CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"287b06bb-bdcd-4aad-b902-91ab29192ebd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war","wgTitle":"German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war","wgCurRevisionId":1259564718,"wgRevisionId":1259564718,"wgArticleId":14244852,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from March 2021","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Russian-language text","CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1 interwiki-linked names","Eastern Front (World War II)", "Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II","World War II crimes against prisoners of war","Nazi war crimes in the Soviet Union","Soviet casualties of World War II","Soviet prisoners of war","World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany","World War II prisoners of war held by Germany"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war","wgRelevantArticleId":14244852,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true, "tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2715064","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking" ];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg/1200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="845"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg/800px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="563"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg/640px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war rootpage-German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=German+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=German+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=German+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=German+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning_and_legal_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning_and_legal_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Planning and legal basis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning_and_legal_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Capture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Capture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Summary_executions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_executions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Summary executions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_executions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoner-of-war_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner-of-war_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prisoner-of-war camps </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prisoner-of-war_camps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prisoner-of-war camps subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prisoner-of-war_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_marches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_marches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Death marches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_marches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Housing conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hunger_and_mass_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hunger_and_mass_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Hunger and mass deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hunger_and_mass_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Release </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selective_killings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selective_killings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Selective killings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selective_killings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliaries_in_German_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliaries_in_German_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Auxiliaries in German service </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auxiliaries_in_German_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Forced labor </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Forced_labor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Forced labor subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 In the Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_to_Nazi_concentration_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_to_Nazi_concentration_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Transfer to Nazi concentration camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_to_Nazi_concentration_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deportation_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportation_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Deportation elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportation_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Public perception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 End of the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death toll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy and historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="الجرائم النازية ضد أسرى الحرب السوفييت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجرائم النازية ضد أسرى الحرب السوفييت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%85%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бөйөк Ватан һуғышы осоронда совет хәрби әсирҙәре – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Ватан һуғышы осоронда совет хәрби әсирҙәре" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C4%9Bt%C5%A1t%C3%AD_v%C3%A1le%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_zajatci_b%C4%9Bhem_druh%C3%A9_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Sovětští váleční zajatci během druhé světové války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sovětští váleční zajatci během druhé světové války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Γερμανική κακομεταχείριση των Σοβιετικών αιχμαλώτων πολέμου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική κακομεταχείριση των Σοβιετικών αιχμαλώτων πολέμου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltrato_alem%C3%A1n_a_los_prisioneros_de_guerra_sovi%C3%A9ticos" title="Maltrato alemán a los prisioneros de guerra soviéticos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maltrato alemán a los prisioneros de guerra soviéticos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="بدرفتاری آلمان با اسرای جنگی شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بدرفتاری آلمان با اسرای جنگی شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_nazis_contre_les_prisonniers_de_guerre_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Crimes nazis contre les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crimes nazis contre les prisonniers de guerre soviétiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejahatan_Jerman_yang_dilakukan_terhadap_tahanan_perang_Uni_Soviet" title="Kejahatan Jerman yang dilakukan terhadap tahanan perang Uni Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kejahatan Jerman yang dilakukan terhadap tahanan perang Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrocit%C3%A0_dei_nazisti_contro_i_prigionieri_di_guerra_sovietici" title="Atrocità dei nazisti contro i prigionieri di guerra sovietici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atrocità dei nazisti contro i prigionieri di guerra sovietici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97_%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D" title="רצח שבויי מלחמה סובייטים בידי הנאצים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רצח שבויי מלחמה סובייטים בידי הנאצים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സോവിയറ്റ് യുദ്ധത്തടവുകാരോട് നാസി ജർമ്മനി നടത്തിയ ക്രൂരതകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോവിയറ്റ് യുദ്ധത്തടവുകാരോട് നാസി ജർമ്മനി നടത്തിയ ക്രൂരതകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E6%8D%95%E8%99%9C%E3%81%AB%E5%AF%BE%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="ソビエト連邦戦争捕虜に対するナチスの犯罪行為 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソビエト連邦戦争捕虜に対するナチスの犯罪行為" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Je%C5%84cy_sowieccy_w_niewoli_niemieckiej_(1941%E2%80%931945)" title="Jeńcy sowieccy w niewoli niemieckiej (1941–1945) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jeńcy sowieccy w niewoli niemieckiej (1941–1945)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Советские военнопленные во время Великой Отечественной войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Советские военнопленные во время Великой Отечественной войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietski_vojnov%C3%AD_zajatci_po%C4%8Das_druhej_svetovej_vojny" title="Sovietski vojnoví zajatci počas druhej svetovej vojny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sovietski vojnoví zajatci počas druhej svetovej vojny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazilerin_Sovyet_sava%C5%9F_esirlerine_kar%C5%9F%C4%B1_i%C5%9Fledikleri_su%C3%A7lar" title="Nazilerin Sovyet savaş esirlerine karşı işledikleri suçlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nazilerin Sovyet savaş esirlerine karşı işledikleri suçlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Радянські військовополонені Другої світової війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радянські військовополонені Другої світової війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2715064#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&oldid=1259564718" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&id=1259564718&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGerman_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGerman_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soviet_prisoners_of_war_of_World_War_II" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2715064" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">WWII Nazi abuse of Soviet POWs</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">German atrocities against Soviet prisoners of war</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04,_Lager_Winnica,_gefangene_Russen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="1143" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Distribution of food in a POW camp near <a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia" title="Vinnytsia">Vinnytsia</a>, Ukraine (July 1941)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location">Germany and German-occupied Eastern Europe</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1941–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Captured Soviet troops</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012240-1">[1]</a> to 3.3 million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021167-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a></td></tr></tbody></table> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs) held by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and primarily in the custody of the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> were starved and subjected to deadly conditions. Of nearly six million who were captured, around three million died during their imprisonment. In June 1941, Germany and <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">its allies</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a> and carried out a <a href="/wiki/War_of_extermination" class="mw-redirect" title="War of extermination">war of extermination</a> with complete disregard for the <a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws and customs of war">laws and customs of war</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_orders_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Criminal orders (Nazi Germany)">criminal orders issued before the invasion</a> was for the <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">execution of captured Soviet commissars</a> and disregard for Germany's legal obligations under the <a href="/wiki/1929_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 Geneva Convention">1929 Geneva Convention</a>. By the end of 1941, over 3 million Soviet soldiers had been captured, mostly in large-scale <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encirclement</a> operations during the German Army's rapid advance. Two-thirds of them had died from starvation, exposure, and disease by early 1942. This is one of the highest sustained death rates for any mass atrocity in history. <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Jews">Soviet Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissars</a>, and some officers, communists, intellectuals, <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Asians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">female combatants</a> were systematically targeted for execution. More prisoners were shot because they were wounded, ill, or unable to keep up with forced marches. Over a million were deported to Germany for forced labor, where many died in sight of the local population. Their conditions were worse than civilian forced laborers or prisoners of war from other countries. More than 100,000 were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, where they were treated worse than other prisoners. An estimated 1.4 million Soviet prisoners of war served as <a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">auxiliaries to the German military</a> or <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>; collaborators were essential to the German war effort and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> in Eastern Europe. Deaths among these Soviet prisoners of war have been called "one of the greatest crimes in military history",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568-3">[3]</a> second in number only to those of civilian Jews but far less studied. Although the Soviet Union announced the death penalty for surrender early in the war, most former prisoners were reintegrated into Soviet society. Most defectors and collaborators escaped prosecution. Former prisoners of war were not recognized as veterans, and did not receive any <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">reparations</a> until 2015; they often faced discrimination due to the perception that they were traitors or deserters. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union,_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color-coded map of Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/300px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/450px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg/600px-Axis_invasion_of_Soviet_Union%2C_June-December_1941_with_surrounded_Soviet_Armies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3591" data-file-height="2751" /></a><figcaption>German advances through 5 December 1941, with large groups of <a href="/wiki/Encirclement" title="Encirclement">encircled</a> Red Army soldiers in red</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its allies <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the Soviet Union</a> on 22 June 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023201-5">[5]</a> The Nazi leadership believed that war with its ideological enemy was inevitable<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021173-6">[6]</a> due to the Nazi dogma that conquering territory to the east—called living space (<a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>)—was essential to Germany's long-term survival,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021174–175-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667-4">[4]</a> and the reality that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">natural resources</a> were necessary to continue the German war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021175–176-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667-4">[4]</a> The vast majority of German military manpower and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> was devoted to the invasion, which was carried out as a <a href="/wiki/War_of_extermination" class="mw-redirect" title="War of extermination">war of extermination</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_decree" title="Barbarossa decree">complete disregard</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws and customs of war">laws and customs of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018121–122-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023201–202-10">[10]</a> Due to supply shortages and inadequate transport infrastructure, the German invaders planned to feed their army by looting (although in practice they remained dependent on shipments from Germany)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008479–480,_483-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201668-12">[12]</a> and to forestall resistance by terrorizing the local inhabitants with preventative killings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201668-12">[12]</a> The Nazis believed that the Jews had <a href="/wiki/Stab_in_the_back_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Stab in the back myth">caused the German defeat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union's Slavic population</a> was <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">secretly controlled</a> by an <a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">international Jewish conspiracy</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021174-13">[13]</a> by killing <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">communist functionaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Jews</a>, they expected that resistance would quickly collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021181-14">[14]</a> The Nazis anticipated that much of the Soviet population (especially in the western areas) would welcome the German invasion, and hoped to exploit tensions between <a href="/wiki/Soviet_nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet nationalities">Soviet nationalities</a> in the long run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021181–182-15">[15]</a> Soviet citizens were categorized according to a racial hierarchy: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Germans">Soviet Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Muslims">Muslims</a> at the top, Ukrainians in the middle, Russians towards the bottom, <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Asians</a> and Jews lowest. Informed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi racial theory">Nazi racial theory</a> and Germany's experience during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, this hierarchy heavily influenced the treatment of prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012614-16">[16]</a> Another lesson from World War I was the importance of securing food supplies to avoid a repeat of the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">blockade-induced famine in Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021173-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Planners considered cordoning off</a> the Soviet Union's "deficit areas" (particularly in the north) that required food imports from its "surplus areas", especially in Ukraine, to redirect this food to Germany or the German army. If the food supply was cut off as planned, an estimated 30 million people—mostly Russians—were expected to die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021176–177-17">[17]</a> In reality, the army lacked the resources to cordon off these large areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021190-18">[18]</a> More than a million<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021167–168-19">[19]</a> Soviet civilians died from smaller-scale blockades of Soviet urban areas (especially <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">besieged Leningrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_established_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany">Jewish ghettos</a>) that were less effective than expected because of flight and <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021190-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016221–222-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021142-21">[21]</a> As prisoners of war were held under tighter control than urban or Jewish civilians, they had a higher death rate from starvation.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_and_legal_basis">Planning and legal basis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning and legal basis">edit</a>]</div> Before World War II, the treatment of prisoners of war had occupied a central role in the codification of the law of war and detailed guidelines were laid down in the <a href="/wiki/1907_Hague_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Hague Convention">1907 Hague Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012569-23">[23]</a> Germany was a signatory of the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Prisoners_of_War" title="Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War">Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War</a>, and generally adhered to it with non-Soviet prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202118-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016235-25">[25]</a> These laws were covered in Germany's <a href="/wiki/Military_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Military education">military education</a>, and there was no legal ambiguity that could be exploited to justify its actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012569-23">[23]</a> Unlike Germany, the Soviet Union was not a signatory of either convention; its offer to abide by the Hague Convention's provisions regarding prisoners of war if the German army did likewise was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> several weeks after the start of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022212–213-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">OKW</a> said that the Geneva Convention did not apply to Soviet prisoners of war, but suggested that it be the basis of planning. Law and morality played (at best) a minor role in this planning, in contrast to the demand for labor and military expediency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012571–572-27">[27]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitler%27s_speech_of_30_March_1941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 (page does not exist)">On 30 March 1941, Hitler said</a> privately that "we must distance ourselves from the standpoint of soldierly comradeship" and fight a "war of extermination" because Red Army soldiers were "no comrade" of Germans. No one present raised any objection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2013"Prisoners_of_War"-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202115-29">[29]</a> Although the mass deaths of prisoners in 1941 were controversial within the military, <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_James_Graf_von_Moltke" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmuth James Graf von Moltke">Helmuth James Graf von Moltke</a> was one of the few who favored treating Soviet prisoners according to the law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012242-30">[30]</a> Anti-Bolshevism, antisemitism, and racism are often cited as the main reasons behind the mass death of prisoners, along with the regime's conflicting demands for security, food, and labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172,_183-31">[31]</a> There is still disagreement between historians to what extent the mass deaths of prisoners in 1941 can be attributed to ideological reasons as part of the planned racial restructuring of Germany's empire versus a logistical failure that interrupted German planners' intent to use the prisoners as a labor reserve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann202395–96-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172,_188,_190-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012630–631-34">[34]</a> More than three million Soviet soldiers were captured by the end of 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201723-35">[35]</a> Though this was fewer than expected by the German military,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021148,_153-36">[36]</a> little planning had been done for housing and feeding the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022240–241-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021184-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207-39">[39]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">invasion of France</a> in 1940, <a href="/wiki/French_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="French prisoners of war in World War II">1.9 million prisoners of war were housed and fed</a>; historian <a href="/wiki/Alex_J._Kay" title="Alex J. Kay">Alex J. Kay</a> cites this as evidence that supply and logistics cannot explain the mass death of Soviet prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021248,_253-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capture">Capture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Nazi_Germany_by_year_of_capture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red pie chart, with the largest slice 1941" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Nazi_Germany_by_year_of_capture.jpg/220px-Soviet_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Nazi_Germany_by_year_of_capture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Nazi_Germany_by_year_of_capture.jpg/330px-Soviet_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Nazi_Germany_by_year_of_capture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Nazi_Germany_by_year_of_capture.jpg/440px-Soviet_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Nazi_Germany_by_year_of_capture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Soviet prisoners of war by year of capture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorful,_prisoner_of_war_Fortepan_27271.