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<span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denominacións_da_lingua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denominacións_da_lingua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Denominacións da lingua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denominacións_da_lingua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urdu_estándar_moderno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdu_estándar_moderno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Urdu estándar moderno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdu_estándar_moderno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribución_xeográfica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribución_xeográfica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribución xeográfica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribución_xeográfica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escrita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escrita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Escrita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escrita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemplo_de_texto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemplo_de_texto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exemplo de texto</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exemplo_de_texto-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Exemplo de texto"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exemplo_de_texto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hindustano_coloquial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindustano_coloquial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hindustano coloquial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindustano_coloquial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hindi_literario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hindi_literario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hindi literario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hindi_literario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urdú_literario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urdú_literario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Urdú literario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urdú_literario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Véxase_tamén" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Véxase_tamén"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Véxase tamén</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Mostrar ou agochar a subsección "Véxase tamén"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Véxase_tamén-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografía" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografía"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliografía</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografía-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligazóns_externas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligazóns_externas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ligazóns externas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligazóns_externas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contidos" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostrar ou agochar a táboa de contidos</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lingua hindustana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir a un artigo noutra lingua. Dispoñible en 109 linguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 linguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoestani" title="Hindoestani – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hindoestani" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – alemán suízo" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemán suízo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindostan%C3%AD" title="Idioma hindostaní – aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma hindostaní" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الهندستانية – árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهندستانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indost%C3%A1nicu" title="Indostánicu – asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Indostánicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistani_dili" title="Hindistani dili – acerbaixano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistani dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="acerbaixano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هیندوستانی دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیندوستانی دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Һиндостани – baxkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һиндостани" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hindustani" title="Basa Hindustani – balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indostan%C4%97itiu_kalba" title="Indostanėitiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Indostanėitiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Хіндустані – belaruso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіндустані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belaruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гіндустані – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіндустані" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хиндустани – búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хиндустани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দুস্তানি ভাষা – bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দুস্তানি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoustaneg" title="Hindoustaneg – bretón" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hindoustaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-urdu" title="Hindi-urdu – bosníaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hindi-urdu" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindust%C3%A0nic" title="Hindustànic – catalán" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hindustànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хиндустани – checheno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Хиндустани" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="checheno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ھیندستانی – kurdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ھیندستانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_tili" title="Hindustani tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hindustani tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindust%C3%A1n%C5%A1tina" title="Hindustánština – checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hindustánština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindwstaneg" title="Hindwstaneg – galés" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hindwstaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – dinamarqués" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarqués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – alemán" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ινδουστανική γλώσσα – grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδουστανική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language – inglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hindustani language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustana_lingvo" title="Hindustana lingvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindustana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_indost%C3%A1nico" title="Idioma