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title="Cchaj Che-sen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cchaj Che-sen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Hesen" title="Cai Hesen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cai Hesen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Hesen" title="Cai Hesen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cai Hesen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%AE" title="蔡和森 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蔡和森" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Hesen" title="Cai Hesen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cai Hesen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цай Хэсэнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цай Хэсэнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%AE" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early leader of the Chinese Communist Party</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Cai Hesen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">蔡和森</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cai_Hesen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cai Hesen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cai_Hesen.jpg/180px-Cai_Hesen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cai_Hesen.jpg/270px-Cai_Hesen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Cai_Hesen.jpg/360px-Cai_Hesen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cai Hesen in 1931</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 30, 1895<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 4, 1931<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1931-08-05</span>)</span> (aged 36)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Executed by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Runhuan<br />Hexian<br />Zeying<br />Lin Bin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hunan_First_Normal_University" title="Hunan First Normal University">Hunan First Normal University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Communist Revolutionary</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">蔡和森</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">蔡和森</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Cài Hé Sēn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ts`ai Ho-sen</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Cai_(surname)" title="Cai (surname)">Cai</a></i>.</div> <p><b>Cai Hesen</b> (March 30, 1895 – August 4, 1931) was an early leader of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP), and a friend and comrade of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Cai was born in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> but grew up in <a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_County" title="Shuangfeng County">Shuangfeng County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hunan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunan Province">Hunan Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. He helped Mao organize the <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a> <i>New People's Study Society</i>. In 1919 he went to France on the <a href="/wiki/Diligent_Work-Frugal_Study_Movement" title="Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement">Work-Study program</a>, and his letters of advocacy were important in convincing Mao of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Bolshevik revolutionary approach</a>. On his return to China, he was an important leader and organizer for the young Communist Party, spent several years in Moscow, and returned to China again in 1931. While organizing revolutionary activity in Hong Kong, he was arrested and given over to Canton authorities, who executed him in August 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth_and_education">Youth and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Youth and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cai's family included both merchants and scholar-officials, but his father had not done well in the family business and instead obtained a job in the <a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_Arsenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangnan Arsenal">Jiangnan Arsenal</a> in Shanghai, where Cai was born, March 30, 1895, the fifth of six children. Cai's mother, left her husband, apparently angered at his taking a "secondary wife." She returned to Hunan in the spring of 1899, taking Cai and his younger sister, <a href="/wiki/Cai_Chang" title="Cai Chang">Cai Chang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蔡畅</span></span>), and refusing to live with her husband even when he too returned. The family had little money but Cai found his apprenticeship in his father's business to be unbearable. Cai's mother sold her personal possessions to enable Cai to attend a village school at the age of sixteen. He then studied at Hunan First Normal School and at the <a href="/wiki/Hunan_First_Normal_University" title="Hunan First Normal University">Hunan First Normal University</a> in Changsha. Cai studied under <a href="/wiki/Yang_Changji" title="Yang Changji">Yang Changji</a>, and joined student movements with his fellow student <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. In June 1917, he graduated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199349-50_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199349-50-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1918, Cai, Mao Zedong, and a dozen others organized the <i>New People's Study Society</i> (Xin Min Xue Hui) in Changsha. It was said that "Hesen is the theorist and Mao the realist". Yang Changji had urged his students to stay away from holding public office and to serve society by maintaining independence and moral purity. Cai rejected this <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucian</a> position. He declared that "what I advocate is to commit wrongs in order to achieve a greater good." When he heard that the anarchists and educators <a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li_Shizeng" title="Li Shizeng">Li Shizeng</a> had organized a Work-Study Program to send students to France who would finance their study by working in French factories, he and other members of the Society went to Beijing to seek their help.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199132-34_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199132-34-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_France">In France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, he traveled to France for the Work-Study Program with his mother and his sister <a href="/wiki/Cai_Chang" title="Cai Chang">Cai Chang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">蔡畅</span></span>). On the ship he met and fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Jingyu" title="Xiang Jingyu">Xiang Jingyu</a>. At a time when "free love," that is, individual choice, was considered indecent, the two discussed political problems and theories, leading to a romantic relationship. In Paris, Cai organized the <i>Work and Study Cooperative Society</i> (Gongxue huzhu she) and advocated Marxist communism. In May 1920, Cai and Xiang Jingyu were married. Cai's conviction that only violent revolution could solve China's problems fractured the Work-Study student group, but Cai was determined to form a Marxist party among his Hunan fellow students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199353–54_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199353–54-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cai's letters to Mao Zedong, who was then in Beijing, were influential in their advocacy of Bolshevism. Mao replied, "there is not one word with which I do not agree."