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menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-37"><a href="#">Partners</a> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li id="menu-item-27215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27215"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/partners/">Channel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-27218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27218"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/clp/managed-security-service-provider/">MSSP</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-38" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/support/">Support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="content"> <div class="container flex"> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-contents">Table of Contents</div> <div class="sidebar-menu"> <div class="menu-learn-sidebar-menu-container"><ul id="menu-learn-sidebar-menu" class="menu"><li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Vulnerabilities'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerabilities/">Vulnerabilities</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote Code Execution (RCE): Payloads, Commands & Vulnerabilities'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">Remote Code Execution (RCE): Payloads, Commands & Vulnerabilities</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='OS Command Injection | Payloads, prevention, & attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection/">OS Command Injection | Payloads, prevention, & attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF | Attack Types & Risks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf/">Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF | Attack Types & Risks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='What is an SQL Injection (SQLi)? Prevention, Examples, Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">What is an SQL Injection (SQLi)? Prevention, Examples, Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='In-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/in-band-sql-injection/">In-band SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-sql-injection/">Blind SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-sql-injection-oob-sqli/">Out-of-band SQL injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Local file inclusion (LFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Local file inclusion (LFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote file inclusion (RFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">Remote file inclusion (RFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory traversal'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/">Directory traversal</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability Guide'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability Guide</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Stored/persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/stored-xss-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Stored/persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reflected XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Payloads & Examples'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Reflected XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Payloads & Examples</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DOM-based cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dom-based-cross-site-scripting-dom-xss/">DOM-based cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-cross-site-scripting/">Blind cross-site scripting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='XML external entity (XXE) Injection | Attack & Examples'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xml-external-entity-xxe/">XML external entity (XXE) Injection | Attack & Examples</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-xml-external-entity-oob-xxe/">Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='CRLF injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Email injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/email-injection/">Email injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTML injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='NoSQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/nosql-injection/">NoSQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='JSON Injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/json-injection/">JSON Injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) Vulnerability References'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/">Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) Vulnerability References</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Unvalidated redirects and forwards'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards/">Unvalidated redirects and forwards</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Open Redirect: Redirection Vulnerability, Payloads, and More…'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/open-redirect-open-redirection/">Open Redirect: Redirection Vulnerability, Payloads, and More…</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory Listing | Risks & Vulnerabilities Explained'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Directory Listing | Risks & Vulnerabilities Explained</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Password reset poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/password-reset-poisoning/">Password reset poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Buffer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Integer Overflow Guide: Attacks, Examples, Vulnerabilities'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/integer-overflow/">Integer Overflow Guide: Attacks, Examples, Vulnerabilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children' data-val='Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/attacks/">Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session Hijacking: Detection, Defense & Prevention'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-hijacking/">Session Hijacking: Detection, Defense & Prevention</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is a Session Fixation Attack? Vulnerabilities, Prevention, and More'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-fixation/">What is a Session Fixation Attack? Vulnerabilities, Prevention, and