CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Portal:Language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bcac90ad-5171-4bf0-8007-63a18e7d7f01","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Portal","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":100,"wgPageName":"Portal:Language","wgTitle":"Language","wgCurRevisionId":1236414444,"wgRevisionId":1236414444,"wgArticleId":3483847,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Portals with triaged subpages from January 2019","All portals with triaged subpages","Portals with no named maintainer","Random portal component with 6–10 available subpages","Pages with Western Armenian IPA","Random portal component with 2–5 available image subpages","All portals","Culture portals","Language"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Portal:Language", "wgRelevantArticleId":3483847,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Portal:Languages","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":5000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Portal:Language","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q28581","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture", "bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.categoryTree.styles":"ready","ext.inputBox.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.categoryTree","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.categoryTree.styles%7Cext.inputBox.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Portal:Language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-100 ns-subject mw-editable page-Portal_Language rootpage-Portal_Language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portal%3ALanguage" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portal%3ALanguage" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Portal%3ALanguage" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Portal%3ALanguage" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Portal</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sproch" title="Portal:Sproch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Portal:Sproch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD:%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B" title="በር:ቋንቋ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በር:ቋንቋ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9" title="بوابة:اللغة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:اللغة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Luengas" title="Portal:Luengas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Portal:Luengas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%E1%BA%BDndusu:%C3%91e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BDngu%C3%A9ra" title="Okẽndusu:Ñe’ẽnguéra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Okẽndusu:Ñe’ẽnguéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0:%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রবেশদ্বার:ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tataramon" title="Portal:Tataramon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Portal:Tataramon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porched:Babel" title="Porched:Babel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Porched:Babel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lleng%C3%BCes" title="Portal:Llengües – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Llengües" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganghaan:Pinulongan" title="Ganghaan:Pinulongan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ganghaan:Pinulongan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Jazyk" title="Portál:Jazyk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portál:Jazyk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sprache" title="Portal:Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Portal:Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Keel" title="Portaal:Keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Portaal:Keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7:%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Πύλη:Γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πύλη:Γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lenguas" title="Portal:Lenguas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Lenguas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portalo:Lingvo" title="Portalo:Lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portalo:Lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari:Hizkuntzak" title="Atari:Hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atari:Hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="درگاه:زبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:زبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail:Langues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Langues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="포털:언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्रवेशद्वार:भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रवेशद्वार:भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bahasa" title="Portal:Bahasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Portal:Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Izilimi" title="Portal:Izilimi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Portal:Izilimi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9C:%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פורטל:בלשנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורטל:בלשנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98:%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="პორტალი:ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტალი:ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porth:Yethow" title="Porth:Yethow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Porth:Yethow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango:Lugha" title="Lango:Lugha – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lango:Lugha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikisritis:Kalbos" title="Vikisritis:Kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikisritis:Kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Nyelvek" title="Portál:Nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Portál:Nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Портал:Јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bahasa" title="Portal:Bahasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Portal:Bahasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Taal" title="Portaal:Taal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portaal:Taal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portaal:Spr%C3%A4ke" title="Portaal:Spräke – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Portaal:Spräke" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spr%C3%A5k" title="Portal:Språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portal:Språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tema:Spr%C3%A5k" title="Tema:Språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tema:Språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Lengas" title="Portal:Lengas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Portal:Lengas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spraak" title="Portal:Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Portal:Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Limbi" title="Portal:Limbi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Limbi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punku_p%27anqa:_Rimay" title="Punku p'anqa: Rimay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Punku p'anqa: Rimay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83" title="ද්වාරය:බස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:බස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Jazyk" title="Portál:Jazyk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Portál:Jazyk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Luqad" title="Portal:Luqad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Portal:Luqad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دەروازە:زمان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەروازە:زمان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teemasivu:Kielitiede" title="Teemasivu:Kielitiede – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teemasivu:Kielitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spr%C3%A5k" title="Portal:Språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portal:Språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q17580674 badge-featuredportal mw-list-item" title="featured portal