a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">hospitality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Places were set at the dinner table and by the fire to welcome them.<a href="#cite_note-mcneill1-125">[125]</a> The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night of the year and must be appeased seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures.<a href="#cite_note-miles-68">[68]</a> In 19th century Ireland, "candles would be lit and <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayers</a> formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Throughout Ireland and Britain, especially in the Celtic-speaking regions, the household festivities included <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> rituals and games intended to foretell one's future, especially regarding death and marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton,_p.380-127">[127]</a> Apples and nuts were often used, and customs included <a href="/wiki/Apple_bobbing" title="Apple bobbing">apple bobbing</a>, nut roasting, <a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">scrying</a> or mirror-gazing, <a href="/wiki/Molybdomancy" title="Molybdomancy">pouring molten lead</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oomancy" title="Oomancy">egg whites</a> into water, <a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">dream interpretation</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Special <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke, and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers.<a href="#cite_note-monaghan407-114">[114]</a> In some places, torches lit from the bonfire were carried <a href="/wiki/Sunwise" title="Sunwise">sunwise</a> around homes and fields to protect them.<a href="#cite_note-hutton365-369-112">[112]</a> It is suggested the fires were a kind of <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">imitative or sympathetic magic</a> – they mimicked the Sun and held back the decay and darkness of winter.<a href="#cite_note-mcneill1-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-frazer63-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-macculloch-130">[130]</a> They were also used for divination and to ward off evil spirits.<a href="#cite_note-CarterPetro1998-76">[76]</a> In Scotland, these bonfires and divination games were banned by the church elders in some parishes.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In Wales, bonfires were also lit to "prevent the souls of the dead from falling to earth".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Later, these bonfires "kept away the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">devil</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Rosinsky2002-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg/170px-Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1287"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg/170px-Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg" data-alt="A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg/255px-Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg/340px-Traditional_Irish_halloween_Jack-o%27-lantern.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip (swede, <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">rutabaga</a>) lantern on display in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Country_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Country Life">Museum of Country Life</a>, Ireland<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> From at least the 16th century,<a href="#cite_note-mcneill2-135">[135]</a> the festival included <a href="/wiki/Mummers_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Mummers Play">mumming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guising" class="mw-redirect" title="Guising">guising</a> in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf, similar to '<a href="/wiki/Soul_cake" title="Soul cake">souling</a>'. Impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a <a href="/wiki/Hobby_horse" title="Hobby horse">hobby horse</a>. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (<a href="/wiki/White_horse_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="White horse (mythology)">white mare</a>) led youths house-to-house reciting verses – some of which had pagan overtones – in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the 'Muck Olla'; not doing so would bring misfortune.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/F._Marian_McNeill" title="F. Marian McNeill">F. Marian McNeill</a> suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked or blackened with ashes from the sacred bonfire.<a href="#cite_note-mcneill2-135">[135]</a> In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> Elsewhere in Europe, mumming was part of other festivals, but in the Celtic-speaking regions, it was "particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers".<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> From at least the 18th century, "imitating malignant spirits" led to playing pranks in Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a>. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween did not spread to England until the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> Pranksters used hollowed-out <a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">turnips</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mangelwurzel" title="Mangelwurzel">mangel wurzels</a> as lanterns, often carved with grotesque faces.<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits,<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">used to ward off</a> evil spirits.<a href="#cite_note-palmer87-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Punkie_Night" title="Punkie Night">Punkie Night</a>). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of Britain and became generally known as <a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">jack-o'-lanterns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hutton379-383-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_to_North_America">Spread to North America</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian,_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian%2C_1916.jpg/170px-Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian%2C_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="2862"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian%2C_1916.jpg/170px-Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian%2C_1916.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian%2C_1916.jpg/255px-Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian%2C_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian%2C_1916.jpg/340px-Halloween_Days_-_The_Sunday_Oregonian%2C_1916.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Halloween Days", article from American newspaper, <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Oregonian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday Oregonian">The Sunday Oregonian</a>, 1916</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Bannatyne" title="Lesley Bannatyne">Lesley Bannatyne</a> and Cindy Ott write that <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> colonists in the southern United States and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> colonists in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> "recognized All Hallows' Eve in their church calendars",<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> although the Puritans of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> strongly opposed the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">Almanacs</a> of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_nw-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg/220px-Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4270" data-file-height="3202"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg/220px-Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg/330px-Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg/440px-Weatherly_PA_Halloween_house.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Decorated house in <a href="/wiki/Weatherly,_Pennsylvania" title="Weatherly, Pennsylvania">Weatherly, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> It was not until after mass <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish immigration</a> in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in America.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_nw-26">[26]</a> Most American Halloween traditions were inherited from the Irish and Scots,<a href="#cite_note-Brunvand,_Jan_2006._p.749-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> though "In <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajun</a> areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside".<a href="#cite_note-Morton2003-145">[145]</a> Originally confined to these immigrant communities, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and was celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial, and religious backgrounds by the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_nationwide-146">[146]</a> Then, through <a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">American influence</a>, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century, including to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">mainland</a> Europe and some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colavito,_Jason_2007._pp.151-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-rogers_m-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG/220px-Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG/220px-Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG/330px-Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG/440px-Halloween_Witch_2011.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>At Halloween, yards, public spaces, and some houses may be decorated with traditionally macabre symbols including <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider_web" title="Spider web">cobwebs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">headstones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a>.</figcaption></figure> Development of <a href="/wiki/Artefact_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artefact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> associated with Halloween formed over time. <a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">Jack-o'-lanterns</a> are traditionally carried by <a href="/wiki/Guising" class="mw-redirect" title="Guising">guisers</a> on All Hallows' Eve in order to frighten <a href="/wiki/Unclean_spirit" title="Unclean spirit">evil spirits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rogers57-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> There is a popular <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Irish Christian</a> folktale associated with the jack-o'-lantern,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> which in <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> is said to represent a "<a href="/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible" title="Soul in the Bible">soul</a> who has been denied entry into both <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">hell</a>":<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">On route home after a night's drinking, Jack encounters the <a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a> and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> can never claim his soul. After a life of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">drink</a>, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></blockquote> In Ireland, Scotland, and Northern England the <a href="/wiki/Neep" class="mw-redirect" title="Neep">turnip</a> has traditionally been carved during Halloween,<a href="#cite_note-lant-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-frle-153">[153]</a> but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger, making it easier to carve than a turnip.<a href="#cite_note-lant-152">[152]</a> The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG/220px-J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="3928"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG/220px-J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG/330px-J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG/440px-J._M._Wright_-_Edward_Scriven_-_Robert_Burns_-_Halloween.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Halloween_(poem)" title="Halloween (poem)">Halloween</a>" (1785) by Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>, recounts various legends of the holiday.</figcaption></figure> The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>, national customs, works of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a> literature (such as the novels <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a>) and classic horror films such as <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1931) and <a href="/wiki/The_Mummy_(1932_film)" title="The Mummy (1932 film)">The Mummy</a> (1932).<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-rogers_h-157">[157]</a> Imagery of the <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(Spanish_cemetery)" title="Skull and crossbones (Spanish cemetery)">skull</a>, a reference to <a href="/wiki/Golgotha" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgotha">Golgotha</a> in the Christian tradition, serves as "a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life" and is consequently found in <a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">memento mori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanitas" title="Vanitas">vanitas</a> compositions;<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Traditionally, the back walls of churches are "decorated with a depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils", a motif that has permeated the observance of this <a href="/wiki/Allhallowtide" title="Allhallowtide">triduum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet <a href="/wiki/John_Mayne" title="John Mayne">John Mayne</a>, who, in 1780, made note of <a href="/wiki/Prank" class="mw-redirect" title="Prank">pranks</a> at Halloween—"What fearfu' pranks ensue!", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, "bogles" (ghosts)<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a>—influencing <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Halloween_(poem)" title="Halloween (poem)">Halloween</a>" (1785).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Elements of the <a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">autumn season</a>, such as pumpkins, corn <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow" title="Scarecrow">scarecrows</a>, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, and mythical <a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monsters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cats</a>, which have been long associated with witches, are also a common symbol of Halloween. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween's traditional colors.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Trick-or-treating_and_guising">Trick-or-treating and guising</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trick-or-treating" title="Trick-or-treating">Trick-or-treating</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg/170px-Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg/170px-Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg/255px-Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg/340px-Trick_or_treat_in_sweden.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Trick-or-treaters in Sweden</figcaption></figure> Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">candy</a> or sometimes money, with the question, "Trick or treat?" The word "trick" implies a "threat" to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-66">[66]</a> The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of <a href="/wiki/Mumming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumming">mumming</a>, which is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Souling" class="mw-redirect" title="Souling">souling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> John Pymm wrote that "many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church."<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast days</a> included All Hallows' Eve, Christmas, <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Mumming practiced in Germany, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> involved masked persons in <a href="/wiki/Costume_party" title="Costume party">fancy dress</a> who "paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence".<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waterdown_Public_School,_Ontario,_1928_halloween_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Waterdown_Public_School%2C_Ontario%2C_1928_halloween_costume.jpg/180px-Waterdown_Public_School%2C_Ontario%2C_1928_halloween_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="286" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="893"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 286px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Waterdown_Public_School%2C_Ontario%2C_1928_halloween_costume.jpg/180px-Waterdown_Public_School%2C_Ontario%2C_1928_halloween_costume.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="286" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Waterdown_Public_School%2C_Ontario%2C_1928_halloween_costume.jpg/270px-Waterdown_Public_School%2C_Ontario%2C_1928_halloween_costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Waterdown_Public_School%2C_Ontario%2C_1928_halloween_costume.jpg/360px-Waterdown_Public_School%2C_Ontario%2C_1928_halloween_costume.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Girl in a Halloween costume in 1928, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, the same province where the Scottish Halloween custom of <a href="/wiki/Guising" class="mw-redirect" title="Guising">guising</a> was first recorded in North America</figcaption></figure> In England, from the medieval period,<a href="#cite_note-Carmichael2012-171">[171]</a> up until the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-Hood2014-172">[172]</a> people practiced the Christian custom of souling on Halloween, which involved groups of soulers, both Protestant and Catholic,<a href="#cite_note-Mosteller-95">[95]</a> going from <a href="/wiki/Parish_(Church_of_England)" title="Parish (Church of England)">parish</a> to parish, begging the rich for soul cakes, in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">praying</a> for the souls of the givers and their friends.<a href="#cite_note-Dodge-69">[69]</a> In the Philippines, the practice of souling is called <a href="/wiki/Pangangaluluwa" title="Pangangaluluwa">Pangangaluluwa</a> and is practiced on All Hallows' Eve among children in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-Fieldhouse2017p256-29">[29]</a> People drape themselves in white cloths to represent souls and then visit houses, where they sing in return for prayers and sweets.<a href="#cite_note-Fieldhouse2017p256-29">[29]</a> In Scotland and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Guising" class="mw-redirect" title="Guising">guising</a>—children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins—is a secular Halloween custom.<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times-173">[173]</a> It is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit, and money.<a href="#cite_note-frle-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Definition-174">[174]</a> In Ireland, the most popular phrase for kids to shout (until the 2000s) was "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/help_the_Halloween_party" class="extiw" title="wikt:help the Halloween party">Help the Halloween Party</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times-173">[173]</a> Author Nicholas Rogers cites an early example of guising in North America in 1911, where a newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>, Canada, reported children going "guising" around the neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> American historian and author <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Edna_Kelley" title="Ruth Edna Kelley">Ruth Edna Kelley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> wrote the first book-length history of Halloween in the US: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Hallowe%27en" class="extiw" title="s:The Book of Hallowe'en">The Book of Hallowe'en</a> (1919), and references souling in the chapter "Hallowe'en in America".<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; "Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> While the first reference to "guising" in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The earliest known use in print of the term "trick or treat" appears in 1927, in the Blackie Herald, of <a href="/wiki/Blackie,_Alberta" title="Blackie, Alberta">Alberta</a>, Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Canada_1927-179">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg/220px-Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg/220px-Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg/330px-Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg/440px-Halloween_Trunk-or-Treat.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">automobile trunk</a> at a trunk-or-treat event at St. John Lutheran Church and Early Learning Center in <a href="/wiki/Darien,_Illinois" title="Darien, Illinois">Darien, Illinois</a></figcaption></figure> The thousands of <a href="/wiki/Halloween_card" title="Halloween card">Halloween postcards</a> produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice in North America until the 1930s, with the first US appearances of the term in 1934,<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> A popular variant of trick-or-treating, known as trunk-or-treating (or Halloween tailgating), occurs when "children are offered treats from the trunks of cars parked in a church parking lot", or sometimes, a school parking lot.<a href="#cite_note-The_Halloween_Encyclopedia_page_9-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> In a trunk-or-treat event, the <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (automobile)">trunk</a> (boot) of each automobile is decorated with a certain theme,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> such as those of children's literature, movies, <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">scripture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Job_(role)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (role)">job roles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity due to its perception as being more safe than going door to door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it "solves the rural conundrum in which homes [are] built a half-mile apart".<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Costumes">Costumes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Halloween_costume" title="Halloween costume">Halloween costume</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_Shop,_Derry,_September_2010_(02).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Halloween_Shop%2C_Derry%2C_September_2010_%2802%29.JPG/170px-Halloween_Shop%2C_Derry%2C_September_2010_%2802%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Halloween_Shop%2C_Derry%2C_September_2010_%2802%29.JPG/170px-Halloween_Shop%2C_Derry%2C_September_2010_%2802%29.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Halloween_Shop%2C_Derry%2C_September_2010_%2802%29.JPG/255px-Halloween_Shop%2C_Derry%2C_September_2010_%2802%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Halloween_Shop%2C_Derry%2C_September_2010_%2802%29.JPG/340px-Halloween_Shop%2C_Derry%2C_September_2010_%2802%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Halloween shop in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, Northern Ireland, selling masks</figcaption></figure> Halloween costumes were traditionally modeled after figures such as <a href="/wiki/Vampires" class="mw-redirect" title="Vampires">vampires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghosts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosts">ghosts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeletons" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletons">skeletons</a>, scary looking <a href="/wiki/Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="Witches">witches</a>, and devils.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-66">[66]</a> Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic <a href="/wiki/Archetypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Archetypes">archetypes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">ninjas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess" title="Princess">princesses</a>. Dressing up in costumes and going "<a href="/wiki/Guising" class="mw-redirect" title="Guising">guising</a>" was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween by the late 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-frle-153">[153]</a> A Scottish term, the tradition is called "guising" because of the disguises or costumes worn by the children.<a href="#cite_note-Definition-174">[174]</a> In Ireland and Scotland, the masks are known as 'false faces',<a href="#cite_note-DSL-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> a term recorded in Ayr, Scotland in 1890 by a Scot describing guisers: "I had mind it was Halloween ... the wee callans (boys) were at it already, rinning aboot wi' their fause-faces (false faces) on and their bits o' turnip lanthrons (lanterns) in their haun (hand)".<a href="#cite_note-DSL-41">[41]</a> Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children, and when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in Canada and the US in the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Canada_1927-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Hallowed is Thy Name, offers a religious perspective to the wearing of costumes on All Hallows' Eve, suggesting that by dressing up as creatures "who at one time caused us to fear and tremble", people are able to poke fun at <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> "whose kingdom has been plundered by our Saviour". Images of skeletons and the dead are traditional decorations used as <a href="/wiki/Memento_mori" title="Memento mori">memento mori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_(6451249051).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg/260px-Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg/260px-Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg/390px-Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg/520px-Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The annual <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_Village_Halloween_Parade" title="New York's Village Halloween Parade">Halloween Parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, is the world's largest Halloween parade, with millions of spectators annually.</figcaption></figure> "<a href="/wiki/Trick-or-Treat_for_UNICEF" title="Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF">Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF</a>" is a fundraising program to support <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-66">[66]</a> a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Philadelphia" title="Northeast Philadelphia">Northeast Philadelphia</a> neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Cards" title="Hallmark Cards">Hallmark</a>, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.