CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>View source for Kerala model - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"640ef8c9-58cc-4676-bed7-285c8a9612fb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Kerala_model","wgTitle":"Kerala model","wgCurRevisionId":1255328450,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":881027,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Kerala_model","wgRelevantArticleId":881027,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready" ,"skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg/1200px-2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1322"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg/800px-2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="881"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg/640px-2006_Human_Development_Index_for_India_map_by_states%2C_HDI_data_by_GoI_and_UNDP_India.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="705"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="View source for Kerala model - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_model"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_model&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_model"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kerala_model rootpage-Kerala_model skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kerala+model&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kerala+model&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kerala+model&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kerala+model&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Kerala model</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Kerala_model" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_model&action=edit" title="Edit this page"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_model&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_model&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_model&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Kerala_model" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Kerala_model" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerala_model&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKerala_model%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DKerala_model%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3534576" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Developmental model adopted in Kerala}} {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} [[File:2006 Human Development Index for India map by states, HDI data by GoI and UNDP India.svg|thumbnail|The [[Human Development Index]] of various Indian States as of 2006 (prepared by United Nations Development Programme).]] The '''Kerala model''' refers to the practices adopted by the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]] to further human development. It is characterised by results showing strong social indicators when compared to the rest of the country such as high literacy and life expectancy rates, highly improved access to healthcare, and low infant mortality and birth rates. Despite having a lower per capita income, the state is sometimes compared to [[developed countries]].<ref name="Parayil-Intro">{{cite book | last = Parayil | first = Govindan | editor = Govindan Parayil | title = Kerala: The Development Experience : Reflections on Sustainability and Replicability | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=__Fbl-UwposC | access-date = 16 January 2011 | year = 2000 | publisher = Zed Books | location = London | isbn = 1-85649-727-5 | chapter = Introduction: Is Kerala's Development Experience a Model? | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=__Fbl-UwposC&q=introduction&pg=PA1 }} </ref> These achievements along with the factors responsible for such achievements have been considered characteristic results of the Kerala model.<ref name="Parayil-Intro" /><ref name="Oommen-Franke">{{cite book | last = Franke | first = Richard W. |author2=Barbara H. Chasin | editor = [[M. A. Oommen]] | title = Rethinking Development: Kerala's Development Experience, Volume I | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lKq5A57tX1cC | access-date = 16 January 2011 | year = 1999 | publisher = Institute of Social Sciences | location = New Delhi | isbn = 81-7022-764-X | chapter = Is the Kerala Model Sustainable? Lessons from the Past, Prospects for the Future | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lKq5A57tX1cC&pg=PA118 }} </ref> Academic literature discusses the primary factors underlying the success of the Kerala model as its decentralization efforts, the political mobilization of the poor, and the active involvement of civil society organizations in the planning and implementation of development policies.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Banik |first=Dan |date=2011 |title=Poverty, Inequality, and Democracy: Growth and Hunger in India |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/444761 |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=90–104 |doi=10.1353/jod.2011.0049 |s2cid=153698245 |issn=1086-3214}}</ref> More precisely, the Kerala model has been defined as: *A set of high material [[quality of life]] indicators coinciding with low per-capita incomes, both distributed across nearly the entire population of Kerala. *A set of [[Redistribution of income and wealth|wealth and resource redistribution]] programmes that have largely brought about the high material quality-of-life indicators. *High levels of [[political participation]] and [[activism]] among ordinary people along with substantial numbers of dedicated leaders at all levels. Kerala's mass activism and committed cadre are able to function within a large democratic structure, which their activism has served to reinforce. ==History== [[File:DrKNRaj.jpg|thumb|Research done by economist [[K. N. Raj]] played a pivotal role in the model's development.]] The Kerala model originally differed from conventional development thinking which focuses on achieving high [[GDP]] growth rates, however, in 1990, [[Pakistani people|Pakistani]] economist [[Mahbub ul Haq]] changed the focus of [[development economics]] from [[national income]] accounting to people centered policies. To produce the [[Human Development Report]] (HDRs), Haq brought together a group of well-known development economists including: [[Paul Streeten]], [[Frances Stewart (economist)|Frances Stewart]], [[Gustav Ranis]], [[Keith Griffin (economist)|Keith Griffin]], Sudhir Anand, and [[Meghnad Desai]].<ref name="dawn">{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/editorial/kerala-model-development-820 |title=Kerala Model & development |publisher=Dawn.com |access-date=17 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413220725/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/editorial/kerala-model-development-820 |archive-date=13 April 2010 }}</ref><ref name="omantribune">{{cite web |url = http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=news&id=64173&heading=India |title = KN Raj passes away |publisher = Oman Tribune |access-date = 17 July 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715002039/http://www.omantribune.com/index.php?page=news&id=64173&heading=India |archive-date = 15 July 2011 |url-status = dead}}</ref> [[File:UN Headquarters 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Human Development Index]], which was introduced by the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (a branch of the United Nations Organisation), has become one of the most influential and widely used indices to measure human development across countries.]] Economists have noted that despite low income rates, the state had high literacy rates, healthy citizens, and a politically active population. Researchers began to delve more deeply into what was going in the Kerala model, since human development indices seemed to show a standard of living which was comparable with life in developed nations, on a fraction of the income. The development standard in Kerala is comparable to that of many first world nations, and is widely considered to be the highest in India at that time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parayil|first=Govindan|date=December 1996|title=The 'Kerala model' of development: Development and sustainability in the Third World|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436599615191|journal=Third World Quarterly|language=en|volume=17|issue=5|pages=941–958|doi=10.1080/01436599615191|pmid=12321040|issn=0143-6597}}</ref> Despite having high standards of human development, the Kerala model ranks low in terms of industrial and economic development. The high rate of education in the region has resulted in a brain drain, with many citizens migrating to other parts of the world for employment. The job market in Kerala is forcing many to relocate to other places. ==Human Development Index== The United Nations developed the [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) in 1990 as a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of "human development" and separate developed (high development), developing (middle development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries. The HDI is used in the United Nations Development Programme's annual Human Development Reports and is composed from data on life expectancy, education and per-capita GDP (as an indicator of Standard of living) collected at the national level using a formula. This index, which has become one of the most influential and widely used indices to compare human development across countries, gave the Kerala model international recognition since Kerala has consistently had scores comparable to developed countries since the HDI's inception.