badge"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D:%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="வலைவாசல்:மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலைவாசல்:மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggur:Tutlayt" title="Aggur:Tutlayt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aggur:Tutlayt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Портал:Тел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портал:Тел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2" title="สถานีย่อย:ภาษา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถานีย่อย:ภาษา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Dil" title="Portal:Dil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Portal:Dil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باب:زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باب:زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portoal:Toale" title="Portoal:Toale – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Portoal:Toale" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E8%A9%B1" title="Portal:話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Portal:話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Portal:语言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Portal:语言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94:%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵡⵡⵓⵔ:ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28581#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-portal" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="View the subject page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Portal</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal_talk:Language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Portal:Language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Portal:Language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&oldid=1236414444" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3ALanguage"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPortal%3ALanguage"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Portal%3ALanguage&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Subject:Languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/School:Language_Studies" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28581" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Languages&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Portal:Languages</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikimedia portal</div> <div style="font-size:85%;"><span class="anchor" id="portals-browsebar"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist noprint" style="text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal topics</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Human_activities" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Activities</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Culture_and_the_arts" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Geography_and_places" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Geography</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Health_and_fitness" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Health</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#History_and_events" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Mathematics_and_logic" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Mathematics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Natural_and_physical_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#People_and_self" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">People</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Philosophy_and_thinking" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Philosophy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Religion_and_belief_systems" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Religion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Society_and_social_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Society</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals#Technology_and_applied_sciences" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Technology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></dd></dl> </div></div> <div class="portal-maintenance-status" style="display:none;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/30px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/45px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg/60px-Darkgreen_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><span style="font-size:108%;"><b>Portal maintenance status:</b></span> <small>(January 2019)</small> <ul><li>This portal's <a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Language/" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Portal:Language/">subpages</a> <b>have been checked</b> by an editor, and are needed.</li></ul> <span style="font-size:90%;">Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CAREFUL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CAREFUL">take care</a> when editing, especially if using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ASSISTED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ASSISTED">automated editing software</a>. Learn how to <a href="/wiki/Template:Portal_maintenance_status#How_to_update_the_maintenance_information_for_a_portal" title="Template:Portal maintenance status">update the maintenance information here</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r888483065">.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left{float:left;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right{float:right;width:49%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-wide{float:left;width:60%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-narrow{float:right;width:39%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-extra-wide{float:left;width:70%}.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:right;width:29%}@media only screen and (max-width:800px){.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-wide,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-narrow,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-left-extra-wide,.mw-parser-output .portal-column-right-extra-narrow{float:inherit;width:inherit}}</style> <div style="padding: 10px; background:#fdf5e6; border: 3px solid #bdb76b;"> <div style="display: table; margin: 0 auto 10px; border: 5px solid #bdb76b;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globelang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Welcome to the Language Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Globelang.png/445px-Globelang.png" decoding="async" width="445" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Globelang.png 1.5x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="242" /></a></span></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ALanguage%2FIntro&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Introduction" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Introduction</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tepantitla_mural,_Ballplayer_A_(Daquella_manera).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg/200px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg/300px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg/400px-Tepantitla_mural%2C_Ballplayer_A_%28Daquella_manera%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="1217" /></a><figcaption>A mural in <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a>, Mexico (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2nd</span> century) depicting a person emitting a <a href="/wiki/Speech_scroll" title="Speech scroll">speech scroll</a> from his mouth, symbolizing speech</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braille_house09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braille_house09.JPG/200px-Braille_house09.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braille_house09.JPG/300px-Braille_house09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braille_house09.JPG/400px-Braille_house09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> writing, a <a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">tactile</a> variant of a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuneiform_script2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cuneiform_script2.png/150px-Cuneiform_script2.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cuneiform_script2.png/225px-Cuneiform_script2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cuneiform_script2.png/300px-Cuneiform_script2.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a> is the first known form of <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">written language</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> predates writing by at least tens of thousands of years.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girls_learning_sign_language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Girls_learning_sign_language.jpg/200px-Girls_learning_sign_language.