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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanismus_reakce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanismus_reakce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mechanismus reakce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanismus_reakce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Příklady" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Příklady"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Příklady</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Příklady-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Příklady</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Příklady-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adice_halogenů_na_alkeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adice_halogenů_na_alkeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Adice halogenů na alkeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adice_halogenů_na_alkeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adice_halogenovodíků_na_alkeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adice_halogenovodíků_na_alkeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Adice halogenovodíků na alkeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adice_halogenovodíků_na_alkeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adice_vody_na_alkeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adice_vody_na_alkeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Adice vody na alkeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adice_vody_na_alkeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elektrofilní adice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 23 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="إضافة محبة للإلكترونات – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إضافة محبة للإلكترونات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrophile_Addition" title="Elektrophile Addition – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrophile Addition" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_addition" title="Electrophilic addition – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electrophilic addition" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adici%C3%B3n_electrof%C3%ADlica" title="Adición electrofílica – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adición electrofílica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofiilne_liitumine" title="Elektrofiilne liitumine – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrofiilne liitumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="واکنش افزایشی الکترون دوست – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکنش افزایشی الکترون دوست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofiilinen_additio" title="Elektrofiilinen additio – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elektrofiilinen additio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addition_%C3%A9lectrophile" title="Addition électrophile – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Addition électrophile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofil_add%C3%ADci%C3%B3" title="Elektrofil addíció – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektrofil addíció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adisi_elektrofilik" title="Adisi elektrofilik – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adisi elektrofilik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addizione_elettrofila" title="Addizione elettrofila – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Addizione elettrofila" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%82%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BB%98%E5%8A%A0%E5%8F%8D%E5%BF%9C" title="求電子付加反応 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="求電子付加反応" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%9C%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1_%EC%B2%A8%EA%B0%80_%EB%B0%98%EC%9D%91" title="친전자성 첨가 반응 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="친전자성 첨가 반응" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofiele_additie" title="Elektrofiele additie – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrofiele additie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addycja_elektrofilowa" title="Addycja elektrofilowa – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Addycja elektrofilowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_eletrof%C3%ADlica" title="Adição eletrofílica – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adição eletrofílica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi%C8%9Bie_electrofil%C4%83" title="Adiție electrofilă – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adiție electrofilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Реакции электрофильного присоединения – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реакции электрофильного присоединения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofiln%C3%A1_ad%C3%ADcia" title="Elektrofilná adícia – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrofilná adícia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofilna_adicija" title="Elektrofilna adicija – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektrofilna adicija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofilna_adicija" title="Elektrofilna adicija – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektrofilna adicija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="எலெக்ட்ரான்கவர் கூட்டுவினை – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலெக்ட்ரான்கவர் கூட்டுவினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E7%94%B5%E5%8A%A0%E6%88%90%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="亲电加成反应 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亲电加成反应" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><p><b>Elektrofilní adice</b> je typ <a href="/wiki/Adice" title="Adice">adiční