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two soldiers, arms raised, walking through tall grass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Colorful%2C_prisoner_of_war_Fortepan_27271.jpg/220px-Colorful%2C_prisoner_of_war_Fortepan_27271.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Colorful%2C_prisoner_of_war_Fortepan_27271.jpg/330px-Colorful%2C_prisoner_of_war_Fortepan_27271.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Colorful%2C_prisoner_of_war_Fortepan_27271.jpg/440px-Colorful%2C_prisoner_of_war_Fortepan_27271.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3497" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>Red Army soldiers surrendering, 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25034,_Russland,_kriegsgefangene_sowjetische_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Many prisoners of war, walking on a dusty road" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25034%2C_Russland%2C_kriegsgefangene_sowjetische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25034%2C_Russland%2C_kriegsgefangene_sowjetische_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25034%2C_Russland%2C_kriegsgefangene_sowjetische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25034%2C_Russland%2C_kriegsgefangene_sowjetische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25034%2C_Russland%2C_kriegsgefangene_sowjetische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L25034%2C_Russland%2C_kriegsgefangene_sowjetische_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers captured between <a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr-Volynskyi">Volodymyr-Volynskyi</a>, June 1941</figcaption></figure> By mid-December 1941, 79 percent of prisoners captured to date (more than two million) had been apprehended during thirteen major battles <a href="/wiki/Pocket_(military)" title="Pocket (military)">battles where large Soviet forces were surrounded</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201735-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022215-42">[42]</a> three or four Soviet soldiers were captured for each one killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201734–35-43">[43]</a> The number of Soviet soldiers captured fell dramatically after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a> in late 1941. The ratio of prisoners to killed also fell,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012220-44">[44]</a> but remained higher than the German side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201734–35-43">[43]</a> Military factors such as poor leadership, lack of arms and ammunition, and being overwhelmed by the German advance were the most important factors causing the mass surrender of Red Army soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017165–166-45">[45]</a> Opposition to the Soviet government was another important factor in surrenders and defections,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele20174-46">[46]</a> which far exceeded the defection rate of other belligerents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201736-47">[47]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Edele" title="Mark Edele">Mark Edele</a> estimates that at least hundreds of thousands (possibly more than a million) Soviet soldiers defected during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201731-48">[48]</a> Soviet soldiers were usually captured in encirclements by Axis front-line troops, who took them to a collection point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012575-49">[49]</a> From there, the prisoners were sent to transit camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012211-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans202224-51">[51]</a> When many of the transit camps were shut down beginning in 1942, prisoners were sent directly from the collection point to a <a href="/wiki/Stalag" title="Stalag">permanent camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans202224-51">[51]</a> Sometimes the prisoners were stripped of their winter clothing by their captors for their own use as temperatures dropped late in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012520-52">[52]</a> Wounded and sick Red Army soldiers usually received no medical care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012527–528-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202127-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary_executions">Summary executions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Summary executions">edit</a>]</div> Especially in 1941, German soldiers often <a href="/wiki/No_quarter" title="No quarter">refused to take prisoners</a> on the Eastern Front and shot Soviet soldiers who tried to surrender<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016225-55">[55]</a>—sometimes in large groups of hundreds or thousands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012203-56">[56]</a> The German military did not record deaths that occurred prior to prisoners arriving at the collection points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022204-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012202-58">[58]</a> These murders were not ordered by the high command,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201752-60">[60]</a> and some military commanders recognized their harmfulness to German interests. Nevertheless, efforts to discourage such killing had mixed results at best<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201750–51-61">[61]</a> and no <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_military_court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German military court (page does not exist)">German military court</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rgerichtsbarkeit_(Nationalsozialismus)" class="extiw" title="de:Militärgerichtsbarkeit (Nationalsozialismus)">de</a>] verdicts against the perpetrators are known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012202-58">[58]</a> Although the Red Army shot enemy prisoners less commonly than the German Army did,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016346–347-62">[62]</a> the shooting of prisoners by both armies contributed to a mutual escalation of violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012206-63">[63]</a> Thousands or tens of thousands of Red Army soldiers were executed on the spot as partisans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021188-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012206-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012579-65">[65]</a> To prevent the growth of a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan">partisan movement</a>, Red Army soldiers overtaken by the German advance without being captured were ordered by the Supreme Command of Ground Forces (<a href="/wiki/OKH" class="mw-redirect" title="OKH">OKH</a>) to present themselves to the German authorities under the threat of <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a>. Despite the order, few soldiers turned themselves in;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012522–523,_578–579-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012206-63">[63]</a> some evaded capture and returned to their families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012581-67">[67]</a> Before the beginning of the war, the OKW <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">ordered the execution</a> of captured Soviet <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">commissars</a> and suspicious civilian political functionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021159-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021180–181-69">[69]</a> More than 80 percent of front-line German divisions fighting on the Eastern Front carried out this illegal order, shooting an estimated 4,000 to 10,000 commissars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021159–160-70">[70]</a> These killings did not reduce Soviet resistance, and came to be perceived as counterproductive;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021190,_192-71">[71]</a> the order was rescinded in May 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012512-72">[72]</a> Although female combatants in the Soviet army defied <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">German gender expectations</a>, the OKH ordered them to be treated as prisoners of war, they could be shot on sight and few survived to reach prisoner-of-war camps in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012524–525-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012205-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021163–164-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoner-of-war_camps">Prisoner-of-war camps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prisoner-of-war camps">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large open area, with many prisoners of war" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21845%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_im_Lager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>An improvised camp for Soviet prisoners of war, August 1942</figcaption></figure> By the end of 1941, 81 camps had been established on occupied Soviet territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2013"Prisoners_of_War"-28">[28]</a> Permanent camps were established in areas under civilian administration and areas under <a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">military administration</a> that were planned to be turned over to civilian administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012211-50">[50]</a> Due to the low priority attached to prisoners of war, each camp commandant had autonomy limited only by the military and economic situation. Although a few tried to ameliorate their conditions, most did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022218–219-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012583–584-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012227–228-78">[78]</a> At the end of 1944, all prisoner-of-war camps were placed under <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>'s authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568-3">[3]</a> Although military authorities from the OKW down also distributed orders to refrain from excessive violence against prisoners of war, historian David Harrisville says that these orders had little effect in practice and their main effect was to bolster a positive self-image in German soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisville202138–40-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_marches">Death marches</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death marches">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0124-20A,_Russland,_Transport_sowjetischer_Kriegsgefangener_in_G%C3%BCterwagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hopper cars full of standing prisoners of war" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0124-20A%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_sowjetischer_Kriegsgefangener_in_G%C3%BCterwagen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0124-20A%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_sowjetischer_Kriegsgefangener_in_G%C3%BCterwagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0124-20A%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_sowjetischer_Kriegsgefangener_in_G%C3%BCterwagen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0124-20A%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_sowjetischer_Kriegsgefangener_in_G%C3%BCterwagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0124-20A%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_sowjetischer_Kriegsgefangener_in_G%C3%BCterwagen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-267-0124-20A%2C_Russland%2C_Transport_sowjetischer_Kriegsgefangener_in_G%C3%BCterwagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Soviet POWs transported on an open-wagon train, September 1941</figcaption></figure> Prisoners were often forced to march hundreds of kilometers on foot with no or inadequate food or water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187-59">[59]</a> Guards frequently shot anyone who fell behind,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222-80">[80]</a> and the quantity of corpses left behind created a health hazard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222-80">[80]</a> Sometimes Soviet prisoners were able to escape due to inadequate supervision. The use of railcars for transport was often forbidden to prevent the spread of disease,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222-80">[80]</a> though open cattle wagons were used after October 1941, which resulted in the death of some 20 percent of passengers due to cold weather.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207-39">[39]</a> A figure of 200,000 to 250,000 deaths in transit is provided in Russian estimates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021188-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012210-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_conditions">Housing conditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Housing conditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-006-2212-30,_Russland,_Gefangene_russische_Soldaten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Many soldiers sleeping on the ground" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-006-2212-30%2C_Russland%2C_Gefangene_russische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-006-2212-30%2C_Russland%2C_Gefangene_russische_Soldaten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-006-2212-30%2C_Russland%2C_Gefangene_russische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-006-2212-30%2C_Russland%2C_Gefangene_russische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-006-2212-30%2C_Russland%2C_Gefangene_russische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-006-2212-30%2C_Russland%2C_Gefangene_russische_Soldaten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Soviet prisoners of war captured near <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, June or July 1941</figcaption></figure> Poor housing and the cold were major factors in the mass deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012212-82">[82]</a> Prisoners were herded into open, fenced-off areas with no buildings or latrines; some camps did not have running water. Kitchen facilities were rudimentary, and many prisoners got nothing to eat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022220-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012584–585-84">[84]</a> Some prisoners had to live in the open for the entire winter, or in unheated rooms, or in burrows they dug themselves which often collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012212-82">[82]</a> In September 1941, the Germans started preparations for winter housing began; the building of barracks was rolled out systematically in November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012211-50">[50]</a> These preparations were inadequate. The situation improved because the mass deaths made the camps less overcrowded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012212-82">[82]</a> The death toll at many prisoner-of-war camps was comparable the largest Nazi concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012221-85">[85]</a> One of the largest camps was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dulag_131&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dulag 131 (page does not exist)">Dulag 131</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bobruisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobruisk">Bobruisk</a>, where an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Red Army soldiers died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012224-86">[86]</a> There were relatively few guards<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012583-87">[87]</a> and the liberal use of firearms was encouraged by military superiors such as <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Reinecke" title="Hermann Reinecke">Hermann Reinecke</a>. Both of these factors contributed to brutality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022220-83">[83]</a> The Germans recruited prisoners—mainly Ukrainians, <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasians</a>—as camp police and guards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012583-87">[87]</a> Regulations specified that the camps be surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Watchtowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtowers">watchtowers</a> and double <a href="/wiki/Barbed-wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbed-wire">barbed-wire</a> fences 2.5 meters (8 ft 2 in) high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012582-88">[88]</a> Despite draconian penalties, organized resistance groups formed at some camps and attempted mass escapes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022255,_256-89">[89]</a> Tens of thousands of Soviet prisoners of war attempted to escape; about half were recaptured,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221-90">[90]</a> and around 10,000 reached <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertner2023409-91">[91]</a> If they did not commit crimes after their escape, recaptured prisoners were usually returned to the prisoner-of-war camps; otherwise, they were turned over to the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and imprisoned (or executed) in a nearby concentration camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunger_and_mass_deaths">Hunger and mass deaths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hunger and mass deaths">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L28726,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_bei_Smolensk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large group of prisoners of war, outdoors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L28726%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_bei_Smolensk.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L28726%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_bei_Smolensk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L28726%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_bei_Smolensk.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L28726%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_bei_Smolensk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L28726%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_bei_Smolensk.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-L28726%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene_bei_Smolensk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>At the camps in <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Center">Army Group Center</a> (pictured in August 1941), 300 to 600 prisoners died each day in late 1941 and early 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012222-92">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> Food for prisoners was extracted from the occupied Soviet Union after the occupiers' needs were met.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012588-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016225–226-94">[94]</a> Prisoners usually received less than the official ration due to supply problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022219-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012590-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012218–219-97">[97]</a> By mid-August 1941, it had become clear that many prisoners would die.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012218-98">[98]</a> The capture of nearly a million and a half million prisoners during the encirclements of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bryansk_(1941)" title="Battle of Bryansk (1941)">Vyazma, and Bryansk</a> in September and October caused a sudden breakdown in makeshift logistical arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012332,_589-99">[99]</a> On 21 October 1941, OKH general quartermaster <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wagner" title="Eduard Wagner">Eduard Wagner</a> issued an order reducing daily rations for non-working prisoners to 1,487 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a>—a starvation amount that was rarely delivered. Working prisoners were also often put on starvation diets due to a lack of supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012590-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021191-100">[100]</a> Non-working prisoners—all but one million of the 2.3 million held at the time—would die, as Wagner acknowledged at a November 1941 meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012590-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012218–219-97">[97]</a> Following setbacks in the military campaign, Hitler ordered on 31 October that labor deployment in Germany for surviving prisoners be prioritized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2021198-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226-102">[102]</a> After this order was issued, death rates reached their apex;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226-102">[102]</a> the need for prisoner labor could not overcome the other priorities for food distribution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022224-103">[103]</a> The number of prisoners working declined as those deemed unfit for work or quarantined due to epidemics continued to increase.