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Girls_learning_sign_language.jpg/300px-Girls_learning_sign_language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Girls_learning_sign_language.jpg/400px-Girls_learning_sign_language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Two girls learning <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a></b> is a structured system of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> that consists of <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>. It is the primary means by which <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> convey meaning, both in spoken and <a href="/wiki/Signed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed language">signed</a> forms, and may also be conveyed through <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing</a>. Human language is characterized by its cultural and historical diversity, with significant variations observed between cultures and across time. Human languages possess the properties of <a href="/wiki/Productivity_(linguistics)" title="Productivity (linguistics)">productivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(linguistics)" title="Displacement (linguistics)">displacement</a>, which enable the creation of an infinite number of sentences, and the ability to refer to objects, events, and ideas that are not immediately present in the discourse. The use of human language relies on <a href="/wiki/Social_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Social convention">social convention</a> and is acquired through learning. </p><p>Estimates of the number of human languages in the world vary between 5,000 and 7,000. Precise estimates depend on an arbitrary distinction (dichotomy) established between languages and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Natural languages</a> are <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">spoken</a>, signed, or both; however, any language can be <a href="/wiki/Encoding_(semiotics)" title="Encoding (semiotics)">encoded</a> into secondary media using auditory, visual, or tactile <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimuli</a> – for example, writing, whistling, signing, or <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a>. In other words, human language is <a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">modality</a>-independent, but written or signed language is the way to inscribe or encode the natural human speech or gestures. </p><p>Depending on <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophical perspectives</a> regarding the definition of language and meaning, when used as a general concept, "language" may refer to the cognitive ability to learn and use systems of complex communication, or to describe the set of rules that makes up these systems, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of <a href="/wiki/Semiosis" title="Semiosis">semiosis</a> to relate <a href="/wiki/Sign_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign (linguistics)">signs</a> to particular <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (linguistics)">meanings</a>. Oral, manual and tactile languages contain a <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonological</a> system that governs how symbols are used to form sequences known as words or <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a> system that governs how words and morphemes are combined to form phrases and utterances. </p><p>The scientific study of language is called <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>. Critical examinations of languages, such as philosophy of language, the relationships between <a href="/wiki/Language_and_thought" title="Language and thought">language and thought</a>, how words represent experience, etc., have been debated at least since <a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek civilization</a>. Thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> (1712–1778) have argued that language originated from emotions, while others like <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804) have argued that languages originated from rational and logical thought. Twentieth century philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> (1889–1951) argued that philosophy is really the study of language itself. Major figures in contemporary linguistics of these times include <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Saussure" title="Ferdinand de Saussure">Ferdinand de Saussure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>. (<b><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Full article...</a></b>) </p> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline of linguistics</a></b> • <b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></b></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div style="text-align:center; margin:0.25em auto 0.75em"><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><b>Refresh with new selections below (purge)</b></span></a></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996214246">.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{clear:both;width:100%;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{float:left;width:50%;min-width:360px;padding:0 0.5em;box-sizing:border-box;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}@media screen and (max-width:393px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{min-width:0}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:first-child{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column:last-child{padding-right:0}@media screen and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column{padding:0;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container{display:block}}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div{flex:1 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .flex-columns-container>.flex-columns-column>div.flex-columns-noflex{flex:0}</style><div class="flex-columns-container"><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_language_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected language - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Hawaiian Pidgin</a></b> (alternately, <b>Hawaiʻi Creole English</b> or <b>HCE</b>, known locally as <b>Pidgin</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a>. An estimated 600,000 residents of Hawaiʻi speak Hawaiian Pidgin natively and 400,000 speak it as a second language. Although English and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> are the two <a href="/wiki/Official_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages">official languages</a> of the state of Hawaiʻi, Hawaiian Pidgin is spoken by many residents of Hawaiʻi in everyday conversation and is often used in advertising targeted toward locals in Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaiian language, it is called <b>ʻōlelo paʻi ʻai</b> – "hard taro language". Hawaiian Pidgin was first recognized as a language by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015. However, Hawaiian Pidgin is still thought of as lower status than the Hawaiian and English languages. </p><p>Despite its name, Hawaiian Pidgin is not a <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>, but rather a full-fledged, <a href="/wiki/Nativization" title="Nativization">nativized</a> and demographically stable creole language. It did, however, evolve from various real pidgins spoken as common languages between ethnic groups in Hawaiʻi. (<b><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin" title="Hawaiian Pidgin">Full article...</a></b>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256386598">.mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#F0F2F5;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#CCFFCC;color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-mainspace{background:#14181F;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cot-header-other{background:#003500;color:inherit}}</style> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of selected language articles</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tariana_language" title="Tariana language">Tariana language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nafaanra" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafaanra">Nafaanra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Languages of the Roman Empire">Languages of the Roman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Delaware" title="Pidgin Delaware">Pidgin Delaware</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Izi_language" title="Izi language">Izi language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_language" title="Tsez language">Tsez language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gutnish" title="Old Gutnish">Old Gutnish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Papiamento" title="Papiamento">Papiamento</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof language</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Did_you_know_(auto-generated)" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id="Did_you_know_.28auto-generated.29"></span>Did you know <small>(auto-generated)</small></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/47px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/71px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg/94px-Nuvola_apps_filetypes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>... that the author of <i><b><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Babel" title="The Power of Babel">The Power of Babel</a></b></i> says that speakers of Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish are all speaking the same language?