More</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session prediction'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-prediction/">Session prediction</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-hijacking/">Cookie hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-poisoning/">Cookie poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Clickjacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/">Clickjacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-item' data-val='Forced browsing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/forced-browsing/">Forced browsing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='XSS filter evasion'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xss-filter-evasion/">XSS filter evasion</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Source code disclosure'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/source-code-disclosure/">Source code disclosure</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Host header attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/host-header-attacks/">Host header attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web Cache Poisoning | Cache Poisoning Attack Explained'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-cache-poisoning/">Web Cache Poisoning | Cache Poisoning Attack Explained</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Privilege escalation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is a Web Shell | Types, Attacks, Detection & Protection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">What is a Web Shell | Types, Attacks, Detection & Protection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reverse shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">Reverse shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-frame scripting (XFS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-frame-scripting-xfs/">Cross-frame scripting (XFS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Broken link hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/broken-link-hijacking-blh/">Broken link hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SEO poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/seo-poisoning/">SEO poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/low-orbit-ion-cannon-loic/">Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/high-orbit-ion-cannon-hoic/">High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Slowloris attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/slowloris-attack/">Slowloris attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='R.U.D.Y. attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/rudy-attack/">R.U.D.Y. attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/">Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='ARP Spoofing Attack: Prevention, Detection, Tools'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-arp-spoofing/">ARP Spoofing Attack: Prevention, Detection, Tools</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='IP Spoofing (IP Spoofer) | How to, Attacks, Detection, & Solutions'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ip-spoofing-ip-address-spoofing/">IP Spoofing (IP Spoofer) | How to, Attacks, Detection, & Solutions</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DNS Cache Poisoning (DNS Spoofing) – Attack Detection & Prevention'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-dns-spoofing-dns-cache-poisoning/">DNS Cache Poisoning (DNS Spoofing) – Attack Detection & Prevention</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-https-spoofing-idn-homograph-attack/">HTTP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-hijacking/">SSL hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL stripping'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-stripping/">SSL stripping</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Protection'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/protection/">Protection</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Same-origin policy (SOP)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/">Same-origin policy (SOP)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Example & Fix'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Example & Fix</a></li> <li class=' menu-item 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A Guide to Dynamic Application Security Testing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">What is DAST? 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This attack is made possible by the insecure design of a web application or API.</p> <p>Forced browsing is formally defined by Mitre in<a href="https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/425.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> CWE-425</a>. In the latest OWASP Top-10 2021 from the Open Web Application Security Project, forced browsing is not considered a separate cybersecurity category but is included in category<a href="https://owasp.org/Top10/A01_2021-Broken_Access_Control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> A1:2021-Broken Access Control</a>.</p> <p>Note that forced browsing may seem similar to<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/"> directory traversal</a> or<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/"> local file inclusion (LFI)</a> because, in all these cases, a successful attacker can read the content of files on the web server. However, the vulnerabilities that make these attacks possible are very different.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Types of forced browsing vulnerabilities</h2> <p>There are several types of business logic vulnerabilities that make forced browsing possible. They are caused by one or more of the following insecure assumptions during application design or coding:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Security through obscurity – assuming that if you make an identifier complex enough (in this case, a URL), attackers won’t be able to guess it.</li> <li>Common directory names – using common and easily guessed directory names for typical resources, such as <em>/admin/, /config/</em>, or <em>/backup/</em>.</li> <li>Lack of authentication – failing to implement, enable, or properly test authentication for all access to URLs or directories that contain sensitive data.</li> <li>Lack of access control – using only authentication without also enforcing proper authorization to control access to resources belonging to other users.