indostánico – español" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma indostánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="español" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_keel" title="Hindustani keel – estoniano" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hindustani keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanera" title="Hindustanera – éuscaro" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hindustanera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="éuscaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان هندوستانی – persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان هندوستانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – finés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoustani" title="Hindoustani – francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindoustani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – frisón setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisón setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoustani" title="Endoustani – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Endoustani" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-urdu_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Hindi-urdu ñe'ẽ – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hindi-urdu ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiyanci" title="Indiyanci – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Indiyanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הינדוסטנית – hebreo" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הינדוסטנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_bhasa" title="Hindustani bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hindustani bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanski_jezici" title="Hindustanski jezici – croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hindustanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB-%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Հինդի-ուրդու – armenio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հինդի-ուրդու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hindustani" title="Lingua hindustani – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua hindustani" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindustan" title="Bahasa Hindustan – indonesio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hindustan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" title="Hindi-Urdu – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hindi-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%AD-%C3%BArd%C3%BA" title="Hindí-úrdú – islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hindí-úrdú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indostana" title="Lingua indostana – italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua indostana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ヒンドゥスターニー語 – xaponés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンドゥスターニー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="xaponés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3" title="ჰინდი-ურდუ – xeorxiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰინდი-ურდუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="xeorxiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindustani" title="Bahasa Hindustani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Хинди-урду – kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хинди-урду" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%91%90%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%EC%96%B4" title="힌두스탄어 – coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌두스탄어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoustanek" title="Hindoustanek – córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hindoustanek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hindi-Urdu" title="Lingua Hindi-Urdu – latín" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hindi-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latín" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_industan" title="Lingaz industan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz industan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustano_kalba" title="Hindustano kalba – lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hindustano kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindust%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Hindustāņu valoda – letón" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hindustāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letón" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_hindi-ordo" title="Fiteny hindi-ordo – malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny hindi-ordo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഹിന്ദുസ്താനി ഭാഷ – malabar" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദുസ്താനി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" title="Hindi-Urdu – malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hindi-Urdu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%92%E1%80%B0%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟင်ဒီ-အူရဒူဘာသာစကား – birmano" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟင်ဒီ-အူရဒူဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustaansche_Spraak" title="Hindustaansche Spraak – baixo alemán" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hindustaansche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baixo alemán" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा – nepalí" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दुस्तानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindoestani" title="Hindoestani – neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindoestani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – noruegués nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruegués nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – noruegués bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruegués bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indostani" title="Indostani – occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indostani" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хиндустани – ossetio" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хиндустани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – panxabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੁਸਤਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panxabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A1nung_Indost%C3%A1niku" title="Amánung Indostániku – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amánung Indostániku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hindustani" title="Język hindustani – polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hindustani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہندوستانی زبان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوستانی زبان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindust%C3%A2ni" title="Língua hindustâni – portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hindustâni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrustani" title="Hinrustani – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinrustani" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_hindustan%C4%83" title="Limba hindustană – romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba hindustană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_indostane" title="Lènga indostane – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga indostane" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хиндустани – ruso" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хиндустани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гіндустані – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гіндустані" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दुस्थानीभाषा – sánscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दुस्थानीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sánscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱩᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_leid" title="Hindustani leid – escocés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hindustani leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustanski_jezik" title="Hindustanski jezik – serbocroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hindustanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%83" title="හින්දුස්ථානී බස – cingalés" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දුස්ථානී බස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hindustani language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Hindustanščina – esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hindustanščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_hindustani" title="Gjuha hindustani – albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha hindustani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Хинди-урду – serbio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хинди-урду" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani" title="Hindustani – sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihindustani" title="Kihindustani – suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihindustani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்துசுத்தானி மொழி – támil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்துசுத்தானி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="támil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="హిందుస్తానీ భాష – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిందుస్తానీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาฮินดูสตานี – tailandés" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮินดูสตานี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_zyvon" title="Hindustani zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hindustani zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindust%C3%A2n%C3%AE" title="Hindustânî – turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hindustânî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Һиндстани – tártaro" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һиндстани" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tártaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Гіндустані – ucraíno" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіндустані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraíno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہندوستانی زبان – urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندوستانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistoniy" title="Hindistoniy – uzbeko" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hindistoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hindustan" title="Tiếng Hindustan – vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hindustan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinindustani" title="Hinindustani – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hinindustani" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语 – chinés wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印度斯坦语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chinés wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99" title="הינדוסטאני – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הינדוסטאני" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Hindust%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Èdè Hindustánì – ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Hindustánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语 – chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度斯坦语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%96%87" title="印度斯坦文 – cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印度斯坦文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11051#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar as ligazóns interlingüísticas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar as ligazóns</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espazos de nomes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindustana" title="Ver o contido da páxina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Conversa:Lingua_hindustana" rel="discussion" title="Conversa acerca do contido desta páxina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Conversa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Cambiar a variante de lingua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Galipedia, a Wikipedia en galego.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="gl" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em" cellpadding="2" align="right" width="269px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:120%; text-align: center; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9">Hindustano<br /><i><span class="Unicode">हिन्दुस्तानी</span>, <span class="Unicode">ہندوستانی</span></i></th></tr><tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Pronuncia:</td><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">/hɪnd̪ʊst̪aːni/</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Outros nomes:</td><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi">Hindi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">Urdú</a></td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Falado en: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán">Paquistán</a> e países con inmigración destes estados (<a href="/wiki/Fidxi" title="Fidxi">Fidxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiana" title="Güiana">Güiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>,...)</td></tr><tr><td style="top; padding-left: 0.5em;">Rexións: </td><td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Sur de Asia</td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Total de falantes: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">250 millóns como lingua materna (censos de 2011 e 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> e arredor de 540 millóns incluíndo os falantes como segunda lingua<sup id="cite_ref-Quiles_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quiles-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Familia_de_linguas" title="Familia de linguas">Familia</a>: </td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguas_indoeuropeas" title="Linguas indoeuropeas">Indoeuropea</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Linguas_indoiranias" title="Linguas indoiranias">Indoirania</a><br />  <a href="/wiki/Linguas_indoarias" title="Linguas indoarias">Indoaria</a><br />   Idiomas hindi occidentais<br />    <b>Hindustano</b></td></tr><tr><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Escrita" title="Escrita">Escrita</a>:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_persa" title="Alfabeto persa">Alfabeto persa</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeto_urd%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeto urdú (a páxina aínda non existe)">alfabeto urdú</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari">Devanágari</a> (alfabeto hindi)</td></tr><tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9">Status oficial</th> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> Lingua