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Femke" title="Femke">Femke</a></b> is the most common feminine <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> origin in the Netherlands?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/KIKU" title="KIKU">a Hawaii TV station</a></b><span class="nowrap">'s</span> switch from Japanese-language programming to home shopping stirred viewer outcry?</li> <li>... that at age 12, <b><a href="/wiki/Shaylee_Mansfield" title="Shaylee Mansfield">Shaylee Mansfield</a></b> became the first deaf actor to be credited alongside the voice actors for a <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">signed</a> performance in an animated production?</li> <li>... that <a href="/wiki/Karan_Aujla" title="Karan Aujla">Karan Aujla</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-language single "<b><a href="/wiki/Tauba_Tauba_(song)" title="Tauba Tauba (song)">Tauba Tauba</a></b>" from the 2024 film <i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Newz_(film)" title="Bad Newz (film)">Bad Newz</a></i> became a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a> top-25 song ahead of the film's release?</li> <li>... that <b><a href="/wiki/Rust_(programming_language)" title="Rust (programming language)">Rust</a></b> has been named the "most loved <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>" every year for seven years since 2016 by annual surveys conducted by <a href="/wiki/Stack_Overflow" title="Stack Overflow">Stack Overflow</a>?</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ALanguage%2FDYK%2F7&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="More_did_you_know_-_show_different_entries" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">More did you know - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show different entries</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li>...that we know about <b><a href="/wiki/Latin_profanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin profanity">Latin profanity</a></b> from both <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, and from the poems of <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>?</li> <li>...that virtually all <b><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Albania" title="Languages of Albania">Italian-speakers in Albania</a></b> have learnt the language by watching Italian television and not through reading textbooks?</li> <li>...that the indigenous <b><a href="/wiki/Nambikwara_language" title="Nambikwara language">Nambikwara language</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> has a special <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive consonant</a> used only by elderly people?</li> <li>...that <b><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a></b>, spoken in and around <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice, Italy">Venice, Italy</a>, is not a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>?</li></ul> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:left;margin-bottom:0px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language/DYK" title="Portal:Language/DYK">More Did you know</a></b></div></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ALanguage%2FCategories&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Categories" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Categories</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">Linguistics</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computational_linguistics" title="Category:Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Grammar" title="Category:Grammar">Grammar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_linguistics" title="Category:Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistic_morphology" title="Category:Linguistic morphology">Morphology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Phonetics" title="Category:Phonetics">Phonetics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Phonology" title="Category:Phonology">Phonology</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pragmatics" title="Category:Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Reading_(process)" title="Category:Reading (process)">Reading</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Semantics" title="Category:Semantics">Semantics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Sociolinguistics" title="Category:Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Syntax" title="Category:Syntax">Syntax</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Writing" title="Category:Writing">Writing</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages" title="Category:Languages">Languages</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Language_families" title="Category:Language families">Language families</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pidgins_and_creoles" title="Category:Pidgins and creoles">Pidgins and creoles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_languages" title="Category:Sign languages">Sign languages</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguists" title="Category:Linguists">Linguists</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguists_by_nationality" title="Category:Linguists by nationality">By nationality</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_linguists" title="Category:Historical linguists">Historical linguists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Morphologists" title="Category:Morphologists">Morphologists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Phoneticians" title="Category:Phoneticians">Phoneticians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Phonologists" title="Category:Phonologists">Phonologists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Sociolinguists" title="Category:Sociolinguists">Sociolinguists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Syntacticians" title="Category:Syntacticians">Syntacticians</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Translators" title="Category:Translators">Translators</a> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics_stubs" title="Category:Linguistics stubs">Stubs</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Constructed_language_stubs" title="Category:Constructed language stubs">Constructed languages</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Language_stubs" title="Category:Language stubs">Languages</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguist_stubs" title="Category:Linguist stubs">Linguists</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Pidgin_and_creole_language_stubs" title="Category:Pidgin and creole language stubs">Pidgins and creoles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Typography_stubs" title="Category:Typography stubs">Typography</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Vocabulary_and_usage_stubs" title="Category:Vocabulary and usage stubs">Vocabulary and usage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_system_stubs" title="Category:Writing system stubs">Writing systems</a> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:lightblue; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><small>Full Language category tree</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><small>Select [►] to view subcategories</small></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language" title="Category:Language">Language</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Languages" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages" title="Category:Languages">Languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Outlines_of_languages" title="Category:Outlines of languages">Outlines of languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_acquisition" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_acquisition" title="Category:Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language-related_awards" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language-related_awards" title="Category:Language-related