<ref name="hdi kerala chart">{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/wire-news/human-development-index-rose-21-per-cent-kerala-tops-chart_603650.html |title=Human Development Index rose 21 per cent; Kerala tops chart |date=21 October 2011 |publisher=[[CNBC]]}}</ref><ref name="hdi kerala">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/hdi-in-india-rises-by-21-kerala-leads-gujarat-far-behind-114044.html |title=HDI in India rises by 21%: Kerala leads the race |date=21 October 2011 |publisher=FirstPost}}</ref> In 2021, Kerala again tops the HDI among the Indian states with a score of 0.782, according to the Global Data Lab.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/IND/?levels=1+4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|access-date=2021-09-13|website=globaldatalab.org}}</ref> ==Public health== [[File:Calicut medical college view from inside.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Calicut Medical College]] in [[Kozhikode]]. Kerala has around 9,491 government and private medical institutions in the state, with a Population Bed ratio of 879, one of the highest in the country.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Hospitals in the Country |url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1539877 |access-date=2021-09-14 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>]] [[File:Medical college Gate Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|thumb|Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. Founded in 1951, it is the oldest Medical College in Kerala and one of the largest tertiary care hospitals in the state. During the 1950s Asian flu pandemic, it was the principal institute to isolate and research the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government Medical College,Thiruvananthapuram|url=https://tmc.kerala.gov.in/tmc/about|access-date=2021-09-14|website=tmc.kerala.gov.in}}</ref>]] === History === Kerala's improved public health relative to other Indian states and countries with similar economic circumstances is founded on a long history of successful health-focused policies.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |last1=Madore |first1=Amy |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Julie |last3=Dreisbach |first3=Tristan |last4=Weintraub |first4=Rebecca |date=2018 |title=Positive Outlier: Health Outcomes in Kerala, India over Time |url=http://www.globalhealthdelivery.org/publications/positive-outlier-health-outcomes-kerala-india-over-time |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=www.globalhealthdelivery.org}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |date=2015-09-18 |title=Kerala, India: Decentralized governance and community engagement strengthen primary care |url=https://improvingphc.org/promising-practices/kerala |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=PHCPI}}</ref> One of the first key strategies Kerala implemented was making vaccinations mandatory for public servants, prisoners, and students in 1879 prior to Kerala becoming a state, when it was composed of autonomous territories. Moreover, the efforts of missionaries in setting up hospitals and schools in underserved areas increased access to health and education services.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last=Kutty |first=V R. |date=2000-03-01 |title=Historical analysis of the development of health care facilities in Kerala State, India |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=103–109 |doi=10.1093/heapol/15.1.103|pmid=10731241 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Though class and [[Caste system in India|caste]] divisions were rigid and oppressive, a rise in subnationalism in the 1890s resulted in the development of a shared identity across class and caste groups and support for public welfare. Simultaneously, the growth in agriculture and trade in Kerala also stimulated government investment in transportation infrastructure. Thus, leaders in Kerala began increasing spending on health, education, and public transportation, establishing progressive social policies. By the 1950s, Kerala had a significantly higher life expectancy than neighboring states as well as the highest literacy rate in India.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Prerna |title=How Subnationalism promotes Social Development |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781107707177.004 |work=How Solidarity Works for Welfare |year=2015 |pages=112–147 |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781107707177.004 |isbn=9781107707177 |access-date=2022-05-01}}</ref> Once Kerala became a state in 1956, public scrutiny of schools and health care facilities continued to increase, along with residents' literacy and awareness of the necessity of access health services. Gradually, health and education became top priorities, which was unique to Kerala according to a local public health researcher.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bollini |first1=P. |last2=Venkateswaran |first2=C. |last3=Sureshkumar |first3=K. |date=2004 |title=Palliative Care in Kerala, India: A Model for Resource-Poor Settings |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/76902 |journal=Oncology Research and Treatment |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=138–142 |doi=10.1159/000076902 |pmid=15138345 |s2cid=3018086 |issn=2296-5270}}</ref> The state's high minimum wages, road expansion, strong trade and labor unions, land reforms, and investment in clean water, sanitation, housing, access to food, public health infrastructure, and education all contributed to the relative success of Kerala's public health system.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":21">{{Cite book |last=Board. |first=Kerala (India). Bureau of Economic Studies. Kerala (India). Bureau of Economics and Statistics. Kerala (India). State Planning |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1779459 |title=Kerala; an economic review. |publisher=[Printed at the Govt. Press] |oclc=1779459}}</ref> In fact, declining mortality rates during this time period doubled the state's population,<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=body. |first=Kerala (India). State Planning Board, issuing |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/5974255 |title=Economic review ... |oclc=5974255}}</ref> and immunization services, infectious disease care, health awareness activities, and antenatal and postnatal services became more widely available.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":21" /> In the 1970s, a decade before India initiated its national immunization program with [[World Health Organization|WHO]], Kerala launched an immunization program for infants and pregnant women.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |author=Thomas, M. Benson |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/908377268 |title=Decentralisation and interventions in health sector : a critical inquiry into the experience of local self governments in Kerala |oclc=908377268}}</ref> In addition, smaller private medical institutions complemented the government's efforts to increase access to health services and provided specialized healthcare.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Commission. |first=India. Planning |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/154667906 |title=Kerala development report |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Foundation |isbn=978-81-7188-594-7 |oclc=154667906}}</ref> As a result, life expectancy continued to increase in Kerala, though household income remained low.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Board. |first=Kerala (India). State Planning |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/966447651 |title=Economic review, Kerala. |publisher=State Planning Board, Kerala |oclc=966447651}}</ref> Thus, the concept of the "Kerala model" was coined by development researchers in Kerala in the 1970s and the state received international recognition for its health outcomes despite a relatively low per capita income.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Centre for Development Studies |first=United Nations |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/875483852 |title=Poverty, unemployment and development policy : a case study of selected issues with reference to Kerala |date=1975 |publisher=United Nations |oclc=875483852}}</ref> In the mid-1970s to the early 1990s, a fiscal crisis caused the government to reduce spending on health and other social services. Reductions in federal health spending also affected Kerala's health budget.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":20" /> As a result, the quality and abilities of public healthcare facilities declined and residents protested.<ref name=":18" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remittances to Kerala: Impact on the Economy |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/remittances-kerala-impact-economy |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}</ref> Eventually, private health services began to take over, enabled by a lack of government regulation. In fact, by the mid-1980s, only 23% of households regularly utilized government health services, and from 1986 to 1996, private-sector growth significantly surpassed public-sector growth.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":23" /> In 1996, Kerala began to decentralize public healthcare facilities and fiscal responsibilities to local self-governments by implementing the People's Campaign for Decentralized Planning in response to public distrust and national recommendations.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":22" /> For instance, new budgetary allocations gave local governments control of 35 to 40% of the state budget. Moreover, the campaign emphasized improving care and access, regardless of income level, caste, tribe, or gender, reflecting a goal of not just effective but also equitable coverage.