reakce</a>, která je typická pro nenasycené uhlovodíky (<a href="/wiki/Alkeny" title="Alkeny">alkeny</a> a <a href="/wiki/Alkyny" title="Alkyny">alkyny</a>) a dochází při ní k rozpadu π-<a href="/wiki/Chemick%C3%A1_vazba" title="Chemická vazba">vazby</a> mezi dvěma <a href="/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík">uhlíky</a> na dvě σ-vazby. Reakce je iniciována <a href="/wiki/Elektrofil" title="Elektrofil">elektrofilní částicí</a> X<sup>+</sup>, která rozštěpí π-vazbu a vytvoří kovalentní vazbu s nenasycenou vazbou C=C bohatou na elektrony. </p><p>Elektrofilní částicí může být sloučenina, která dokáže disociovat na kladnou a zápornou částici (například <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogenovod%C3%ADky" title="Halogenovodíky">halogenovodíky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halogeny" title="Halogeny">halogeny</a> v přítomnosti <a href="/wiki/Lewisova_teorie_kyselin_a_z%C3%A1sad" title="Lewisova teorie kyselin a zásad">Lewisovy kyseliny</a> jako <a href="/wiki/Katalyz%C3%A1tor" title="Katalyzátor">katalyzátoru</a> a podobně). Rozlišuje se pak adice vody, adice halogenů, adice halogenovodíků, <a href="/wiki/Ozonol%C3%BDza" title="Ozonolýza">ozonolýzu</a> a jiné. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanismus_reakce">Mechanismus reakce</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Mechanismus reakce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Mechanismus reakce"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:ElectrophilicAdditionmechanism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ElectrophilicAdditionmechanism.svg/343px-ElectrophilicAdditionmechanism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="343" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ElectrophilicAdditionmechanism.svg/515px-ElectrophilicAdditionmechanism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/ElectrophilicAdditionmechanism.svg/686px-ElectrophilicAdditionmechanism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Dva kroky elektrofilní reakce</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dvoustupňový mechanismus</b> </p><p>Mechanismus elektrofilní adice je dvoustupňový. V prvním stupni dochází k navázání elektrofilní částice na π-vazbu. Elektronový pár dvojné vazby vytvoří vazbu s kladnou částicí a na druhém uhlíku dvojné vazby se vytvoří částečný kladný náboj. Ve druhém kroku dochází k navázání <a href="/wiki/Nukleofil" title="Nukleofil">nukleofilní částice</a> (částice s volným elektronovým párem) na částečně kladný uhlík. </p><p><b>Markovnikovovo pravidlo</b> </p><p>V případě adice na nesymetrický alken (například <a href="/wiki/Propen" title="Propen">propen</a>) je možný vznik dvou produktů, ale vzniká převážně ten, kde je kladná částice navázána na ten uhlík dvojité vazby, kde je více vodíků. Toto pravidlo se nazývá <a href="/wiki/Markovnikovovo_pravidlo" title="Markovnikovovo pravidlo">Markovnikovovo pravidlo</a>. </p><p>Elektrofilní atak na aromatické sloučeniny vede spíše k elektrofilní aromatické <a href="/wiki/Substitu%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_reakce" title="Substituční reakce">substituci</a> než k adiční reakci. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Příklady"><span id="P.C5.99.C3.ADklady"></span>Příklady</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Příklady" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Příklady"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Addition-Brom-Alken.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Addition-Brom-Alken.png/269px-Addition-Brom-Alken.png" decoding="async" width="269" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Addition-Brom-Alken.png/404px-Addition-Brom-Alken.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Addition-Brom-Alken.png/538px-Addition-Brom-Alken.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Adice bromu Br<sub>2</sub> na alken - ve dvou krocích</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adice_halogenů_na_alkeny"><span id="Adice_halogen.C5.AF_na_alkeny"></span>Adice halogenů na alkeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Adice halogenů na alkeny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Adice halogenů na alkeny"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molekulární <a href="/wiki/Halogeny" title="Halogeny">halogeny</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlor" title="Chlor">Cl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jod" title="Jod">I</a>) interagují s dvojnou vazbou alkenu ve dvoustupňovém mechanismu za vzniku jednoduché vazby alkanu. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Stereo-Add-Brom-Alken.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stereo-Add-Brom-Alken.png/267px-Stereo-Add-Brom-Alken.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stereo-Add-Brom-Alken.png/401px-Stereo-Add-Brom-Alken.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stereo-Add-Brom-Alken.png/534px-Stereo-Add-Brom-Alken.png 2x" data-file-width="1149" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Adice bromu Br<sub>2</sub> na alken - celková reakce</figcaption></figure> <p>Při reakci Br<sub>2</sub> se v prvním kroku ke dvojné vazbě mezi atomy uhlíku elektrofilně naváže <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">iont</a> Br<sup>+</sup> a dojde k štěpení dvojné vazby za vzniku cyklického kationtu s krátkou životností. Ve druhém kroku iont Br<sup>−</sup> nukleofilně napadá kladný atom uhlíku za vzniku nasyceného dibromethanu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adice_halogenovodíků_na_alkeny"><span id="Adice_halogenovod.C3.ADk.C5.AF_na_alkeny"></span>Adice halogenovodíků na alkeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Adice halogenovodíků na alkeny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Adice halogenovodíků na alkeny"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:HBr-addition.