awards">Language-related awards</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_comparison" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_comparison" title="Category:Language comparison">Language comparison</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_competitions" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_competitions" title="Category:Language competitions">Language competitions</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Natural_language_and_computing" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_language_and_computing" title="Category:Natural language and computing">Natural language and computing</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Fiction_about_language" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_language" title="Category:Fiction about language">Fiction about language</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_games" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_games" title="Category:Language games">Language games</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Gender_in_language" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_in_language" title="Category:Gender in language">Gender in language</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_identifiers" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_identifiers" title="Category:Language identifiers">Language identifiers</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_interpretation" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_interpretation" title="Category:Language interpretation">Language interpretation</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_mechanics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_mechanics" title="Category:Language mechanics">Language mechanics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_reform" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_reform" title="Category:Language reform">Language reform</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Linguistics" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_movements" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_movements" title="Category:Language movements">Language movements</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_and_mysticism" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_and_mysticism" title="Category:Language and mysticism">Language and mysticism</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Oral_communication" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oral_communication" title="Category:Oral communication">Oral communication</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Personifications_of_languages" title="Category:Personifications of languages">Personifications of languages</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Philology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philology" title="Category:Philology">Philology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Philosophy_of_language" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_language" title="Category:Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_policy" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_policy" title="Category:Language policy">Language policy</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Self-reference" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-reference" title="Category:Self-reference">Self-reference</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Sign_language" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_language" title="Category:Sign language">Sign language</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_of_language" title="Category:Sociology of language">Sociology of language</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_software" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_software" title="Category:Language software">Language software</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Speech" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Speech" title="Category:Speech">Speech</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Speech_and_language_pathology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Speech_and_language_pathology" title="Category:Speech and language pathology">Speech and language pathology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Statements" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Statements" title="Category:Statements">Statements</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Terminology" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Terminology" title="Category:Terminology">Terminology</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Vocabulary" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Vocabulary" title="Category:Vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Works_about_language" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_language" title="Category:Works about language">Works about language</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Writing" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing" title="Category:Writing">Writing</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Language_stubs" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_stubs" title="Category:Language stubs">Language stubs</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ALanguage&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Related_portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Related portals</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-unbordered portal-bar-related" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><ul class="portal-bar-content portal-bar-content-related"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/23px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/34px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/45px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/25px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/50px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Design_conlang.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/25px-Design_conlang.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/38px-Design_conlang.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Design_conlang.png/50px-Design_conlang.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Constructed_languages" title="Portal:Constructed languages">Constructed languages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/27px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/41px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/54px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div><div class="flex-columns-column"><div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Selected_topic_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected topic - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="thumb tleft" style="overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:308px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="width:auto;overflow:auto;"><div style="white-space:normal"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_dialects,_Adjarian_1909.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/220px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/330px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png/440px-Armenian_dialects%2C_Adjarian_1909.png 2x" data-file-width="1757" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="center">Map of the Armenian dialects in early 20th century: -gë dialects, corresponding to Western Armenian, are in yellow.