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2021199-104">[104]</a> Although prisoners had not received much food from the beginning, death rates skyrocketed during the fall due to increased numbers, the cumulative effects of starvation, epidemics, and falling temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012220-44">[44]</a> Hundreds died daily at each camp, too many to bury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012220-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016227-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012591-106">[106]</a> German policy shifted to prioritize feeding prisoners at the expense of the Soviet civilian population but, in practice, conditions did not significantly improve until June 1942<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012219–220-107">[107]</a> due to improved logistics and fewer prisoners to feed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012592-108">[108]</a> Mass deaths were repeated on a smaller scale in the winter of 1942–1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012229-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021159-68">[68]</a> Starving prisoners attempted to eat leaves, grass, bark, and worms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202137-110">[110]</a> Some Soviet prisoners suffered so much from hunger that they made written requests to their guards to be shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021149-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a> was reported in several camps, despite capital punishment for this offense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021149-111">[111]</a> Soviet civilians who tried to provide food were often shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202135-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022218–219-76">[76]</a> In many camps, those who were in better condition were separated from prisoners deemed to have no chance of survival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012222-92">[92]</a> Employment could be beneficial in securing additional food and better conditions, although workers often received insufficient food<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213-113">[113]</a> and death rates exceeded 50 percent on some labor deployments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2021199-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Release">Release</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Release">edit</a>]</div> On 7 August 1941, the OKW issued an order<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187-59">[59]</a> to release prisoners who were <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union">ethnically German</a>, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Caucasian, and Ukrainian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017121-114">[114]</a> The purpose of the release was largely to ensure that the harvest in German-occupied areas was successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223-115">[115]</a> Red Army women were excluded from this policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012216-116">[116]</a> Ethnic Russians, the vast majority of prisoners, were not considered for release, and about half of the Ukrainians were freed. Releases were curtailed due to epidemics and fear that they would join the partisans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012216-116">[116]</a> Some severely injured prisoners with family living nearby were released;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012236-117">[117]</a> many probably died of starvation soon afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2013107–108-118">[118]</a> By January 1942, 280,108 prisoners of war—mostly Ukrainians—had been released, and the total number released was around a million by the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017121–122-119">[119]</a> In addition to agriculture, prisoners were released so they could join <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">military or police collaboration</a>. About one-third <a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">entered the German Army</a>, and others changed their status from prisoner to guard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213,_216-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223-115">[115]</a> As the war progressed, release for agricultural work decreased and military recruitment increased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012216-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selective_killings">Selective killings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selective killings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flossenburg_crematorium_(external_view).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A snow-covered crematorium, seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flossenburg_crematorium_%28external_view%29.jpg/220px-Flossenburg_crematorium_%28external_view%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flossenburg_crematorium_%28external_view%29.jpg/330px-Flossenburg_crematorium_%28external_view%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flossenburg_crematorium_%28external_view%29.jpg/440px-Flossenburg_crematorium_%28external_view%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1532" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Soviet prisoners of war were shot at the <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg concentration camp</a> crematorium with <a href="/wiki/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Silencer (firearms)">silencers</a> after local residents complained about gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021206–207-121">[121]</a> </figcaption></figure> The selective killing of prisoners held by the army was enabled by its close cooperation with the SS and Soviet informers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012237-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021207-124">[124]</a> and soldiers often conducted the executions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021167-2">[2]</a> The killings targeted commissars and Jews,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016231-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226-123">[123]</a> and sometimes communists, intellectuals,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021206-126">[126]</a> Red Army officers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012231-127">[127]</a> and (in 1941) <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Asian-appearing</a> prisoners;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012234-128">[128]</a> about 80 percent of Turkic prisoners were killed by early 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021163-129">[129]</a> German counterintelligence identified many individuals as Jews<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021161-130">[130]</a> with medical examinations, denunciation by fellow prisoners, or a stereotypically Jewish appearance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016232-131">[131]</a> Beginning in August 1941, additional screening by the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Security Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SS Security Service</a> in the occupied Soviet Union led to the killing of another 38,000 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016231-125">[125]</a> With the army's cooperation, <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> units visited the prisoner-of-war camps to carry out mass executions. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012235–236-132">[132]</a>About 50,000 Jewish Red Army soldiers were killed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202143-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012235-134">[134]</a> but 5 to 25 percent escaped detection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016232-131">[131]</a> Soviet Muslims mistaken for Jews were sometimes killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226-123">[123]</a> From 1942, systematic killing increasingly targeted wounded and sick prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021164-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021192-136">[136]</a> Those unable to work were often shot in mass executions or left to die,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012236-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022243–244-137">[137]</a> disabled soldiers were in particular danger when the <a href="/wiki/Front_(military)" title="Front (military)">front</a> approached. Sometimes mass executions were conducted without a clear rationale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021166-138">[138]</a> For the prisoner-of-war camps in Germany, screening was carried out by the Gestapo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021206-126">[126]</a> Those highlighted for scrutiny were interrogated for about 20 minutes, often with <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>. If their responses were unsatisfactory, they were stripped of prisoner-of-war status<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021207-124">[124]</a> and bought to a concentration camp for execution, to conceal their fate from the German public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021207-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226-123">[123]</a> At least 33,000 prisoners were transferred to Nazi concentration camps—<a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a>, [[Dachau, <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg" class="mw-redirect" title="Flossenbürg">Flossenbürg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross-Rosen">Gross-Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen">Mauthausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gusen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gusen">Gusen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuengamme" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuengamme">Neuengamme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachsenhausen">Sachsenhausen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinzert" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinzert">Hinzert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913-139">[139]</a> These killings dwarfed previous killings in the camp system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226-123">[123]</a> As the war progressed, increasing manpower shortages motivated the curtailment of executions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021210-140">[140]</a> After March 1944. all Soviet officers and non-commissioned officers implicated in a escape attempts were <a href="/wiki/Aktion_Kugel" title="Aktion Kugel">executed</a>. These resulted in 5000 executions, including 500 officers who took part in an <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlviertler_Hasenjagd" title="Mühlviertler Hasenjagd">attempted mass escape</a> from Mauthausen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022253-141">[141]</a> The death toll from direct executions, including the shooting of wounded soldiers, was probably hundreds of thousands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021167-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auxiliaries_in_German_service">Auxiliaries in German service</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Auxiliaries in German service">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi (volunteer)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1394-26A,_Russland,_Soldaten_beim_Zielen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A soldier in a shallow trench, aiming a gun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1394-26A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_beim_Zielen.jpg/130px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1394-26A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_beim_Zielen.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1394-26A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_beim_Zielen.jpg/195px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1394-26A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_beim_Zielen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1394-26A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_beim_Zielen.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-198-1394-26A%2C_Russland%2C_Soldaten_beim_Zielen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An Armenian Legion soldier in 1943</figcaption></figure> Hitler opposed recruiting Soviet collaborators for military and police functions, blaming non-German recruits for defeat in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017125–126-142">[142]</a> Nevertheless, military leaders in the east disregarded his instructions and recruited such collaborators from the outset of the war; Himmler recognized in July 1941 that locally-recruited police would be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017126-143">[143]</a> The motivations of those who joined are not well known, although it is assumed that many joined to survive or improve their living conditions and others had ideological motives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021192-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022260-144">[144]</a> A large proportion of those who survived being taken prisoner in 1941 did so because they collaborated with the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017125-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022227-146">[146]</a> Most had supporting roles such as drivers, cooks, grooms or translators; others were directly engaged in fighting, particularly during <a href="/wiki/Anti-partisan_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-partisan warfare">anti-partisan warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017126-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223-115">[115]</a> A minority of captured prisoners of war<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012575–576-147">[147]</a> were reserved by each <a href="/wiki/Field_army" title="Field army">field army</a> for forced labor in its operational area; these prisoners were not registered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans20227-148">[148]</a> Their treatment varied, with some having living conditions similar to German soldiers and others being treated as badly as they were in the camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012577–578-149">[149]</a> A smaller number joined dedicated military units with German officers, staffed by Soviet ethnic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022260–261,_263-150">[150]</a> The first anti-partisan unit formed from Soviet prisoners of war was a <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> unit which operated from July 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223-115">[115]</a> In 1943, there were 53 <a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">battalions raised from prisoners of war and other Soviet citizens</a>: fourteen in the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Legion" title="Turkestan Legion">Turkestan Legion</a>, nine in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Legion" title="Armenian Legion">Armenian Legion</a>, eight each in the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Legion" title="Azerbaijani Legion">Azerbaijani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Legion_(1941%E2%80%931945)" title="Georgian Legion (1941–1945)">Georgian Legions</a>, and seven in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_and_Mountain-Caucasian_legions" title="North Caucasian and Mountain-Caucasian legions">North Caucasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural_Legion" title="Idel-Ural Legion">Idel-Ural Legions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022261-151">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_Aserbeidschanische_Feld-Bataillon_111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of uniformed soldiers in front of a building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warsaw_Uprising_Aserbeidschanische_Feld-Bataillon_111.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Uprising_Aserbeidschanische_Feld-Bataillon_111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warsaw_Uprising_Aserbeidschanische_Feld-Bataillon_111.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Uprising_Aserbeidschanische_Feld-Bataillon_111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Warsaw_Uprising_Aserbeidschanische_Feld-Bataillon_111.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Uprising_Aserbeidschanische_Feld-Bataillon_111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_SS_volunteer_formations" title="Azerbaijani SS volunteer formations">Azerbaijani Field Battalion 111</a>, who were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Wola_massacre" title="Wola massacre">Wola massacre</a> and other war crimes during the August 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></figcaption></figure> Along with those recruited by the German military, others were recruited by the SS to engage in genocide. The <a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a> were recruited from prisoner-of-war camps; largely ethnic Ukrainians and Germans, they included Poles, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Latvians, and Lithuanians. They helped suppress the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a>, worked in the <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> that killed millions of Jews in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Poland" title="German-occupied Poland">German-occupied Poland</a>, and carried out anti-partisan operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017133–134-152">[152]</a> Collaborators were essential to the German war effort and the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017134–135-153">[153]</a> If recaptured by the Red Army, collaborators were often shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017137-154">[154]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">German defeat at Stalingrad</a> in early 1943, defections of collaborators back to the Soviet side increased; in response, Hitler ordered all Soviet military collaborators transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> late that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017131-155">[155]</a> By <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> in mid-1944, these soldiers were 10 percent of the "German" forces occupying France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022263-156">[156]</a> Some aided the resistance; in 1945, parts of the Georgian Legion <a href="/wiki/Georgian_uprising_on_Texel" title="Georgian uprising on Texel">rebelled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022263-156">[156]</a> Soviet prisoners of war were forced to work in construction and <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_(military)" title="Pioneer (military)">pioneer</a> forces for the army, <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">air force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">navy</a>. Prisoners of war were admitted into <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffenhelfer" title="Luftwaffenhelfer">anti-aircraft units</a> after April 1943, where they could be as much as 30 percent of their strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans202211,_13–15-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022245-158">[158]</a> By the end of the war, 1.4 million prisoners of war (out of a total of 2.4 million) were serving in some kind of auxiliary military unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022242-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forced_labor">Forced labor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Forced labor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a></div> Forced labor engaged in by Soviet prisoners of war often violated the <a href="/wiki/1929_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 Geneva Convention">1929 Geneva Convention</a>. For example, the convention forbids work in war industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012616-160">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Soviet_Union">In the Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In the Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-21A,_Wei%C3%9Frussland,_Minsk,_Aufr%C3%A4umungsarbeiten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men clearing debris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-21A%2C_Wei%C3%9Frussland%2C_Minsk%2C_Aufr%C3%A4umungsarbeiten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-21A%2C_Wei%C3%9Frussland%2C_Minsk%2C_Aufr%C3%A4umungsarbeiten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-21A%2C_Wei%C3%9Frussland%2C_Minsk%2C_Aufr%C3%A4umungsarbeiten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-21A%2C_Wei%C3%9Frussland%2C_Minsk%2C_Aufr%C3%A4umungsarbeiten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-21A%2C_Wei%C3%9Frussland%2C_Minsk%2C_Aufr%C3%A4umungsarbeiten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-21A%2C_Wei%C3%9Frussland%2C_Minsk%2C_Aufr%C3%A4umungsarbeiten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Soviet POWs at work in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus, July 1941</figcaption></figure> Without the labor of Soviet prisoners of war for military infrastructure in the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command" title="Army Group Rear Area Command">German rear areas</a>—building roads, bridges, airfields and train depots and converting the <a href="/wiki/5_ft_and_1520_mm_gauge_railways" title="5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways">Soviet wider-gauge railway</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">German standard</a>—the German offensive would soon have failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012616–617-161">[161]</a> In September 1941, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> ordered the use of prisoners of war for <a href="/wiki/Mine_clearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine clearing">mine clearing</a> and construction of infrastructure to free up <a href="/wiki/Construction_battalion" title="Construction battalion">construction battalions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222-80">[80]</a> Many prisoners ran away because of poor conditions in the camps (limiting forced-labor assignments),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222-80">[80]</a> Others died: particularly deadly assignments included road-building projects (especially in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">eastern Galicia</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016202-162">[162]</a> fortification-building on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016212-163">[163]</a> and mining in the <a href="/wiki/Donets_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Donets basin">Donets basin</a> (authorized by Hitler in July 1942). About 48,000 were assigned to this task, but most never began their labor assignments and the remainder perished from the conditions or had escaped by March 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213–214-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_to_Nazi_concentration_camps">Transfer to Nazi concentration camps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transfer to Nazi concentration camps">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208,_KZ_Mauthausen,_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large group of emaciated men, standing in rows. Some are trying to hide their genitals." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_192-208%2C_KZ_Mauthausen%2C_Sowjetische_Kriegsgefangene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Naked Soviet prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a>, to which at least 15,000 were deported<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913-139">[139]</a></figcaption></figure> In September 1941, Himmler began advocating for the transfer of 100,000, then 200,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015278-165">[165]</a> Soviet prisoners of war for forced labor in Nazi concentration camps under the control of the SS; the camps previously held 80,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015280-166">[166]</a> By October, segregated areas designated for prisoners of war had been established at Neuengamme, Buchenwald, Flossenbürg, Gross-Rosen, Sachsenhausen, Dachau, and Mauthausen by clearing prisoners from existing barracks or building new ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015278-165">[165]</a> Most of the incoming prisoners were planned to be imprisoned in two new camps established in German-occupied Poland, <a href="/wiki/Majdanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Majdanek">Majdanek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_II-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz II-Birkenau">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a>, as part of Himmler's colonization plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015278–279-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022229-168">[168]</a> Despite the intention to exploit their labor, most of the 25,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201912-169">[169]</a> or 30,000 who arrived in late 1941<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022230-171">[171]</a> were in poor condition and incapable of work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022230-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015282-172">[172]</a> Kept in worse conditions and provided less food than other prisoners, they had a higher mortality rate; 80 percent were dead by February 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015282-172">[172]</a> The SS killed politically-suspect, sick, and weak prisoners individually, and carried out mass executions in response to infectious-disease outbreaks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015283-173">[173]</a> Experimental execution techniques were tested on prisoners of war: <a href="/wiki/Gas_vans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas vans">gas vans</a> at Sachsenhausen and <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> in gas chambers at Auschwitz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016223-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015269-175">[175]</a> So many died at Auschwitz that its crematoria were overloaded; the SS began <a href="/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Identification of inmates in Nazi concentration camps">tattooing prisoner numbers</a> in November 1941 to keep track of which prisoners had died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015284-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022229-168">[168]</a> Contrary to Himmler's assumption, more Soviet prisoners of war did not replace those who died. As the capture of Red Army soldiers dropped off, Hitler decided at the end of October 1941 to deploy the remaining prisoners in the German war economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015285-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022230–231-178">[178]</a> In addition to those sent for labor in late 1941,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021222-179">[179]</a> others were recaptured after escapes or arrested for offenses such as <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">relationships with German women</a>, insubordination, refusal to work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021166-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221-90">[90]</a> and suspected resistance activities or <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> or were expelled from collaborationist military units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913-139">[139]</a> Red Army women were often pressured to renounce their prisoner-of-war status to be transferred to civilian forced-labor programs. Some refused, and were sent to concentration camps. About 1,000 were imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravensbrück">Ravensbrück</a>, and others at Auschwitz, Majdanek, and Mauthausen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221–222-180">[180]</a> Those imprisoned in concentration camps for an infraction lost their prisoner-of-war status, in violation of the Geneva Convention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021219-181">[181]</a> Officers were over-represented<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012232-182">[182]</a> among the more than 100,000 men and an unknown number of women who were transferred to Nazi concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021165-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021222-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportation_elsewhere">Deportation elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deportation elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russiske_fanger_p%C3%A5_brakka._Bj%C3%B8rnelva_fangeleir._-_PA0276U1_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Unsmiling men, crowded into three-tier bunks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Russiske_fanger_p%C3%A5_brakka._Bj%C3%B8rnelva_fangeleir._-_PA0276U1_07.jpg/220px-Russiske_fanger_p%C3%A5_brakka._Bj%C3%B8rnelva_fangeleir._-_PA0276U1_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Russiske_fanger_p%C3%A5_brakka._Bj%C3%B8rnelva_fangeleir._-_PA0276U1_07.jpg/330px-Russiske_fanger_p%C3%A5_brakka._Bj%C3%B8rnelva_fangeleir._-_PA0276U1_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Russiske_fanger_p%C3%A5_brakka._Bj%C3%B8rnelva_fangeleir._-_PA0276U1_07.jpg/440px-Russiske_fanger_p%C3%A5_brakka._Bj%C3%B8rnelva_fangeleir._-_PA0276U1_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2659" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption>Soviet prisoner-of-war barracks in <a href="/wiki/Saltdal_Municipality" title="Saltdal Municipality">Saltdal Municipality</a>, Norway, after liberation</figcaption></figure> In July and August 1941, 200,000 Soviet prisoners of war were deported to Germany to fill the labor demands of agriculture and industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2021204-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022231-185">[185]</a> The deportees faced conditions similar to those in the occupied Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012214-186">[186]</a> Hitler halted the transports in mid-August, but changed his mind on 31 October;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022231,_233-187">[187]</a> along with the prisoners of war, a larger number of Soviet civilians were sent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2021204-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016228-188">[188]</a> The camps in Germany had an internal police force of non-Russian prisoners who were often violent towards Russians; Soviet Germans often staffed the camp administration, and were interpreters. Both groups received more rations and preferential treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022245-158">[158]</a> Guarding the prisoners was the responsibility of the army's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landessch%C3%BCtzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landesschützen (page does not exist)">units of German men too elderly or infirm to serve at the front</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landessch%C3%BCtzen_(Deutsches_Reich)" class="extiw" title="de:Landesschützen (Deutsches Reich)">de</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022248-189">[189]</a> Many Nazi leaders wanted to avoid contact between Germans and prisoners of war, limiting work assignments for prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022232-190">[190]</a> Labor assignments differed in accordance with the local economy. Many worked for private employers in agriculture and industry, and others were rented to local authorities for such tasks as building roads and canals, quarrying, and cutting peat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022244–245-191">[191]</a> Employers paid <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">RM</a>0.54<a href="#cite_note-194">[a]</a> per day per man for agricultural work, and RM0.80<a href="#cite_note-195">[b]</a> for other work; many also provided prisoners with extra food to achieve productivity. Workers received RM0.20<a href="#cite_note-196">[c]</a> per day in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lagergeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lagergeld (page does not exist)">currency that could be spent at the camp</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagergeld" class="extiw" title="de:Lagergeld">de</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022249-197">[194]</a> By early 1942, to combat the fact that many prisoners were too malnourished to work, some surviving prisoners were granted increased rations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022244–245-191">[191]</a> although significant improvement was politically impossible because supply shortages necessitated a reduction in rations to German citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008542-198">[195]</a> Prisoners remained vulnerable to malnutrition and disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022246-199">[196]</a> The number of prisoners working in Germany continued to increase, from 455,000 in September 1942 to 652,000 in May 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022243-200">[197]</a> By the end of the war, at least 1.3 million Soviet prisoners of war had been deported to Germany or its annexed territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012215-201">[198]</a> Of these, 400,000 did not survive; most of the deaths occurred in the winter of 1941–1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012215-201">[198]</a> Others were deported to other locations, including Norway and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022254-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_perception">Public perception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public perception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia,_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Heinrich Himmler and other German soldiers walking along a line of tall barbed wire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg/220px-Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg/330px-Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg/440px-Himmler_besichtigt_die_Gefangenenlager_in_Russland._Heinrich_Himmler_inspects_a_prisoner_of_war_camp_in_Russia%2C_circa..._-_NARA_-_540164.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2638" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> head <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> inspects a prison camp in Minsk, 15 August 1941.</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Service reports">Security Service reports</a>, many Germans worried about food shortages and wanted Soviet prisoners to be killed or given minimal food for this reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016180,_234-203">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> portrayed Soviet prisoners of war as murderers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016225-55">[55]</a> and photographs of cannibalism in prisoner-of-war camps were seen as proof of "Russian <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">subhumanity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022221-204">[201]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">many Germans claimed ignorance of the Holocaust after the war</a>, many Germans were aware of the large number of Soviet prisoners of war who died before most <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">German Jews had been deported</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016233-205">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet propaganda">Soviet propaganda</a> began integrating the atrocities against Soviet prisoners of war as early as July 1941. Information about the Commissar Order, described as mandating the killing of all officers or prisoners captured, was disseminated to Red Army soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016368-206">[203]</a> Accurate information about the treatment of Soviet prisoners of war reached Red Army soldiers by various means—such as escapees and other eyewitnesses—and was an effective deterrent against defection<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201751–52,_54-207">[204]</a> although many disbelieved the official propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201755-208">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_war">End of the war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: End of the war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reburial_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war_killed_in_the_Hanover_Wuelfel_massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A reburial of a mass grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Reburial_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war_killed_in_the_Hanover_Wuelfel_massacre.jpg/220px-Reburial_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war_killed_in_the_Hanover_Wuelfel_massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Reburial_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war_killed_in_the_Hanover_Wuelfel_massacre.jpg/330px-Reburial_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war_killed_in_the_Hanover_Wuelfel_massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Reburial_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war_killed_in_the_Hanover_Wuelfel_massacre.jpg/440px-Reburial_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war_killed_in_the_Hanover_Wuelfel_massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>On 8 April 1945, more than 200 Soviet prisoners of war were forced to dig their own graves and murdered in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover-W%C3%BClfel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanover-Wülfel (page does not exist)">Hanover-Wülfel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202173-209">[206]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberated_Soviet_POWs_at_Hemer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five men sitting in a circle on the floor of a barracks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Liberated_Soviet_POWs_at_Hemer.jpg/220px-Liberated_Soviet_POWs_at_Hemer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Liberated_Soviet_POWs_at_Hemer.jpg/330px-Liberated_Soviet_POWs_at_Hemer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Liberated_Soviet_POWs_at_Hemer.jpg/440px-Liberated_Soviet_POWs_at_Hemer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Liberated Soviet prisoners at the <a href="/wiki/Hemer#Military" title="Hemer">Hemer labor camp</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202175-210">[207]</a></figcaption></figure> About 500,000 prisoners had been freed by the Red Army by February 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012201-211">[208]</a> During its advance, the Red Army found mass graves at former prisoner-of-war camps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012222-92">[92]</a> In the war's final months, most of the remaining Soviet prisoners were forced on <a href="/wiki/Death_marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches">death marches</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202171-212">[209]</a> similar to those of concentration-camp prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016223-174">[174]</a> Many were killed during these marches or died from illness after liberation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202171,_75-213">[210]</a> They returned to a country which had lost millions of people to the war and had its infrastructure destroyed by German Army <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth">scorched-earth</a> tactics. For years afterwards the Soviet population experienced food shortages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202177,_80-214">[211]</a> Former prisoners of war were among the 451,000 or more Soviet citizens who avoided repatriation and remained in Germany or emigrated to Western countries after the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017144-215">[212]</a> Due to its clear-cut criminality, the treatment of Soviet prisoners of war was mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a>'s indictment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012569-23">[23]</a> Soviet policy, intended to discourage defection, held that any soldier who fell into enemy hands was a traitor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201741-216">[213]</a> Issued in August 1941, <a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a> classified surrendering commanders and political officers <a href="/wiki/Deserters" class="mw-redirect" title="Deserters">deserters</a> to be summarily executed and their families arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201741-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022381–382-217">[214]</a> Sometimes Red Army soldiers were told that the families of defectors would be shot; although thousands were arrested, it is unknown if any such executions were carried out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201742–43-218">[215]</a> As the war continued, Soviet leaders realized that most of their citizens had not voluntarily collaborated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017140-219">[216]</a> In November 1944, the <a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">State Defense Committee</a> decided that freed prisoners of war would be returned to the army; those who served in German military units or the police would be handed over to the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202185-220">[217]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, the Western Allies agreed to repatriate Soviet citizens regardless of their wishes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022388-221">[218]</a> In an attempt to separate the minority of voluntary collaborators, freed prisoners of war were sent to <a href="/wiki/NKVD_filtration_camps" title="NKVD filtration camps">filtration camps</a>, hospitals, and recuperation centers, where most stayed for one or two months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022384–385-222">[219]</a> This process was not effective in separating the minority of voluntary collaborators,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017140-219">[216]</a> and most defectors and collaborators escaped prosecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017141-223">[220]</a> Trawniki men were typically sentenced to 10 to 25 years in a labor camp, and military collaborators often received six-year sentences in <a href="/wiki/Special_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special settlements in the Soviet Union">special settlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017143-224">[221]</a> According to official statistics, 57.8 percent returned home, 19.1 percent were remobilized, 14.5 percent were enlisted in the labor battalions of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Commissariat_for_Defense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="People's Commissariat for Defense (page does not exist)">People's Commissariat for Defense</a>, and 6.5 percent were transferred to the NKVD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022394-225">[222]</a> According to another estimate, of 1.5 million returnees by March 1946, 43 percent continued their military service, 22 percent were drafted into labor battalions for two years, 18 percent were sent home, 15 percent were sent to a forced-labor camp, and two percent worked for repatriation commissions. <a href="/wiki/Death_sentences" class="mw-redirect" title="Death sentences">Death sentences</a> were rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202179-226">[223]</a> On 7 July 1945, a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet" title="Supreme Soviet">Supreme Soviet</a> decree pardoned all former prisoners of war who had not collaborated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022394-225">[222]</a> Another amnesty in 1955 released all remaining collaborators except those sentenced for torture or murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017141-223">[220]</a> Former prisoners of war were not recognized as veterans and were denied <a href="/wiki/Veterans%27_benefits" title="Veterans' benefits">veterans' benefits</a>; they often faced discrimination due to the belief that they were traitors or deserters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202179-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022394-225">[222]</a> In 1995, Russia equalized the status of former prisoners of war with that of other veterans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatyschew2021252-227">[224]</a> After the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the German government set up the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_Remembrance,_Responsibility_and_Future" title="Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future">Foundation Remembrance, Responsibility and Future</a> to distribute further reparations, from which Soviet prisoners of war were not eligible to make claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeierWinkel2021230-228">[225]</a> They did not receive any <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">reparations</a> until 2015, when the German government paid a symbolic amount of 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Euros" class="mw-redirect" title="Euros">euros</a> to the few thousand still alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202187,_89-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Death toll">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">World War II casualties of the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave,_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin,_German-occupied_Poland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mass grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave%2C_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin%2C_German-occupied_Poland.jpg/220px-Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave%2C_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin%2C_German-occupied_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave%2C_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin%2C_German-occupied_Poland.jpg/330px-Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave%2C_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin%2C_German-occupied_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave%2C_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin%2C_German-occupied_Poland.jpg/440px-Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave%2C_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin%2C_German-occupied_Poland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Mass grave of Soviet soldiers at the transit camp in <a href="/wiki/D%C4%99blin_Fortress" title="Dęblin Fortress">Dęblin Fortress</a>, German-occupied Poland</figcaption></figure> The German Army recorded 3.35 million Soviet prisoners captured in 1941, which exceeds the Red Army's reported missing by up to one million. This discrepancy can be partly explained by the Red Army's inability to keep track of losses during a chaotic withdrawal. Additionally,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022214-231">[228]</a> as many as one in eight of the people registered as Soviet prisoners of war had never been members of the Red Army. Some were mobilized, but never reached their units; others belonged to the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Narodnoe_Opolcheniye" title="Narodnoe Opolcheniye">People's Militia</a>, were from uniformed civilian services such as the railway corps and fortification workers, or were otherwise civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012202-58">[58]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zemskov" title="Viktor Zemskov">Viktor Zemskov</a> says that the German figures represent a minimum value,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013103-232">[229]</a> and should be adjusted upwards by 450,000 to account for prisoners who were killed before arriving in a camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013104-233">[230]</a> Zemskov estimates around 3.9 million dead out of 6.2 million captured, including 200,000 killed as military collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013107-234">[231]</a> Other historians, working from the German figure of 5.7 million captured,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013103-232">[229]</a> have reached lower estimates: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Streit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Streit (page does not exist)">Christian Streit</a>'s 3.3 million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016229–230-235">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hartmann" title="Christian Hartmann">Christian Hartmann</a>'s 3 