oficial de: </td><td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (como <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi">hindi</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">urdú</a>) e<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán">Paquistán</a> (como <a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">urdú</a>) </td></tr><tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> Regulado por: </td><td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> Central Hindi Directorate (hindi na India)<br />National Language Authority (urdú en Paquistán)<br />National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (urdú na India) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9">Códigos de lingua </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>hi, ur</code> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">ISO 639-2: </td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>---</code> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9">Mapa </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"></td></tr><tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Urdu_official-language_areas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu_official-language_areas.png/250px-Urdu_official-language_areas.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu_official-language_areas.png/375px-Urdu_official-language_areas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Urdu_official-language_areas.png/500px-Urdu_official-language_areas.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1018" /></a></span><br />Áreas onde o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">urdú</a> é lingua oficial ou cooficial (<a href="/wiki/Laranxa_(cor)" title="Laranxa (cor)">laranxa</a>) e onde o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi">hindi</a> é oficial (<a href="/wiki/Amarelo" title="Amarelo">amarelo</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9">Status </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"> </td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;">Este artigo amosa <a href="/wiki/Alfabetos_br%C3%A1hmicos" title="Alfabetos bráhmicos">letras indias</a>. Sen o <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Caracteres_especiais" title="Axuda:Caracteres especiais">soporte axeitado</a>, o texto pode mostrar símbolos sen sentido, coma caixas, marcas e outros.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="metadata mbox-small noprint selfref" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;width: 22em;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/40px-Urdu_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/60px-Urdu_example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Urdu_example.svg/80px-Urdu_example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="859" data-file-height="857" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist" style="vertical-align:middle; font-size:95%;">Este artigo amosa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeto_urd%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeto urdú (a páxina aínda non existe)">letras urdús</a>. Sen o <a href="/wiki/Axuda:Caracteres_especiais" title="Axuda:Caracteres especiais">soporte axeitado</a>, o texto pode mostrar símbolos sen sentido, coma caixas, marcas e outros.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>O <b>hindustano</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> (हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی, literalmente: 'do <a href="/wiki/Hindust%C3%A1n" title="Hindustán">Hindustán</a>')<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup>, tamén coñecido na súa forma literaria como "hindī-urdū" (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nastaliq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nastaliq (a páxina aínda non existe)">هندی اردو</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari">हिंदी उर्दू</a>) e historicamente como "hindui", "hindavi" e "rekhta", é unha <a href="/wiki/Linguas_indoiranias" title="Linguas indoiranias">lingua indoirania</a> e a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> do norte da <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán">Paquistán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> É unha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_pluric%C3%A9ntrica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lingua pluricéntrica (a páxina aínda non existe)">lingua pluricéntrica</a>, con dúas formas oficiais, o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi">hindi estándar</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">urdú estándar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> que son <a href="/wiki/Rexistro_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexistro lingüístico">rexistros</a> <a href="/wiki/Lingua_est%C3%A1ndar" title="Lingua estándar">estandarizados</a> dela. Non obstante, o hindi e o urdú coloquiais son totalmente indistinguibles, e incluso os estándares oficiais son case idénticos gramaticalmente, aínda que difiren en convencións literarias e en vocabulario académico e técnico, mantendo o urdú máis influencias persas, árabes e de Asia Central e o hindi dependendo máis do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_s%C3%A1nscrita" title="Lingua sánscrita">sánscrito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> O concepto da lingua hindustana como unha lingua unificada ou como lingua de fusión foi avalado por <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> En <a href="/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a>, o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi">hindi</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">urdú</a> xuntos posicionábanse como a terceira lingua do mundo con máis falantes, só por detrás do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_chinesa" title="Lingua chinesa">chinés mandarín</a>, segundo o <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar a sección: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Historia"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Hindustani_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/220px-Hindustani_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/330px-Hindustani_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/440px-Hindustani_map.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>Extensión xeográfica da lingua hindustana (en vermello a rexión onde é a lingua nativa).</figcaption></figure> <p>A aparición do hindustano está ligada ás migracións de <a href="/wiki/Musulm%C3%A1n" title="Musulmán">musulmáns</a> <a href="/wiki/Persia" title="Persia">persas</a> que tiveron lugar ao norte da India entre os séculos X e XIII. As formas temperás do hindustano actual emerxeron dos <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apabhramsha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apabhramsha (a páxina aínda non existe)">apabhramsha</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Lingua_vern%C3%A1cula" title="Lingua vernácula">vernáculos</a> das <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linguas_indoarias_medias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linguas indoarias medias (a páxina aínda non existe)">linguas indoarias medias</a> do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norte_da_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norte da India (a páxina aínda non existe)">norte da India</a> entre os séculos VII e XIII.