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199135_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199135-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xiang_Jingyu_and_Cai_Hesen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Xiang_Jingyu_and_Cai_Hesen.jpg/150px-Xiang_Jingyu_and_Cai_Hesen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Xiang_Jingyu_and_Cai_Hesen.jpg/225px-Xiang_Jingyu_and_Cai_Hesen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Xiang_Jingyu_and_Cai_Hesen.jpg/300px-Xiang_Jingyu_and_Cai_Hesen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Cai Hesen and wife Xiang Jingyu</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1920, Cai and leaders of the <i>New People's Study Society</i> publicly attacked the leaders of the Work-Study Movement for their optimistic <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_China" title="Anarchism in China">anarchist</a> belief in cultural change, education, and communal values.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199146–47_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199146–47-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Chinese Communist Party was founded, Cai wrote and gained permission to establish an official branch in Europe. In the latter half of 1921, Cai was arrested by the French government for organizing a wave of protests against the Work-Study leadership over admissions to the Sino-French Institute at the University of Lyons, and was deported soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851–852_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851–852-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolutionary_career">Revolutionary career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolutionary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cai and Xiang Jingyu returned to China to work in the Chinese Communist Party's central organization. He founded the first newspaper, <i>The Guide</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">向导</span></span>), of the CCP's central authority. Cai was a member of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committees of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, as well as a member of the 5th and 6th Central Political Bureaus and other important positions. In 1925, he served as the CCP's representative to the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">international Communist movement</a> in Moscow. While in Moscow, his marriage with Xiang broke up. (In 1928 she was betrayed to the police of the French concession in Wuhan and executed.) In 1927, Cai returned to China, but went to Moscow again in 1928 to cure disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931 Cai returned to Shanghai to support the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> provincial People's Committee. He then went to Hong Kong to direct party work there. He was betrayed by <a href="/wiki/Gu_Shunzhang" title="Gu Shunzhang">Gu Shunzhang</a> when attending a meeting in Hong Kong. He was arrested in <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a> and extradited to the Chinese authorities in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, which was controlled by the warlord <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jitang" title="Chen Jitang">Chen Jitang</a>. He was tortured and executed in August 1931, aged 36.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ex-wife of Cai, Xiang Jingyu, was arrested a few years earlier in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">Shanghai French Concession</a> in Wuhan on 20 March 1928 due to the betrayal of members of her group to the police. The French officials turned her over to the <a href="/wiki/Guomindang" class="mw-redirect" title="Guomindang">Guomindang</a> in April 1928. On the first of May of the same year, Xiang Jingyu was executed by <a href="/wiki/Guomindang" class="mw-redirect" title="Guomindang">Guomindang</a> police.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cai Hesen's father was Cai Rongfeng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">蔡蓉峰</span></span>), and his mother was Ge Jianhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">葛健豪</span></span>). His first wife was Xiang Jingyu, second wife was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Yichun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Yichun (page does not exist)">Li Yichun</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">李一纯</span></span>). His younger sister Cai Chang was the wife of <a href="/wiki/Li_Fuchun" title="Li Fuchun">Li Fuchun</a>. </p><p>Cai had four children: Cai Ni (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">蔡妮</span></span>) and Cai Bo (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">蔡博</span></span>) by Xiang Jingyu, and Cai Zhuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">蔡转</span></span>) and Cai Lin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">蔡霖</span></span>) by Li Yichun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_French-Chinese_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship">Historical Museum of French-Chinese Friendship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851-852_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1971">Klein (1971)</a>, p. 851-852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199349-50-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199349-50_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine1993">Levine (1993)</a>, p. 49-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199132-34-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199132-34_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991">Van_de_Ven (1991)</a>, p. 32-34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199353–54-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199353–54_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevine1993">Levine (1993)</a>, pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199135-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199135_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991">Van de Ven (1991)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199146–47-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_de_Ven199146–47_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991">Van de Ven (1991)</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851–852-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlein1971851–852_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein1971">Klein (1971)</a>, pp. 851–852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2002" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Jeffrey G. (2002). "Xiang Jingyu (1895-1928)". <i>Women in World History</i>. Waterford, CT: Yorkin Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">875–</span>878. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4075-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4075-1"><bdi>0-7876-4075-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xiang+Jingyu+%281895-1928%29&rft.btitle=Women+in+World+History&rft.place=Waterford%2C+CT&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E875-%3C%2Fspan%3E878&rft.pub=Yorkin+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7876-4075-1&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACai+Hesen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Cai, Hesen (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/oroc_0754-5010_1983_num_2_2_1049">"Lettre De Cai Hesen À Mao Zedong (13 Août 1920)"</a>. <i>Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident</i>: <span class="nowrap">143–</span>149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Extr%C3%AAme-Orient%2C+Extr%C3%AAme-Occident&rft.atitle=Lettre+De+Cai+Hesen+%C3%80+Mao+Zedong+%2813+Ao%C3%BBt+1920%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Cai&rft.aufirst=Hesen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Foroc_0754-5010_1983_num_2_2_1049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACai+Hesen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Gipoulon, Catherine (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/oroc_0754-5010_1983_num_2_2_890">"Document I : De Montargis À Pékin, En Quête D'un Plan Pour La Révolution : Une Lettre De Cai Hesen À Mao Zedong (13 Août 1920)"</a>. <i>Extrême-Orient, Extrême-Occident</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">139–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Foroc.1983.890">10.3406/oroc.1983.890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Extr%C3%AAme-Orient%2C+Extr%C3%AAme-Occident&rft.atitle=Document+I+%3A+De+Montargis+%C3%80+P%C3%A9kin%2C+En+Qu%C3%AAte+D%27un+Plan+Pour+La+R%C3%A9volution+%3A+Une+Lettre+De+Cai+Hesen+%C3%80+Mao+Zedong+%2813+Ao%C3%BBt+1920%29&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Foroc.1983.890&rft.au=Gipoulon%2C+Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Foroc_0754-5010_1983_num_2_2_890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACai+Hesen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>"Ts'ai He-sen," in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1971" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Donald W. and Anne B. Clark (1971). <i>Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism 1921-1965. Vol 2</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674074106" title="Special:BookSources/0674074106"><bdi>0674074106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographic+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Communism+1921-1965.+Vol+2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0674074106&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.+and+Anne+B.+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACai+Hesen" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 851–852.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1993" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Marilyn Avra (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VcSdJGohsa4C&q=Cai+Hesen"><i>The Found Generation: Chinese Communists in Europe During the Twenties</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295972408" title="Special:BookSources/0295972408"><bdi>0295972408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Found+Generation%3A+Chinese+Communists+in+Europe+During+the+Twenties&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0295972408&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Marilyn+Avra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVcSdJGohsa4C%26q%3DCai%2BHesen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACai+Hesen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Liyan (2007). "Cai Hesen: A Provincial Scholar Becomes a Young Radical". <i>Twentieth-Century China</i>. <b>32</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">84–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftcc.2007.32.2.84">10.1179/tcc.2007.32.2.84</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143693034">143693034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twentieth-Century+China&rft.atitle=Cai+Hesen%3A+A+Provincial+Scholar+Becomes+a+Young+Radical&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftcc.2007.32.2.84&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143693034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Liyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACai+Hesen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_de_Ven1991" class="citation book cs1">Van de Ven, Hans J. (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromfriendtocomr00vand"><i>From Friend to Comrade: The Founding of the Chinese Communist Party, 1920-1927</i></a></span>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromfriendtocomr00vand/page/262">262</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520072715" title="Special:BookSources/0520072715"><bdi>0520072715</bdi></a>. <q>Cai Hesen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Friend+to+Comrade%3A+The+Founding+of+the+Chinese+Communist+Party%2C+1920-1927&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0520072715&rft.aulast=Van+de+Ven&rft.aufirst=Hans+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromfriendtocomr00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACai+Hesen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cai_Hesen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinemontargis.fr/doc/fr/histoire/chine-montargis.php?pic40=16">CHINE-MONTARGIS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinemontargis.fr/doc/fr/lassociation.php">Amitie Chine-Montargis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Heads_of_the_CCP_Publicity_Department&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Heads of the CCP Publicity Department (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_the_CCP_Publicity_Department" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of the CCP Publicity Department"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_the_Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of the <a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Da_(philosopher)" title="Li Da (philosopher)">Li Da</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cai Hesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Zhanglong" title="Luo Zhanglong">Luo Zhanglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Shuzhi" title="Peng Shuzhi">Peng Shuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cai Hesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu_Qiubai" title="Qu Qiubai">Qu Qiubai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luo_Qiyuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luo Qiyuan (page does not exist)">Luo Qiyuan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%AE%E5%9B%AD" class="extiw" title="zh:罗绮园">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cai Hesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lisan" title="Li Lisan">Li Lisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zemin" title="Shen Zemin">Shen Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Liangping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Liangping (page does not exist)">Wu Liangping</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E4%BA%AE%E5%B9%B3" class="extiw" title="zh:吴亮平">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Zhongxun" title="Xi Zhongxun">Xi Zhongxun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Dingyi" title="Lu Dingyi">Lu Dingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Zhu" title="Tao Zhu">Tao Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geng_Biao" title="Geng Biao">Geng Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Pinghua" title="Zhang Pinghua">Zhang Pinghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhong" title="Wang Renzhong">Wang Renzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Liqun" title="Deng Liqun">Deng Liqun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Houze" title="Zhu Houze">Zhu Houze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Renzhi" title="Wang Renzhi">Wang Renzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yunshan" title="Liu Yunshan">Liu Yunshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Qibao" title="Liu Qibao">Liu Qibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kunming" title="Huang Kunming">Huang Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shulei" title="Li Shulei">Li Shulei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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