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last1=Elamon |first1=Joy |last2=Franke |first2=Richard W. |last3=Ekbal |first3=B. |date=October 2004 |title=Decentralization of Health Services: The Kerala People's Campaign |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/4l9m-8k7n-g6ac-wehn |journal=International Journal of Health Services |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=681–708 |doi=10.2190/4l9m-8k7n-g6ac-wehn |pmid=15560430 |s2cid=29112205 |issn=0020-7314}}</ref> A three-tier system of self-governance was established, consisting of 900 [[Panchayati raj|panchayats]] (villages), 152 blocks, and 14 districts.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last=Varatharajan |first=D |date=2004-01-01 |title=Assessing the performance of primary health centres under decentralized government in Kerala, India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czh005 |journal=Health Policy and Planning |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.1093/heapol/czh005 |pmid=14679284 |issn=1460-2237}}</ref> The current healthcare system arose from local self-governments supporting the construction of sub-centers, primary health centers that support five to six sub-centers and serve a village, and community health centers.<ref name=":19" /> The new system also allowed local self-governments to create hospital management committees and purchase necessary equipment.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":22" /> === Present === The basis for the state's health standards is the state-wide infrastructure of primary health centers.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=MISSION AND VISION – dhs|url=https://dhs.kerala.gov.in/mission-and-vision/|access-date=2021-09-14|language=en-GB}}</ref> Under the current system, the primary health centers and sub-centers were brought under the jurisdiction of local self-governments to respond to local health needs and work more closely with local communities.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":25" /> As a result, health outcomes and access to healthcare services have improved.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":24" /> There are over 9,491 government and private medical institutions in the state, which have about 38000 beds for the total population, making the population to bed ratio 879—one of the highest in the country.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> There is an active, state-supported nutrition programme for pregnant and new mothers and about 99% of child births are institutional/hospital deliveries,<ref name=":3" /> leading to infant mortality in 2018 being 7 per thousand,<ref name=":7" /> compared to 28 in India, overall<ref name=":8" /> and 18.9 for low- middle income countries generally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births) - Low & middle income {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.NMRT?locations=XO|access-date=2021-09-14|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> The birth rate is 40 percent below that of the national average and almost 60 percent below the rate for impoverished countries in general. Kerala's birth rate is 14.1<ref name=":1" /> (per 1,000 people) and decreasing. India's rate is 17<ref name=":2" /> the rate of the U.S. is 11.4.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people) - United States {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CBRT.IN?locations=US|access-date=2021-09-14|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> [[Life expectancy]] at birth in Kerala is 77 years, compared to 70 years in India<ref name=":0" /> and 84 years in Japan,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Countries with highest life expectancy 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/264725/ranking-of-the-20-countries-with-the-highest-life-expectancy/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> one of the highest in the world. Female life expectancy in Kerala exceeds that of the male, similar to that in developed countries.<ref name="deepu">{{cite news |url=http://www.ashanet.org/library/articles/kerala.199803.html |publisher=Bill McKibben |title=Kerala: A case study }}</ref> Kerala's maternal mortality ratio is the lowest in India at 53 deaths per 100,000 live births.<ref name=":0" /> According to the [[India State Hunger Index]], in 2009, Kerala was one of the four states where hunger was only moderate. The hunger index score of Kerala was 17.66 and was second only to Punjab, the state with the lowest hunger index. The nationwide hunger index of India was 23.31.<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=The India State Hunger Index: Comparisons of Hunger Across States |url=http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/cp/ishi08.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214141710/http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/cp/ishi08.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2009}}</ref> Despite the fact that Kerala has a relatively low dietary intake of 2,200 kilocalories per day, the infant-mortality rate and the percentage of the population facing severe undernutrition in Kerala is far lower than in other Indian states. In early 2000, more than a quarter of the population faced severe undernutrition in three states—Orissa, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh—though they had a higher average dietary intake than Kerala. Kerala's improved nutrition is primarily due to better healthcare access as well as greater equality in food distribution across different income groups and within families.<ref name=":9" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Public Health Infrastructure<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=State Health Profile|first=National Health Authority, Government of India|date=January 2021|title=State Health Profile-Kerala, National Health Authority, Government of India|url=https://pmjay.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-01/Kerala-State-Health-Profile.pdf|website=pmjay.gov.in/}}</ref> |Medical Colleges |34 |- |Hospitals |1280 |- |Community Health Centres<ref name=":6" /> |229 |- |Primary Health Centres<ref name=":6" /> |933 |- |Sub Centres |5380 |- |AYUSH Hospitals/Dispensary |162/1473 |- |Total Beds |38004 |- |Blood Banks |169 |} '''District-wise Hospital Bed Population Ratio as per the 2011'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Kerala|first=Health at a Glance 2018|date=2018|title=Health at a Glance, 2018- Department of Health, Government of Kerala|url=https://pmjay.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-01/Kerala-State-Health-Profile.pdf|website=dhs.kerala.gov.in/}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !District !Population Census(2011) !Number of beds !Population Bed Ratio |- |Alappuzha |2127789 |3424 |621 |- |Ernakulam |3282388 |4544 |722 |- |Idukki |1108974 |1096 |1012 |- |Kannur |2523003 |2990 |844 |- |Kasaragod |1307375 |1087 |1203 |- |Kollam |2635375 |2388 |1104 |- |Kottayam |1974551 |2817 |701 |- |Kozhikode |3086293 |2820 |1094 |- |Malappuram |4112920 |2503 |1643 |- |Palakkad |2809934 |2622 |1072 |- |Pathanamthitta |1197412 |1948 |615 |- |Thiruvananthapuram |3301427 |4879 |677 |- |Thrissur |3121200 |3519 |887 |- |Wayanad |817420 |1367 |598 |- |'''Total''' |33406061 |38004 |879 |} The Health Index, ranking the performance of the States and the Union Territories in India in Health sector, published in June 2019 by the NITI Ayong, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India and The World Bank has Kerala on top with an overall score of 74.01.Kerala has already achieved the SDG 2030 targets for Neonatal Mortality Rate, Infant Mortality Rate, Under-5 Mortality rate and Maternal Mortality Ratio.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Report on ranks of States and Union Territories, June 2019|first=Healthy States Progressive India|date=June 2019|title=Healthy States Progressive India- Report on the Ranks of States and Union Territories, June 2019|url=http://social.niti.gov.in/uploads/sample/health_index_report.pdf|website=social.niti.gov.in/}}</ref><ref name="Economist">{{cite web |url=http://graphics.eiu.com/upload/QOD_main_final_edition_Jul12_toprint.pdf |title=Kerala: the community model (Page No 24) |publisher= The Economist |access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="Express">{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article182738.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220053/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article182738.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title='The Economist' hails Kerala model |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=25 July 2010}}</ref> The Economist has recognized the Kerala government for providing palliative care policy (it is the only Indian state with such a policy) and funding for community-based care programmes. Kerala pioneered [[universal health care]] through extensive public health services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/jan/06/-sp-universal-healthcare-the-affordable-dream-amartya-sen|title=Universal healthcare: the affordable dream|date=6 January 2015|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/09/poor-but-prosperous/377206/|title=Poor but Prosperous|first=Akash|last=Kapur|date=1 September 1998|website=The Atlantic}}</ref> [[Hans Rosling]] also highlighted this when he said Kerala matches U.S. in health but not in economy and took the example of [[Washington, D.C.]] which is much richer but less healthy compared to Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/hans_rosling_asia_s_rise_how_and_when/transcript|title=Transcript of "Asia's rise -- how and when"|first=Hans|last=Rosling|website=www.ted.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.utne.com/community/theenigmaofkerala/|title=The Enigma of Kerala|date=9 October 2007 }}</ref> '''Key Health Development indicators-''' '''Kerala & India''' {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Health Indicators !Kerala !India |- |Life expectancy at birth (Male)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=GBD India Compare {{!