million,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012789-236">[233]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Pohl" title="Dieter Pohl">Dieter Pohl</a>'s 2.8 to 3 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012240-1">[1]</a> A majority of the deaths, about two million, occurred before January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021154-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230-170">[170]</a> The death rate of 300,000 to 500,000 each month from October 1941 to January 1942 is one of the highest death rates from mass atrocity in history, equaling the peak <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">killings of Jews</a> between <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">July and October 1942</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226–227-238">[235]</a> By this time, more Soviet prisoners of war had died than members of any other group targeted by the Nazis;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201672-240">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021153-241">[238]</a> only the European Jews would surpass this figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach20165-242">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021294-243">[240]</a> An additional one million Soviet prisoners of war died after the beginning of 1942—27 percent of the total number of prisoners alive or captured after that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021192-136">[136]</a> Most of the Soviet prisoners of war who died did so in the custody of the German Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201672,_125-244">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568-3">[3]</a> More than two million died in the Soviet Union; about 500,000, in the <a href="/wiki/General_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="General Governorate">General Governorate</a> (Poland); 400,000, in Germany; and 13,000, in <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="German-occupied Norway">German-occupied Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert2021121-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021167-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230-170">[170]</a> More than 28 percent of Soviet prisoners of war died <a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">in Finnish captivity</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016236,_400-246">[243]</a> and 15 to 30 percent of Axis prisoners died in Soviet custody, despite the Soviet government's attempt to reduce the death rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016237-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016375-248">[245]</a> Throughout the war, Soviet prisoners of war had a far higher mortality rate than Polish or Soviet civilian forced laborers, whose rate was under 10 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230-170">[170]</a> While the Germans committed <a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_prisoners_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="German atrocities committed against prisoners of war during World War II">atrocities against other Allied POWs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> the total number of the deaths of prisoners of war from the Soviet Union greatly exceeded deaths of prisoners from other nationalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016235–236-250">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022204-57">[57]</a> With regards to the mortality rate, it is estimated at forty three to as high as sixty three percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016375-248">[245]</a> The second highest mortality rate of prisoners in German captivity was that of <a href="/wiki/Italian_military_internees" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian military internees">Italian military internees</a> (six to seven percent);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016235–236-250">[247]</a> while in the entire war, another high mortality rate was that of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_atrocities_committed_against_prisoners_of_war_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese atrocities committed against prisoners of war during World War II (page does not exist)">Allied POWs in Japanese camps</a> (twenty seven percent).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016376-251">[248]</a> The death rate of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_atrocities_committed_against_prisoners_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Soviet atrocities committed against prisoners of war during World War II">German soldiers held by Soviet Union</a> has also been high; it has been estimated at 15% by Mark Edele,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele20163756-252">[249]</a> and at 35.8% by <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2004-253">[250]</a>: 375  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_historiography">Legacy and historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy and historiography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilderi,_Salaspils_lauku_teritorija,_LV-2121,_Latvia_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stark socialist-realistic outdoor monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tilderi%2C_Salaspils_lauku_teritorija%2C_LV-2121%2C_Latvia_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Tilderi%2C_Salaspils_lauku_teritorija%2C_LV-2121%2C_Latvia_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tilderi%2C_Salaspils_lauku_teritorija%2C_LV-2121%2C_Latvia_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Tilderi%2C_Salaspils_lauku_teritorija%2C_LV-2121%2C_Latvia_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tilderi%2C_Salaspils_lauku_teritorija%2C_LV-2121%2C_Latvia_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Tilderi%2C_Salaspils_lauku_teritorija%2C_LV-2121%2C_Latvia_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="3196" /></a><figcaption>Monument to Soviet prisoners of war in <a href="/wiki/Salaspils" title="Salaspils">Salaspils</a>, Latvia</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_against_former_prisoners_of_war" title="Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war">Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war</a></div> Hartmann calls the treatment of Soviet prisoners "one of the greatest crimes in <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568-3">[3]</a> Thousands of books have been published about the Holocaust, but in 2016 there were no books in English about the fate of Soviet prisoners of war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach20165-242">[239]</a> Few prisoner accounts were published, perpetrators were not tried for their crimes, and little scholarly research has been attempted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016224-254">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012221-85">[85]</a> The German historian Christian Streit published <a href="/wiki/Keine_Kameraden" title="Keine Kameraden">the first major study</a> of their fate in 1978,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeierWinkel2021230-228">[225]</a> and the Soviet archives became available in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatyschew2021252-227">[224]</a> Prisoners who remained in the occupied Soviet Union usually were not registered under their names, so their fates will never be known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012229-109">[109]</a> Although the treatment of prisoners of war was remembered by Soviet citizens as one of the worst aspects of the occupation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012242-30">[30]</a> Soviet commemoration of the war focused on <a href="/wiki/Antifascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifascism">antifascism</a> and those killed in combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202187-255">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_MacKenzie" title="Simon MacKenzie">Simon MacKenzie</a> noted that contemporary Soviet leaders, including Stalin, considered Soviet soldiers who surrendered to be traitors, and some of "those who survived German captivity to 1945 were promptly sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>".<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> in 1987 and 1988, a debate erupted in the Soviet Union about whether the former prisoners of war had been traitors; those arguing in the negative prevailed after the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakup of the Soviet Union">breakup of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017160-257">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian nationalist">Russian nationalist</a> historiography defended the former prisoners, minimizing incidents of defection and collaboration and emphasizing resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017161–162-258">[255]</a> The fate of Soviet prisoners of war was largely ignored in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, where <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">resistance activities</a> were a focus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202187-255">[252]</a> After the war, there were some German attempts to deflect the blame for the 1941 mass deaths. Some blamed the deaths on the failure of diplomacy between the Soviet Union and Germany after the invasion, or on prior starvation of soldiers by the Soviet government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022237–238-259">[256]</a> Crimes against prisoners of war were exposed to the German public in the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_exhibition" title="Wehrmacht exhibition">Wehrmacht exhibition</a> around 2000, which challenged the <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">still popular myth that the German military was not responsible for Nazi crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeierWinkel2021229–230-260">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201917-261">[258]</a> Memorials and markers have been established at cemeteries and former camps by state or private initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert2021125-262">[259]</a> For the 80th anniversary of World War II, several German historical and memorial organizations organized a traveling exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert20214-263">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Approximately 13 cents in contemporary United States dollars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968655-192">[192]</a> or USD$2 today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019-193">[193]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Approximately 20 cents in contemporary United States dollars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968655-192">[192]</a> or USD$4 today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019-193">[193]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Approximately 5 cents in contemporary United States dollars,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968655-192">[192]</a> or USD$1 today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019-193">[193]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012240-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012240_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012240_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021167-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021167_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021167_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021167_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021167_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012568_3-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 568. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201667_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023201-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2023201_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartov2023">Bartov 2023</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021173-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021173_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021173_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021174–175-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021174–175_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021175–176-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021175–176_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018121–122-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeorn2018121–122_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeorn2018">Beorn 2018</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov2023201–202-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov2023201–202_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartov2023">Bartov 2023</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008479–480,_483-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008479–480,_483_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, pp. 479–480, 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201668-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201668_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201668_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021174-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021174_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021181-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021181_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021181–182-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021181–182_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012614-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012614_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 614. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021176–177-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021176–177_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021190-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021190_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021190_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021167–168-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021167–168_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, pp. 167–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016221–222-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016221–222_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021142-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021142_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <div><ul><li><a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 190</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 146</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 226</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, pp. 481–482</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012569-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012569_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012569_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012569_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 569. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202118-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202118_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016235-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016235_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022212–213-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022212–213_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012571–572-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012571–572_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 571–572. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2013"Prisoners_of_War"-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2013"Prisoners_of_War"_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2013"Prisoners_of_War"_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2013">Hartmann 2013</a>, "Prisoners of War". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202115-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202115_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012242-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012242_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012242_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172,_183-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172,_183_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 172, 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestermann202395–96-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestermann202395–96_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestermann2023">Westermann 2023</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172,_188,_190-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172,_188,_190_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 172, 188, 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012630–631-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012630–631_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 630–631. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201723-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201723_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021148,_153-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021148,_153_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, pp. 148, 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022240–241-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022240–241_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 240–241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021184-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021184_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012207_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021248,_253-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021248,_253_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, pp. 248, 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201735-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201735_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022215-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022215_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201734–35-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201734–35_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201734–35_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012220-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012220_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012220_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012220_44-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017165–166-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017165–166_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 165–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele20174-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele20174_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201736-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201736_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201731-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201731_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012575-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012575_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 575. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012211-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012211_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012211_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012211_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans202224-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermans202224_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermans202224_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvermans2022">Overmans 2022</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012520-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012520_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 520. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012527–528-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012527–528_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 527–528. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202127-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202127_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016225-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016225_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016225_55-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012203-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012203_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022204-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022204_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022204_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012202-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012202_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012202_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012202_58-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021187_59-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201752-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201752_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201750–51-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201750–51_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016346–347-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2016346–347_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2016">Edele 2016</a>, pp. 346–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012206-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012206_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012206_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012206_63-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021188-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021188_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021188_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012579-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012579_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012522–523,_578–579-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012522–523,_578–579_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 522–523, 578–579. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012581-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012581_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 581. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021159-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021159_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021159_68-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021180–181-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021180–181_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 180–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021159–160-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021159–160_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021190,_192-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021190,_192_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 190, 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012512-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012512_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012524–525-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012524–525_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 524–525. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012205-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012205_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021163–164-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021163–164_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, pp. 163–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022218–219-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022218–219_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022218–219_76-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 218–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012583–584-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012583–584_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 583–584. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012227–228-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012227–228_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, pp. 227–228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrisville202138–40-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrisville202138–40_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrisville2021">Harrisville 2021</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022222_80-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012210-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012210_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012212-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012212_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012212_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012212_82-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022220-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022220_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022220_83-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012584–585-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012584–585_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 584–585. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012221-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012221_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012221_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012224-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012224_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012583-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012583_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012583_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 583. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012582-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012582_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 582. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022255,_256-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022255,_256_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 255, 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221_90-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozlova2021">Kozlova 2021</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertner2023409-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertner2023409_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHertner2023">Hertner 2023</a>, p. 409. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012222-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012222_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012222_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012222_92-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012588-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012588_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 588. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016225–226-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016225–226_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 225–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022219-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022219_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012590-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012590_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012590_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012590_96-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 590. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012218–219-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012218–219_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012218–219_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, pp. 218–219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012218-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012218_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012332,_589-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012332,_589_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 332, 589. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021191-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021191_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2021198-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller2021198_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeller2021">Keller 2021</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226_102-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022224-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022224_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2021199-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller2021199_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller2021199_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeller2021">Keller 2021</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016227-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016227_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012591-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012591_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 591. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012219–220-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012219–220_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, pp. 219–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012592-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012592_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 592. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012229-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012229_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012229_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202137-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202137_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021149-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021149_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021149_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202135-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202135_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017121-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017121_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022223_115-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012216-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012216_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012216_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012216_116-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012236-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012236_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012236_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen2013107–108-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen2013107–108_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2013">Cohen 2013</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017121–122-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017121–122_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213,_216-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213,_216_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, pp. 213, 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021206–207-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021206–207_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozlova2021">Kozlova 2021</a>, pp. 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012237-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012237_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226_123-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226_123-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226_123-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022226_123-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021207-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021207_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021207_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021207_124-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozlova2021">Kozlova 2021</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016231-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016231_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016231_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021206-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021206_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021206_126-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozlova2021">Kozlova 2021</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012231-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012231_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012234-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012234_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021163-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021163_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021161-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021161_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016232-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016232_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016232_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012235–236-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012235–236_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202143-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202143_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012235-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012235_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021164-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021164_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021192-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021192_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021192_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021192_136-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022243–244-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022243–244_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021166-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021166_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021166_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201913_139-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOttoKeller2019">Otto & Keller 2019</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021210-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021210_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozlova2021">Kozlova 2021</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022253-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022253_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017125–126-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017125–126_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017126-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017126_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017126_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022260-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022260_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017125-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017125_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022227-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022227_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012575–576-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012575–576_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 575–576. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans20227-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermans20227_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvermans2022">Overmans 2022</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012577–578-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012577–578_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 577–578. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022260–261,_263-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022260–261,_263_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 260–261, 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022261-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022261_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017133–134-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017133–134_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017134–135-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017134–135_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017137-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017137_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017131-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017131_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022263-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022263_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022263_156-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvermans202211,_13–15-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOvermans202211,_13–15_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOvermans2022">Overmans 2022</a>, pp. 11, 13–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022245-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022245_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022245_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022242-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022242_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012616-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012616_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 616. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012616–617-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012616–617_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, pp. 616–617. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016202-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016202_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016212-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016212_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213–214-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012213–214_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, pp. 213–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015278-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015278_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015278_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015280-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015280_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015278–279-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015278–279_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, pp. 278–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022229-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022229_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022229_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201912-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201912_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOttoKeller2019">Otto & Keller 2019</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230_170-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230_170-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230_170-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016230_170-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022230-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022230_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022230_171-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015282-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015282_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015282_172-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015283-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015283_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016223-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016223_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016223_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015269-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015269_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015284-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015284_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015285-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachsmann2015285_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWachsmann2015">Wachsmann 2015</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022230–231-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022230–231_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 230–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021222-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021222_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021222_179-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozlova2021">Kozlova 2021</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221–222-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021221–222_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozlova2021">Kozlova 2021</a>, pp. 221–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021219-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozlova2021219_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozlova2021">Kozlova 2021</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012232-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012232_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021165-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021165_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeller2021204-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller2021204_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeller2021204_184-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeller2021">Keller 2021</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022231-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022231_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012214-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012214_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022231,_233-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022231,_233_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 231, 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016228-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016228_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022248-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022248_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022232-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022232_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022244–245-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022244–245_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022244–245_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 244–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968655-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968655_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968655_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968655_192-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968">Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968</a>, p. 655. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019_193-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022249-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022249_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008542-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008542_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, p. 542. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022246-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022246_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022243-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022243_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012215-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012215_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012215_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022254-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022254_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016180,_234-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016180,_234_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 180, 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022221-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022221_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016233-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016233_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016368-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2016368_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2016">Edele 2016</a>, p. 368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201751–52,_54-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201751–52,_54_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 51–52, 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201755-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201755_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202173-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202173_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202175-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202175_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohl2012201-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohl2012201_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohl2012">Pohl 2012</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202171-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202171_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202171,_75-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202171,_75_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 71, 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202177,_80-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202177,_80_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 77, 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017144-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017144_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201741-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201741_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201741_216-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022381–382-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022381–382_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 381–382. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele201742–43-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele201742–43_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017140-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017140_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017140_219-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202185-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202185_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022388-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022388_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 388. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022384–385-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022384–385_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 384–385. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017141-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017141_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017141_223-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017143-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017143_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022394-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022394_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022394_225-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022394_225-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202179-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202179_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202179_226-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatyschew2021252-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatyschew2021252_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatyschew2021252_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLatyschew2021">Latyschew 2021</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeierWinkel2021230-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeierWinkel2021230_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeierWinkel2021230_228-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeierWinkel2021">Meier & Winkel 2021</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202187,_89-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202187,_89_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, pp. 87, 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unrecht-erinnern.info/themen/entschaedigung-und-unterstuetzung/">"Entschädigung?"