</div></div></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Armenian language">Western Armenian</a>: <span lang="hyw">Արեւմտահայերէն</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Western Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hyw-Latn">Arevmdahayeren</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hyw-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ɑɾɛvmədɑhɑjɛˈɾɛn]</a></span>) is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Modern Armenian</a>, the other being <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a>. It is based mainly on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istanbul_dialect_(Armenian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istanbul dialect (Armenian) (page does not exist)">Istanbul Armenian dialect</a>, as opposed to Eastern Armenian, which is mainly based on the <a href="/wiki/Yerevan_dialect" title="Yerevan dialect">Yerevan Armenian dialect</a>. </p><p>Until the early 20th century, various Western Armenian dialects were spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, predominantly in the historically Armenian populated regions of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>. The dialectal varieties of Western Armenian currently in use include <a href="/wiki/Homshetsi_dialect" title="Homshetsi dialect">Homshetsi</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Hemshin_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemshin peoples">Hemshin peoples</a>; the dialects of Armenians in <a href="/wiki/Kessab" title="Kessab">Kessab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jisr_al-Shughur" class="mw-redirect" title="Jisr al-Shughur">Jisr al-Shughur</a> in Syria, <a href="/wiki/Anjar,_Lebanon" title="Anjar, Lebanon">Anjar</a> in Lebanon, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Istanbul" title="Armenians in Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vak%C4%B1fl%C4%B1,_Samanda%C4%9F" title="Vakıflı, Samandağ">Vakıflı</a>, in Turkey (part of the "Sueidia" dialect). The Sasun and Mush dialects are also spoken in modern-day Armenian villages such as Bazmaberd and Sasnashen. The <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilician</a> dialect is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, where it is taught in Armenian schools (Nareg), and is the first language of about 3,000 people of Armenian descent. (<b><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Full article...</a></b>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1256386598"> </p> <div style="margin-left:0"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-archivedtalk mw-collapsed" style="color:inherit; background: transparent; text-align: left; border: 1px solid Silver; margin: 0.2em auto auto; width:100%; clear: both; padding: 1px;"> <tbody><tr> <th class="cot-header-other" style="background:fff; font-size:87%; padding:0.2em 0.3em; text-align:center; color:#202122"><div style="font-size:115%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:85%;">List of selected topics</span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit; border: solid 1px Silver; padding: 0.6em; background: var(--background-color-base, #fff);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani grammar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight" title="Central Atlas Tamazight">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Proto-Indo-European root</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Russian language in Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Chinese classifier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish phonology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_tenses" title="Latin tenses">Latin tenses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto phonology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old Chinese phonology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish phonology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_language_area" title="Mesoamerican language area">Mesoamerican language area</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_influence_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Arabic language influence on the Spanish language">Arabic language influence on the Spanish language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit grammar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centum_and_satem_languages" title="Centum and satem languages">Centum and satem languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect">Kagoshima dialect</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_plurals" title="English plurals">English plurals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Belgium" title="Languages of Belgium">Languages of Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Catalonia" title="Languages of Catalonia">Languages of Catalonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Languages of Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian phonology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Official_bilingualism_in_Canada" title="Official bilingualism in Canada">Official bilingualism in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor" title="Global Language Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_obscenity" title="Latin obscenity">Latin obscenity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Latvia" title="Language policy in Latvia">Language policy in Latvia</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ALanguage%2FSelected_picture%2F3&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Selected_picture_-_show_another" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Selected picture - <span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page"><small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkblue"><i>show another</i></span></small></span></a></span></h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MarydaPatral1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MarydaPatral1.jpg/350px-MarydaPatral1.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MarydaPatral1.jpg/525px-MarydaPatral1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/MarydaPatral1.jpg/700px-MarydaPatral1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;" width="33%"><small>Credit: Public domain</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Maryada Patral letter of conduct written by <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Bhikshu_(Jain_Monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharya Bhikshu (Jain Monk)">Acharya Bhiksu</a> (first head of Jain Swetamber Terapanth sect) written in <b><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani language</a></b> </p> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language/Selected_picture" title="Portal:Language/Selected picture">More selected pictures</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">More...</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ALanguage%2FNews_archive&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Language_News" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Language News</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <dl><dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">22 November 2024 –</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Belarus" title="Censorship in Belarus">Censorship in Belarus</a></b></dt> <dd>In a speech at <a href="/wiki/Minsk_State_Linguistic_University" title="Minsk State Linguistic University">Minsk State Linguistic University</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Belarus" title="President of Belarus">Belarusian President</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> threatens to shut down the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">his country</a> if there are mass protests before the <a href="/wiki/2025_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2025 Belarusian presidential election">upcoming presidential election</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">previous election</a> saw <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">mass protests</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/belarus-lukashenka-internet-shutdown-protests/33211982.html">(Rferl)</a></dd> <dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">20 August 2024 –</span> <b><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Germany–Iran relations">Germany–Iran relations</a></b></dt> <dd>Following the ordered closure of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Centre_Hamburg" title="Islamic Centre Hamburg">Islamic Centre Hamburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> orders the closure of two branches of a <a href="/wiki/German_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="German (language)">German</a> language school in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> for "breaching Iranian law, committing various illegal actions and extensive financial violations." In response, Germany summons the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Iran_to_Germany" title="List of ambassadors of Iran to Germany">Iranian ambassador</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/iran-orders-closure-of-german-language-institute-in-tehran/a-69994587">(DW)</a></dd> <dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">19 July 2024 –</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">nationalist</a> politician, and former <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Deputy_of_Ukraine" title="People's Deputy of Ukraine">People's Deputy</a> <a href="/wiki/Iryna_Farion" title="Iryna Farion">Iryna Farion</a> is shot and killed in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> by an unknown assailant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/gunman-wounds-nationalist-former-parliamentarian-ukraines-lviv-2024-07-19/">(Reuters)</a></dd> <dt><span style="font-weight:normal;">27 June 2024 –</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ukraine" title="President of Ukraine">Ukrainian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> signs a law establishing <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> as an official language of international communication in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyivindependent.com/zelensky-signs-law-on-use-of-english-in-ukraine/">(<i>The Kyiv Independent</i>)</a> <dl><dd><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Language" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Language">Language news from Wikinews...