}} IHME Viz Hub|url=http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/india|access-date=2021-09-13|website=vizhub.healthdata.org}}</ref> |74.39 |69.51 |- |Life expectancy at birth (Female)<ref name=":0" /> |79.98 |72.09 |- |Life expectancy at birth (Average)<ref name=":0" /> |77.28 |70.77 |- |Birth rate (per 1,000 population) |14.1<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Report 2018, Government of Kerala|first=Annual Vital Statistics|date=2019|title=ANNUAL VITAL STATISTICS REPORT – 2018, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 2019|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|website=www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102023933/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |17.64<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people) - India {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CDRT.IN?locations=IN|access-date=2021-09-13|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> |- |Death rate (per 1,000 population) |7.47<ref name=":1" /> |7.26<ref name=":2" /> |- |Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 population) |7<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Reserve Bank of India - Publications|url=https://m.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=19999|access-date=2021-09-13|website=m.rbi.org.in}}</ref> |28<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) - India {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=IN|access-date=2021-09-13|website=data.worldbank.org}}</ref> |- |Under 5-Mortality rate(per 1,000 live births)<ref name=":3" /> |10 |36 |- |Maternal mortality ratio (per lakh live births)<ref name=":0" /> |53.49 |178.35 |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+Other Key SDG 3 Indicators<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=PARTNERSHIPS IN THE DECADE OF ACTION|first=SDG INDIA INDEX AND DASHBOARD 2020-2021|date=4 March 2021|title=SDG INDIA INDEX AND DASHBOARD 2020-2021-PARTNERSHIPS IN THE DECADE OF ACTION, NITI AYOG 2021|url=https://www.niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/SDG_3.0_Final_04.03.2021_Web_Spreads.pdf|website=www.niti.gov.in}}</ref> !Indicators !2020 !2019 |- |Children in the age group 9–11 months Immunised(%) |92 | |- |Notification rate of Tuberculosis per 1,00,000 population |75 |71 |- |HIV Incidence per 1,000 uninfected population |0.02 |0.03 |- |Suicide rate (per 1,00,000 population) |24.30 | |- |Death rate due to road accidents per 1,00,000 population |12.42 | |- |Institutional deliveries out of the total deliveries reported (%) |99.90 |74 |- |Monthly per capita out-of-pocket expenditure on health (%) |17 | |- |Physicians, nurses and midwives per 10,000 population |115 |112 |} ==Education== [[File:Kulakkada GVHSS.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A government school in [[Kottarakara]] ]] [[Pallikkoodam]], a school model started by Buddhists was prevalent in the [[Malabar District|Malabar region]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], and Kingdom of [[Travancore]]. This model was later acquired by Christian missionaries and paved the way for an educational revolution in Kerala by making education accessible to all, irrespective of caste or religion. Christian missionaries introduced Western education methods to Kerala. Communities such as Ezhavas, Nairs and Dalits were guided by monastic orders (called [[ashrams]]) and Hindu saints and social reformers such as [[Sree Narayana Guru]], [[Sree Chattampi Swamikal]] and [[Ayyankali]], who exhorted them to educate themselves by starting their own schools. That resulted in numerous Sree Narayana schools and colleges, [[Nair Service Society]] schools. The teachings of these saints have also empowered the poor and backward classes to organize themselves and bargain for their rights. The [[Government of Kerala]] instituted the [[Aided School]] system to help schools with operating expenses such as salaries for running these schools.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 February 2020 |title=Kerala acts to rein in aided schools |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2020/Feb/14/kerala-acts-to-rein-in-aided-schools-2103121.html |access-date=18 September 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Kerala had been a notable centre of [[Veda|Vedic]] learning, having produced one of the most influential Hindu philosophers, [[Adi Shankaracharya]]. The Vedic learning of the [[Nambudiri]]s is an unaltered tradition that still holds today, and is unique for its orthodoxy, unknown to other Indian communities. However, in feudal Kerala, though only the Nambudiris received an education in [[Veda]]s, other castes as well as women were open to receive education in [[Sanskrit]], mathematics and [[astronomy]], in contrast to other parts of India.{{citation needed|date=November 2018}} [[Tirunavaya]] was a centre of Vedic learning in early medieval period. [[Ponnani]] in Kerala was a global centre of [[Islam]]ic learning during the medieval period. The upper castes, such as [[Nair]]s, [[Tamil Brahmin]], [[Ambalavasi]]s, [[St Thomas Christians]], as well as lower castes such as [[Ezhava]]s had a strong history of Sanskrit learning. In fact, many [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] physicians (such as [[Itty Achudan]]) were from the lower-caste [[Ezhava]] community and [[Muslim]] community (such as the father of renowned [[Mappila Paattu]] poet [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar]]). [[Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier]] was a prominent Ayurvedic physician. This level of learning by lower-caste people was not seen in other parts of India. Also, Kerala had been the site of the notable [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics|Kerala School]] which pioneered principles of mathematics and logic, and cemented Kerala's status as a place of learning. {{citation needed|date=November 2018}} The prevalence of education was not only restricted to males. In pre-colonial Kerala, women, especially those belonging to the [[matrilineal]] [[Nair]] caste, received an education in Sanskrit and other sciences, as well as [[Kalaripayattu]], a martial art. This was unique to Kerala, but was facilitated by the inherent equality shown by Kerala society to females and males,{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} since Kerala society was largely matrilineal, as opposed to the rigid patriarchy in other parts of India which led to a loss of women's rights.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} The rulers of the princely state of [[Travancore]] also were at the forefront in the spread of education. A school for girls was established by the Maharaja in 1859, which was an act unprecedented in the Indian subcontinent. In colonial times, Kerala exhibited little defiance against the [[British Raj]]. However, they had mass protests for [[social mores|social causes]] such as rights for "[[untouchability|untouchables]]" and education for all. Popular protest to hold public officials accountable is a vital part of life in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0517/p12s01-legn.html|title=How almost everyone in Kerala learned to read|website=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|year=2005}}</ref> The following table shows the literacy rate of Kerala from 1951 to 2011, measured every decade:<ref name=":10">{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/status.htm |title=Education |publisher=Kerala Government |access-date=17 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726215318/http://www.kerala.gov.in/education/status.htm |archive-date=26 July 2010 }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Year !Literacy !Male !Female !Transgender/ Non-binary |- |1951 |47.18 |58.35 |36.43 | |- |1961 |55.08 |64.89 |45.56 | |- |1971 |69.75 |77.13 |62.53 | |- |1981 |78.85 |84.56 |73.36 | |- |1991 |89.81 |93.62 |86.17 | |- |2001 |90.92 |94.20 |87.86 | |- |- |2011 |94.59 |97.10 |92.12 |84.61<ref>{{Cite web |title=TransGender/Others - Census 2011 India |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> |- |} The [[Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority]] (KSLMA) had set up "continuing education programmes for [[transgender]]s" (''Samanwaya'') to educate transgender people in Kerala who are ostracised by their family and society and "forced to go out of homes as they are harassed in schools, colleges and in society".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Continuing Education programme for Transgenders |url=https://literacymissionkerala.org/en/services/continuing-education-programme-for-transgenders/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=18 transgenders clear higher secondary course via Kerala's Samanwaya programme |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/10/22/kerala-transgender-community-flying-colours.html |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=OnManorama}}</ref> The Social Justice Department of Kerala has various welfare programmes for transgender people like ''Yatnam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Justice, Kerala |url=http://sjd.kerala.gov.in/scheme-info.php?scheme_id=MTgxc1Y4dXFSI3Z5 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=sjd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> which provides financial assistance for transgender students preparing for competitive exams, ''Varnam'' for distance education programmes, there are also other financial assistant programmes for hostel facility<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Justice, Kerala |url=http://sjd.kerala.gov.in/scheme-info.php?scheme_id=IDE0OHNWOHVxUiN2eQ== |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=sjd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Justice, Kerala |url=http://sjd.kerala.gov.in/scheme-info.php?scheme_id=IDE3MXNWOHVxUiN2eQ== |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=sjd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Justice, Kerala |url=http://sjd.kerala.gov.in/beneficiary-info.php?benef_sl=N3NWOHVxUiN2eQ== |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=sjd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Justice, Kerala |url=http://sjd.kerala.gov.in/scheme-info.php?scheme_id=IDEzNnNWOHVxUiN2eQ== |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=sjd.kerala.gov.in}}</ref> Although these policies help some of the transgender people positively they still face disproportionate amount of discrimination in their daily life which makes it harder for these policies to have a meaningful impact on the transgender community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala govt failed in implementing transgender policy: Amicus curiae report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-govt-failed-in-implementing-transgender-policy-amicus-curiae-report-1884222-2021-12-04 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ajith |first=Aishwarya |date=2022-10-09 |title=Slow But Steady: how Kerala's Transgender Policy has helped the Trans Community |url=https://publicpolicyindia.com/2022/10/10/slow-but-steady-how-keralas-transgender-policy-has-helped-the-trans-community/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=Public Policy India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=R |first=Dr Poornima |date=2022 |title=Through the Cracks of the Gendered World: A Critical Analysis of Kerala's Transgender Policy |url=https://journalspoliticalscience.com/index.php/i/article/view/175 |journal=Journal of Polity and Society |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |issn=0976-0210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-13 |title=Seven months in, Kerala's transgender policy still thicker on paper than in reality |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/seven-months-keralas-transgender-policy-still-thicker-paper-reality-44773 |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> == Gender == Kerala has the highest score on the [[Gender Development Index|Gender Development index]] in India, as demonstrated by the relatively high literacy rate, sex ratio, and mean age at marriage for women, as well as low fertility and infant mortality rates compared to the rest of the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=B. Pradeep |date=2020-12-01 |title=Does Gender Status Translate into Economic Participation of Women? Certain Evidence from Kerala |journal=Shanlax International Journal of Economics |volume=1 |issue=9 |pages=50–56 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/104878/1/MPRA_paper_104878.pdf |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.34293/economics.v9i1.3546 |ssrn=3785204|s2cid=229368586 }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Mitra |first1=Aparna |last2=Singh |first2=Pooja |date=December 2007 |title=Human Capital Attainment and Gender Empowerment: The Kerala Paradox |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00500.x |journal=Social Science Quarterly |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=1227–1242 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6237.2007.00500.x |issn=0038-4941}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parthiban |first=Dr Shahana A. M. , Dr A. Sivakumar & Mr V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AI1EAAAQBAJ&q=gender+equality+kerala |title=THE OPPORTUNITIES OF UNCERTAINTIES: FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTATION NEEDED IN CURRENT CLIMATE Volume I (Social Science and ICT) |date=2021-06-25 |publisher=Lulu Publication |isbn=978-1-300-39724-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Chacko |first=Elizabeth |date=2003 |title=Marriage, Development, and the Status of Women in Kerala, India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030640 |journal=Gender and Development |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=52–59 |doi=10.1080/741954317 |issn=1355-2074 |jstor=4030640 |s2cid=71356583}}</ref> In fact, women in Kerala have played a crucial role in increasing the state's literacy rates, with the mobilization of educated, unemployed women making up two-thirds of volunteer teachers involved in the literacy drive during a 1990 campaign to eliminate illiteracy.<ref name=":11" /> The literacy gap between males and females in India is lowest in Kerala, with the female literacy rate just 5% lower than that of males.<ref name=":10" /> Moreover, as of 2021, the life expectancy for females is 79.98 years in Kerala compared to 72.09 years in India as a whole.<ref name=":0" /> The infant mortality rate is 7 per 1,000 live births in Kerala,<ref name=":7" /> as opposed to 28 in India.<ref name=":8" /> Another indicator of gender equality and women's health is the [[Maternal mortality in India|maternal mortality]] rate, which is 53.59 per 100,000 live births in Kerala and 178.35 in the rest of India.<ref name=":0" /> Historically, women in Kerala are thought to have possessed more autonomy relative to other Indian states, which is often attributed to its [[Matrilineality|matrilineal]] structure which ultimately changed into a [[Patrilineality|patrilineal]] system in the 20th century.<ref name=":14">{{Cite thesis |last=Håberg |first=Ingunn |date=2020 |title=Men: a missing factor in SDG 5? A study on gender equality in Kerala with a focus on men's attitudes towards women |type=MA |publisher=Oslo Metropolitan University |url=https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/handle/10642/9195 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Erwér |first=Monica |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/61115319 |title=Challenging the genderparadox : women's collective agency in the transformation of Kerala politics |date=2003 |publisher=Dept. of Peace and Development Research, Göteborg University |oclc=61115319}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1083463758 |title=Politics, Women and Well-Being : How Kerala Became 'a Model'. |date=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Limited |isbn=978-1-349-12252-3 |oclc=1083463758}}</ref><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Grover |first=Shalini |date=2015-05-04 |title=Women, Gender, and Everyday Social Transformation in India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2015.1053296 |journal=Gender & Development |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=387–390 |doi=10.1080/13552074.2015.1053296 |issn=1355-2074 |s2cid=141504763}}</ref> Matriliny, in which property was inherited collectively through the female line, was largely practiced by the Hindu Nair caste as well as some other upper-caste Hindus such as the Ezhavas and even some Muslims, who are exclusively patriarchal in other parts of India.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> However, Christian succession laws in the early 20th century in Kerala were severely restrictive against women. For instance, unmarried daughters could only claim between a quarter and a third of each son's share of paternal property, or 5,000 rupees, whichever was less, if the father died without making a will. In all other instances, daughters' inheritances were restricted to dowries. These laws were challenged when [[Mary Roy]], a [[Syrian Christianity in India|Syrian Christian]] woman who had not received a [[dowry]] sued her brother to gain equal access to their inheritance. She ultimately won the case and it was considered a landmark ruling for female succession. Beginning in the 1920s, the Hindu matriarchal system fragmented, especially once the Travancore Nayar Regulation Act of 1925 was passed, which was initiated by the British and began the transition to a strictly patriarchal structure.<ref name=":11" /> By the 1970s, the matrilineal system had virtually disappeared and the Kerala family organization became exclusively patrilineal and women's rights to property were significantly restricted.<ref name=":12" /> Though women in Kerala are highly educated, recent studies have called attention to the "gender paradox" in Kerala, in which despite the literacy and education of women in Kerala, they are still oppressed in similar or greater regards by the patriarchy relative to other Indian states.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> Societal and cultural norms are argued by scholars to continue to restrict women's freedoms and maintain their subservience to men both at home and in the labor market. High female unemployment rates, discrimination in the labor market, and elevated female suicide rates and gender-based violence, are all indicators of the "gender paradox" in Kerala.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":11" /> In addition, the persistence of the long-standing tradition of dowry across lines of caste, class, and religion, and the finding that women do about twenty times as much housework as men in Kerala suggest the restricted autonomy and oppression that Kerala women continue to face.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Simister |first=John |date=April 2011 |title=Assessing the 'Kerala Model': Education is Necessary but Not Sufficient |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097317411100600101 |journal=Journal of South Asian Development |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1177/097317411100600101 |issn=0973-1741 |s2cid=153551223}}</ref> Furthermore, economic participation and involvement of women is declining in Kerala, and male casual laborers receive almost double that of women.