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HBr-addition.svg/462px-HBr-addition.svg.png" decoding="async" width="462" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HBr-addition.svg/693px-HBr-addition.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/HBr-addition.svg/924px-HBr-addition.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Adice bromovodíku HBr na alken</figcaption></figure> <p>K alkenům se mohou adovat i <a href="/wiki/Halogenovod%C3%ADkov%C3%A9_kyseliny" title="Halogenovodíkové kyseliny">halogenovodíkové kyseliny</a>. I tato adice probíhá ve dvou krocích. V prvním kroku je iont H<sup>+</sup> dané kyseliny připojen k dvojné vazbě. Ve druhém kroku se připojuje aniont kyseliny. </p><p>Při této adici mohou vzniknout dva různé produkty, které se liší polohou halogenu. Podle Markovnikovova pravidla je atom vodíku vždy vázán na atom uhlíku, který je bohatší na vodík. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adice_vody_na_alkeny">Adice vody na alkeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Adice vody na alkeny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Adice vody na alkeny"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Wasseraddition.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wasseraddition.png/457px-Wasseraddition.png" decoding="async" width="457" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wasseraddition.png/686px-Wasseraddition.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wasseraddition.png/914px-Wasseraddition.png 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Adice vody H<sub>2</sub>O na alken</figcaption></figure> <p>Reakce alkenů s vodou obvykle nevede k očekávanému reakčnímu produktu - <a href="/wiki/Alkoholy" title="Alkoholy">alkoholu</a>. Proto je nutné reakci katalyzovat <a href="/wiki/Kyseliny" title="Kyseliny">kyselým</a> prostředím. V prvním kroku se k dvojné vazbě přidá iont H<sup>+</sup> dané kyseliny. Vzniklý kationt uhlíku je pak dostatečně elektrofilní pro nukleofilní útok molekuly vody. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byly použity <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlady</a> textů z článků <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_addition?oldid=1219375663"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">Electrophilic addition</span></a> na anglické Wikipedii a <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrophile_Addition?oldid=234182537"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="de" title="němčina">Elektrophile Addition</span></a> na německé Wikipedii.</i></span> </p><p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byl použit <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlad</a> textu z článku <a class="external text" href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrofiln%C3%A1_ad%C3%ADcia?oldid=5998711"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="sk" title="slovenština">Elektrofilná adícia</span></a> na slovenské Wikipedii.</i></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Zahradník P., Kollárová M.,: <i>Přehled chemie 2 Organická chemie a biochemie</i>, SPN, 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electrophilic_addition_reactions" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Electrophilic addition reactions">elektrofilní adice</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrofiln%C3%AD_adice&action=edit&section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliminace_(chemie)" title="Eliminace (chemie)">Eliminace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrofiln%C3%AD_aromatick%C3%A1_substituce" title="Elektrofilní aromatická substituce">Elektrofilní aromatická substituce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukleofiln%C3%AD_substituce" title="Nukleofilní substituce">Nukleofilní substituce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radik%C3%A1lov%C3%A1_adice" title="Radikálová adice">Radikálová adice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radik%C3%A1lov%C3%A1_substituce" title="Radikálová substituce">Radikálová substituce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukleofiln%C3%AD_adice" title="Nukleofilní adice">Nukleofilní adice</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox2-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Obsah" title="Portál:Obsah">Portály</a>: <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Chemie" title="Portál:Chemie">Chemie</a> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Citováno z „<a dir="ltr" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektrofilní_adice&oldid=23937947">https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elektrofilní_adice&oldid=23937947</a>“</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Kategorie" title="Nápověda:Kategorie">Kategorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Adi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_reakce" title="Kategorie:Adiční reakce">Adiční reakce</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Elektrofiln%C3%AD_reakce" title="Kategorie:Elektrofilní reakce">Elektrofilní reakce</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_p%C5%99elo%C5%BEen%C3%A9_z_enwiki" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články přeložené z enwiki">Monitoring:Články přeložené z enwiki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_p%C5%99elo%C5%BEen%C3%A9_z_dewiki" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články přeložené z dewiki">Monitoring:Články přeložené z dewiki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_p%C5%99elo%C5%BEen%C3%A9_z_skwiki" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články přeložené z skwiki">Monitoring:Články přeložené z skwiki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_GND" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem GND">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem GND</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div 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