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2008_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2008-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante aqueles séculos produciuse unha mestura de culturas e de dialectos que frutificou nunha <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> oral necesaria para o desenvolvemento das relacións comerciais e de convivencia. A finais do <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIII" title="Século XIII">século XIII</a>, no marco do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultanato_de_Delhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultanato de Delhi (a páxina aínda non existe)">sultanato de Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a> usou nos seus escritos estas formas lingüísticas (que eran a <i>lingua franca</i> do período) e denominouna <i>hindwi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2008_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2008-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> O sultanato de Delhi, que tivo varias dinastías <a href="/wiki/Pobos_turcos" title="Pobos turcos">túrquicas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán">persas</a>, con sede en <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, foi sucedido polo <a href="/wiki/Imperio_mogol" title="Imperio mogol">Imperio mogol</a> en 1526. </p><p>A pesar de que os mogoles eran descendentes dos <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperio_tim%C3%BArida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperio timúrida (a páxina aínda non existe)">timúridas</a> (<i>Gurkānī</i>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Turcomongol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turcomongol (a páxina aínda non existe)">turco-mongois</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Thackston_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thackston-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> foron “persificados”, e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_persa" title="Lingua persa">persa</a> deveu gradualmente o idioma estatal do Imperio mogol a partir de <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EI_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cara ao final da época mogol, coa fragmentación do imperio e o sistema de elites, unha variante do <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khariboli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khariboli (a páxina aínda non existe)">khariboli</a>, un dos sucesores dos <i>apabhramsha</i> vernáculos en <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> e as cidades próximas, foi gradualmente substituíndo o persa como lingua franca entre as elites educadas e as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clase_alta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clase alta (a páxina aínda non existe)">clases altas</a> particularmente ao norte da India, a pesar de que o persa aínda mantivo gran parte da súa preeminencia. O termo <i>hindustano</i> (literalmente: "de Hidustán") foi o nome que se deu a esta variante do khariboli. </p><p>Non hai case ningún rexistro significativo de hindustano entre os séculos XIII e XVII, o cal dificulta o estudo da súa evolución. Non será ata o <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVII" title="Século XVII">século XVII</a> que aparecerá o termo <i>hindustano</i>, segundo o lingüista Chatterjee. <sup id="cite_ref-brown2008_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2008-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despois de máis de seis séculos de desenvolvemento oral do hindustano, esta lingua floreceu na súa forma literaria, xa no <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVII" title="Século XVII">século XVII</a>. Tratábase dunha lingua marcadamente influenciada pola cultura islámica persa (escribíase co alfabeto perso-árabe, contendía moitos <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9stamo_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Préstamo lingüístico">préstamos</a> persas, etc.), o nome da cal se coñece como <i>Hindi dakhini</i> ou <i>urdú</i>. Pero non deixaba de manter o carácter indíxena e influencias das linguas locais (<a href="/wiki/Lingua_telugu" title="Lingua telugu">télugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingua_punjabi" title="Lingua punjabi">punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingua_kanaresa" title="Lingua kanaresa">kanarés</a>, etc.). Na meseta do <a href="/wiki/Deccan" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> xurdio o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dialecto_dakkhini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dialecto dakkhini (a páxina aínda non existe)">dialecto dakkhini</a>. Ademais, o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Braj_bhasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Braj bhasha (a páxina aínda non existe)">braj bhasha</a> tamén floreceu ao norte da India como lingua literaria, e así foi recoñecido polo emperador <a href="/wiki/Imperio_mogol" title="Imperio mogol">mogol</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>. Deste xeito, o hindustano non foi efectivamente cultivado como lingua literaria, a pesar de ser falada polos nobres de <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> e <a href="/wiki/Agra,_India" title="Agra, India">Agra</a> e polo mesmo emperador mogol.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2008_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2008-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non foi ata a chegada do poeta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wali_Mohammed_Wali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wali Mohammed Wali (a páxina aínda non existe)">Wali Mohammed Wali</a> a finais do <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVII" title="Século XVII">século XVII</a>, que o hindustano ou <i>rekhta</i> empezou a desenvolverse de forma literaria ao norte da India. Os seus poemas considéranse a primeira forma de hindustano-urdú. O termo— <i>urdú</i> non aparece ata 1776 nunha composición do poeta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashafi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashafi (a páxina aínda non existe)">Mashafi</a>. A pesar de que xa existían os termos <i>zaban-e-urdú</i>, <i>zaban-e-urdú-e-shashi</i> e <i>zaban-e-urdú-e-mualla</i> desde 1560, para referirse ao urdú falado no campo, na corte e na cidade, respectivamente.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2008_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2008-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVIII" title="Século XVIII">século XVIII</a>, en coincidencia— co <a href="/wiki/Raj_Brit%C3%A1nico" title="Raj Británico">Raj Británico</a>, compóñense as primeiras gramáticas de hindustano propiamente devandito, como a de <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Gilchrist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Gilchrist (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Gilchrist</a>. E tamén empeza a integrarse o dialecto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khariboli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khariboli (a páxina aínda non existe)">khariboli</a> ao hindustano literario. Nesta época acentuouse a asociación do hindustano-urdú cos musulmáns e do hindi-hindwi cos hindús, asociación que perdurou ata o <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Século XX">século XX</a>, momento no cal se empezaron a estandarizar de forma oficial ata os nosos días.