<a href="#cite_note-ctv-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-ca_un-193">[193]</a> The yearly <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_Village_Halloween_Parade" title="New York's Village Halloween Parade">New York's Village Halloween Parade</a> was begun in 1974; it is the world's largest Halloween parade and America's only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, two million spectators, and a worldwide television audience.<a href="#cite_note-NYCHalloweenParade-194">[194]</a> Since the late 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic stereotypes</a> as costumes have increasingly come under scrutiny in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pet_costumes">Pet costumes</h3></div> According to a 2018 report from the <a href="/wiki/National_Retail_Federation" title="National Retail Federation">National Retail Federation</a>, 30 million Americans will spend an estimated $480 million on Halloween costumes for their pets in 2018. This is up from an estimated $200 million in 2010. The most popular costumes for pets are the pumpkin, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Hot_dog" title="Hot dog">hot dog</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebee</a> in third place.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Games_and_other_activities">Games and other activities</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg/170px-Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 276px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg/170px-Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="276" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg/255px-Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Halloween-card-mirror-2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>In this 1904 Halloween greeting card, <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> is depicted: the young woman, looking into a mirror in a darkened room, hopes to catch a glimpse of her future husband.</figcaption></figure> There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween. Some of these games originated as <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> rituals or ways of foretelling one's future, especially regarding death, marriage and children. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, these rituals were done by a "rare few" in rural communities as they were considered to be "deadly serious" practices.<a href="#cite_note-DiehlDonnelly2011-199">[199]</a> In recent centuries, these divination games have been "a common feature of the household festivities" in Ireland and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Hutton,_p.380-127">[127]</a> They often involve apples and hazelnuts. In <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_(symbolism)" title="Apple (symbolism)">apples</a> were strongly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Otherworld" title="Celtic Otherworld">Otherworld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Hazel#Mythology_and_folklore" title="Hazel">hazelnuts</a> were associated with divine wisdom.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Some also suggest that they derive from Roman practices in celebration of <a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hallowe%27en_at_Merryvale_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hallowe%27en_at_Merryvale_3.jpg/170px-Hallowe%27en_at_Merryvale_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hallowe%27en_at_Merryvale_3.jpg/170px-Hallowe%27en_at_Merryvale_3.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hallowe%27en_at_Merryvale_3.jpg/255px-Hallowe%27en_at_Merryvale_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Hallowe%27en_at_Merryvale_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Children <a href="/wiki/Apple_bobbing" title="Apple bobbing">bobbing</a> for apples at Hallowe'en</figcaption></figure> The following activities were a common feature of Halloween in Ireland and Britain during the 17th–20th centuries. Some have become more widespread and continue to be popular today. One common game is <a href="/wiki/Apple_bobbing" title="Apple bobbing">apple bobbing</a> or dunking (which may be called "dooking" in Scotland)<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use only their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. Variants of dunking involve kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple, or embedding a coin in the apple which participants had to remove with their teeth. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated <a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">scones</a> by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a sticky face. A similar game involved hanging an apple from a string with a coin embedded; the coin had to be removed without using hands. Another once-popular game involves hanging a small wooden rod from the ceiling at head height, with a lit candle on one end and an apple hanging from the other. The rod is spun round, and everyone takes turns to try to catch the apple with their teeth.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg/220px-Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg/220px-Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg/330px-Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg/440px-Book_of_Hallowe%27en.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Image from the Book of Hallowe'en (1919) showing several Halloween activities, such as nut roasting</figcaption></figure> Several of the traditional activities from Ireland and Britain involve foretelling one's future partner or spouse. An apple would be peeled in one long strip, then the peel tossed over the shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-McNeill-204">[204]</a> Two hazelnuts would be roasted near a fire; one named for the person roasting them and the other for the person they desire. If the nuts jump away from the heat, it is a bad sign, but if the nuts roast quietly it foretells a good match.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> A salty oatmeal <a href="/wiki/Bannock_(British_food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannock (British food)">bannock</a> would be baked; the person would eat it in three bites and then go to bed in silence without anything to drink. This is said to result in a dream in which their future spouse offers them a drink to quench their thirst.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and <a href="/wiki/Scrying" title="Scrying">gazed into a mirror</a> on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror.<a href="#cite_note-hollister-208">[208]</a> The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> from the late 19th century and early 20th century. Another popular Irish game was known as púicíní ("<a href="/wiki/Blindfold" title="Blindfold">blindfolds</a>"); a person would be blindfolded and then would choose between several <a href="/wiki/Saucer" title="Saucer">saucers</a>. The item in the saucer would provide a hint as to their future: a <a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">ring</a> would mean that they would marry soon; <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, that they would die soon, perhaps within the year; water, that they would <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">emigrate</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rosary_beads" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosary beads">rosary beads</a>, that they would take <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> (become a nun, priest, monk, etc.); a <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coin</a>, that they would become rich; a <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">bean</a>, that they would be poor.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The game features prominently in the <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> short story "<a href="/wiki/Clay_(short_story)" title="Clay (short story)">Clay</a>" (1914).<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg/220px-Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg/220px-Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg/330px-Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg/440px-Commercial_Barmbrack.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a> (showing ring found inside) at Halloween in 2020</figcaption></figure> In Ireland and Scotland, items would be hidden in food – usually a cake, <a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">barmbrack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranachan" title="Cranachan">cranachan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">champ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">colcannon</a> – and portions of it served out at random. A person's future would be foretold by the item they happened to find; for example, a ring meant marriage and a coin meant wealth.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Up until the 19th century, the Halloween bonfires were also used for divination in parts of Scotland, Wales and Brittany. When the fire died down, a ring of stones would be laid in the ashes, one for each person. In the morning, if any stone was mislaid it was said that the person it represented would not live out the year.<a href="#cite_note-hutton365-369-112">[112]</a> In Mexico, children create altars to invite the spirits of deceased children to return (angelitos).<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Telling <a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">ghost stories</a>, listening to Halloween-themed songs and watching horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Halloween_television_specials" title="List of Halloween television specials">Halloween-themed specials</a> (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released before Halloween to take advantage of the holiday. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Haunted_attractions">Haunted attractions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haunted_attraction_(simulated)" title="Haunted attraction (simulated)">Haunted attraction (simulated)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ura_and_ima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ura_and_ima.jpg/220px-Ura_and_ima.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="945"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ura_and_ima.jpg/220px-Ura_and_ima.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ura_and_ima.jpg/330px-Ura_and_ima.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ura_and_ima.jpg/440px-Ura_and_ima.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Humorous <a href="/wiki/Headstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstone">tombstones</a> in front of a house in California</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv/220px--US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="59" data-mwtitle="US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"' data-width="720" data-height="406"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv/US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv/US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="638" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv/US_Utah_Ogden_25th_Street_Halloween_2019.ogv.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="638" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Humorous display window in <a href="/wiki/Historic_25th_Street" title="Historic 25th Street">Historic 25th Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogden,_Utah" title="Ogden, Utah">Ogden, Utah</a></figcaption></figure> Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses that may include <a href="/wiki/Haunted_attraction_(simulated)#Types_of_haunted_attractions" title="Haunted attraction (simulated)">haunted houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corn_maze" title="Corn maze">corn mazes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hayride" title="Hayride">hayrides</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hvmag-219">[219]</a> and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. The first recorded purpose-built haunted attraction was the Orton and Spooner Ghost House, which opened in 1915 in <a href="/wiki/Liphook" title="Liphook">Liphook</a>, England. This attraction actually most closely resembles a carnival fun house, powered by steam.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The House still exists, in the <a href="/wiki/Hollycombe_Steam_Collection" title="Hollycombe Steam Collection">Hollycombe Steam Collection</a>. It was during the 1930s, about the same time as <a href="/wiki/Trick-or-treating" title="Trick-or-treating">trick-or-treating</a>, that Halloween-themed haunted houses first began to appear in America. It was in the late 1950s that haunted houses as a major attraction began to appear, focusing first on California. Sponsored by the Children's Health Home Junior Auxiliary, the San Mateo Haunted House opened in 1957. The San Bernardino Assistance League Haunted House opened in 1958. Home haunts began appearing across the country during 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the San Manteo Haunted House opened, as well as the Children's Museum Haunted House in Indianapolis.<a href="#cite_note-LisaMorton-222">[222]</a> The haunted house as an American cultural icon can be attributed to the opening of <a href="/wiki/The_Haunted_Mansion" title="The Haunted Mansion">The Haunted Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> on 12 August 1969.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knott%27s_Berry_Farm" title="Knott's Berry Farm">Knott's Berry Farm</a> began hosting its own Halloween night attraction, <a href="/wiki/Knott%27s_Scary_Farm" title="Knott's Scary Farm">Knott's Scary Farm</a>, which opened in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Evangelical Christians adopted a form of these attractions by opening one of the first "hell houses" in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The first Halloween haunted house run by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by the Sycamore-Deer Park <a href="/wiki/United_States_Junior_Chamber" title="United States Junior Chamber">Jaycees</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Cincinnati" title="Clifton, Cincinnati">Clifton, Ohio</a>. It was cosponsored by <a href="/wiki/WSAI" title="WSAI">WSAI</a>, an AM radio station broadcasting out of <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Other Jaycees followed suit with their own versions after the success of the Ohio house. The <a href="/wiki/March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a> copyrighted a "Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes" in 1976 and began fundraising through their local chapters by conducting haunted houses soon after. Although they apparently quit supporting this type of event nationally sometime in the 1980s, some March of Dimes haunted houses have persisted until today.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> On the evening of 11 May 1984, in Jackson Township, New Jersey, the <a href="/wiki/Haunted_Castle_(Six_Flags_Great_Adventure)" title="Haunted Castle (Six Flags Great Adventure)">Haunted Castle</a> at Six Flags Great Adventure caught fire. As a result of the fire, eight teenagers perished.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> The backlash to the tragedy was a tightening of regulations relating to safety, building codes and the frequency of inspections of attractions nationwide. The smaller venues, especially the nonprofit attractions, were unable to compete financially, and the better funded commercial enterprises filled the vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Facilities that were once able to avoid regulation because they were considered to be temporary installations now had to adhere to the stricter codes required of permanent attractions.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, theme parks became a notable figure in the Halloween business. <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags_Fright_Fest" title="Six Flags Fright Fest">Six Flags Fright Fest</a> began in 1986 and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Florida" title="Universal Studios Florida">Universal Studios Florida</a> began <a href="/wiki/Halloween_Horror_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="Halloween Horror Nights">Halloween Horror Nights</a> in 1991. <a href="/wiki/Knott%27s_Scary_Farm" title="Knott's Scary Farm">Knott's Scary Farm</a> experienced a surge in attendance in the 1990s as a result of America's obsession with Halloween as a cultural event. Theme parks have played a major role in globalizing the holiday. <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Singapore" title="Universal Studios Singapore">Universal Studios Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan" title="Universal Studios Japan">Universal Studios Japan</a> both participate, while Disney now mounts <a href="/wiki/Mickey%27s_Not-So-Scary_Halloween_Party" title="Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party">Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party</a> events at its parks in Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo, as well as in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The theme park haunts are by far the largest, both in scale and attendance.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg/220px-HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg/220px-HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg/330px-HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg/440px-HalloweenPumpkin2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pumpkins for sale during Halloween</figcaption></figure> On All Hallows' Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage <a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">abstinence from meat</a>, giving rise to a variety of <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> foods associated with this day.<a href="#cite_note-mader-236">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg/140px-Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="3870"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg/140px-Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg/210px-Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg/280px-Tastee-Candy-Apple-Red-Caramel-wPeanuts.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">candy apple</a></figcaption></figure> Because in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, <a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">candy apples</a> (known as toffee apples outside North America), <a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">caramel apples</a> or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup or caramel, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts. At one time, candy apples were commonly given to trick-or-treating children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and <a href="/wiki/Poisoned_candy_myths" title="Poisoned candy myths">razor blades in the apples</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_r-237">[237]</a> While there is evidence of such incidents,<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> relative to the degree of reporting of such cases, actual cases involving malicious acts are extremely rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a <a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">barmbrack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin, and other charms are placed before baking.<a href="#cite_note-Barmbrack-240">[240]</a> It is considered fortunate to be the lucky one who finds it.<a href="#cite_note-Barmbrack-240">[240]</a> It has also been said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of <a href="/wiki/King_cake" title="King cake">king cake</a> at the festival of <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>. Halloween-themed foods are also produced by companies in the lead up to the night, for example <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> releasing Goo Heads (similar to <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Creme_Egg" title="Cadbury Creme Egg">Creme Eggs</a>) in spooky wrapping.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg/220px-Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="964"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg/220px-Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg/330px-Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg/440px-Halloween_cake_with_a_jack-o%27-lantern.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Halloween cake decorated with ghosts, spider webs, skulls and long bones, and spiders. The cake is topped with a <a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">jack-o'-lantern</a>.</figcaption></figure> Foods such as cakes will often be decorated with Halloween colors (typically black, orange, and purple) and motifs for parties and events. Popular themes include pumpkins, spiders, and body parts.<a href="#cite_note-Crocker_2012-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hood_2014_p._119-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCrum_2015-244">[244]</a> List of foods associated with Halloween: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonfire_toffee" title="Bonfire toffee">Bonfire toffee</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">Candy apples</a>/<a href="/wiki/Toffee_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Toffee apple">toffee apples</a> (Great Britain and Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_apple" title="Candy apple">Candy apples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy_corn" title="Candy corn">candy corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candy_pumpkin" title="Candy pumpkin">candy pumpkins</a> (North America)</li> <li>Monkey nuts (<a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">peanuts</a> in their shells) (Ireland and Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramel_apple" title="Caramel apple">Caramel apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramel_corn" title="Caramel corn">Caramel corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a> (Ireland; see <a href="#Christian_observances">below</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">Sweets</a>/<a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">candy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>, often with novelty shapes like skulls, <a href="/wiki/Candy_pumpkin" title="Candy pumpkin">pumpkins</a>, bats, etc.</li> <li>Roasted <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed" title="Pumpkin seed">pumpkin seeds</a></li> <li>Roasted <a href="/wiki/Sweet_corn" title="Sweet corn">sweet corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_cake" title="Soul cake">Soul cakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Christian_observances">Christian observances</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vigil_of_All_Hallows,_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_(2010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vigil_of_All_Hallows%2C_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%282010%29.jpg/220px-Vigil_of_All_Hallows%2C_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%282010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="479"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vigil_of_All_Hallows%2C_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%282010%29.jpg/220px-Vigil_of_All_Hallows%2C_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%282010%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vigil_of_All_Hallows%2C_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%282010%29.jpg/330px-Vigil_of_All_Hallows%2C_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%282010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Vigil_of_All_Hallows%2C_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%282010%29.jpg/440px-Vigil_of_All_Hallows%2C_St._George%27s_Episcopal_Church_%282010%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Vigil of All Hallows is being celebrated at an <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Episcopal</a> Christian church on Hallowe'en.</figcaption></figure> On Hallowe'en (All Hallows' Eve), in Poland, believers were once taught to <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">pray</a> out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests in tiny villages toll their <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows' Eve.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Catholic Church">abstinence</a>, keeping All Hallows' Eve as a <a href="/wiki/Meat-free_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat-free day">meat-free day</a> and serving pancakes or <a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">colcannon</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> traditionally observed Hallowe'en through a <a href="/wiki/Vigil" title="Vigil">vigil</a>. Worshippers prepared themselves for feasting on the following <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> with prayers and fasting.<a href="#cite_note-BBC3-247">[247]</a> This <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church service</a> is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;<a href="#cite_note-Harvey-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNA-249">[249]</a> an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> After the service, "suitable festivities and entertainments" often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Hallows' Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Armentrout-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Infeld-253">[253]</a> In England, Light Parties are organized by churches after worship services on Halloween with the focus on Jesus as the <a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows' Eve to light <a href="/wiki/Votive_candle" title="Votive candle">votive candles</a> there, they "are known as valomeri, or seas of light".<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg/220px-Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="615"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg/220px-Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg/330px-Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg/440px-Halloween_Scripture_Candy.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Halloween Scripture Candy with <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">gospel tract</a></figcaption></figure> Today, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallows' Eve.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-newadvent.org-257">[257]</a> Some of these <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">practices</a> include <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">praying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> and attending <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">worship services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fasting-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Service-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prayer-5">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">O LORD our God, increase, we pray thee, and multiply upon us the gifts of thy grace: that we, who do prevent the glorious festival of all thy Saints, may of thee be enabled joyfully to follow them in all virtuous and godly living. Through Jesus Christ, Our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without end. Amen. —<a href="/wiki/Collect" title="Collect">Collect</a> of the Vigil of All Saints, <a href="/wiki/The_Anglican_Breviary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anglican Breviary">The Anglican Breviary</a><a href="#cite_note-Church1955-258">[258]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg/170px-Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg/170px-Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg/255px-Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg/340px-Votive_Candles_in_the_Halloween_section_of_Walmart.