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pradeep Kumar |first=B |date=2020-12-01 |title=Does Gender Status Translate into Economic Participation of Women? Certain Evidence from Kerala |journal=Shanlax International Journal of Economics |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=50–56 |doi=10.34293/economics.v9i1.3546 |issn=2582-0192 |s2cid=229368586|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, some policies such as the [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme]] (MGNREGS) and [[Kutumbashree|Kudumbashree]] microenterprises have promoted female entrepreneurship, encouraged women's economic empowerment, and decreased gender disparities in Kerala, according to academic literature analyzing gender sensitive policies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Hyfa M. |last2=George |first2=Leyanna S. |date=2019-09-30 |title=A qualitative analysis of the impact of Kudumbashree and MGNREGA on the lives of women belonging to a coastal community in Kerala |journal=Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=2832–2836 |doi=10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_581_19 |issn=2249-4863 |pmc=6820395 |pmid=31681651 |doi-access=free }}</ref> == State policy == In 1957 Kerala elected a communist government headed by [[EMS Namboothiripad]], introduced the revolutionary [[Land reform in Kerala|Land Reform Ordinance]]. The land reform was implemented by the subsequent government, which had abolished [[tenancy]], benefiting 1.5 million poor households. This achievement was the result of decades of struggle by Kerala's peasant associations. In 1967 in his second term as [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief Minister]], EMS again pushed for reform. The land reform initiative abolished tenancy and [[landlord]] exploitation, effective [[Rationing|public food distribution]] that provides subsidised rice to low-income households, protective laws for agricultural workers, pensions for retired agricultural laborers, and a high rate of government employment for members of formerly [[Indian caste system|lower-caste]] communities.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} [[India]] is a multinational state home to provincial states with differing policies, and Kerala's place within this [[federalist]] system can be seen through analyses of its [[regime type]]. Two coalitions containing all-India parties have alternately been in power in Kerala—not dissimilar to the neighboring South Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Kerala has a strong [[leftist]] movement presence that has contributed to changes in the traditional [[Caste|feudal-caste]] system in India. [[Democratization]] of the state has surrounded significant increases in components of [[welfare]] and has led to a large social transformation since the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chathukulam |first1=Jos |last2=Tharamangalam |first2=Joseph |date=January 2021 |title=The Kerala model in the time of COVID19: Rethinking state, society and democracy |journal=World Development |volume=137 |pages=105207 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105207 |issn=0305-750X |pmc=7510531 |pmid=32989341}}</ref> Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]] have comparable increases in social development, albeit with Kerala to a much higher degree—yet Tamil Nadu has been ruled by Tamil [[Nationalism|nationalist]] parties for over half a century.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last=Oomen |first=T. K. |date=2009 |title=Development Policy and the Nature of Society: Understanding the Kerala Model |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40278657 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=44 |issue=13 |pages=25–31 |jstor=40278657 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> In comparison, [[West Bengal]] is seen as even stronger in terms of Leftist movement and governmental policy compared to Kerala yet is ranked far lower in disparities in rural areas, urban areas, [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes, and scheduled tribes]]. Further, there is hardly any per capita consumption expenditure and [[Literacy|literacy levels]] between Muslims and Hindus in Kerala—while Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and the country as a whole have relatively high levels of disparities among the two predominant religious groups.<ref name=":15" /> Interestingly enough, those political radicals involved in the original social integration movements in Kerala were politically conservative. Nonetheless, the social discrimination due to caste of the early 20th century contributed to the cultural revolt and [[political mobilization]] of depressed castes. It was the success of these movements that allowed for the creation of Leftist movements that elevates the social status of lower classes as a whole.<ref name="Véron 601–617">{{Cite journal |last=Véron |first=René |date=2001-04-01 |title=The "New" Kerala Model: Lessons for Sustainable Development |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X00001194 |journal=World Development |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=601–617 |doi=10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00119-4 |issn=0305-750X}}</ref> ==Gaps in the Kerala Model== Kerala has had consistently high levels of development when compared to the rest of the country. The state has the highest record of per capita consumer expenditure, and this level has been progressively increasing since 1993.<ref name=":15" /> Kerala has now begun a high growth regime driven mainly by its service and construction industries. The all-India and statewise trend in the estimates of poverty headcount ratio (HCR) and [[Gini coefficient]] show that Kerala reduced its HCR by 10.3% between 1988-1993 and then again by another 12.2% in the 11 years proceeding until 2004–2005. Comparatively, [[Himachal Pradesh]]—which did not benefit from the same Gulf boom that Kerala did—reduced its post-reform [[rural poverty]] to a lower HCR of 10.9% in 2004–05. Moreover, though there was a marginal decline in the Gini coefficient for rural Kerala in 1993-1994 compared to previous years, there is a jump to 38.3% in 2004-2005—the highest figure compared to all-India figures and all other states. The urban Gini coefficient for Kerala in 2004-05 was 41%, second only to Chhattisgarh. Comparisons of scheduled tribes, castes, and religions also show growing income disparities, reflected by increasing incidence of suicides, family violence, gang activity, and alcoholism, among others.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last=Oommen |first=M. A. |date=2008 |title=Reforms and the Kerala Model |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40276897 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=22–25 |jstor=40276897 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Even public provisioning of equitable access to healthcare and education, which are the foundation of the Kerala model, have decreased overall. The percentage of [[Public Spending|public spending]] on education to total government expenditure decreased from 29.28% in 1982–83 to 23.17% 1992-93 and 17.97% in 2005–06.<ref name="Véron 601–617"/> In terms of education, the educational expenditure size of 6% which Kerala followed in the 1960s and 70s declined to just over 4% in the 1980s and below that in 11 of the 16 years during the post-reform regime. While decline of public expenditure on education decreased during the pre-reform period (from 1980 to 1991) at a rate of 0.97% yearly, the post-reform period has seen an even sharper decline of 2.13% a year. With regard to public expenditure on health and family welfare, there too has been an equally sharp fall in spending, from 11.67% of [[State Domestic Product|state domestic product]] (SDP) to 1983–84 to 9.94% in 1989-90 and down to 6.36% in 2005–06. [[Social security]] entitlements as a percentage of SDP fell significantly too, while it was increasing at a rate of 1.83% in the pre-reform period it fell to 0.15% during the reform period. Under the current [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] regime there has been accelerated commercialization of the education and health sectors—which has altered the equity base of the Kerala model as a whole.<ref name=":15" /> For example, the proportion of students at [[Private schools|private unaided schools]] rose from 2.5% of the 5.9 million total student population in 1990–91 to 7.4% in 2005-06. This is coupled with a 7.5% of intake in government schools over the same time, and only those with the means to pay high fees can go to these private unaided schools.<ref name=":16" /> The [[Fishery|marine fishery sector]] in Kerala is an example of the extent to which disparities still exist despite the Kerala Model's emphasis placed on [[Equality of outcome|equality]]. Though fish and fisheries have a very significant place within Kerala as a whole, fishing communities in Kerala have not benefited from state's overall efforts at improving quality of life nor the increased value of output in the sector. Data from 1965 to 1975 indicate an eleven-fold increase in the value of output from Rs 68.5 million to 741.4 million in current prices.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Kurien |first=John |date=1995 |title=The Kerala Model: Its Central Tendency and the Outlier |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517892 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=23 |issue=1/3 |pages=70–90 |doi=10.2307/3517892 |jstor=3517892 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> However, a major deceleration in the rate of increase of value of output is observed from 1975 to 1985 where the level grew from Rs 741.4 million to just Rs 906.4 million as a result of declining fish harvests and prices. While the net state domestic product has increased by about 18% in the same decade, the fishery sector product has decreased by 20% in comparison. This can be seen in the 29% increase in the gap between per capita state domestic product and product per fisherperson between 1975–76 and 1984–85.<ref name=":17" /> [[Poverty]] is also prevalent in marine fishing communities that are often located on the geographical margins of the land who depend exclusive on the sea for their livelihood. These and other communities on the fringe of state borders have been left behind in the economic and socio-cultural progress that has been widely witnessed by the rest of the state. Poor [[quality of life]] and substandard conditions in marine fishing communities can be attributed specifically to the crowding of entire groups of people on the narrow strip of line along the length of Kerala's coastline: a total of 222 fishing villages along the state's 590&nbsp;km coastline—none more than a half kilometer wide.