<sup id="cite_ref-brown2008_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2008-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>O termo hindustano tamén se emprega para varios dialectos diverxentes das variedades do <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi">hindi</a> faladas fóra do subcontinente, incluíndo o hindustano de <a href="/wiki/Fidxi" title="Fidxi">Fidxi</a> e o hindustano do <a href="/wiki/Caribe_(rexi%C3%B3n)" title="Caribe (rexión)">Caribe</a> de <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> e <a href="/wiki/Illa_Trinidad" title="Illa Trinidad">Trinidad</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominacións_da_lingua"><span id="Denominaci.C3.B3ns_da_lingua"></span>Denominacións da lingua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar a sección: «Denominacións da lingua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Denominacións da lingua"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A identidade, e por tanto os nomes do hindustano, foron a miúdo vinculados coas aspiracións da xente da India e Paquistán. O mesmo nome "hindustano" evoca, no pensamento de moita xente, o período da administración colonial británica, e por esta razón non é a denominación preferida pola lingua. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrow" title="Amir Khusrow">Amir Khusrow</a> ao redor do 1300 referíase á lingua nos seus escritos como <i>Dahlavi</i> ('de Delhi') ou <i>Hindavi</i> (िन्दवी, <b>ہندوی</b> 'do hIndustán'). Durante este período, a lingua era usada polos <a href="/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo">sufís</a> para propagar a súa mensaxe en todo o <a href="/wiki/Subcontinente_indio" title="Subcontinente indio">subcontinente indio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amri-Hindavi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amri-Hindavi-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Despois do advenimiento dos <a href="/wiki/Imperio_mogol" title="Imperio mogol">mogois</a> na India, o hindustaní adquiriu máis préstamos do vocabulario persa. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rekhta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rekhta (a páxina aínda non existe)">Rekhta</a></i> ('mestura') e <i>hindi</i> (do 'Indostán')<sup id="cite_ref-mcgregor_912_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgregor_912-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> deviñeron nomes populares para a mesma lingua até el <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XVIII" title="Século XVIII">século XVIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-faruqi_806_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruqi_806-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> O nome <i>urdu</i> apareceu ao redor de 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-faruqi_806_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruqi_806-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> Durante o <a href="/wiki/Raj_Brit%C3%A1nico" title="Raj Británico">Raj Británico</a>, o termo <i>indostánico</i> foi usado polos gobernantes británicos, a partir do antigo nome do país, <i>Indostán</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-faruqi_806_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruqi_806-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> En 1796, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Borthwick_Gilchrist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Borthwick Gilchrist (a páxina aínda non existe)">John Borthwick Gilchrist</a> publicou a súa obra <i>"A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-faruqi_806_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faruqi_806-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilchrist_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilchrist-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> A partir da <a href="/w/index.php?title=Partici%C3%B3n_da_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Partición da India (a páxina aínda non existe)">partición da India</a>, a India e o Paquistán estableceron estándares nacionais que denominaron <i>hindi</i> e <i>urdu</i>, respectivamente, e tentaron de facelos diferentes, co resultado que o "indostánico" normalmente é visto como unha mestura do hindi e o urdu. Máis recentemente, os nacionalistas hindús empregadron o termo <i>hindvi,</i> derivado do antigo <i>Hindavi</i>, como nome da lingua unificada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urdu_estándar_moderno"><span id="Urdu_est.C3.A1ndar_moderno"></span>Urdu estándar moderno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar a sección: «Urdu estándar moderno»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Urdu estándar moderno"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="detail principal"> <dl><dd><span><span><i>Artigo principal</i><i>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">Lingua urdú</a>.</span></span></dd></dl></div> <p>O urdu é o idioma nacional de <a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán">Paquistán</a> e unha lingua oficial recoñecida rexionalmente na India. Tamén é un idioma oficial nos estados indios de <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorio_de_Jammu_e_Caxemira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territorio de Jammu e Caxemira (a páxina aínda non existe)">Jammu e Caxemira</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorio_Capital_Nacional_de_Delhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territorio Capital Nacional de Delhi (a páxina aínda non existe)">Territorio Capital Nacional de Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bengala_Occidental" title="Bengala Occidental">Bengala Occidental</a> que teñen importantes poboacións musulmás. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribución_xeográfica"><span id="Distribuci.C3.B3n_xeogr.C3.A1fica"></span>Distribución xeográfica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar a sección: «Distribución xeográfica»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Distribución xeográfica"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ademais de ser a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> entre o norte da <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán">Paquistán</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-siddiqi1994_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siddiqi1994-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashmore1961_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashmore1961-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> o hindustano tamén é falado pola diáspora destes países e os seus descendentes por todo o mundo, especialmente en <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_do_Norte" title="América do Norte">América do Norte</a> (de feito, no Canadá, o hindustano é unha das linguas que máis medra no país),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> e <a href="/wiki/Oriente_Medio" title="Oriente Medio">Oriente Medio</a>. </p> <ul><li>Unha parte importante da poboación de <a href="/wiki/Afganist%C3%A1n" title="Afganistán">Afganistán</a>, especialmente en <a href="/wiki/Cabul" title="Cabul">Cabul</a>, pode falar e entender o hindustano por mor da popularidade e a influencia das cancións e filmes de <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> no país, así como polo feito de que moitos refuxiados afgáns entre a <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1980" title="Década de 1980">década de 1980</a> e <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1990" title="Década de 1990">1990</a> viviron en <a href="/wiki/Paquist%C3%A1n" title="Paquistán">Paquistán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hakala2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakala2012-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2013_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>O <a href="/wiki/Hindi_de_Fidxi" title="Hindi de Fidxi">hindi de Fidxi</a> derivou do grupo lingüístico hindustano e é falado maioritariamente polos fidxianos de orixe india.