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="example">Examples of forced browsing attacks</h2> <p>The following are examples of forced browsing attacks made possible by insecure design choices in web applications or APIs.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Forced browsing due to using obscure URLs without authentication</h3> <p>The developer creates or changes a resource URL that is hard to guess and provides access to sensitive information or privileged functionality. For example, the developer might create an administration interface for the web application at the following URL:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://www.example.com/superadmin/administerthissite.php</code></pre> <p>The URL is not linked from any website or application and the developer also makes sure it is not indexed or submitted to search engines. The assumption is that if someone needs admin access, they will get the URL. Nobody else will know it, so nobody else can access it and there is no need for authentication.</p> <p>There are several ways to perform a forced browsing attack:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Social engineering – tricking a privileged user into exposing the URL</li> <li>Brute-force attack or dictionary-based directory enumeration or file enumeration – if the web application has no request throttling, specialized software may be used to automate the attack and send thousands of HTTP requests a second, trying different URLs until a non-error response is received.</li> </ul> <p>This type of vulnerability is common in web applications written by beginners with no security experience, especially for applications meant to be used only within the company Intranet/DMZ. Developers may not bother with authentication since they assume that every user accessing the application has valid access to the internal network and a valid reason to call the URL. Similar issues are also found in APIs, again because developers assume that nobody except a valid caller will know API URLs.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Forced browsing due to insecure direct object references</h3> <p>As an example of a typical<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/"> insecure direct object reference (IDOR)</a> vulnerability scenario, a web application developer might use simple HTTP authentication for the entire application. Once a user is authenticated, they have permission to gain access to any URL on the site. All user resources are accessible via GET requests with numerical IDs as parameters.</p> <p>The attacker is a user of the site. After logging in, they are redirected to the following web page that contains their legitimate user information and resources:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://www.example.com/userdata.php?id=2258</code></pre> <p>The attacker then enters the following URL into the browser address bar, attempting to use a URL parameter representing another (random) user:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://www.example.com/userdata.php?id=2259</code></pre> <p>Since the web application does not use user-level authentication but only simple HTTP authentication, the attacker is able to access sensitive data belonging to any other user. They may even try the following ID:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://www.example.com/userdata.php?id=1</code></pre> <p>In many cases, ID=1 may belong to an admin user, with that user’s page containing even more valuable information that will enable the attacker to escalate their attack.</p> <p>This type of vulnerability is common in simple CMS systems where the developer assumes that all users of the CMS will be company employees, especially if access is additionally restricted, for example, to selected IP addresses.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Forced browsing due to predictable resource location</h3> <p>Forced browsing is closely related to other similar web application security issues, such as<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/"> directory listing</a>. If a web server has directory listing functionality enabled, forced browsing attacks may allow an attacker to access crucial information by using predictable resource locations in the form of common directory names. Here are some examples:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><code>https://www.example.com/source-code/</code><br>In this example, the attacker guesses the common directory name <em>source-code</em>, thus getting access to the entire source code structure of the web application.</li> <li><code>https://www.example.com/configuration/</code><br>In this case, the attacker gets access to all the web application configuration files. Some of them may contain sensitive information, such as database access credentials. </li> <li><code>https://www.example.com/backup/</code><br>This time, the attacker gains access to all the backup files for the web application, which may, for example, include a database dump.</li> </ul> <p>This type of attack is common if the web application administrator uses an older version of a web server because older versions of servers, such as Apache, often have directory listing turned on by default. It is also typical for open-source applications, which often use the same, typical resource locations for storing sensitive content.</p> <p>Forced browsing due to predictable resource locations is also possible without directory listing if the developer uses common files in common directories. For example:</p> <pre class="wp-block-code"><code>https://www.example.com/config/config.txt</code></pre> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="detect">How to detect forced browsing vulnerabilities?</h2> <p>Forced browsing is not a specific type of vulnerability like<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/"> SQL injection</a> or<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/"> cross-site scripting (XSS)</a>. An application or API may be vulnerable to forced browsing attacks due to a variety of insecure practices associated with authentication.