<ref name=":16" /> [[Population density]] in marine fishing villages was measured to be around 2113 persons per square kilometer in 1981, compared to a state figure of 655 per square kilometer. Basic amenities such as electric lighting, access to running water, toilet facilities, etc. are also at far lower standards in these fishing villages when compared to the state as a whole. The lack of basic facilities and [[hygiene]] has led to rapid spread of [[contagious diseases]] in these areas which express high levels of respiratory and skin infections, diarrheal disorders and hook worm infections to state a few. Though the all-Kerala [[Infant Mortality Rate|infant mortality rate]] was 17 per 1000 live births in 1991, the corresponding rate is 85 per 1000 births in marine fishing communities. There is also a clear gender bias evidenced by the sex ratio of 972 females to 1000 males in these communities, compared to the all-Kerala 1084:1000 ratio of females to males. Thus, marine fishing communities clearly represent an outlier community that has faced restricted levels of capabilities while the state of Kerala has seen progress overall.<ref name=":17" /> ==Opinions== British Green activist [[Richard Douthwaite]] interviewed a person who remembers once saying that "in some societies, very high levels&nbsp;– virtually First World levels&nbsp;– of individual and public health and welfare are achieved at as little as sixtieth of US nominal GDP per capita and used Kerala as an example".<ref>{{cite book |author=Douthwaite R |title=The Growth Illusion: How Economic Growth has Enriched the Few, Impoverished the Many, and Endangered the Planet |publisher=New Society Publishers |year=1999 |pages=310–312 |isbn=0-86571-396-0 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZxJRc5_vbcC }}</ref>{{rp|310–312}} Richard Douthwaite states that Kerala "is far more sustainable than anywhere in Europe or North America".<ref>{{cite book |author=Heinberg R |title=Powerdown: Options And Actions for a Post-Carbon World |publisher=New Society Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=0-86571-510-6 |access-date=11 November 2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAx1Jmyvz5wC |page=105 }}</ref> Kerala's unusual socioeconomic and demographic situation was summarized by author and environmentalist [[Bill McKibben]]:<ref name="McKibben_2006">{{Harv|McKibben|1999}}.</ref> :{|style="border:5px; border: thin solid #ddddff; background-color:#ddddff; margin:20px;" cellpadding="4" |- |Kerala, a state in India, is a bizarre anomaly among developing nations, a place that offers real hope for the future of the Third World. Though not much larger than Maryland, Kerala has a population as big as California's and a per capita annual income of less than $3000. But its infant mortality rate is very low, its literacy rate's among the highest on Earth, and its birthrate's below that of America's and falling faster. Kerala's residents live nearly as long as Americans or Europeans. Though mostly a land of paddy-covered plains, statistically Kerala stands out as the Mount Everest of social development; there's truly no place like it.<ref name="McKibben_2006" /> |} Kerala continues to lead [[Low income|low-income areas]] compared to the rest of India. Recent criticisms of the Kerala Model suggest that Kerala is losing its lead within India. K. K. George cites figures indicating that Punjab spends more per capita on education and that both [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] spend more per capita on health than Kerala. He also compares Kerala unfavorably with [[Maharashtra]], [[Haryana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Nagaland]], Rajasthan, and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in pension payments to [[Extreme poverty|destitutes]]. These weaknesses should not be overlooked, but they remain minor compared with Kerala's continuing overall ability to deliver a high material quality of life to its people as the indicators show. Oommen and Anandaraj district-level profile (1996) found 9 of Kerala's 14 districts among the top 12 in all of India on a composite of [[literacy]], [[life expectancy]], and several economic variables. Kerala's lowest district of [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] was 31st on a list of 372 districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Franke |first1=Richard |last2=Chasin |first2=Barbara |date=August 1999 |editor-last=Parayil |editor-first=Govindan |title=Is the Kerala Model Sustainable? Lessons from the Past: Prospects for the Future |url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~franker/KeralaPapers/ParayilBookdecconf.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~franker/frankecurrentresearch.htm |archive-date=24 August 1999 |access-date=2022-02-22 |website=montclair.edu |publisher=London: Zed Press |publication-place=The Kerala Model of Development: Perspectives on Development and Sustainability}}</ref> The liberalization-cum-structural adjustment package of the Fund and the Bank presents a philosophy that asserts that the working masses need to make sacrifices today for the sake of providing incentives to [[Capitalism|capitalists]] for higher growth, from which those same [[Workforce|workers]] would benefit later. This ‘[[Trickle-down economics|trickle down]]’ effect emphasizes the means augmenting [[Supply-side economics|supply-side measures]] necessary for the success of the Kerala Model. Thus, there is an argument that Kerala itself is not self-sufficient but part of a larger region which has this characteristic. The ‘reforms’ observed, then, are more of a reflection of the structural changes made by the [[Indian economy]] which has increased supply side [[incentive]]s for capitalists. This has led to a rise in the degree of [[Exploitation of labour|exploitation]] of the working people by cutting their so-called [[social wage]] and wrecking the internal balance of the production-structure, which should be taken into consideration when looking at the Kerala Model as a worthwhile example for other [[Third World|third world]] states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patnaik |first=Prabhat |date=1995 |title=The International Context and the "Kerala Model" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3517890 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=23 |issue=1/3 |pages=37–49 |doi=10.2307/3517890 |jstor=3517890 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}} * {{cite magazine |last=McKibben |first=Bill |title=Kerala, India |date=October 1999 |magazine=National Geographic Traveler |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1028kerala.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020413214205/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1028kerala.html |archive-date=13 April 2002}} {{refend}} ==External links== * {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081011090100/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/01/09/stories/05092523.htm Amartya Sen and the "Kerala Model"]}} * [http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_how-christian-missionaries-help-ended-slave-trade-in-kerala_1774963 "How Missionaries help ended slave trade in Kerala"] {{Topics related to Kerala}} [[Category:Amartya Sen]] [[Category:Economy of Kerala]] [[Category:Political-economic models]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Category_handler" title="Template:Category handler">Template:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Template:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">Template:Citation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation&action=edit" title="Template:Citation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">Template:Citation needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit" title="Template:Citation needed">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Template:Cite journal">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Template:Cite magazine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_magazine&action=edit" title="Template:Cite magazine">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Template:Cite news</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit" title="Template:Cite news">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Template:Cite thesis</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_thesis&action=edit" title="Template:Cite thesis">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">Template:DMCA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DMCA&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">Template:Dated maintenance category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delink" title="Template:Delink">Template:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Delink&action=edit" title="Template:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME&action=edit" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix" title="Template:Fix">Template:Fix</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix&action=edit" title="Template:Fix">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix/category" title="Template:Fix/category">Template:Fix/category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix/category&action=edit" title="Template:Fix/category">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">Template:Harv</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harv&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation" title="Template:Harvard citation">Template:Harvard citation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvard_citation&action=edit" title="Template:Harvard