</a></b></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ALanguage%2FArticles&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Topics" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Topics</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Languages of the world</b></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon-notepad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Icon-notepad.svg/43px-Icon-notepad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Icon-notepad.svg/65px-Icon-notepad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Icon-notepad.svg/86px-Icon-notepad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><small><b>Languages of Africa:</b> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chadic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chadic language">Chadic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setswana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana language">Setswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">more...</a></b></small> </p><p><small><b>Languages of the Americas:</b> <a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carib_language" title="Carib language">Carib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois language">Iroquois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kootenai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kootenai language">Kootenai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayan language">Mayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechuan language">Quechuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Salish language">Salish</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">more...</a></b></small> </p><p><small><b>Languages of Asia:</b> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baluchi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluchi language">Balochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Manipuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meithei" class="mw-redirect" title="Meithei">Meithei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language"> Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language"> Tanchangya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language"> Telugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Asian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian languages">more...</a></b></small> </p><p><small><b>Languages of Austronesia:</b> <a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori language">Maori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">more...</a></b> </small> </p><p><small><b>Languages of Europe:</b> <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/English_language" class="extiw" title="b:English language">book</a>), <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> <b><a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">more...</a></b></small> </p><p><small><b>Constructed languages:</b> <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ido_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (language)">Ido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volap%C3%BCk" title="Volapük">Volapük</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">more...</a></b></small> </p> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Language types</b></div> <p><small><a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">Agglutinative language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytic_language" title="Analytic language">Analytic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Context-free_language" title="Context-free language">Context-free language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">Fusional language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflectional_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflectional language">Inflectional language</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_language" class="mw-disambig" title="International language">International language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">Isolating language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Natural language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">Pluricentric language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polysynthetic_language" title="Polysynthetic language">Polysynthetic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">Spoken language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_language" title="Synthetic language">Synthetic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">Variety (linguistics)</a></small> </p> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a>, <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linguistics" class="extiw" title="b:Linguistics">Book</a>)</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_ksig.png/52px-Nuvola_apps_ksig.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_ksig.png/78px-Nuvola_apps_ksig.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_ksig.png/104px-Nuvola_apps_ksig.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><small> <a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_linguistics" title="Cognitive linguistics">Cognitive linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">Accent (dialect)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive linguistics">Descriptive linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurolinguistics" title="Eurolinguistics">Eurolinguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generative_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Generative linguistics">Generative linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexicology" title="Lexicology">Lexicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexical_semantics" title="Lexical semantics">Lexical semantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onomasiology" title="Onomasiology">Onomasiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prescription_and_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription and description">Prescription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prototype_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototype (linguistics)">Prototype semantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylistics (linguistics)">Stylistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></small> </p><p><small><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_linguists" title="List of linguists">List of linguists</a></small> </p> <hr /> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></b></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phrase_sanskrit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/390px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/585px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Phrase_sanskrit.svg/780px-Phrase_sanskrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p><small><b><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Bengali alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of alphabets">more...</a></b></small> </p><p><small><b>Other writing systems:</b> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphics">Hieroglyphics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logogram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabary</a>, <a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a>, <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">more..