</p> <p>Forced browsing vulnerabilities are business logic vulnerabilities and, as such, are difficult to detect using automated tools like vulnerability scanners. Automated scanners such as <a href="https://invicti.com">Invicti</a> and <a href="https://acunetix.com">Acunetix by Invicti</a> can actively detect exposed backups, configuration files, and other potentially sensitive resources that are present on the server but not linked or otherwise crawlable. However, automated checks cannot indicate whether a resource has been made accessible on purpose or not. Any such results from automated tools, therefore, require manual review to make sure they correspond to actual vulnerabilities.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="prevent">How to prevent forced browsing attacks?</h2> <p>To prevent forced browsing attacks, developers should never assume that simple solutions are good enough for application data security:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Never assume that a publicly accessible URL is impossible to find because it’s not linked or indexed. If it exists, it can be found, so authentication is always a must.</li> <li>Never assume that once the user is authenticated, they are a valid user and don’t need any other access control. For every web page and API endpoint that is accessed, developers must ensure that authenticated users also require authorization to access data or resources. Otherwise, they risk introducing an IDOR vulnerability.</li> </ul> <p>Even less experienced developers can usually avoid these basic errors by using common frameworks for web application and API development. Used correctly, these effectively enforce authentication and access control.</p> <p>Note that any assumption that a<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-application-firewall-waf/"> web application firewall (WAF)</a> can temporarily mitigate forced browsing attacks is also incorrect. While a WAF may help to block forced browsing for common directories and file names, it is powerless to prevent directory browsing attacks caused by reliance on security through obscurity or a lack of access control.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_67b398586b95d"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What are forced browsing attacks?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Forced browsing attacks happen when URLs or directories on the web server that contain sensitive information have no authentication and/or access control, so an attacker is able to obtain direct access simply by guessing them. The consequences of forced browsing are similar to those of local file inclusion (LFI) – the attacker gains access to the content of sensitive files stored on the web server.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Read more about local file inclusion.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How dangerous are forced browsing attacks?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>The severity of forced browsing attacks depends on the sensitivity of the information that is accessible without authentication or authorization. In worst-case scenarios, an attacker may obtain administrative access to the web application, its entire source code, or even a dump of the database.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/secure-coding-practices-web-applications/">Learn more about secure coding practices that help avoid attacks such as forced browsing.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How to prevent forced browsing attacks?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>To prevent forced browsing, use effective authentication and access control for all sensitive resources in your web application or API. Also, make sure that your web server does not have directory listing functionality enabled by default.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Read more about directory listing vulnerabilities.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <p></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <p class="has-small-font-size"><em><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">Written by: Tomasz Andrzej Nidecki, reviewed by: Benjamin Daniel Mussler</a></em></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p></p> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="container primary-footer"> <div class="company-info-wrapper"> <figure> <img class="logo-icon footerlogo" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/branding/invicti-logo-black.svg" alt="Invicti Logo - The Largest Dynamic Application Security Solutions Provider In The World" width="128" height="36" /> </figure> <div class="social-icons"> <a href="https://twitter.com/InvictiSecurity" 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t=JSON.parse(n.data),r=t.language,i=t.code,l=t.immediateClose;e.postMessage(a.highlight(i,a.languages[r],r)),l&&e.close()}),!1),a):a;var g=a.util.currentScript();function f(){a.manual||a.highlightAll()}if(g&&(a.filename=g.src,g.hasAttribute("data-manual")&&(a.manual=!0)),!a.manual){var h=document.readyState;"loading"===h||"interactive"===h&&g&&g.defer?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",f):window.requestAnimationFrame?window.requestAnimationFrame(f):window.setTimeout(f,16)}return a}(_self);"undefined"!=typeof module&&module.exports&&(module.exports=Prism),"undefined"!=typeof global&&(global.Prism=Prism); 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e=/(?:"(?:\$?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^"\\\r\n])*"|'(?:\\(?:\r\n|[\s\S])|[^'\\\r\n])*')/;s.languages.css={comment:/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//,atrule:{pattern:RegExp("@[\\w-](?:[^;{\\s\"']|\\s+(?!\\s)|"+e.source+")*?(?:;|(?=\\s*\\{))"),inside:{rule:/^@[\w-]+/,"selector-function-argument":{pattern:/(\bselector\s*\(\s*(?![\s)]))(?:[^()\s]|\s+(?![\s)])|\((?:[^()]|\([^()]*$)*\))+(?=\s*\))/,lookbehind:!0,alias:"selector"},keyword:{pattern:/(^|[^\w-])(?:and|not|only|or)(?![\w-])/,lookbehind:!0}}},url:{pattern:RegExp("\\burl\$(?:"+e.source+"|(?:[^\\\\\r\n()\"']|\\\\[^])*)\$","i"),greedy:!0,inside:{function:/^url/i,punctuation:/^$|$$/,string:{pattern:RegExp("^"+e.source+"$"),alias:"url"}}},selector:{pattern:RegExp("(^|[{}\\s])[^{}\\s](?:[^{};\"'\\s]|\\s+(?![\\s{])|"+e.source+")*(?=\\s*\\{)"),lookbehind:!0},string:{pattern:e,greedy:!0},property:{pattern:/(^|[^-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])(?!\s)[-_a-z\xA0-\uFFFF](?:(?!\s)[-\w\xA0-\uFFFF])*(?=\s*:)/i,lookbehind:!0},important:/!important\b/i,function:{pattern:/(^|[^-a-z0-9])[-a-z0-9]+(?=\()/i,lookbehind:!0},punctuation:/[(){};:,]/},s.languages.css.atrule.inside.rest=s.languages.css;var 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