</a> [Compensation?]. An Unrecht Erinnern [Remembering injustice] (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412171222/https://unrecht-erinnern.info/themen/entschaedigung-und-unterstuetzung/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Unrecht+Erinnern+%5BRemembering+injustice%5D&rft.atitle=Entsch%C3%A4digung%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funrecht-erinnern.info%2Fthemen%2Fentschaedigung-und-unterstuetzung%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022214-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022214_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013103-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013103_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013103_232-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZemskov2013">Zemskov 2013</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013104-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013104_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZemskov2013">Zemskov 2013</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013107-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZemskov2013107_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZemskov2013">Zemskov 2013</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016229–230-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016229–230_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012789-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartmann2012789_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartmann2012">Hartmann 2012</a>, p. 789. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021154-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021154_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226–227-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016226–227_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuinkert2021172_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuinkert2021">Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201672-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201672_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021153-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021153_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach20165-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach20165_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach20165_242-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay2021294-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay2021294_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKay2021">Kay 2021</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach201672,_125-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach201672,_125_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 72, 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert2021121-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert2021121_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016236,_400-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016236,_400_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 236, 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016237-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016237_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016375-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2016375_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2016375_248-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2016">Edele 2016</a>, p. 375. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2021" class="citation journal cs1">Scheck, Raffael (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0968344520913577">"The treatment of western prisoners of war in Nazi Germany: Rethinking reciprocity and asymmetry"</a>. War in History. 28 (3): 635–655. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0968344520913577">10.1177/0968344520913577</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0968-3445">0968-3445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=The+treatment+of+western+prisoners+of+war+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+Rethinking+reciprocity+and+asymmetry&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=635-655&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344520913577&rft.issn=0968-3445&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Raffael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0968344520913577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016235–236-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016235–236_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016235–236_250-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2016376-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2016376_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2016">Edele 2016</a>, p. 376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele20163756-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele20163756_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2016">Edele 2016</a>, p. 3756. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson2004-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2004_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2004). "Prisoner Taking and Prisoner Killing in the Age of Total War: Towards a Political Economy of Military Defeat". War in History. 11 (2): 148–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1191%2F0968344504wh291oa">10.1191/0968344504wh291oa</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159610355">159610355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Prisoner+Taking+and+Prisoner+Killing+in+the+Age+of+Total+War%3A+Towards+a+Political+Economy+of+Military+Defeat&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=148-92&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1191%2F0968344504wh291oa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159610355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016224-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerlach2016224_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerlach2016">Gerlach 2016</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202187-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202187_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert202187_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1994" class="citation journal cs1">MacKenzie, S. P. (September 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/244883">"The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II"</a>. The Journal of Modern History. 66 (3): 487–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F244883">10.1086/244883</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Treatment+of+Prisoners+of+War+in+World+War+II&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=487-520&rft.date=1994-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F244883&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F244883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017160-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017160_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdele2017161–162-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdele2017161–162_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdele2017">Edele 2017</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore2022237–238-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore2022237–238_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore2022">Moore 2022</a>, pp. 237–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeierWinkel2021229–230-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeierWinkel2021229–230_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeierWinkel2021">Meier & Winkel 2021</a>, pp. 229–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201917-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOttoKeller201917_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOttoKeller2019">Otto & Keller 2019</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert2021125-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert2021125_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert20214-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlankQuinkert20214_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert 2021</a>, p. 4. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartov2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Bartov, Omer</a> (2023). "The Holocaust". In <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gellately" title="Robert Gellately">Gellately, Robert</a> (ed.). The Oxford History of the Third Reich. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 190–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780192886835.003.0008">10.1093/oso/9780192886835.003.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288683-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288683-5"><bdi>978-0-19-288683-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Holocaust&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=190-216&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780192886835.003.0008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288683-5&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeorn2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Waitman_Wade_Beorn" title="Waitman Wade Beorn">Beorn, Waitman Wade</a> (2018). The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3219-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-3219-7"><bdi>978-1-4742-3219-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+At+the+Epicenter+of+the+Final+Solution&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-3219-7&rft.aulast=Beorn&rft.aufirst=Waitman+Wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blank, Margot; Quinkert, Babette (2021). Dimensionen eines Verbrechens: Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Zweiten Weltkrieg | Dimensions of a Crime. Soviet Prisoners of War in World War II (in German and English). Metropol Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86331-582-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86331-582-5"><bdi>978-3-86331-582-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dimensionen+eines+Verbrechens%3A+Sowjetische+Kriegsgefangene+im+Zweiten+Weltkrieg+%7C+Dimensions+of+a+Crime.+Soviet+Prisoners+of+War+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Metropol+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-86331-582-5&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Quinkert%2C+Babette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Quinkert, Babette. "Captured Red Army soldiers in the context of the criminal conduct of the war against the Soviet Union". In <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert (2021)</a>, pp. 172–193.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Keller, Rolf. ""...A necessary evil": use of Soviet prisoners of war as labourers in the German Reich, 1941–1945". In <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert (2021)</a>, pp. 194–205.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Kozlova, Daria. "Soviet prisoners of war in the concentration camps". In <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert (2021)</a>, pp. 206–223.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Meier, Esther; Winkel, Heike. "Unpleasant memories. Soviet prisoners of war in collective memory, in Germany and the Soviet Union / Russia". In <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert (2021)</a>, pp. 224–239.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Latyschew, Artem. "History of oblivion, recognition and study of former prisoners of war in the USSR and Russia". In <a href="#CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021">Blank & Quinkert (2021)</a>, pp. 240–257.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2013" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Laurie R. (2013). Smolensk Under the Nazis: Everyday Life in Occupied Russia. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-469-7"><bdi>978-1-58046-469-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smolensk+Under+the+Nazis%3A+Everyday+Life+in+Occupied+Russia&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-469-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Laurie+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index, 1800–"</a>. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240829053558/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index%2C+1800%E2%80%93&rft.pub=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdele2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Edele" title="Mark Edele">Edele, Mark</a> (2016). "Take (No) Prisoners! The Red Army and German POWs, 1941–1943". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a>. 88 (2): 342–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F686155">10.1086/686155</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F238858">11343/238858</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26547940">26547940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Take+%28No%29+Prisoners%21+The+Red+Army+and+German+POWs%2C+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=342-379&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11343%2F238858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26547940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F686155&rft.aulast=Edele&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdele2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Edele" title="Mark Edele">Edele, Mark</a> (2017). Stalin's Defectors: How Red Army Soldiers became Hitler's Collaborators, 1941–1945. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198798156.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780198798156.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-251914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-251914-6"><bdi>978-0-19-251914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Defectors%3A+How+Red+Army+Soldiers+became+Hitler%27s+Collaborators%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198798156.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-251914-6&rft.aulast=Edele&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Claims_Settlement_Commission" title="Foreign Claims Settlement Commission">Foreign Claims Settlement Commission</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cX5AAAAAIAAJ">Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1041397012">1041397012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Claims+Settlement+Commission+of+the+United+States%3A+Decisions+and+Annotations&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1041397012&rft.au=Foreign+Claims+Settlement+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcX5AAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Gerlach, Christian</a> (2016). The Extermination of the European Jews. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139034180">10.1017/CBO9781139034180</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70689-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70689-6"><bdi>978-0-521-70689-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extermination+of+the+European+Jews&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139034180&rft.isbn=978-0-521-70689-6&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisville2021" class="citation book cs1">Harrisville, David A. (2021). The Virtuous Wehrmacht: Crafting the Myth of the German Soldier on the Eastern Front, 1941–1944. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501760044.001.0001">10.7591/cornell/9781501760044.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6005-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-6005-1"><bdi>978-1-5017-6005-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1ffpcrj">10.7591/j.ctv1ffpcrj</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtuous+Wehrmacht%3A+Crafting+the+Myth+of+the+German+Soldier+on+the+Eastern+Front%2C+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.ctv1ffpcrj%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501760044.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-6005-1&rft.aulast=Harrisville&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hartmann" title="Christian Hartmann">Hartmann, Christian</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486702262/html?lang=de">Wehrmacht im Ostkrieg: Front und militärisches Hinterland 1941/42</a> [Wehrmacht on the eastern front: front and rear areas 1941/42] (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-70226-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-70226-2"><bdi>978-3-486-70226-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wehrmacht+im+Ostkrieg%3A+Front+und+milit%C3%A4risches+Hinterland+1941%2F42&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-486-70226-2&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486702262%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hartmann" title="Christian Hartmann">Hartmann, Christian</a> (2013). Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966078-0"><bdi>978-0-19-966078-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Barbarossa%3A+Nazi+Germany%27s+War+in+the+East%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966078-0&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHertner2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hertner, Christoph (2023). "»Kriegsgefangenschaft und Internierung«: Das Schicksal sowjetischer Militärpersonen in deutschen, schweizerischen, österreichischen und sowjetischen Quellen, 1941–1946, Workshop der Forschungsstelle Diplomatische Dokumente der Schweiz, der Professur für Neueste Allgemeine und Osteuropäische Geschichte der Universität Bern und des Deutschen Historischen Instituts Moskau in Bern, 24. März 2023" ["War captivity and internment": the fate of Soviet military personnel in German, Swiss, Austrian and Soviet sources, 1941–1946, workshop of the <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Documents_of_Switzerland" title="Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland">Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland</a>, the Professorship for Modern General and East European History at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Institute_Moscow" title="German Historical Institute Moscow">German Historical Institute Moscow</a>. Bern, 24 March 2023]. <a href="/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rgeschichtliche_Zeitschrift" title="Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift">Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift</a>. 82 (2): 405–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmgzs-2023-0063">10.1515/mgzs-2023-0063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milit%C3%A4rgeschichtliche+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=%C2%BBKriegsgefangenschaft+und+Internierung%C2%AB%3A+Das+Schicksal+sowjetischer+Milit%C3%A4rpersonen+in+deutschen%2C+schweizerischen%2C+%C3%B6sterreichischen+und+sowjetischen+Quellen%2C+1941%E2%80%931946%2C+Workshop+der+Forschungsstelle+Diplomatische+Dokumente+der+Schweiz%2C+der+Professur+f%C3%BCr+Neueste+Allgemeine+und+Osteurop%C3%A4ische+Geschichte+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Bern+und+des+Deutschen+Historischen+Instituts+Moskau+in+Bern%2C+24.+M%C3%A4rz+2023&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=405-413&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fmgzs-2023-0063&rft.aulast=Hertner&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_J._Kay" title="Alex J. Kay">Kay, Alex J.</a> (2006). Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940–1941. Vol. 10. <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2F9781845451868">10.3167/9781845451868</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-186-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-186-8"><bdi>978-1-84545-186-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qd88d">j.ctt9qd88d</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploitation%2C+Resettlement%2C+Mass+Murder%3A+Political+and+Economic+Planning+for+German+Occupation+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1940%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qd88d%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2F9781845451868&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-186-8&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_J._Kay" title="Alex J. Kay">Kay, Alex J.</a> (2021). <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Destruction" title="Empire of Destruction">Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1z9n1qs">10.2307/j.ctv1z9n1qs</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26253-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26253-7"><bdi>978-0-300-26253-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1z9n1qs">j.ctv1z9n1qs</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Destruction%3A+A+History+of+Nazi+Mass+Killing&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1z9n1qs%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv1z9n1qs&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26253-7&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2022" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Bob (2022). Prisoners of War: Europe: 1939–1956. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198840398.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780198840398.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257680-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257680-4"><bdi>978-0-19-257680-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prisoners+of+War%3A+Europe%3A+1939%E2%80%931956&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780198840398.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-257680-4&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvermans2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Overmans" title="Rüdiger Overmans">Overmans, Rüdiger</a> (2022). "Wehrmacht Prisoner of War Camps Introduction". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a>, Volume IV: Camps and Other Detention Facilities Under the German Armed Forces. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 1–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv22fqbjk.8">10.2307/j.ctv22fqbjk.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-06091-4"><bdi>978-0-253-06091-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv22fqbjk.8">j.ctv22fqbjk.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wehrmacht+Prisoner+of+War+Camps+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945%2C+Volume+IV%3A+Camps+and+Other+Detention+Facilities+Under+the+German+Armed+Forces&rft.pages=1-37&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv22fqbjk.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv22fqbjk.8&rft.isbn=978-0-253-06091-4&rft.aulast=Overmans&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttoKeller2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Otto, Reinhard; Keller, Rolf (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newacademicpress.at/wp-content/uploads/asolmerce/download-1266-leseprobe_sowj_gefangenen.pdf">Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im System der Konzentrationslager</a> [Soviet prisoners of war in the concentration camp system] (PDF) (in German). New Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-2170-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7003-2170-5"><bdi>978-3-7003-2170-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224102112/https://www.newacademicpress.at/wp-content/uploads/asolmerce/download-1266-leseprobe_sowj_gefangenen.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowjetische+Kriegsgefangene+im+System+der+Konzentrationslager&rft.pub=New+Academic+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-7003-2170-5&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.au=Keller%2C+Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newacademicpress.at%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fasolmerce%2Fdownload-1266-leseprobe_sowj_gefangenen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Pohl" title="Dieter Pohl">Pohl, Dieter</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/9783486707397/html">Die Herrschaft der Wehrmacht: Deutsche Militärbesatzung und einheimische Bevölkerung in der Sowjetunion 1941–1944</a> [The rule of the Wehrmacht: German military occupation and the local population in the Soviet Union 1941–1944] (in German). Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-70739-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-70739-7"><bdi>978-3-486-70739-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Herrschaft+der+Wehrmacht%3A+Deutsche+Milit%C3%A4rbesatzung+und+einheimische+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+der+Sowjetunion+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-486-70739-7&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1524%2F9783486707397%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Wages_of_Destruction" title="The Wages of Destruction">The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Publishing Group">Penguin Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-56495-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-56495-0"><bdi>978-1-101-56495-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-101-56495-0&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachsmann2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Wachsmann" title="Nikolaus Wachsmann">Wachsmann, Nikolaus</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/KL_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="KL (book)">KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-11825-9"><bdi>978-0-374-11825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KL%3A+A+History+of+the+Nazi+Concentration+Camps&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-374-11825-9&rft.aulast=Wachsmann&rft.aufirst=Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestermann2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Westermann" title="Edward B. Westermann">Westermann, Edward</a> (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/publications/Bulletin/bu72/GHI-72_06FEAWestermann_4pp_91-97.pdf">"The Hell of the Soviet Prisoner of War Camps"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the <a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical Institute">German Historical Institute</a>. 72 (Fall 2023): 91–98. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1048-9134">1048-9134</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240718125438/https://www.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/publications/Bulletin/bu72/GHI-72_06FEAWestermann_4pp_91-97.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+German+Historical+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Hell+of+the+Soviet+Prisoner+of+War+Camps&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=Fall+2023&rft.pages=91-98&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=1048-9134&rft.aulast=Westermann&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghi-dc.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fpublications%2FBulletin%2Fbu72%2FGHI-72_06FEAWestermann_4pp_91-97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZemskov2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Zemskov" title="Viktor Zemskov">Zemskov, Viktor</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-ob-obschey-chislennosti-sovetskih-voennoplennyh-i-masshtabah-ih-smertnosti-1941-1945-gg">"K voprosu ob obshchey chislennosti sovetskikh voyennoplennykh i masshtabakh ikh smertnosti (1941–1945 gg.)" <bdi lang="ru">К вопросу об общей численности советских военнопленных и масштабах их смертности (1941–1945 гг.)</bdi></a> [On the issue of the total number of Soviet prisoners of war and the scale of their mortality (1941–1945)]. <a href="/wiki/Russian_History_(RAS_journal)" title="Russian History (RAS journal)">Russian History</a> (in Russian). 93 (47): 103–112. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0869-5687">0869-5687</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326231626/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/k-voprosu-ob-obschey-chislennosti-sovetskih-voennoplennyh-i-masshtabah-ih-smertnosti-1941-1945-gg/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+History&rft.atitle=K+voprosu+ob+obshchey+chislennosti+sovetskikh+voyennoplennykh+i+masshtabakh+ikh+smertnosti+%281941%E2%80%931945+gg.%29+%D0%9A+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%BE%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%281941%E2%80%931945+%D0%B3%D0%B3.%29&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=47&rft.pages=103-112&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0869-5687&rft.aulast=Zemskov&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fk-voprosu-ob-obschey-chislennosti-sovetskih-voennoplennyh-i-masshtabah-ih-smertnosti-1941-1945-gg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Keller_(Historiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Rolf Keller (Historiker)">Keller, Rolf</a> [in German] (2011). Sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Deutschen Reich 1941/42: Behandlung und Arbeitseinsatz zwischen Vernichtungspolitik und Kriegswirtschaftlichen Zwängen [Soviet prisoners of war in Nazi Germany 1941–1942: treatment and work deployment between extermination policy and the war economy's constraints]. Wallstein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8353-0989-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8353-0989-0"><bdi>978-3-8353-0989-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowjetische+Kriegsgefangene+im+Deutschen+Reich+1941%2F42%3A+Behandlung+und+Arbeitseinsatz+zwischen+Vernichtungspolitik+und+Kriegswirtschaftlichen+Zw%C3%A4ngen&rft.pub=Wallstein&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-8353-0989-0&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+atrocities+committed+against+Soviet+prisoners+of+war" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_prisoners_of_war" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="Template:Soviet prisoners of war"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Soviet_prisoners_of_war&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Soviet prisoners of war (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet prisoners of war"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_prisoners_of_war" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet prisoners of war</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Responsibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amtsgruppe_Allgemeine_Wehrmachtsangelegenheiten" title="Amtsgruppe Allgemeine Wehrmachtsangelegenheiten">Allgemeines Wehrmachtsamt</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_des_Heeres" title="Oberkommando des Heeres">Oberkommando des Heeres</a> <ul><li>Quartermaster-general, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Wagner" title="Eduard Wagner">Eduard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%BCck" title="Korück">Korücks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command" title="Army Group Rear Area Command">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_uprising_on_Texel" title="Georgian uprising on Texel">Georgian uprising on Texel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Soviet prisoners of war in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlviertler_Hasenjagd" title="Mühlviertler Hasenjagd">Mühlviertler Hasenjagd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Military collaboration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Legion" title="Armenian Legion">Armenian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Legion" title="Azerbaijani Legion">Azerbaijani Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Legion_(1941%E2%80%931945)" title="Georgian Legion (1941–1945)">Georgian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idel-Ural_Legion" title="Idel-Ural Legion">Idel-Ural Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_and_Mountain-Caucasian_legions" title="North Caucasian and Mountain-Caucasian legions">North Caucasian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Legion" title="Turkestan Legion">Turkestan Legion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_men" title="Trawniki men">Trawniki men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Soviet response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NKVD_filtration_camps" title="NKVD filtration camps">NKVD filtration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_No._270" title="Order No. 270">Order No. 270</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Legal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1907_Hague_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 Hague Convention">1907 Hague Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 Geneva Convention">1929 Geneva Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_orders_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Criminal orders (Nazi Germany)">Criminal orders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarossa Decree">Barbarossa Decree</a> * <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a> * <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Conduct_of_the_Troops_in_Russia" title="Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia">Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="International Military Tribunal">International Military Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-partisan_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-partisan warfare">Anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_annihilation" title="War of annihilation">War of annihilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Soviet prisoners of war in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_against_former_prisoners_of_war" title="Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war">Soviet repressions against former prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Destruction" title="Empire of Destruction">Empire of Destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keine_Kameraden" title="Keine Kameraden">Keine Kameraden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamurbek_Dawletschin" title="Tamurbek Dawletschin">Tamurbek Dawletschin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wehrmacht_Army_Group_Rear_Areas_during_the_German–Soviet_War,_1941–45" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Template:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Template talk:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Army_Group_Rear_Area_(Wehrmacht)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wehrmacht_Army_Group_Rear_Areas_during_the_German–Soviet_War,_1941–45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Rear Area">Army Group Rear Areas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet War">German–Soviet War</a>, 1941–45</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Rear Area Command (Wehrmacht)">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North_Rear_Area" title="Army Group North Rear Area">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre_Rear_Area" title="Army Group Centre Rear Area">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South_Rear_Area" title="Army Group South Rear Area">South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanding organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OKH" class="mw-redirect" title="OKH">Army High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommandostab_Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS">Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_South" title="Army Group South">Army Group South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Friderici" title="Erich Friderici">Erich Friderici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_K%C3%BCbler" title="Ludwig Kübler">Ludwig Kübler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno-Hans_von_Both" title="Kuno-Hans von Both">Kuno-Hans von Both</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Roques" title="Franz von Roques">Franz von Roques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Roques" title="Karl von Roques">Karl von Roques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Graf_von_Rothkirch_und_Trach" title="Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach">Edwin von Rothkirch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Schenckendorff" title="Max von Schenckendorff">Max von Schenckendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Witth%C3%B6ft" title="Joachim Witthöft">Joachim Witthöft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="Security Division (Wehrmacht)">Security Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/201st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="201st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">201st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/203rd_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="203rd Security Division (Wehrmacht)">203rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/207th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="207th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">207th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/213th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="213th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">213th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/221st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="221st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">221st</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_309" title="Police Battalion 309">Police Battalion (PB) 309</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/281st_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="281st Security Division (Wehrmacht)">281st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/285th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="285th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">285th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_286th_Security_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="German 286th Security Division">286th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/403rd_Security_Division" title="403rd Security Division">403rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/444th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="444th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">444th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/454th_Security_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="454th Security Division (Wehrmacht)">454th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/707th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="707th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">707th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher SS and Police Leader">HSS-PF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Jeckeln" title="Friedrich Jeckeln">Friedrich Jeckeln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Adolf_Pr%C3%BCtzmann" title="Hans-Adolf Prützmann">Hans-Adolf Prützmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> Detachments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 9 (page does not exist)">PB 9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_North" title="Police Regiment North">Police Regiment North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiment Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_307" title="Police Battalion 307">PB 307</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_316" title="Police Battalion 316">PB 316</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_322" title="Police Battalion 322">PB 322</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_South" title="Police Regiment South">Police Regiment South</a> (<a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_45" title="Police Battalion 45">PB 45</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_303" title="Police Battalion 303">PB 303</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_314" title="Police Battalion 314">PB 314</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Regiment_Special_Purpose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Regiment Special Purpose (page does not exist)">Police Regiment Special Purpose</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 304 (page does not exist)">PB 304</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Battalion_315&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Battalion 315 (page does not exist)">PB 315</a>, <a href="/wiki/Police_Battalion_320" title="Police Battalion 320">PB 320</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Cavalry_Brigade" title="SS Cavalry Brigade">SS Cavalry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_SS_Infantry_Brigade" title="1st SS Infantry Brigade">1st SS Infantry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Infantry_Brigade" title="2nd SS Infantry Brigade">2nd SS Infantry Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Milestones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitler%27s_speech_of_30_March_1941&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 (page does not exist)">Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_orders_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Criminal orders (Nazi Germany)">Criminal orders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barbarossa_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarossa Decree">Barbarossa Decree</a> * <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a> * <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Conduct_of_the_Troops_in_Russia" title="Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia">Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogilev conference">Mogilev conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Nazi security warfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Major crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">War crimes trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Command_Trial" title="High Command Trial">High Command Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Trial" title="Kharkov Trial">Kharkov Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Trial" title="Krasnodar Trial">Krasnodar Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Trial" title="Minsk Trial">Minsk Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Trial" title="Riga Trial">Riga Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukase_43" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukase 43">Ukase 43</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_annihilation" title="War of annihilation">War of annihilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">War crimes of the Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">Myth of the clean Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%E2%80%99s_Bandit_Hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler’s Bandit Hunters">Hitler’s Bandit Hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Generals_on_Trial" title="Hitler's Generals on Trial">Hitler's Generals on Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_War_in_the_East_1941%E2%88%921945" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945">Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_into_Darkness" title="Marching into Darkness">Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wehrmacht:_History,_Myth,_Reality" title="The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality">The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&oldid=1259564718">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&oldid=1259564718</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Category:Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II">Military history of the Soviet Union during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_crimes_against_prisoners_of_war" title="Category:World War II crimes against prisoners of war">World War II crimes against prisoners of war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Nazi war crimes in the Soviet Union">Nazi war crimes in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_casualties_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Soviet casualties of World War II">Soviet casualties of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="Category:Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_prisoner_of_war_massacres_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Category:World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany">World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II_prisoners_of_war_held_by_Germany" title="Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany">World War II prisoners of war held by Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2021">Use dmy dates from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 21:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-c4j2c","wgBackendResponseTime":166,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.951","walltime":"2.163","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30245,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":411601,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":47822,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":262898,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1789.942 1 -total"," 51.09% 914.545 372 Template:Sfn"," 11.03% 197.510 2 Template:Reflist"," 6.45% 115.466 3 Template:Lang"," 6.26% 112.000 6 Template:Military_navigation"," 5.73% 102.484 383 Template:Main_other"," 5.61% 100.435 1 Template:Infobox_civilian_attack"," 5.36% 95.896 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.09% 91.097 2 Template:Cite_web"," 4.82% 86.272 19 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.135","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19964622,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBartov2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeorn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlankQuinkert2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdele2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdele2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_Claims_Settlement_Commission1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlach2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisville2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmann2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHertner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozlova2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLatyschew2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKenzie1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeierWinkel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttoKeller2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvermans2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinkert2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheck2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTooze2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWachsmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestermann2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZemskov2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Army Group Rear Area (Wehrmacht)\"] = 1,\n [\"Awrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Ill\"] = 3,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Seealso\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 372,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Soviet prisoners of war\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","560","43.8"],["?","160","12.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","9.4"],["(for generator)","60","4.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","4.7"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","20","1.6"],["concat","20","1.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","20","1.6"],["[others]","160","12.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-prfs7","timestamp":"20241127201906","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2715064","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2715064","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-11-14T16:47:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-25T21:17:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-113-04%2C_Lager_Winnica%2C_gefangene_Russen.jpg","headline":"overview of Nazi Germany's maltreatment of Soviet prisoners of war"}</script> </body> </html>