</a></b></small> </p><p><small><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a>, Script</small> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"></div><h2 id="Associated_Wikimedia" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Associated Wikimedia</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239335380">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-dark{display:inline}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-projects-wikt-icon-light{display:none}}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> sister projects provide more on this subject: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Language"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Language" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Language">Commons</a></span><br />Free media repository</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/Language">Wikibooks</a></span><br />Free textbooks and manuals</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Language">Wikidata</a></span><br />Free knowledge base</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Language">Wikinews</a></span><br />Free-content news</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Language">Wikiquote</a></span><br />Collection of quotations</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Language">Wikisource</a></span><br />Free-content library</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Language">Wikiversity</a></span><br />Free learning tools</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/Language">Wiktionary</a></span><br />Dictionary and thesaurus</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:black;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#E3CF57;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:black;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3ALanguage&action=edit"><span style="color:black">edit</span></a> </div><h2 id="Find_a_language" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:black;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em">Find a language</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table width="42%" align="left"> <tbody><tr> <td>Enter an <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> code to find the corresponding language article </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form-inline" action="/wiki/Special:Search"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" value="ISO 639:" placeholder="" size="10" dir="ltr" /></div> <input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" class="cdx-button" /> <input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" class="cdx-button" /></form></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239335380"> <div class="smallcaps" style="font-variant:small-caps;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Discover Wikipedia using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Portal" title="Wikipedia:Portal">portals</a></b></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/35px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/53px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg/70px-Lorentzian_Wormhole.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">List of all portals</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/35px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/53px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png/70px-Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_arts" title="Portal:The arts">The arts portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/35px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/53px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/70px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/35px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/53px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/70px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Portal:Current events">Current events portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="globe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/35px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/53px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/70px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/35px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/53px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/70px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="square root of x" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/35px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/53px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/70px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/35px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/53px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/70px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-technology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/35px-Noun-technology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/53px-Noun-technology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Noun-technology.svg/70px-Noun-technology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="88" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Technology portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Random_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/35px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/53px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Random_font_awesome.svg/70px-Random_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Special:RandomInCategory/All_portals" title="Special:RandomInCategory/All portals">Random portal</a></span></div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/35px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/53px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/70px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Portals" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Portals">WikiProject Portals</a></span></div> </li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: small;"><i><span class="noprint plainlinks purgelink"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&action=purge"><span title="Purge this page">Purge server cache</span></a></span></i></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&oldid=1236414444">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&oldid=1236414444</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_portals" title="Category:All portals">All portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_portals" title="Category:Culture portals">Culture portals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language" title="Category:Language">Language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portals_with_triaged_subpages_from_January_2019" title="Category:Portals with triaged subpages from January 2019">Portals with triaged subpages from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_portals_with_triaged_subpages" title="Category:All portals with triaged subpages">All portals with triaged subpages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Portals_with_no_named_maintainer" title="Category:Portals with no named maintainer">Portals with no named maintainer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Random_portal_component_with_6%E2%80%9310_available_subpages" title="Category:Random portal component with 6–10 available subpages">Random portal component with 6–10 available subpages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Western_Armenian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Western Armenian IPA">Pages with Western Armenian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Random_portal_component_with_2%E2%80%935_available_image_subpages" title="Category:Random portal component with 2–5 available image subpages">Random portal component with 2–5 available image subpages</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 July 2024, at 15:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-56b89d88b4-p9n7f","wgBackendResponseTime":4256,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.673","walltime":"4.102","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2389,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":173176,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6300,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":37605,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3965.885 1 -total"," 93.83% 3721.274 1 Template:Flex_columns"," 58.82% 2332.543 1 Portal:Language/News_archive"," 58.75% 2329.841 1 Template:Transclude_selected_current_events"," 24.88% 986.897 1 Template:Transclude_selected_recent_additions"," 6.27% 248.719 2 Template:Transclude_random_excerpt"," 3.49% 138.516 1 Template:Langx"," 1.58% 62.496 1 Portal:Language/Intro"," 1.18% 46.641 1 Template:Portal_maintenance_status"," 1.12% 44.366 1 Template:Smalldiv"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.406","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15045456,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","1320","38.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","660","19.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gmatch_callback","400","11.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","360","10.5"],["?","160","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getContent","160","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::len","60","1.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","40","1.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","1.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","1.2"],["[others]","200","5.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-56b89d88b4-p9n7f","timestamp":"20241202085625","ttl":21600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> </body> </html>