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Votive candles in the Halloween section of <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a></figcaption></figure> Other <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christians</a> also celebrate All Hallows' Eve as <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Day" title="Reformation Day">Reformation Day</a>, a day to remember the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, alongside All Hallows' Eve or independently from it.<a href="#cite_note-RefDay-259">[259]</a> This is because <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> is said to have nailed his <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> to <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Wittenberg" title="All Saints' Church, Wittenberg">All Saints' Church in Wittenberg</a> on All Hallows' Eve.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Often, "Harvest Festivals" or "Reformation Festivals" are held on All Hallows' Eve, in which children dress up as <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_biblical_figures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minor biblical figures">Bible characters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformers" title="Protestant Reformers">Reformers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reformers-261">[261]</a> In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe'en, many Christians also provide <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">gospel tracts</a> to them. One organization, the <a href="/wiki/American_Tract_Society" title="American Tract Society">American Tract Society</a>, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe'en celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day.<a href="#cite_note-Woods2013-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halloween_Costumes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halloween_Costumes.jpg/170px-Halloween_Costumes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halloween_Costumes.jpg/170px-Halloween_Costumes.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Halloween_Costumes.jpg/255px-Halloween_Costumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Halloween_Costumes.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belizean</a> children dressed up as Biblical figures and Christian saints</figcaption></figure> Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-russo-265">[265]</a> Father <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Amorth" title="Gabriele Amorth">Gabriele Amorth</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Exorcist" title="Exorcist">exorcist</a> in Rome, has said, "if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that."<a href="#cite_note-Brandreth-266">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston">Catholic Archdiocese of Boston</a> has organized a "Saint Fest" on Halloween.<a href="#cite_note-www.rcab.org-267">[267]</a> Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage.<a href="#cite_note-CelticChristians-268">[268]</a> Christian minister Sam Portaro wrote that Halloween is about using "humor and ridicule to confront the power of death".<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, Halloween's Christian connection is acknowledged, and Halloween celebrations are common in many <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic parochial schools</a>, such as in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> while schools throughout Ireland also close for the Halloween break.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> A few <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> churches use "<a href="/wiki/Hell_house" title="Hell house">Hell houses</a>" and comic-style <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tracts</a> in order to make use of Halloween's popularity as an opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Dead" title="Festival of the Dead">Festival of the Dead</a> celebration.<a href="#cite_note-www.thercg.org-275">[275]</a> Indeed, even though <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> Christians observe All Hallows' Day on the First Sunday after <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>, the Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a> on the Western observance of All Hallows' Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Analogous_celebrations_and_perspectives">Analogous celebrations and perspectives</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_J._Kolatch" title="Alfred J. Kolatch">Alfred J. Kolatch</a> in the Second Jewish Book of Why, in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, Halloween is not permitted by Jewish <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a> because it violates <a href="/wiki/Leviticus_18" title="Leviticus 18">Leviticus 18</a>:3, which forbids Jews from partaking in Gentile customs. Many Jews observe <a href="/wiki/Yizkor" title="Yizkor">Yizkor</a> communally four times a year, which is vaguely similar to the observance of <a href="/wiki/Allhallowtide" title="Allhallowtide">Allhallowtide</a> in Christianity, in the sense that prayers are said for both "martyrs and for one's own family".<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> Nevertheless, many American Jews celebrate Halloween, disconnected from its Christian origins.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> Jeffrey Goldwasser has said that "There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween" while <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews' observing the holiday.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a> has sometimes been compared to Halloween, in part due to some observants wearing costumes, especially of Biblical figures described in the Purim narrative.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam, has ruled that <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> should not participate in Halloween, stating that "participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter, ... it is more sinful than congratulating the Christians for their prostration to the crucifix".<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> It has also been ruled to be <a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Islamic_Development_Malaysia" title="Department of Islamic Development Malaysia">National Fatwa Council of Malaysia</a> because of its alleged pagan roots stating "Halloween is celebrated using a humorous theme mixed with horror to entertain and resist the spirit of death that influence humans".<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ifta_al-Misriyyah" title="Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah">Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah</a> disagrees provided the celebration is not referred to as an 'eid' and that behaviour remains in line with Islamic principles.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> remember the dead during the festival of <a href="/wiki/Pitru_Paksha" title="Pitru Paksha">Pitru Paksha</a>, during which Hindus pay homage to and perform a ceremony "to keep the souls of their ancestors at rest". It is celebrated in the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Bhadra_(Hindu_calendar)" title="Bhadra (Hindu calendar)">Bhadrapada</a>, usually in mid-September.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> The celebration of the Hindu festival <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a> sometimes conflicts with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular customs of Halloween.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> Other Hindus, such as Soumya Dasgupta, have opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween have "begun to adversely affect our indigenous festivals".<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</h3></div> There is no consistent rule or view on Halloween amongst those who describe themselves as <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wiccans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiccans">Wiccans</a>. Some Neopagans do not observe Halloween, but instead observe <a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> on 1 November,<a href="#cite_note-George-288">[288]</a> some neopagans do enjoy Halloween festivities, stating that one can observe both "the solemnity of Samhain in addition to the fun of Halloween". Some neopagans are opposed to the celebration of Hallowe'en, stating that it "trivializes Samhain",<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> and "avoid Halloween, because of the interruptions from trick or treaters".<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Manitoban" title="The Manitoban">The Manitoban</a> writes that "Wiccans don't officially celebrate Halloween, despite the fact that 31 Oct. will still have a star beside it in any good Wiccan's day planner. Starting at sundown, Wiccans celebrate a holiday known as Samhain. Samhain actually comes from old Celtic traditions and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca. While the traditions of this holiday originate in Celtic countries, modern day Wiccans don't try to historically replicate Samhain celebrations. Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practised, but at its core, the period is treated as a time to celebrate darkness and the dead – a possible reason why Samhain can be confused with Halloween celebrations."<a href="#cite_note-George-288">[288]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Halloween" title="Geography of Halloween">Geography of Halloween</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg/170px-Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg/170px-Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg/255px-Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg/340px-Kobe_Mosaic15s3072.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Halloween display in <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going "guising", holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> In Brittany children would play practical jokes by setting candles inside skulls in graveyards to frighten visitors.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations.<a href="#cite_note-Irish_Times-173">[173]</a> This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Chile,<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Australia,<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> New Zealand,<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> (most) <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>, Finland,<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> Japan, and other parts of East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-rogers_m-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Retail_Federation" title="National Retail Federation">National Retail Federation</a>, Americans are expected to spend $12.2 billion on Halloween in 2023, up from $10.6 billion in 2022. Of this amount, $3.9 billion is projected to be spent on home decorations, up from $2.7 billion in 2019. The popularity of Halloween decorations has been growing in recent years, with retailers offering a wider range of increasingly elaborate and oversized decorations.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campfire_story" title="Campfire story">Campfire story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischief_Night" title="Mischief Night">Mischief Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dziady" title="Dziady">Dziady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_festivals" title="English festivals">English festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekri_(harvest_festival)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kekri (harvest festival)">Kekri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fiction_works_about_Halloween" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fiction works about Halloween">List of fiction works about Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_around_Halloween" title="List of films set around Halloween">List of films set around Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halloween_television_specials" title="List of Halloween television specials">List of Halloween television specials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinisingen" title="Martinisingen">Martinisingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_Chaturdashi" title="Naraka Chaturdashi">Naraka Chaturdashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neewollah" title="Neewollah">Neewollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skelly_(Halloween_decoration)" title="Skelly (Halloween decoration)">Skelly (Halloween decoration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Eve" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Eve">St. John's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fasting-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fasting_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasting_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasting_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103105817/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. <q>It is widely believed that many Hallowe'en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church.... All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English 'hallowed' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe'en. ...However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+All+Hallows%27+Eve&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation+%28BBC%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fholydays%2Fhalloween_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worcester2020-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Worcester2020_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cofe-worcester.org.uk/halloween">"Halloween"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Worcester" title="Anglican Diocese of Worcester">Anglican Diocese of Worcester</a>. 20 October 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2023. <q>the word Halloween means 'holy evening' and comes from All Hallow's Eve? Traditionally it is the fast day before the feast days of All Saints (1 Nov) and All Souls (2 Nov) which are opportunities to celebrate the saints and remember those who have departed this life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halloween&rft.pub=Anglican+Diocese+of+Worcester&rft.date=2020-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cofe-worcester.org.uk%2Fhalloween&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Surrey2014-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Surrey2014_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Surrey2014_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2014" class="citation news cs1">Hughes, Rebekkah (29 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119032631/http://www.ussu.co.uk/stagmedia/Documents/Issues/The%20Stag%20-%20Issue%2076%20(Small%20File%20Size).pdf">"Happy Hallowe'en Surrey!"</a> (PDF). The Stag. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ussu.co.uk/stagmedia/Documents/Issues/The%20Stag%20-%20Issue%2076%20(Small%20File%20Size).pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. <q>Halloween or Hallowe'en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stag&rft.atitle=Happy+Hallowe%27en+Surrey%21&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Rebekkah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ussu.co.uk%2Fstagmedia%2FDocuments%2FIssues%2FThe%2520Stag%2520-%2520Issue%252076%2520%28Small%2520File%2520Size%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Service-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Service_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Service_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Service for All Hallows' Eve". The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3FZGE2CAdfUC&pg=PA108">108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-409-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-409-3"><bdi>978-0-89869-409-3</bdi></a>. <q>This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows' Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Service+for+All+Hallows%27+Eve&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Occasional+Services+2003&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-409-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prayer-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prayer_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prayer_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_E._Kitch2004" class="citation book cs1">Anne E. Kitch (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idekF-9uIAIC&q=prayer+for+all+hallows+eve+Anglican&pg=PA148">The Anglican Family Prayer Book</a>. Church Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8192-2565-8"><bdi>978-0-8192-2565-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170125175435/https://books.google.com/books?id=idekF-9uIAIC&pg=PA148&dq=prayer+for+all+hallows+eve+Anglican">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. <q>All Hallow's Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints' Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Family+Prayer+Book&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8192-2565-8&rft.au=Anne+E.+Kitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DidekF-9uIAIC%26q%3Dprayer%2Bfor%2Ball%2Bhallows%2Beve%2BAnglican%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vigil-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Vigil_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=34_o1HJOrzoC&pg=PA251">The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4414-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4414-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-4414-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031175805/https://books.google.com/books?id=34_o1HJOrzoC&pg=PA251">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. <q>Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints' Day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paulist+Liturgy+Planning+Guide&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4414-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D34_o1HJOrzoC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay2023" class="citation web cs1">Lindsay, Sandy (30 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saugeentimes.com/halloween-is-a-spooktacular-event-for-the-goodfellows/">"Hallowe'en is a spooktacular event for the Goodfellows"</a>. Saugeen Times. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saugeen+Times&rft.atitle=Hallowe%27en+is+a+spooktacular+event+for+the+Goodfellows&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsaugeentimes.com%2Fhalloween-is-a-spooktacular-event-for-the-goodfellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax2023" class="citation web cs1">Max, Christina (26 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wetaskiwintimes.com/news/local-news/local-haunted-houses-to-explore-this-halloween">"Local haunted houses to explore this Hallowe'en"</a>. The Wetaskiwin Times. Retrieved 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wetaskiwin+Times&rft.atitle=Local+haunted+houses+to+explore+this+Hallowe%27en&rft.date=2023-10-26&rft.aulast=Max&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wetaskiwintimes.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Flocal-haunted-houses-to-explore-this-halloween&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer1882-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer1882_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1882" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Abram Smythe (1882). Folk-etymology. Johnson Reprint. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk-etymology&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Johnson+Reprint&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Abram+Smythe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elwell2001-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Elwell2001_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. <a href="/wiki/Baker_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker Academic">Baker Academic</a>. p. 533. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2075-9"><bdi>978-0-8010-2075-9</bdi></a>. <q>Halloween (All Hallows Eve). The name given to October 31, the eve of the Christian festival of All Saints Day (November 1).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pages=533&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2075-9&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"NEDCO Producers' Guide". 31–33. Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation. 1973. <q>Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints' Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints' Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=NEDCO+Producers%27+Guide&rft.volume=31%E2%80%9333&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071731/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/little-moreton-hall/things-to-see-and-do/view-page/item994753/">"Tudor Hallowtide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty</a>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/little-moreton-hall/things-to-see-and-do/view-page/item994753/">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. <q>Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe'en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tudor+Hallowtide&rft.pub=National+Trust+for+Places+of+Historic+Interest+or+Natural+Beauty&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Flittle-moreton-hall%2Fthings-to-see-and-do%2Fview-page%2Fitem994753%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2009-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis2009_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2009" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Kenneth C. (29 December 2009). Don't Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-192575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-192575-7"><bdi>978-0-06-192575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Know+Much+About+Mythology%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Greatest+Stories+in+Human+History+but+Never+Learned&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009-12-29&rft.isbn=978-0-06-192575-7&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/all-faithful-departed-commemoration-of/">"All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101095459/https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/all-faithful-departed-commemoration-of/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Faithful+Departed%2C+Commemoration+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Fglossary%2Fall-faithful-departed-commemoration-of%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2021-11-02">"The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls' Day) - November 02, 2021 - Liturgical Calendar"</a>. Catholic Culture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101095459/https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/liturgicalyear/calendar/day.cfm?date=2021-11-02">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Commemoration+of+All+the+Faithful+Departed+%28All+Souls%27+Day%29+-+November+02%2C+2021+-+Liturgical+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicculture.org%2Fculture%2Fliturgicalyear%2Fcalendar%2Fday.cfm%3Fdate%3D2021-11-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers_m-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_m_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_m_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_m_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_m_16-3">d</a> Rogers, Nicholas (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA164">Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night</a>, p. 164. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8">0-19-516896-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2004-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2004_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q8Ix-M8LWcC">Women's History in Global Perspective</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02931-8"><bdi>978-0-252-02931-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 December 2015. <q>The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows' Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints' and All Souls' Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+History+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02931-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Q8Ix-M8LWcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christianity1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Christianity1_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Rogers2002" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Rogers (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA22">Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516896-9"><bdi>978-0-19-516896-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 October 2011. <q>Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween%3A+From+Pagan+Ritual+to+Party+Night&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516896-9&rft.au=Nicholas+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DstWZ_UDteMIC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christianity2-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Christianity2_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FU7AQAAIAAJ&q=all+hallow's+eve+wear+masks+Christian+souls+vengeance">Austrian information</a>. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. <q>The feasts of Hallowe'en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints' and All Souls' Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austrian+information&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FU7AQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dall%2Bhallow%27s%2Beve%2Bwear%2Bmasks%2BChristian%2Bsouls%2Bvengeance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christianity3-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Christianity3_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">Merriam-Webster's Encyclopædia of World Religions</a>. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/408">408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 October 2011. <q>Halloween, also called All Hallows' Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints' Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows' Eve, celebrated on the same date.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1987-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1987_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1987" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Brian K. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjbYAAAAMAAJ">The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography</a>. Longman Scientific & Technical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30143-6"><bdi>978-0-582-30143-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 December 2015. <q>Time out of time', when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows' Eve and All Hallows' Day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+English+Village%3A+A+Study+in+Historical+Geography&rft.pub=Longman+Scientific+%26+Technical&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30143-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCjbYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FoleyO’Donnell2008-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FoleyO%E2%80%99Donnell2008_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’DonnellFoley2008" class="citation book cs1">O’Donnell, Hugh; Foley, Malcolm (18 December 2008). Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-0265-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-0265-9"><bdi>978-1-4438-0265-9</bdi></a>. <q>Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: "thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year's Night (Hog-unnaa) and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many "Hog-unnaa" customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year's Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe'en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round." ... Hutton points out that Rhy's unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. ... Halloween's preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treat+or+Trick%3F+Halloween+in+a+Globalising+World&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-0265-9&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Donnell&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Foley%2C+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr2016-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr2016_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr2016_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr2016" class="citation news cs1">Barr, Beth Allison (28 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/10/28/guess-what-halloween-is-more-christian-than-pagan/">"Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102060351/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2016/10/28/guess-what-halloween-is-more-christian-than-pagan/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2020. <q>It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints' and All Souls' that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of "Hallowtide" fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to "paganism" is rather more tenuous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Guess+what%3F+Halloween+is+more+Christian+than+Pagan&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Beth+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Facts-of-faith%2Fwp%2F2016%2F10%2F28%2Fguess-what-halloween-is-more-christian-than-pagan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317122059/http://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-2922809130.10.2010">"Kein 'Trick or Treat' bei Salzburgs Kelten"</a> (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.salzburg.com/display/SNZ41-2922809130.10.2010">the original</a> on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017. <q>Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun", entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kein+%27Trick+or+Treat%27+bei+Salzburgs+Kelten&rft.pub=Salzburger+Nachrichten&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.salzburg.com%2Fdisplay%2FSNZ41-2922809130.10.2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDöringBolinius2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Döring, Alois; Bolinius, Erich (31 October 2006), Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen (in German), FDP Emden, <q>Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samhain+%E2%80%93+Halloween+%E2%80%93+Allerheiligen&rft.pub=FDP+Emden&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6ring&rft.aufirst=Alois&rft.au=Bolinius%2C+Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHörandner2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hörandner, Editha (2005). Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 8, 12, 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-8889-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-8889-3"><bdi>978-3-8258-8889-3</bdi></a>. <q>Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. ... Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition ("seit 2000 Jahren") ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. ... So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als ...heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween+in+der+Steiermark+und+anderswo&rft.pages=8%2C+12%2C+30&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-8889-3&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6randner&rft.aufirst=Editha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDöring2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Döring, Volkskundler Alois (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614110611/http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit">"Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdr.de/themen/freizeit/brauchtum/halloween_10/interview_doering.jhtml?rubrikenstyle=freizeit">the original</a> on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015. <q>Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk "Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr". Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von "All Hallows eve", Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als "amerikanischer" Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%BC%C3%9Fes%2C+Saures+%E2%80%93+olle+Kamellen%3F+Ist+Halloween+schon+wieder+out%3F&rft.pub=Westdeutscher+Rundfunk&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6ring&rft.aufirst=Volkskundler+Alois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdr.de%2Fthemen%2Ffreizeit%2Fbrauchtum%2Fhalloween_10%2Finterview_doering.jhtml%3Frubrikenstyle%3Dfreizeit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">"All Hallows' Eve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 20 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028184759/https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2020. <q>However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe'en, as the eve of All Saints' Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Hallows%27+Eve&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2011-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fholydays%2Fhalloween_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers_nw-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_nw_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_nw_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_nw_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_nw_26-3">d</a> Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002. pp. 49–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8">0-19-516896-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunvand,_Jan_2006._p.749-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brunvand,_Jan_2006._p.749_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brunvand,_Jan_2006._p.749_27-1">b</a> Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. p.749 </li> <li id="cite_note-Colavito,_Jason_2007._pp.151-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colavito,_Jason_2007._pp.151_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colavito,_Jason_2007._pp.151_28-1">b</a> Colavito, Jason. Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fieldhouse2017p256-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fieldhouse2017p256_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fieldhouse2017p256_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fieldhouse2017p256_29-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Fieldhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Paul Fieldhouse (17 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256">Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Feasts%2C+and+Faith%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+Culture+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-412-4&rft.au=Paul+Fieldhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-FqDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skog2008-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Skog2008_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkog2008" class="citation book cs1">Skog, Jason (2008). Teens in Finland. Capstone. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-3405-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-3405-9"><bdi>978-0-7565-3405-9</bdi></a>. <q>Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow's Eve and <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teens+in+Finland&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-3405-9&rft.aulast=Skog&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duke2014-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Duke2014_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005183350/https://chapel.duke.edu/sites/default/files/AllHallows2012.pdf">"All Hallows Eve Service"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. 31 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chapel.duke.edu/sites/default/files/AllHallows2012.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014. <q>About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Hallows+Eve+Service&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchapel.duke.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAllHallows2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Christian Observances of Halloween". National Republic. 15: 33. 5 May 2009. <q>Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the "All Hallow's Eve" festival.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Observances+of+Halloween&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2009-05-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hynes1993-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Hynes1993_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHynes1993" class="citation book cs1">Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontocalen0000hyne/page/160">Companion to the Calendar</a>. Liturgy Training Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontocalen0000hyne/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-011-5"><bdi>978-1-56854-011-5</bdi></a>. <q>In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church's traditions are lost or confused.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+to+the+Calendar&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Liturgy+Training+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56854-011-5&rft.aulast=Hynes&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontocalen0000hyne%2Fpage%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kernan2013-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Kernan2013_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKernan2013" class="citation web cs1">Kernan, Joe (30 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126163657/http://cranstononline.com/stories/not-so-spooky-after-all-the-roots-of-halloween-are-tamer-than-you-think,86934?print=1">"Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Communications_(publisher)" title="Beacon Communications (publisher)">Cranston Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cranstononline.com/stories/not-so-spooky-after-all-the-roots-of-halloween-are-tamer-than-you-think,86934?print=1">the original</a> on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. <q>By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cranston+Herald&rft.atitle=Not+so+spooky+after+all%3A+The+roots+of+Halloween+are+tamer+than+you+think&rft.date=2013-10-30&rft.aulast=Kernan&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcranstononline.com%2Fstories%2Fnot-so-spooky-after-all-the-roots-of-halloween-are-tamer-than-you-think%2C86934%3Fprint%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BradenVillage1988-35"><a href="#cite_ref-BradenVillage1988_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradenVillage1988" class="citation book cs1">Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leisureentertain0000brad">Leisure and entertainment in America</a>. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933728-32-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933728-32-5"><bdi>978-0-933728-32-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 June 2014. <q>Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children's festivity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leisure+and+entertainment+in+America&rft.pub=Henry+Ford+Museum+%26+Greenfield+Village&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-933728-32-5&rft.aulast=Braden&rft.aufirst=Donna+R.&rft.au=Village%2C+Henry+Ford+Museum+and+Greenfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleisureentertain0000brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Santino, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> All Hallows' Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahon1991-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahon1991_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahon1991" class="citation book cs1">Mahon, Bríd (1991). Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink. Poolbeg Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85371-142-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85371-142-8"><bdi>978-1-85371-142-8</bdi></a>. <q>The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Milk+and+Honey%3A+The+Story+of+Traditional+Irish+Food+%26+Drink&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Poolbeg+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85371-142-8&rft.aulast=Mahon&rft.aufirst=Br%C3%ADd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fieldhouse2017-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Fieldhouse2017_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-412-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031175805/https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA254">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017. <q>In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint's Day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Feasts%2C+and+Faith%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+Culture+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-412-4&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-FqDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luck1998-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Luck1998_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuck1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Luck, Steve (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americandeskency00oxfo/page/22/mode/2up?q=halloween">"All Saints' Day"</a>. The American Desk Encyclopedia. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521465-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521465-9"><bdi>978-0-19-521465-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+Saints%27+Day&rft.btitle=The+American+Desk+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521465-9&rft.aulast=Luck&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericandeskency00oxfo%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dhalloween&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DSL-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DSL_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSL_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DSL_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429162756/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=12718&startset=16840203&query=HALLOW&fhit=hallow&dregion=form&dtext=snd">"DOST: Hallow Evin"</a>. Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1266&startset=21732206&query=Hallow_evin&fhit=hallow&dregion=form&dtext=dost#fhit">the original</a> on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DOST%3A+Hallow+Evin&rft.pub=Dsl.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsl.ac.uk%2Fgetent4.php%3Fplen%3D1266%26startset%3D21732206%26query%3DHallow_evin%26fhit%3Dhallow%26dregion%3Dform%26dtext%3Ddost%23fhit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> The A to Z of Anglicanism (Colin Buchanan), Scarecrow Press, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-43"><a href="#cite_ref-oed_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-All_Hallows'_Eve" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=All+Hallows%27+Eve">"All Hallows' Eve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <q>ealra halgena mæsseæfen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+Hallows%27+Eve&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DAll%2BHallows%2527%2BEve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Halloween" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Halloween">"Halloween"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halloween&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DHalloween&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-Contraction-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Contraction_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonAnnandale1896" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Thomas; Annandale, Charles (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryscottis00annagoog">A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time</a>. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. <q>Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe'en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Scottish+People+from+the+Earliest+Times%3A+From+the+Union+of+the+kingdoms%2C+1706%2C+to+the+present+time&rft.pub=Blackie&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Annandale%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryscottis00annagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/snd8629">"E'EN, Een"</a>. Scottish National Dictionary (1700–). Vol. III =. 1952. snd8629.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=E%27EN%2C+Een&rft.btitle=Scottish+National+Dictionary+%281700%E2%80%93%29&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsl.ac.uk%2Fentry%2Fsnd%2Fsnd8629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopwood2019-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopwood2019_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopwood2019_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopwood2019_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopwood2019_47-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopwood2019" class="citation book cs1">Hopwood, James A. (2019). Keeping Christmas: Finding Joy in a Season of Excess and Strife. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9537-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-9537-7"><bdi>978-1-5326-9537-7</bdi></a>. <q>The name "Halloween," of course, is a contraction of "All Hallow's Eve." That's the eve of All Saints Day, or All Hallows Day, as it was popularly known in Britain. As with Christmas Eve and the Easter vigil, the celebration of All Saints Day began with a service the night before, on All Hallow's Eve. With All Souls Day on November 2, it formed the feast of Allhallowtide. All Saints Day began in fourth-century Rome as a festival honoring Christian martyrs. By the eighth century, it was expanded to all those remembered as saints, and the date of its observance was moved from May 13 to November 1. That move, of course, put it smack dab on top of Samhain in Britain. But the decision to move the date was not made in Britain; it was made in Rome, where there was no Samhain or anything like it. There is no evidence that any Samhain customs rubbed off on Halloween anywhere because there is no evidence of any Samhain customs at all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+Christmas%3A+Finding+Joy+in+a+Season+of+Excess+and+Strife&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-9537-7&rft.aulast=Hopwood&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers_religion-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_religion_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers_religion_48-1">b</a> Rogers, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA22">Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002. pp. 22, 27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8">0-19-516896-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations (Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop), <a href="/wiki/1517_Media" title="1517 Media">Fortress Press</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-Benham1887-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Benham1887_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenham1887" class="citation book cs1">Benham, William (1887). The Dictionary of Religion: An Encyclopedia of Christian and Other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, Etc. Cassell. p. 1085. <q>Vigils were kept at least till midnight before the feasts of martyrs, and those of Easter Eve and Christmas Eve were prolonged till cock-crow.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Religion%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Christian+and+Other+Religious+Doctrines%2C+Denominations%2C+Sects%2C+Heresies%2C+Ecclesiastical+Terms%2C+History%2C+Biography%2C+Etc.&rft.pages=1085&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Benham&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP-51"><a href="#cite_ref-CP_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZqabeZvNaMC&pg=PA662">Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints</a>. <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Church Publishing, Inc.</a> 2010. p. 662. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-678-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-678-3"><bdi>978-0-89869-678-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Women%2C+Holy+Men%3A+Celebrating+the+Saints&rft.pages=662&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-678-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZqabeZvNaMC%26pg%3DPA662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders" class="citation web cs1">Saunders, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918155355/http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/all-saints-and-all-souls.html">"All Saints and All Souls"</a>. Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/all-saints-and-all-souls.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Saints+and+All+Souls&rft.pub=Catholic+Education+Resource+Center&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fcatholic-contributions%2Fall-saints-and-all-souls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Melton, J Gordon (editor). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p.22 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/All_Saints,_Festival_of">"All Saints, Festival of" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+Saints%2C+Festival+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> "All Saints' Day", The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1997. pp.41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> McClendon, Charles. "Old Saint Peter's and the Iconoclastic Controversy", in Old Saint Peter's, Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: "Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter's in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor [...] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints". </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: "Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter's (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm [...] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod [...] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory [...] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold 'relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'". </li> <li id="cite_note-farmer-58"><a href="#cite_ref-farmer_58-0">^</a> Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-hutton364-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hutton364_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton364_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton364_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton364_59-3">d</a> Hutton, p. 364 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second ed.). 2003. pp. 242–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4004-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4004-2"><bdi>0-7876-4004-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=242-243&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7876-4004-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macculloch10-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macculloch10_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macculloch10_61-1">b</a> MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac13.htm">Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029074223/http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac13.htm">Archived</a> 29 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Burns, Paul (editor). Butler's Saint for the Day. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 516 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Ramdin, Ron. Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press, p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> The World Review – Volume 4, University of Minnesota, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP-65"><a href="#cite_ref-AFP_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2001" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Nicholas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halloweenfrompag00roge">Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halloweenfrompag00roge/page/n37">28</a>–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514691-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween%3A+From+Pagan+Ritual+to+Party+Night&rft.pages=28-30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514691-2&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalloweenfrompag00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_66-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252875/Halloween">"Halloween"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030150155/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/252875/Halloween">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halloween&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F252875%2FHalloween&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hutton374-375-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hutton374-375_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton374-375_67-1">b</a> Hutton, pp. 374–375 </li> <li id="cite_note-miles-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miles_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-miles_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-miles_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-miles_68-3">d</a> Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/time/crt/crt11.htm">Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130353/http://www.sacred-texts.com/time/crt/crt11.htm">Archived</a> 4 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodge-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dodge_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dodge_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Mapes_Dodge1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mapes_Dodge" title="Mary Mapes Dodge">Mary Mapes Dodge</a>, ed. (1883). <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas Magazine">St. Nicholas Magazine</a>. Scribner & Company. p. 93. <q>'Soul-cakes,' which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: 'Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Nicholas+Magazine&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Scribner+%26+Company&rft.date=1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeMello2012-70"><a href="#cite_ref-DeMello2012_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMello2012" class="citation book cs1">DeMello, Margo (2012). A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-617-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-617-1</bdi></a>. <q>Trick-or-treating began as souling an English and Irish tradition in which the poor, wearing masks, would go door to door and beg for soul cakes in exchange for people's dead relatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+the+Human+Face&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-617-1&rft.aulast=DeMello&rft.aufirst=Margo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: "Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice". </li> <li id="cite_note-Levene2016-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Levene2016_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2016" class="citation book cs1">Levene, Alysa (2016). Cake: A Slice of History. Pegasus Books. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-108-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68177-108-3"><bdi>978-1-68177-108-3</bdi></a>. <q>Like the perennial favourites, hot cross buns; they were often marked with a cross to indicate that they were baked as alms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cake%3A+A+Slice+of+History&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Pegasus+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-68177-108-3&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Alysa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-PulliamFonseca2016-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PulliamFonseca2016_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PulliamFonseca2016_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulliamFonseca2016" class="citation book cs1">Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony J. (2016). Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3491-2"><bdi>978-1-4408-3491-2</bdi></a>. <q>Since the 16th century, costumes have become a central part of Halloween traditions. Perhaps the most common traditional Halloween costume is that of the ghost. This is likely because ... when Halloween customs began to be influenced by Catholicism, the incorporation of the themes of All Hallows' and All Souls' Day would have emphasized visitations from the spirit world over the motifs of spirits and fairies. ... The baking and sharing of souls cakes was introduced around the 15th century: in some cultures, the poor would go door to door to collect them in exchange for praying for the dead (a practice called souling), often carrying lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips. Around the 16th century, the practice of going house to house in disguise (a practice called guising) to ask for food began and was often accompanied by recitation of traditional verses (a practice called mumming). Wearing costumes, another tradition, has many possible explanations, such as it was done to confuse the spirits or souls who visited the earth or who rose from local graveyards to engage in what was called a Danse Macabre, basically a large party among the dead.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+in+Popular+Culture+and+Legend&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-3491-2&rft.aulast=Pulliam&rft.aufirst=June&rft.au=Fonseca%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers57-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rogers57_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogers57_75-1">b</a> Rogers, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-CarterPetro1998-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarterPetro1998_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarterPetro1998_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarterPetro1998" class="citation book cs1">Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1517-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1517-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-1517-5</bdi></a>. <q>Halloween, incorporated into the Christian year as the eve of All Saints Day, marked the return of the souls of the departed and the release of devils who could move freely on that night. Fires lit on that night served to prevent the influence of such spirits and to provide omens for the future. Modern children go from house to house at Halloween with flashlights powered by electric batteries, while jack o'lanterns (perhaps with an actual candle, but often with a lightbulb) glow from windows and porches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+from+the+Flames%3A+The+Experience+of+the+Severely+Burned&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-1517-5&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Albert+Howard&rft.au=Petro%2C+Jane+Arbuckle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guiley2008-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Guiley2008_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuiley2008" class="citation book cs1">Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2684-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2684-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-2684-5</bdi></a>. <q>According to most legends, the jack-o'-lantern is a wandering soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell. ... In Ireland, children who are caught outdoors after dark are told to wear their jackets inside-out in order not to be lured astray by a jack-o'-lantern. In Sweden, the spirit is believed to be the soul of an unbaptized child, who tries to lead travelers to water in hopes of receiving baptism. ... In American lore, the jack-o'-lantern is associated with withces and the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. It is customary for trick-or-treaters to carry pumpkin jack-o'-lanterns to frighten away evil spirits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Witches%2C+Witchcraft+and+Wicca&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2684-5&rft.aulast=Guiley&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santino,_p.95-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Santino,_p.95_78-0">^</a> Santino, The Hallowed Eve, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frazer_All_Souls-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frazer_All_Souls_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frazer_All_Souls_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frazer_All_Souls_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frazer_All_Souls_79-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, James George</a> (1922). <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a>: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Constance Adams (1951). Every Day's a Holiday. <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>, 1951. pp.236 </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton2013-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morton2013_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton2013_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton2013_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton2013_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morton2013_81-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2013" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Lisa (15 September 2013). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-055-9"><bdi>978-1-78023-055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trick+or+Treat%3A+A+History+of+Halloween&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-055-9&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Christian_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince_Sorie_Conteh2009" class="citation book cs1">Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HpAuyiMRTDcC&pg=PA132">Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-596-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-596-3"><bdi>978-1-60497-596-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031175805/https://books.google.com/books?id=HpAuyiMRTDcC&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditionalists%2C+Muslims%2C+and+Christians+in+Africa%3A+Interreligious+Encounters+and+Dialogue&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60497-596-3&rft.au=Prince+Sorie+Conteh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHpAuyiMRTDcC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bannatyne1998-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Bannatyne1998_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannatyne1998" class="citation book cs1">Bannatyne, Lesley (1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0553-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-0553-8"><bdi>978-1-4556-0553-8</bdi></a>. <q>Villagers were also encouraged to masquerade on this day, not to frighten unwelcome spirits, but to honor Christian saints. On All Saints' Day, churches throughout Europe and the British Isles displayed relics of their patron saints. Poor churches could not afford genuine relics and instead had processions in which parishioners dressed as saints, angels and devils. It served the new church by giving an acceptable Christian basis to the custom of dressing up on Halloween.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween%3A+An+American+Holiday%2C+an+American+History&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4556-0553-8&rft.aulast=Bannatyne&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrow2001-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Morrow2001_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2001" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, Ed (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halloweenhandboo00morr/page/19">The Halloween Handbook</a>. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halloweenhandboo00morr/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2227-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8065-2227-2"><bdi>978-0-8065-2227-2</bdi></a>. <q>Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows' Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Halloween+Handbook&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Kensington+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8065-2227-2&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalloweenhandboo00morr%2Fpage%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> "Eve of All Saints", Using Common Worship: Times and Seasons – All Saints to Candlemas (David Kennedy), Church House Publishing, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-bannatyne9-86"><a href="#cite_ref-bannatyne9_86-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Bannatyne" title="Lesley Bannatyne">Bannatyne, Lesley</a>. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Perry, Edward Baxter. Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works; For the Use of Teachers, Players, and Music Clubs. Theodore Presser Company, 1902. p. 276 </li> <li id="cite_note-Allmand1998-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Allmand1998_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllmand1998" class="citation book cs1">Allmand, Christopher (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qzc8OeuSXFMC&pg=PA210">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c. 1415–c. 1500</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38296-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38296-0"><bdi>978-0-521-38296-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423072407/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qzc8OeuSXFMC&pg=PA210">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+7%2C+c.+1415%E2%80%93c.+1500&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38296-0&rft.aulast=Allmand&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzc8OeuSXFMC%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reimer2018-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Reimer2018_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimer2018" class="citation book cs1">Reimer, Margaret Loewen (2018). Approaching the Divine: Signs and Symbols of the Christian Faith. <a href="/wiki/Wipf_and_Stock_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wipf and Stock Publishers">Wipf and Stock Publishers</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-5675-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5326-5675-0"><bdi>978-1-5326-5675-0</bdi></a>. <q>Christians in Europe envisioned a danse macabre, a hideous dance by the spirits of the dead who arose from the churchyards for a wild carnival each year. This dance, commonly depicted on the walls of cathedrals, monasteries and cemeteries, may well be the origin of the macabre costumes we don on Halloween.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+the+Divine%3A+Signs+and+Symbols+of+the+Christian+Faith&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5326-5675-0&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Loewen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeSpelderStrickland2009-90"><a href="#cite_ref-DeSpelderStrickland2009_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSpelderStrickland2009" class="citation book cs1">DeSpelder, Lynne Ann; Strickland, Albert Lee (2009). The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340546-9"><bdi>978-0-07-340546-9</bdi></a>. <q>More subtly, images associated with the danse macabre persist in the form of skeletons and other scary regalia found on children's Halloween costumes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Dance%3A+Encountering+Death+and+Dying&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-340546-9&rft.aulast=DeSpelder&rft.aufirst=Lynne+Ann&rft.au=Strickland%2C+Albert+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVEAQAAIAAJ">Books & Culture: A Christian Review</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. 1999. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423113526/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOVEAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. <q>Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society...both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows' Eve.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+%26+Culture%3A+A+Christian+Review&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Christianity+Today&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOVEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Hutton, p. 372 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantino2021" class="citation book cs1">Santino, Jack (21 October 2021). The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival in Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-8458-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-8458-6"><bdi>978-0-8131-8458-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hallowed+Eve%3A+Dimensions+of+Culture+in+a+Calendar+Festival+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2021-10-21&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-8458-6&rft.aulast=Santino&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> The Episcopal Church, its teaching and worship (Latta Griswold), E.S. Gorham, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosteller-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mosteller_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mosteller_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosteller2014" class="citation book cs1">Mosteller, Angie (2 July 2014). Christian Origins of Halloween. Rose Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59636-535-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59636-535-3"><bdi>978-1-59636-535-3</bdi></a>. <q>In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Origins+of+Halloween&rft.pub=Rose+Publishing&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft.isbn=978-1-59636-535-3&rft.aulast=Mosteller&rft.aufirst=Angie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Aston" title="Margaret Aston">Aston, Margaret</a>. Broken Idols of the English Reformation. Cambridge University Press, 2015. pp.475–477 </li> <li id="cite_note-Medieval_Celebrations_page_17-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Medieval_Celebrations_page_17_97-0">^</a> Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs (Daniel Diehl, Mark Donnelly), <a href="/wiki/Stackpole_Books" title="Stackpole Books">Stackpole Books</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers_kirk-98"><a href="#cite_ref-rogers_kirk_98-0">^</a> Rogers, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA37">Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002. pp. 37–38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8">0-19-516896-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton2001-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Hutton2001_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton2001" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, Ronald (2001). Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 369, 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157842-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157842-7"><bdi>978-0-19-157842-7</bdi></a>. <q>Fires were indeed lit in England on All Saints' Day, notably in Lancashire, and may well ultimately have descended from the same rites, but were essentially party of a Christian ceremony ... families still assembled at the midnight before All Saints' Day in the early nineteenth century. Each did so on a hill near its homestead, one person holding a large bunch of burning straw on the end of a fork. The rest in a circle around and prayed for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames burned out. The author who recorded this custom added that it gradually died out in the latter part of the century, but that before it had been very common and at nearby Whittingham such fires could be seen all around the horizon at Hallowe'en. He went on to say that the name 'Purgatory Field', found across northern Lancashire, testified to an even wider distribution and that the rite itself was called 'Teen'lay'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stations+of+the+Sun%3A+A+History+of+the+Ritual+Year+in+Britain&rft.pages=369%2C+373&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157842-7&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> O'Donnell, Hugh and Foley, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oKsLBwAAQBAJ&dq=halloween+tindle+derbyshire&pg=PA35">"Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031212924/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oKsLBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35&dq=halloween+tindle+derbyshire#v=onepage&q=halloween%20tindle%20derbyshire">Archived</a> 31 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008. p.35 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Catholic World, Vol. 138: A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science. Vol. 138. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. 1934. <q>There is proof that this shifting of customs from one day to another really took place. For until the end of the eighteenth century, children in some Derbyshire parishes, instead of lighting bonfires with the rest of England on November 5th, lit their furze fires called 'tindles' on All Souls night. And even then, the educated folk of the districts concerned, declared that these fires were a relic of papistical days when they were lit at night to guide the poor souls back to earth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+World%2C+Vol.+138%3A+A+Monthly+Magazine+of+General+Literature+and+Science&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Halloween_Encyclopedia_page_9-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Halloween_Encyclopedia_page_9_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Halloween_Encyclopedia_page_9_102-1">b</a> Morton, Lisa. The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland, 2003. p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-2017Fieldhouse-103"><a href="#cite_ref-2017Fieldhouse_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldhouse2017" class="citation book cs1">Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-412-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%2C+Feasts%2C+and+Faith%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Food+Culture+in+World+Religions+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-412-4&rft.aulast=Fieldhouse&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford1855-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Ford1855_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Ford1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford_(English_writer)" title="Richard Ford (English writer)">Richard Ford</a> (1855). A Handbook for Travellers in Spain. <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. p. 208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+for+Travellers+in+Spain&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1855&rft.au=Richard+Ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Boenig, Robert. Anglo-Saxon Spirituality: Selected Writings. Paulist Press, 2000. p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Santino, Jack. The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival of Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers_s-107"><a href="#cite_ref-rogers_s_107-0">^</a> Rogers, Nicholas. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stWZ_UDteMIC&pg=PA11">Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween</a>". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002. pp. 11–21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8">0-19-516896-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5434659/halloween-pagan-origins-in-samhain/">"How Halloween Traditions Are Rooted in the Ancient Pagan Festival of Samhain"</a>. Time. Retrieved 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Halloween+Traditions+Are+Rooted+in+the+Ancient+Pagan+Festival+of+Samhain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5434659%2Fhalloween-pagan-origins-in-samhain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roud-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Roud_109-0">^</a> A Pocket Guide To Superstitions of the British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051549-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051549-6">0-14-051549-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_halloween-110"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_halloween_110-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">All Hallows' Eve</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103105817/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">Archived</a> 3 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_h%C3%93g%C3%A1in" title="Dáithí Ó hÓgáin">Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí</a>. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 402 </li> <li id="cite_note-hutton365-369-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hutton365-369_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton365-369_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton365-369_112-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a>. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp. 365–369 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/644100">"Snap Apple Night, or All-Hallow Eve. January 1, 1845"</a>. Metmuseum.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211025195305/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/644100">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021. <q>In October 1832 Daniel Maclise attended a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland and, the next summer, exhibited a painting at London's Royal Academy of Arts, titled "Snap Apple Night, or All Hallow Eve."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Snap+Apple+Night%2C+or+All-Hallow+Eve.+January+1%2C+1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F644100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monaghan407-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monaghan407_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaghan407_114-1">b</a> Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p. 407 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Hutton, p. 361 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Monaghan, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> O'Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 236 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2014" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Patricia (2014). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase publishing. p. 167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Celtic+Mythology+and+Folklore&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Infobase+publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monaghan2009-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Monaghan2009_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonaghan2009" class="citation book cs1">Monaghan, Patricia (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0C&pg=PA167">The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1037-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1037-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-1037-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423051036/https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0C&pg=PA167">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015. <q>They were both respected and feared. "Their backs towards us, their faces away from us, and may God and Mary save us from harm," was a prayer spoken whenever one ventured near their dwellings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Celtic+Mythology+and+Folklore&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1037-0&rft.aulast=Monaghan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnd9R6GQBB_0C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Santino, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Danaher" title="Kevin Danaher">Danaher, Kevin</a>. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Evans-Wentz" title="Walter Evans-Wentz">Evans-Wentz, Walter</a> (1911). The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="/wiki/F._Marian_McNeill" title="F. Marian McNeill">McNeill, F. Marian</a> (1961). The Silver Bough, Volume 3. p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> "Halloween". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-mcneill1-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcneill1_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcneill1_125-1">b</a> McNeill, The Silver Bough, Volume 3, pp. 11–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Hutton, p. 379 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutton,_p.380-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton,_p.380_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutton,_p.380_127-1">b</a> Hutton, p. 380 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Danaher" title="Kevin Danaher">Danaher, Kevin</a>. "Irish Folk Tradition and the Celtic Calendar", in The Celtic Consciousness, ed. Robert O'Driscoll. Braziller, 1981. pp. 218–227 </li> <li id="cite_note-frazer63-129"><a href="#cite_ref-frazer63_129-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, James George</a> (1922). <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/frazer/gb06301.htm">Chapter 63, Part 1: On the Fire-festivals in general</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012203326/http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/frazer/gb06301.htm">Archived</a> 12 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-macculloch-130"><a href="#cite_ref-macculloch_130-0">^</a> MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac21.htm">Chapter 18: Festivals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012092340/http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/rac/rac21.htm">Archived</a> 12 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Hutton, pp. 366, 380 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002215831/http://cymraeg.gov.wales/news/index/calan-gaeaf?lang=en">"Halloween traditions"</a>. Welsh Government. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cymraeg.gov.wales/news/index/calan-gaeaf?lang=en">the original</a> on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halloween+traditions&rft.pub=Welsh+Government&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcymraeg.gov.wales%2Fnews%2Findex%2Fcalan-gaeaf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosinsky2002-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosinsky2002_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosinsky2002" class="citation book cs1">Rosinsky, Natalie M. (2002). Halloween. <a href="/wiki/Capstone_Publishers" title="Capstone Publishers">Capstone Publishers</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-0392-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-0392-5"><bdi>978-0-7565-0392-5</bdi></a>. <q>Christian leaders made old Celtic and Roman customs into new Christian ones. Bonfires were once lighted against evil spirits. Now, they kept away the devil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Capstone+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7565-0392-5&rft.aulast=Rosinsky&rft.aufirst=Natalie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldService2017" class="citation web cs1">MacDonald, Sarah; Service, Catholic News (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thedialog.org/uncategorized/from-turnips-to-potatoes-to-pumpkins-irish-folklife-expert-says-jack-o-lanterns-began-in-ireland/">"From turnips to potatoes to pumpkins: Irish folklife expert says Jack-O-Lanterns began in Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228153806/http://thedialog.org/uncategorized/from-turnips-to-potatoes-to-pumpkins-irish-folklife-expert-says-jack-o-lanterns-began-in-ireland/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+turnips+to+potatoes+to+pumpkins%3A+Irish+folklife+expert+says+Jack-O-Lanterns+began+in+Ireland&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Service%2C+Catholic+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthedialog.org%2Funcategorized%2Ffrom-turnips-to-potatoes-to-pumpkins-irish-folklife-expert-says-jack-o-lanterns-began-in-ireland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcneill2-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcneill2_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcneill2_135-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/F._Marian_McNeill" title="F. Marian McNeill">McNeill, F. Marian</a>. Hallowe'en: its origin, rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition. Albyn Press, 1970. pp. 29–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-hutton379-383-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hutton379-383_136-9">j</a> Hutton, pp. 379–383 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Christina_Hole" title="Christina Hole">Hole, Christina</a>. British Folk Customs. <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutchinson (publisher)">Hutchinson</a>, 1976. p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 2. 1855. pp. 308–309 </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer87-139"><a href="#cite_ref-palmer87_139-0">^</a> Palmer, Kingsley. Oral folk-tales of Wessex. David & Charles, 1973. pp. 87–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Wilson, David Scofield. Rooted in America: Foodlore of Popular Fruits and Vegetables. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1999. p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Ott, Cindy. Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon. University of Washington Press, 2012. p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Bannatyne, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 21 (John Wilkes), R. G. Gunnell and Co., p. 544 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Santino, Jack. All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life. University of Illinois Press, 1995. p.153 </li> <li id="cite_note-Morton2003-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Morton2003_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2003" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Lisa (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/halloweenencyclo00mort_0">The Halloween Encyclopedia</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1524-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-1524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Halloween+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1524-3&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhalloweenencyclo00mort_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers_nationwide-146"><a href="#cite_ref-rogers_nationwide_146-0">^</a> Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 74. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8">0-19-516896-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/features/is-halloween-celebrated-in-asia/">"Is Halloween celebrated in Asia?"</a>. Asia Media Centre | New Zealand. 29 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031123243/https://www.asiamediacentre.org.nz/features/is-halloween-celebrated-in-asia/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Media+Centre+%7C+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Is+Halloween+celebrated+in+Asia%3F&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiamediacentre.org.nz%2Ffeatures%2Fis-halloween-celebrated-in-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Infobase Publishing, p. 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Dante's "Commedia" and the Poetics of Christian Catabasis (Lee Foust), ProQuest, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits (Rosemary Guiley), Guinness World Records Limited, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman), Taylor & Francis, p. 320 </li> <li id="cite_note-lant-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lant_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lant_152-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921184122/https://books.google.com/books?id=AN7WAAAAMAAJ&q=candlelit+lanterns+were+carved+from+large+turnips&dq=candlelit+lanterns+were+carved+from+large+turnips&ct=result&resnum=1">The Oxford companion to American food and drink</a> p. 269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-frle-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frle_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frle_153-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frle_153-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2009" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Frank (5 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x7_QAAAAMAAJ&q=Frank%20Leslie's%20popular%20monthly%201895%20Halloween&pg=PA540">Frank Leslie's popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, pp. 540–543</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203141/http://books.google.com/books?id=x7_QAAAAMAAJ&dq=Frank%20Leslie's%20popular%20monthly%201895%20Halloween&pg=PA540">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Leslie%27s+popular+monthly%2C+Volume+40%2C+November+1895%2C+pp.+540%E2%80%93543&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx7_QAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DFrank%2520Leslie%27s%2520popular%2520monthly%25201895%2520Halloween%26pg%3DPA540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle", in Twice-Told Tales, 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern! </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o'-lantern as part of the festivities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800EEDC1139E033A25757C2A9679D94649ED7CF">"The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805183319/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9800EEDC1139E033A25757C2A9679D94649ED7CF">Archived</a> 5 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E7D6173FE433A25752C2A9669D946197D6CF">"Odd Ornaments for Table"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160805134817/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E7D6173FE433A25752C2A9669D946197D6CF">Archived</a> 5 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams (Charles Adolph Huttar, Peter J. Schakel), Bucknell University Press, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers_h-157"><a href="#cite_ref-rogers_h_157-0">^</a> Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Halloween Goes to Hollywood". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8">0-19-516896-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art (Gertrude Grace Sill), Simon & Schuster, p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> In flagrante collecto (Marilynn Gelfman Karp), Abrams, p. 299 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayne" class="citation web cs1">Mayne, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryexplorer.net/poem.php?id=10105857">"Halloween"</a>. PoetryExplorer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124003446/https://www.poetryexplorer.net/poem.php?id=10105857">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PoetryExplorer&rft.atitle=Halloween&rft.aulast=Mayne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryexplorer.net%2Fpoem.php%3Fid%3D10105857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Thomas Crawford <a href="//archive.org/details/burnsstudyofpoem00craw/page/125" class="extiw" title="iarchive:burnsstudyofpoem00craw/page/125"> Burns: a study of the poems and songs</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1960" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Thomas (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423113435/https://books.google.com/books?id=BDCsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA125&dq=scottish+halloween+traditions+-+burns+poem&ct=result&resnum=8">Burns: A Study of the Poems and Songs</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0055-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-0055-9</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burns%3A+A+Study+of+the+Poems+and+Songs&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0055-9&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBDCsAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dscottish%2Bhalloween%2Btraditions%2B-%2Bburns%2Bpoem%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) Stanford University Press, 1960 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Simpson, Jacqueline "All Saints' Day" in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001) London Routledge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-18825-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-18825-3">0-415-18825-3</a>, p. 14 "Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural". </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerberholzHerberholz1990" class="citation book cs1">Herberholz, Donald; Herberholz, Barbara (1990). Artworks for Elementary Teachers: Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness. W.C. Brown. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artworks+for+Elementary+Teachers%3A+Developing+Artistic+and+Perceptual+Awareness&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=W.C.+Brown&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Herberholz&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Herberholz%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face (Margo DeMello), ABC-CLIO, p. 225 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> A Student's Guide to A2 Performance Studies for the OCR Specification (John Pymm), Rhinegold Publishing Ltd, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art, Volume 1 (Thomas Green), ABC-CLIO p. 566 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Interacting communities: studies on some aspects of migration and urban ethnology (Zsuzsa Szarvas), Hungarian Ethnographic Society, p. 314 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature (David Scott Kastan), Oxford University Press, p. 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> "Mumming Play", Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-Carmichael2012-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Carmichael2012_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmichael2012" class="citation book cs1">Carmichael, Sherman (2012). Legends and Lore of South Carolina. <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-748-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60949-748-4"><bdi>978-1-60949-748-4</bdi></a>. <q>The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legends+and+Lore+of+South+Carolina&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60949-748-4&rft.aulast=Carmichael&rft.aufirst=Sherman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hood2014-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Hood2014_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2014" class="citation book cs1">Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (1 January 2014). Halloween Delights. Whispering Pine Press International. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59434-181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59434-181-6"><bdi>978-1-59434-181-6</bdi></a>. <q>The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door "souling" for cakes or money by singing a song.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween+Delights&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Whispering+Pine+Press+International&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-59434-181-6&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=Karen+Jean+Matsko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irish_Times-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_Times_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_Times_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_Times_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_Times_173-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/ten-trick-or-treating-facts-for-impressive-bonfire-chats-1.1983165">"Ten trick-or-treating facts for impressive bonfire chats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>. 31 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127175333/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/ten-trick-or-treating-facts-for-impressive-bonfire-chats-1.1983165">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020. <q>Scotland and Ireland started tricking: A few decades later a practice called 'guising' was in full swing in Scotland and Ireland. Short for 'disguising', children would go out from door to door dressed in costume and rather than pledging to pray, they would tell a joke, sing a song or perform another sort of "trick" in exchange for food or money. The expression trick or treat has only been used at front doors for the last 10 to 15 years. Before that "Help the Halloween Party" seems to have been the most popular phrase to holler.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Ten+trick-or-treating+facts+for+impressive+bonfire+chats&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Ften-trick-or-treating-facts-for-impressive-bonfire-chats-1.1983165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Definition-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Definition_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Definition_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/guising">"Definition of "guising""</a>. Collins English Dictionary. <q>(in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people's houses, esp at Halloween</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%22guising%22&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fguising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) "Coming Over:Halloween in North America". Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p. 76. Oxford University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514691-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514691-3">0-19-514691-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Kelley, Ruth Edna. The Book of Hallowe'en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDraHi4-PpgC&dq=Ruth+Edna+Kelley+The+Book+of+Hallowe%27en+a-souling&pg=PA127">"Hallowe'en in America"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423094354/https://books.google.com/books?id=pDraHi4-PpgC&pg=PA127&dq=Ruth+Edna+Kelley+The+Book+of+Hallowe%27en+a-souling">Archived</a> 23 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley" class="citation web cs1">Kelley, Ruth Edna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/boh/boh17.htm">"Hallowe'en in America"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132714/http://www.sacred-texts.com/pag/boh/boh17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hallowe%27en+in+America&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Edna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fpag%2Fboh%2Fboh17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Theo. E. Wright, "A Halloween Story", St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, "What Shall We Do Halloween?" <a href="/wiki/Ladies_Home_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies Home Journal">Ladies Home Journal</a>, October 1920, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-Canada_1927-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canada_1927_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canada_1927_179-1">b</a> "'Trick or Treat' Is Demand", Herald (<a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, Alberta), 4 November 1927, p. 5, dateline <a href="/wiki/Blackie,_Alberta" title="Blackie, Alberta">Blackie, Alberta</a>, 3 November </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> For examples, see the websites <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/hallow1.html">Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124072129/http://www.emotionscards.com/museum/hallow1.html">Archived</a> 24 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaktiweb.com/postcards/">Antique Hallowe'en Postcards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719220550/http://www.shaktiweb.com/postcards/">Archived</a> 19 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiques.about.com/od/collectingbookspaper/ig/Halloween-Postcard-Gallery/index.htm">Vintage Halloween Postcards</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723183011/http://antiques.about.com/od/collectingbookspaper/ig/Halloween-Postcard-Gallery/index.htm">Archived</a> 23 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> "Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop", <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Journal">Oregon Journal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>), 1 November 1934; and "The Gangsters of Tomorrow", The Helena Independent (<a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena, Montana</a>), 2 November 1934, p. 4. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a> also mentioned door-to-door begging in <a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Illinois" title="Aurora, Illinois">Aurora, Illinois</a>, on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term 'trick-or-treating'. "Front Views and Profiles" (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Moss, Doris Hudson. "A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?" The American Home, November 1939, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Bluff Park (Heather Jones Skaggs), Arcadia Publishing, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> "Trunk-or-Treat", The Chicago Tribune </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Suggested Themes for "Trunks" for Trunk or Treat (Dail R. Faircloth), First Baptist Church of Royal Palm Beach </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> "Trunk or Treat focuses on fun, children's safety", Desert Valley Times </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> "Trunk or Treat! Halloween Tailgating Grows" (Fernanda Santos), The New York Times </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2018" class="citation news cs1">Bradley, Michael (24 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/oct/24/derry-halloween-europe-largest-carnival-of-frights-fireworks-parades">"A very Derry Halloween: a carnival of frights, fireworks and parade"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024230342/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2018/oct/24/derry-halloween-europe-largest-carnival-of-frights-fireworks-parades">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+very+Derry+Halloween%3A+a+carnival+of+frights%2C+fireworks+and+parade&rft.date=2018-10-24&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2018%2Foct%2F24%2Fderry-halloween-europe-largest-carnival-of-frights-fireworks-parades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1932" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Marian (31 October 1932). "Halloween Jollity Within Reason Need". <a href="/wiki/The_Morning_Oregonian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Morning Oregonian">The Morning Oregonian</a>. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Morning+Oregonian&rft.atitle=Halloween+Jollity+Within+Reason+Need&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1932-10-31&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Marian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> Quote: "Trick or treat?" the youthful mischief-maker will say this evening, probably, as he rings the doorbell of a neighbor." </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Memento Mori, Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri </li> <li id="cite_note-ctv-192"><a href="#cite_ref-ctv_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaucheminCTV.ca_News_Staff2006" class="citation news cs1">Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016235444/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060530/unicef_orange_060530?s_name=&no_ads=">"UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program"</a>. CTV. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060530/unicef_orange_060530?s_name=&no_ads=">the original</a> on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UNICEF+to+end+Halloween+%27orange+box%27+program&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft.aulast=Beauchemin&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rft.au=CTV.ca+News+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctv.ca%2Fservlet%2FArticleNews%2Fstory%2FCTVNews%2F20060530%2Funicef_orange_060530%3Fs_name%3D%26no_ads%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ca_un-193"><a href="#cite_ref-ca_un_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090604032837/http://www.trickortreatforunicef.ca/tot_history.html">"History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign"</a>. UNICEF Canada. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trickortreatforunicef.ca/tot_history.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Trick-or-Treat+for+UNICEF+Campaign&rft.pub=UNICEF+Canada&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trickortreatforunicef.ca%2Ftot_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCHalloweenParade-194"><a href="#cite_ref-NYCHalloweenParade_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillage_Halloween_Parade" class="citation web cs1">Village Halloween Parade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727200017/http://halloween-nyc.com/about.php">"History of the Parade"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halloween-nyc.com/about.php">the original</a> on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Parade&rft.au=Village+Halloween+Parade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halloween-nyc.com%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFadel2019" class="citation news cs1">Fadel, Leila (29 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029234515/https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/773615928/cultural-appropriation-a-perennial-issue-on-halloween">"Cultural Appropriation, A Perennial Issue On Halloween"</a>. NPR. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/10/29/773615928/cultural-appropriation-a-perennial-issue-on-halloween">the original</a> on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cultural+Appropriation%2C+A+Perennial+Issue+On+Halloween&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.aulast=Fadel&rft.aufirst=Leila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F10%2F29%2F773615928%2Fcultural-appropriation-a-perennial-issue-on-halloween&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscobarRobin2020" class="citation news cs1">Escobar, Sam; Robin, Marci (5 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013215149/https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/holidays/halloween-ideas/a40778/most-offensive-halloween-costumes/">"15 Offensive Halloween Costumes That Shouldn't Exist"</a>. Good Housekeeping. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/holidays/halloween-ideas/a40778/most-offensive-halloween-costumes/">the original</a> on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=15+Offensive+Halloween+Costumes+That+Shouldn%27t+Exist&rft.date=2020-10-05&rft.aulast=Escobar&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft.au=Robin%2C+Marci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodhousekeeping.com%2Fholidays%2Fhalloween-ideas%2Fa40778%2Fmost-offensive-halloween-costumes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2020" class="citation news cs1">Park, Sumner (2 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022163239/https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/pinterest-halloween-social-media-costume-cultural-appropriation-education">"Pinterest is prohibiting culturally inappropriate Halloween costumes"</a>. Fox News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/pinterest-halloween-social-media-costume-cultural-appropriation-education">the original</a> on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pinterest+is+prohibiting+culturally+inappropriate+Halloween+costumes&rft.date=2020-10-02&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Sumner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxbusiness.com%2Flifestyle%2Fpinterest-halloween-social-media-costume-cultural-appropriation-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeshner2018" class="citation news cs1">Keshner, Andrew (17 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/instagram-loving-pets-owners-will-spend-nearly-500m-on-animal-costumes-this-halloween-2018-10-16">"Instagram-loving pets owners will spend nearly $500M on animal costumes this Halloween"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MarketWatch" title="MarketWatch">MarketWatch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016224309/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/instagram-loving-pets-owners-will-spend-nearly-500m-on-animal-costumes-this-halloween-2018-10-16">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Instagram-loving+pets+owners+will+spend+nearly+%24500M+on+animal+costumes+this+Halloween&rft.date=2018-10-17&rft.aulast=Keshner&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Finstagram-loving-pets-owners-will-spend-nearly-500m-on-animal-costumes-this-halloween-2018-10-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiehlDonnelly2011-199"><a href="#cite_ref-DiehlDonnelly2011_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehlDonnelly2011" class="citation book cs1">Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (13 April 2011). Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs. Stackpole Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-4430-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-4430-0"><bdi>978-0-8117-4430-0</bdi></a>. <q>All Hallows' Eve. A time of spiritual unrest, when the souls of the dead, along with ghosts and evil spirits, were believed to walk the land. Church bells were run and fires lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk. Barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effects of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveld the earth. Although a rare few continued to divine the future, cast spells, and tell ghost stories in rural communities, woe to anyone who was denounced to the church for engaging in such activities. These may seem like innocent fun today, but it was deadly serious stuff during the Middle Ages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Celebrations%3A+Your+Guide+to+Planning+and+Hosting+Spectacular+Feasts%2C+Parties%2C+Weddings%2C+and+Renaissance+Fairs&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-4430-0&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+Mark+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp. 61, 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/south_of_scotland/7648188.stm">"Apple dookers make record attempt"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528225717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/south_of_scotland/7648188.stm">Archived</a> 28 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 2 October 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. pp. 202–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Danaher (1972), p. 223 </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeill-204"><a href="#cite_ref-McNeill_204-0">^</a> McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Volume III. William MacLellan, Glasgow <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948474-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-948474-04-1">0-948474-04-1</a> pp. 11–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Danaher (1972), p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, pp. 33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-hollister-208"><a href="#cite_ref-hollister_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollister1917" class="citation book cs1">Hollister, Helen (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055759/http://www.weirdhalloween.com/weird_halloween_games.html">"Halloween Frolics"</a>. Parlor Games for the Wise and Otherwise. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Company. p. 98. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weirdhalloween.com/weird_halloween_games.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Halloween+Frolics&rft.btitle=Parlor+Games+for+the+Wise+and+Otherwise&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Penn+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Hollister&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weirdhalloween.com%2Fweird_halloween_games.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090929051847/http://vintageholidaycrafts.com/vintage-halloween-women/">"Vintage Halloween Cards"</a>. Vintage Holiday Crafts. 21 January 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everythingpreschool.com/themes/halloween/encyclopedia.php">the original</a> on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Everything+Preschool&rft.atitle=Preschool+Halloween+Fast+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everythingpreschool.com%2Fthemes%2Fhalloween%2Fencyclopedia.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/craic/Traditional-Irish-Halloween-games-try-to-marry-off-young-girls.html">"Traditional Irish Halloween games try to marry off young girls"</a>. IrishCentral.com. 15 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427004117/http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/craic/Traditional-Irish-Halloween-games-try-to-marry-off-young-girls.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral.com&rft.atitle=Traditional+Irish+Halloween+games+try+to+marry+off+young+girls&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fculture%2Fcraic%2FTraditional-Irish-Halloween-games-try-to-marry-off-young-girls.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irisharchaeology.ie/2015/10/halloween-in-irish-folklore/">"Halloween in Irish Folklore | Irish Archaeology"</a>. irisharchaeology.ie. 30 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108091930/http://irisharchaeology.ie/2015/10/halloween-in-irish-folklore/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irisharchaeology.ie&rft.atitle=Halloween+in+Irish+Folklore+%26%23124%3B+Irish+Archaeology&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firisharchaeology.ie%2F2015%2F10%2Fhalloween-in-irish-folklore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/arid-20134899.html">"Tricks and treats"</a>. Irish Examiner. 30 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418044338/https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/columnists/arid-20134899.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Examiner&rft.atitle=Tricks+and+treats&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishexaminer.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Farid-20134899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/d/dubliners/summary-and-analysis/clay">"Clay"</a>. www.cliffsnotes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101175354/https://www.cliffsnotes.com/literature/d/dubliners/summary-and-analysis/clay">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cliffsnotes.com&rft.atitle=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cliffsnotes.com%2Fliterature%2Fd%2Fdubliners%2Fsummary-and-analysis%2Fclay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2008" class="citation journal cs1">Madden, Ed (31 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/365156">"Teaching Joyce"</a>. James Joyce Quarterly. 46 (1): 133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjjq.0.0133">10.1353/jjq.0.0133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-4183">0021-4183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201751292">201751292</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180603102733/http://muse.jhu.edu/article/365156">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2020 – via Project MUSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=James+Joyce+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Teaching+Joyce&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133&rft.date=2008-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201751292%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-4183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjjq.0.0133&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F365156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttridgeAttridge2000" class="citation book cs1">Attridge, Derek; Attridge, Professor of English Derek (16 March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qp7c4RGqtVgC&q=clay+game+joyce&pg=PA40">Joyce Effects: On Language, Theory, and History</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77788-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77788-9"><bdi>978-0-521-77788-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce+Effects%3A+On+Language%2C+Theory%2C+and+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-03-16&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77788-9&rft.aulast=Attridge&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Attridge%2C+Professor+of+English+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQp7c4RGqtVgC%26q%3Dclay%2Bgame%2Bjoyce%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough Volume III, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2003" class="citation book cs1">Day, Frances A. (30 May 2003). Latina and Latino Voices in Literature: Lives and Works, Updated and Expanded. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-05851-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-05851-6"><bdi>978-0-313-05851-6</bdi></a>. <q>On October 31, All Hallows Eve, the children make a children's altar, to invite angelitos (spirits of dead children) to come back for a visit. November 1 is All Saints Day, and the adult spirits will come to visit. November 2 is All Souls Day, when the families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latina+and+Latino+Voices+in+Literature%3A+Lives+and+Works%2C+Updated+and+Expanded&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2003-05-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-05851-6&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Frances+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hvmag-219"><a href="#cite_ref-hvmag_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreg_Ryan2008" class="citation web cs1">Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195707/http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/October-2008/A-Model-of-Mayhem/">"A Model of Mayhem"</a>. Hudson Valley Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/October-2008/A-Model-of-Mayhem/">the original</a> on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson+Valley+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Model+of+Mayhem&rft.date=2008-09-17&rft.au=Greg+Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hvmag.com%2FHudson-Valley-Magazine%2FOctober-2008%2FA-Model-of-Mayhem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner2014" class="citation web cs1">Warner, Adam (27 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027203902/http://www.nbcbayarea.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/The-History-of-Haunted-Houses-How-Fears-Have-Fueled-an-Industry-280063892.html">"The History of Haunted Houses: A Fight for Frights as Tastes Change"</a>. NBC Bay Area. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcbayarea.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/The-History-of-Haunted-Houses-How-Fears-Have-Fueled-an-Industry-280063892.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2014. 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Retrieved 3 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halloween+Is+Raking+in+Scary+Profits+for+Theme+Parks&rft.pub=AOL.com%2FFinance&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Munarriz&rft.aufirst=Rick+Aristotle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aol.com%2Farticle%2Ffinance%2F2014%2F10%2F23%2Fhalloween-is-raking-in-scary-profits-for-theme-parks%2F20982309%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mader-236"><a href="#cite_ref-mader_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMader2014" class="citation web cs1">Mader, Isabel (30 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005201753/http://www.simmermagazine.com/2014/09/30/halloween-colcannon-recipe/">"Halloween Colcannon"</a>. Simmer Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simmermagazine.com/2014/09/30/halloween-colcannon-recipe/">the original</a> on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. <q>All Hallow's Eve was a Western (Anglo) Christian holiday that revolved around commemorating the dead using humor to intimidate death itself. Like all holidays, All Hallow's Eve involved traditional treats. The church encouraged an abstinence from meat, which created many vegetarian dishes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Simmer+Magazine&rft.atitle=Halloween+Colcannon&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.aulast=Mader&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simmermagazine.com%2F2014%2F09%2F30%2Fhalloween-colcannon-recipe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rogers_r-237"><a href="#cite_ref-rogers_r_237-0">^</a> Rogers, Nicholas (2002). "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990", Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516896-8">0-19-516896-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/horrors/mayhem/needles.asp">"Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy"</a>. Snopes.com. 2 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029222107/http://www.snopes.com/horrors/mayhem/needles.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Snopes.com&rft.atitle=Urban+Legends+Reference+Pages%3A+Pins+and+Needles+in+Halloween+Candy&rft.date=2000-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Fhorrors%2Fmayhem%2Fneedles.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNixon2010" class="citation web cs1">Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/8839-poisoned-halloween-candy-trick-treat-myth.html">"Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth?"</a>. LiveScience. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111081950/http://www.livescience.com/8839-poisoned-halloween-candy-trick-treat-myth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poisoned+Halloween+Candy%3A+Trick%2C+Treat+or+Myth%3F&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F8839-poisoned-halloween-candy-trick-treat-myth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barmbrack-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barmbrack_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barmbrack_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/craic/top-irish-halloween-memories-traditions">"Top ten Irish Halloween traditions and memories you may share"</a>. Ireland Central. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035306/https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/craic/top-irish-halloween-memories-traditions">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Top+ten+Irish+Halloween+traditions+and+memories+you+may+share&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fculture%2Fcraic%2Ftop-irish-halloween-memories-traditions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/whats-on/food-drink/spooky-twist-classic-cadbury-creme-2069709">"Spooky twist on classic Cadbury Creme Egg in time for Halloween"</a>. Derby Telegraph. Retrieved 25 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Derby+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Spooky+twist+on+classic+Cadbury+Creme+Egg+in+time+for+Halloween&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.derbytelegraph.co.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ffood-drink%2Fspooky-twist-classic-cadbury-creme-2069709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crocker_2012-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Crocker_2012_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocker2012" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, B. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62qtbyB8yY4C&pg=PA132">Betty Crocker Halloween Cookbook</a>. Betty Crocker Cooking. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-17814-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-17814-4"><bdi>978-0-544-17814-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betty+Crocker+Halloween+Cookbook&rft.series=Betty+Crocker+Cooking&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-544-17814-4&rft.aulast=Crocker&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D62qtbyB8yY4C%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hood_2014_p._119-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Hood_2014_p._119_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHood2014" class="citation book cs1">Hood, K.J.M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GthuBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">Halloween Delights Cookbook: A Collection of Halloween Recipes</a>. Cookbook Delights Holiday Series. Whispering Pine Press International, Incorporated. pp. 119–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59434-181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59434-181-6"><bdi>978-1-59434-181-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween+Delights+Cookbook%3A+A+Collection+of+Halloween+Recipes&rft.series=Cookbook+Delights+Holiday+Series&rft.pages=119-138&rft.pub=Whispering+Pine+Press+International%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59434-181-6&rft.aulast=Hood&rft.aufirst=K.J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGthuBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCrum_2015-244"><a href="#cite_ref-McCrum_2015_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrum2015" class="citation web cs1">McCrum, Kirstie (14 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishmirror.ie/news/weird-news/trick-treat-gory-halloween-cakes-6634322">"Trick or treat? Halloween cakes look horrifying but are they devilishly tasty?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Mirror">Irish Mirror</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Irish+Mirror&rft.atitle=Trick+or+treat%3F+Halloween+cakes+look+horrifying+but+are+they+devilishly+tasty%3F&rft.date=2015-10-14&rft.aulast=McCrum&rft.aufirst=Kirstie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmirror.ie%2Fnews%2Fweird-news%2Ftrick-treat-gory-halloween-cakes-6634322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannatyne1998" class="citation book cs1">Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNAXt9jLXWwC&pg=PA12">Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History</a>. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56554-346-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56554-346-1"><bdi>978-1-56554-346-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031175805/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNAXt9jLXWwC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2012. <q>Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Halloween%3A+An+American+Holiday%2C+an+American+History&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=1998-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56554-346-1&rft.aulast=Bannatyne&rft.aufirst=Lesley+Pratt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNAXt9jLXWwC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> Feasting and Fasting: Canada's Heritage Celebrations (Dorothy Duncan), Dundurn, p. 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC3-247"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC3_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows' Eve"</a>. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103105817/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. <q>All Hallows' Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows' Day, also known as All Saints' Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows' Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Christianity%3A+All+Hallows%27+Eve&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation+%28BBC%29&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fholydays%2Fhalloween_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Harvey_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_James_Harvey2012" class="citation web cs1">Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130421185016/http://www.patriotpost.us/commentary/15253">"'All Hallows' Eve'"</a>. The Patriot Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriotpost.us/commentary/15253">the original</a> on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011. <q>"The vigil of the hallows" refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or "Halloween" for short – a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Patriot+Post&rft.atitle=%27All+Hallows%27+Eve%27&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft.au=Andrew+James+Harvey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriotpost.us%2Fcommentary%2F15253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNA-249"><a href="#cite_ref-CNA_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55077/vigil-of-all-saints">"Vigil of All Saints"</a>. Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524132950/http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resources/saints/feast-days/vigil-of-all-saints/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011. <q>The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vigil+of+All+Saints&rft.date=2012-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fresource%2F55077%2Fvigil-of-all-saints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023062312/http://www.nightoflight.org/nofl2000.htm">"Night of Light Beginnings"</a>. Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightoflight.org/nofl2000.htm">the original</a> on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012. <q>In its first year – 2000 AD – over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the US and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up by other Christians who while keeping its essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Night+of+Light+Beginnings&rft.pub=Cor+et+Lumen+Christi+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nightoflight.org%2Fnofl2000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/8114025/Heres-to-the-Soulcakers-going-about-their-mysterious-mummery.html">"Here's to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery"</a>. The Telegraph. 6 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403094908/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/8114025/Heres-to-the-Soulcakers-going-about-their-mysterious-mummery.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012. <q>One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows' Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States. The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children's fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Here%27s+to+the+Soulcakers+going+about+their+mysterious+mummery&rft.date=2010-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fcomment%2F8114025%2FHeres-to-the-Soulcakers-going-about-their-mysterious-mummery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armentrout-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Armentrout_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmentroutSlocum1999" class="citation book cs1">Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_RpbmWNfHcC&pg=PA7">An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church</a>. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-211-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-211-2"><bdi>978-0-89869-211-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730202753/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_RpbmWNfHcC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2012. <q>The BOS notes that "suitable festivities and entertainments" may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Episcopal+Dictionary+of+the+Church&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-211-2&rft.aulast=Armentrout&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft.au=Slocum%2C+Robert+Boak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_RpbmWNfHcC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Infeld-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Infeld_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInfeld2008" class="citation book cs1">Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ5JfYtNC7QC&q=halloween+poland+visiting+cemetery&pg=PA150">In-Formation</a>. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9760512-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9760512-4-4"><bdi>978-0-9760512-4-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 November 2012. <q>My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In-Formation&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=D+%26+J+Holdings+LLC&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-9760512-4-4&rft.aulast=Infeld&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJ5JfYtNC7QC%26q%3Dhalloween%2Bpoland%2Bvisiting%2Bcemetery%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoward2017" class="citation web cs1">Doward, Jamie (28 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/oct/28/halloween-light-parties-church-christian-spin">"Halloween light parties put a Christian spin on haunted celebrations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Halloween+light+parties+put+a+Christian+spin+on+haunted+celebrations&rft.date=2017-10-28&rft.aulast=Doward&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2017%2Foct%2F28%2Fhalloween-light-parties-church-christian-spin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Teens in Finland (Jason Skog), Capstone, p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518215103/http://www.anglicancommunion.org/acns/digest/index.cfm/2006/9/18/Bishop_challenges_supermarkets_to_lighten_up_Halloween">"Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween"</a>. The Church of England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglicancommunion.org/acns/digest/index.cfm/2006/9/18/Bishop_challenges_supermarkets_to_lighten_up_Halloween">the original</a> on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2009. <q>Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It's high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween," says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bishop+Challenges+Supermarkets+to+Lighten+up+Halloween&rft.pub=The+Church+of+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglicancommunion.org%2Facns%2Fdigest%2Findex.cfm%2F2006%2F9%2F18%2FBishop_challenges_supermarkets_to_lighten_up_Halloween&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newadvent.org-257"><a href="#cite_ref-newadvent.org_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01315a.htm">"Halloween and All Saints Day"</a>. newadvent.org. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016020938/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01315a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halloween+and+All+Saints+Day&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01315a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church1955-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Church1955_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CaI9AAAAYAAJ">The Anglican Breviary</a>. Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1955. pp. 1514 (E494). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423211911/https://books.google.com/books?id=CaI9AAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Breviary&rft.pages=1514+%28E494%29&rft.pub=Frank+Gavin+Liturgical+Foundation&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCaI9AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RefDay-259"><a href="#cite_ref-RefDay_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070223075856/http://www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp?act=reader&item_id=15084&loc_id=9,612,32,52">"Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship"</a>. The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp?act=reader&item_id=15084&loc_id=9,612,32,52">the original</a> on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reformation+Day%3A+What%2C+Why%2C+and+Resources+for+Worship&rft.pub=The+General+Board+of+Discipleship+of+The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbod.org%2Fworship%2Fdefault.asp%3Fact%3Dreader%26item_id%3D15084%26loc_id%3D9%2C612%2C32%2C52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Halloween, Hallowed Is Thy Name (Smith), p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reformers-261"><a href="#cite_ref-Reformers_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2011" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Travis (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028075853/http://www.gty.org/resources/Articles/A123">"Christians and Halloween"</a>. Church Publishing, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gty.org/resources/Articles/A123">the original</a> on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011. <q>Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called 'Harvest Festivals', 'Hallelujah Night' or 'Reformation Festivals' – the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christians+and+Halloween&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gty.org%2Fresources%2FArticles%2FA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Halloween tracts serve as tool to spread gospel to children (Curry), Baptist Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods2013-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Woods2013_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2013" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Robert (2013). Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38654-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38654-1"><bdi>978-0-313-38654-1</bdi></a>. <q>Evangelicals have found opportunities with both Christmas and Easter to use Christian candy to re-inject religion into these traditionally Christian holidays and boldly reclaim them as their own. They have increasingly begun to use Halloween, the most candy-centric holiday, as an opportunity for evangelism. Contained in small packages featuring Bible verses, Scripture Candy's "Harvest Seeds" – candy corn in everything but name – are among many candies created for this purpose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Christians+and+Popular+Culture&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38654-1&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Augostine2013" class="citation web cs1">D'Augostine, Lori (20 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/devotions/daugostine_halloween.aspx">"Suffer Not the Trick-or-Treaters"</a>. CBN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184839/http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/devotions/daugostine_halloween.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suffer+Not+the+Trick-or-Treaters&rft.pub=CBN&rft.date=2013-09-20&rft.aulast=D%27Augostine&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2Fspirituallife%2Fdevotions%2Fdaugostine_halloween.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-russo-265"><a href="#cite_ref-russo_265-0">^</a> Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandreth-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Brandreth_266-0">^</a> Gyles Brandreth, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011093730/http://telegraph.co.uk/health/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fhealth%2F2000%2F11%2F03%2Ftldevl03.xml&page=1">The Devil is gaining ground</a>" The Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-www.rcab.org-267"><a href="#cite_ref-www.rcab.org_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929155738/http://www.rcab.org/Pilot/2004/ps041105/saintfest.html">"Salem 'Saint Fest' restores Christian message to Halloween"</a>. rcab.org. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcab.org/Pilot/2004/ps041105/saintfest.html">the original</a> on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salem+%27Saint+Fest%27+restores+Christian+message+to+Halloween&rft.pub=rcab.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcab.org%2FPilot%2F2004%2Fps041105%2Fsaintfest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CelticChristians-268"><a href="#cite_ref-CelticChristians_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061120171225/http://www.allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic/samhain.html">"Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November"</a>. All Saints Parish. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allsaintsbrookline.org/celtic/samhain.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feast+of+Samhain%2FCeltic+New+Year%2FCelebration+of+All+Celtic+Saints+1+November&rft.pub=All+Saints+Parish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallsaintsbrookline.org%2Fceltic%2Fsamhain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortaro1998" class="citation book cs1">Portaro, Sam (25 January 1998). A Companion to the Lesser Feasts and Fasts. <a href="/wiki/Cowley_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowley Publications">Cowley Publications</a>. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6051-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6051-4"><bdi>978-1-4616-6051-4</bdi></a>. <q>All Saints' Day is the centerpiece of an autumn triduum. In the carnival celebrations of All Hallows' Eve our ancestors used the most powerful weapon in the human arsenal, the power of humor and ridicule to confront the power of death. The following day, in the commemoration of All Saints, we gave witness to the victory of incarnate goodness embodied in remarkable deeds and doers triumphing over the misanthropy of darkness and devils. And in the commemoration of All Souls we proclaimed the hope of common mortality expressed in our aspirations and expectations of a shared eternity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Cowley+Publications&rft.date=1998-01-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6051-4&rft.aulast=Portaro&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024173709/http://www.americancatholic.org/Features/Halloween/">"Halloween's Christian Roots"</a> AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 24 October 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucci2016" class="citation web cs1">Bucci, Rich (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://broomecatholicschools.org/catholic-elementary-schools-to-celebrate-halloween-with-costume-parades-on-friday-october-28-monday-october-31/">"Catholic Elementary Schools to Celebrate Halloween with Costume Parades on Friday, October 28 & Monday, October 31"</a>. The Catholic Schools of Broome County. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003061841/https://broomecatholicschools.org/catholic-elementary-schools-to-celebrate-halloween-with-costume-parades-on-friday-october-28-monday-october-31/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Elementary+Schools+to+Celebrate+Halloween+with+Costume+Parades+on+Friday%2C+October+28+%26+Monday%2C+October+31&rft.pub=The+Catholic+Schools+of+Broome+County&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bucci&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbroomecatholicschools.org%2Fcatholic-elementary-schools-to-celebrate-halloween-with-costume-parades-on-friday-october-28-monday-october-31%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.education-ni.gov.uk/articles/school-holidays">"School holidays"</a>. Department of Education Northern Ireland. Retrieved 26 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=School+holidays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.education-ni.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Fschool-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2020/10/26/news/schools-must-reopen-after-halloween-break-2109837/">"Schools 'must reopen' after Halloween break"</a>. Irish News. Retrieved 26 September 2023. <q>Catholic school chiefs have insisted that the extended Halloween holiday must not be stretched out any further.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+News&rft.atitle=Schools+%27must+reopen%27+after+Halloween+break&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fnews%2Fschools-must-reopen-after-halloween-break-2109837%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuarez2007" class="citation web cs1">Suarez, Essdras (29 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-10-26-hell-house_N.htm">"Some Christians use 'Hell Houses' to reach out on Halloween"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428062255/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-10-26-hell-house_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2015. <q>While some Christians aren't certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. ...Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Some+Christians+use+%27Hell+Houses%27+to+reach+out+on+Halloween&rft.date=2007-10-29&rft.aulast=Suarez&rft.aufirst=Essdras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F2007-10-26-hell-house_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.thercg.org-275"><a href="#cite_ref-www.thercg.org_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425093016/http://rcg.org/articles/totuh.html">"'Trick?' or 'Treat?' – Unmasking Halloween"</a>. The Restored Church of God. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rcg.org/articles/totuh.html">the original</a> on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Trick%3F%27+or+%27Treat%3F%27+%E2%80%93+Unmasking+Halloween&rft.pub=The+Restored+Church+of+God&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcg.org%2Farticles%2Ftotuh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Do Orthodox Christians Observe Halloween? by Saint Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> The Jewish Life Cycle: rites of passage from biblical to modern times (Ivan G. 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Retrieved 7 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Sun&rft.atitle=Calls+for+Halloween+holiday+in+Australia&rft.date=2010-10-27&rft.au=Paul+Kent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com.au%2Fnational-news%2Fa-halloween-holiday-from-reality%2Fstory-e6frfkvr-1225943986615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2010" class="citation news cs1">Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10684066">"Safe treats for kids on year's scariest night"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald" title="The New Zealand Herald">The New Zealand Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110122802/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10684066">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2010. Retrieved 22 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=Safe+treats+for+kids+on+year%27s+scariest+night&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D10684066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/fi/usein-kysyttya-faq.html?highlight=WyJoYWxsb3dlZW4iXQ==">"Usein kysyttyä (FAQ)"</a> (in Finnish). Helsingin yliopiston almanakkatoimisto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915032242/http://almanakka.helsinki.fi/fi/usein-kysyttya-faq.html?highlight=WyJoYWxsb3dlZW4iXQ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usein+kysytty%C3%A4+%28FAQ%29&rft.pub=Helsingin+yliopiston+almanakkatoimisto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falmanakka.helsinki.fi%2Ffi%2Fusein-kysyttya-faq.html%3Fhighlight%3DWyJoYWxsb3dlZW4iXQ%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2023" class="citation news cs1">Doherty, Brennan (15 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231013-why-americans-may-spend-12bn-on-halloween-in-2023">"Why Americans may spend $12bn on Halloween in 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+Americans+may+spend+%2412bn+on+Halloween+in+2023&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Brennan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fworklife%2Farticle%2F20231013-why-americans-may-spend-12bn-on-halloween-in-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHalloween" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Halloween" title="Bibliography of Halloween">Bibliography of Halloween</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Publishing_Company" title="Pelican Publishing Company">Pelican Publishing Company</a> (2000). 96 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56554-712-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56554-712-8">1-56554-712-8</a></li> <li>Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58980-113-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58980-113-X">1-58980-113-X</a></li> <li>Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56554-346-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-56554-346-7">1-56554-346-7</a></li> <li>Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58980-176-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58980-176-8">1-58980-176-8</a></li> <li>Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams, Inc.">Harry N. Abrams, Inc.</a> (2002). 128 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-3291-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-3291-1">0-8109-3291-1</a></li> <li>Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-8889-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-8889-4">3-8258-8889-4</a></li> <li>Lisa Morton, Trick or Treat A history of Halloween, <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a> (2012). 229 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-187-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-187-7">978-1-78023-187-7</a></li> <li>Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a> (2003). 240 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1524-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1524-X">0-7864-1524-X</a></li> <li>Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, US (2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514691-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514691-3">0-19-514691-3</a></li> <li>Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Press" title="University of Tennessee Press">University of Tennessee Press</a> (1994). 280 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87049-813-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87049-813-4">0-87049-813-4</a></li> <li>David J. Skal, Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a> US (2003). 224 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58234-305-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58234-305-5">1-58234-305-5</a></li> <li>James Tipper, Gods of The Nowhere: A Novel of Halloween, Waxlight Press (2013). 294 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9882433-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9882433-1-6">978-0-9882433-1-6</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/holydays/halloween_1.shtml">"A brief history of Halloween"</a> by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liturgicalartsjournal.com/2019/09/all-hallows-eve-halloween-in.html">"All Hallows Eve (Halloween) in the Traditional, Pre-1955 Liturgical Books"</a> by the Liturgical Arts Journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/halloween">"The History of Halloween"</a> by the <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History Channel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Halloween at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Halloween" class="extiw" title="c:Halloween">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Halloween" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Halloween">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Halloween" class="extiw" title="q:Halloween">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Halloween" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Halloween">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Halloween" class="extiw" title="voy:Halloween">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251868" class="extiw" title="d:Q251868">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <style 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.portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/15px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/15px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="15" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/23px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/30px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/21px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/42px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="21" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/21px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/21px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/42px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween&oldid=1256277130">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halloween&oldid=1256277130</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Halloween&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 9 November 2024, at 03:07 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ealra_H%C4%81lgena_%C7%A2fen" title="Ealra Hālgena Ǣfen – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ealra Hālgena Ǣfen" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هالووين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هالووين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueit_d%27almetas" title="Nueit d'almetas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nueit d'almetas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Հալոուին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հալոուին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হ্যালোইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হ্যালোইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellouin" title="Hellouin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hellouin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هالووین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هالووین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হ্যালোইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যালোইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хэллоуин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хэллоуин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Хэлаўін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хэлаўін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Гэлаўін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гэлаўін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хелоуин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хелоуин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollaheilignomd" title="Ollaheilignomd – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ollaheilignomd" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalagkalag" title="Kalagkalag – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalagkalag" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Calan_Gaeaf" title="Gŵyl Calan Gaeaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gŵyl Calan Gaeaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allehelgensaften" title="Allehelgensaften – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Allehelgensaften" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Χαλοουίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλοουίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gau_Beltza" title="Gau Beltza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gau Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هالووین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هالووین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahalgannaaftan" title="Allahalgannaaftan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Allahalgannaaftan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%ADche_Shamhna" title="Oíche Shamhna – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oíche Shamhna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oie_Houney" title="Oie Houney – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Oie Houney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Samhain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8" title="હેલોવીન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હેલોવીન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A0%EB%A1%9C%EC%9C%88" title="할로윈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="할로윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heleu%C4%AB" title="Heleuī – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Heleuī" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Հելոուին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հելոուին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="हैलोवीन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैलोवीन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%87_vje%C5%A1tica" title="Noć vještica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Noć vještica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrekkjavaka" title="Hrekkjavaka – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hrekkjavaka" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%9B%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ליל כל הקדושים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליל כל הקדושים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಹ್ಯಾಲೋವೀನ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹ್ಯಾಲೋವೀನ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰელოუინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰელოუინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хэллоуин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хэллоуин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хеллоуин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хеллоуин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ຮາໂລວີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮາໂລວີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervigilium_Omnium_Sanctorum" title="Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pervigilium Omnium Sanctorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halov%C4%ABns" title="Halovīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Halovīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helovinas" title="Helovinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Helovinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xalo,uin" title="xalo,uin – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xalo,uin" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Ноќ на вештерките – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ноќ на вештерките" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%B4hinina" title="Halôhinina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Halôhinina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹാലോവീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാലോവീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="हॅलोवीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅलोवीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰელოუინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰელოუინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هالويين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هالويين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဟာလ္လောဝေန် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဟာလ္လောဝေန်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="هالووین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هالووین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဟောလိုဝင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟောလိုဝင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="हलोविन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हलोविन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="ハロウィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハロウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allehelgensaften" title="Allehelgensaften – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allehelgensaften" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੈਲੋਵੀਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਲੋਵੀਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ہالووین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہالووین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia_das_Bruxas" title="Dia das Bruxas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dia das Bruxas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad%C4%B1lar_Bayram%C4%B1" title="Cadılar Bayramı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cadılar Bayramı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хэллоуин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хэллоуин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Һеллоуин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Һеллоуин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallae_E%27en" title="Hallae E'en – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hallae E'en" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="හැලෝවීන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හැලෝවීන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%8D_%C4%8Darovnic" title="Noč čarovnic – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Noč čarovnic" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ھاڵۆوین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاڵۆوین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%9B_%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ноћ вјештица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ноћ вјештица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi_ng_Pangangaluluwa" title="Gabi ng Pangangaluluwa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gabi ng Pangangaluluwa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆலோவீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆலோவீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Хэллоуин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хэллоуин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హాలోవీన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హాలోవీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="ฮาโลวีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮาโลวีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ҳеллоуин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳеллоуин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9staeo%27o_Ts%C3%A9%27%C3%B4hket%C3%B3xeohts%C3%A9v%C3%B4se" title="Méstaeo'o Tsé'ôhketóxeohtsévôse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Méstaeo'o Tsé'ôhketóxeohtsévôse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad%C4%B1lar_Bayram%C4%B1" title="Cadılar Bayramı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cadılar Bayramı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Хелловін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хелловін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ہالووین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہالووین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%85%D9%89" title="جادىلەر بايرىمى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جادىلەر بايرىمى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewoeye_del_Tossint" title="Ewoeye del Tossint – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ewoeye del Tossint" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9C%A3%E5%A4%9C" title="万圣夜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="万圣夜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="האלאווין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="האלאווין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%81%96%E5%A4%9C" title="萬聖夜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="萬聖夜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%81%96%E5%A4%9C" title="萬聖夜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萬聖夜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Halloween" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 03:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" 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