citation">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Kerala_topics" title="Template:Kerala topics">Template:Kerala topics</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Kerala_topics&action=edit" title="Template:Kerala topics">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">Template:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox&action=edit" title="Template:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ns_has_subpages" title="Template:Ns has subpages">Template:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Template:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagetype" title="Template:Pagetype">Template:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Template:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Portal-inline" title="Template:Portal-inline">Template:Portal-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Portal-inline&action=edit" title="Template:Portal-inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:R/superscript" title="Template:R/superscript">Template:R/superscript</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:R/superscript&action=edit" title="Template:R/superscript">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:R/where" title="Template:R/where">Template:R/where</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:R/where&action=edit" title="Template:R/where">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Template:Refbegin</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Refbegin&action=edit" title="Template:Refbegin">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin/styles.css" title="Template:Refbegin/styles.css">Template:Refbegin/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Refbegin/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Refbegin/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Refend" title="Template:Refend">Template:Refend</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Refend&action=edit" title="Template:Refend">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reference_page" title="Template:Reference page">Template:Reference page</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reference_page&action=edit" title="Template:Reference page">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">Template:Rp</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Rp&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rp">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SDcat" title="Template:SDcat">Template:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SDcat&action=edit" title="Template:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Template:Short description</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit" title="Template:Short description">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">Template:Short description/lowercasecheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck&action=edit" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Topics_related_to_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Topics related to Kerala">Template:Topics related to Kerala</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Topics_related_to_Kerala&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Topics related to Kerala">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_Indian_English" title="Template:Use Indian English">Template:Use Indian English</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_Indian_English&action=edit" title="Template:Use Indian English">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">Template:Use dmy dates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit" title="Template:Use dmy dates">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped" title="Template:Usurped">Template:Usurped</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Usurped&action=edit" title="Template:Usurped">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler" title="Module:Category handler">Module:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/blacklist" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">Module:Category handler/blacklist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/blacklist&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/config" title="Module:Category handler/config">Module:Category handler/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/config&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/data" title="Module:Category handler/data">Module:Category handler/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/data&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/shared" title="Module:Category handler/shared">Module:Category handler/shared</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/shared&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/shared">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:DecodeEncode" title="Module:DecodeEncode">Module:DecodeEncode</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:DecodeEncode&action=edit" title="Module:DecodeEncode">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Delink" title="Module:Delink">Module:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Delink&action=edit" title="Module:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Disambiguation/templates" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes" title="Module:Footnotes">Module:Footnotes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list">Module:Footnotes/anchor id list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list/data" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data">Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list/data&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/whitelist" title="Module:Footnotes/whitelist">Module:Footnotes/whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/whitelist">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:GetParameters" title="Module:GetParameters">Module:GetParameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:GetParameters&action=edit" title="Module:GetParameters">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">Module:Namespace detect/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/config&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">Module:Namespace detect/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/data&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ns_has_subpages" title="Module:Ns has subpages">Module:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Module:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/disambiguation" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">Module:Pagetype/disambiguation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/disambiguation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/setindex" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">Module:Pagetype/setindex</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/setindex&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Plain_text" title="Module:Plain text">Module:Plain text</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Plain_text&action=edit" title="Module:Plain text">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal" title="Module:Portal">Module:Portal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal&action=edit" title="Module:Portal">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal-inline" title="Module:Portal-inline">Module:Portal-inline</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal-inline&action=edit" title="Module:Portal-inline">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal/images/i" title="Module:Portal/images/i">Module:Portal/images/i</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal/images/i&action=edit" title="Module:Portal/images/i">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:SDcat" title="Module:SDcat">Module:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:SDcat&action=edit" title="Module:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String" title="Module:String">Module:String</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String&action=edit" title="Module:String">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String2" title="Module:String2">Module:String2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String2&action=edit" title="Module:String2">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Unsubst" title="Module:Unsubst">Module:Unsubst</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst&action=edit" title="Module:Unsubst">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wikitext_Parsing" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">Module:Wikitext Parsing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikitext_Parsing&action=edit" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Kerala model</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_model">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_model</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_model&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6whj2","wgBackendResponseTime":333,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.058","walltime":"0.079","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 55.970 1 -total"," 99.84% 55.882 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 42.92% 24.025 2 Template:Replace"," 38.12% 21.337 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 33.75% 18.892 1 Template:Hidden"," 13.92% 7.793 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 13.90% 7.781 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.28% 1.274 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.24% 1.252 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.72% 0.961 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.011","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043292,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-6whj2","timestamp":"20241124035706","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>