</li> <li>O hindustano tamén foi unha das linguas máis faladas durante o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominio_brit%C3%A1nico_de_Birmania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominio británico de Birmania (a páxina aínda non existe)">dominio británico de Birmania</a>. Moitos cidadáns maiores da actual <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> aínda a falan (especialmente aqueles de orixe anglo-india e anglo-birmana). Así e todo, non ten ningún recoñecemento oficial no país dende o comezo do dominio militar en <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>.</li> <li>Tamén se fala nos países que forman parte do <a href="/wiki/Consello_de_Cooperaci%C3%B3n_do_Golfo" title="Consello de Cooperación do Golfo">Consello de Cooperación do Golfo</a>, que recibiron millóns de traballadores migrantes durante anos.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escrita">Escrita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar a sección: «Escrita»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Escrita"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>O hindustano conta na actualidade catro formas literarias: hindi, urdú, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakkhini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakkhini (a páxina aínda non existe)">dakkhini</a>, e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rehkta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rehkta (a páxina aínda non existe)">rehkta</a>. O dakkhini é un dialecto do urdú na rexión de <a href="/wiki/Deccan" title="Deccan">Deccan</a>, na parte surcentral da India, especialmente en <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, que utiliza menos empréstitos persas e árabes. O rehkta é unha forma do urdú que se utiliza principalmente para <a href="/wiki/Poes%C3%ADa" title="Poesía">poesía</a>. Eses estándares empregan o alfabeto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfabeto_urd%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfabeto urdú (a páxina aínda non existe)">árabe</a> o urdú e o <a href="/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari">devanágari</a> o hindi. Así mesmo, o alfabeto <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaithi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaithi (a páxina aínda non existe)">kaithi</a> tamén foi utilizado historicamente.<sup id="cite_ref-"The_Progress_of_Hindi,_Part_1"_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"The_Progress_of_Hindi,_Part_1"-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Alfabeto persa para escribir o hindustano (urdú):</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Alfabeto urdú </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Letra</th> <th>Nome da letra</th> <th>Transcrición</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_Fon%C3%A9tico_Internacional" title="Alfabeto Fonético Internacional">AFI</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ا</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>alif</i></td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ب</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>be</i></td> <td>b</td> <td>/b/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">پ</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>pe</i></td> <td>p</td> <td>/p/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ت</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>te</i></td> <td>t</td> <td>/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ٹ</span>‎</span></td> <td><span class="Unicode"><i>ṭe</i></span></td> <td><span class="Unicode">ṭ</span></td> <td>/ʈ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ث</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>se</i></td> <td>s</td> <td>/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ج</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>jīm</i></td> <td>j</td> <td>/d͡ʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">چ</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>che</i></td> <td>ch</td> <td>/t͡ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ح</span>‎</span></td> <td><span class="Unicode"><i>baṛī he</i></span></td> <td>h</td> <td>/h/ ~ /ɦ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">خ</span>‎</span></td> <td>khe</td> <td>kh</td> <td>/x/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">د</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>dāl</i></td> <td>d</td> <td>/d̪/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ڈ</span>‎</span></td> <td><span class="Unicode"><i>ḍāl</i></span></td> <td><span class="Unicode">ḍ</span></td> <td>/ɖ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ذ</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>zāl</i></td> <td>dh</td> <td>/z/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ر</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>re</i></td> <td>r</td> <td>/r/ ~ /ɾ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ڑ</span>‎</span></td> <td><span class="Unicode"><i>ṛe</i></span></td> <td><span class="Unicode">ṛ</span></td> <td>/ɽ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ز</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>ze</i></td> <td>z</td> <td>/z/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ژ</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>zhe</i></td> <td>zh</td> <td>/ʒ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">س</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>sīn</i></td> <td>s</td> <td>/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ش</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>shīn</i></td> <td>sh</td> <td>/ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ص</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>su'ād</i></td> <td>ṣ</td> <td>/s/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ض</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>zu'ād</i></td> <td>z̤</td> <td>/z/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ط</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>to'e</i></td> <td>t</td> <td>/t/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ظ</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>zo'e</i></td> <td>ẓ</td> <td>/z/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ع</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>‘ain</i></td> <td>'</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">غ</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>ghain</i></td> <td>gh</td> <td>/ɣ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ف</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>fe</i></td> <td>f</td> <td>/f/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ق</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>qāf</i></td> <td>q</td> <td>/q/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ک</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>kāf</i></td> <td>k</td> <td>/k/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">گ</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>gāf</i></td> <td>g</td> <td>/ɡ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ل</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>lām</i></td> <td>l</td> <td>/l/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">م</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>mīm</i></td> <td>m</td> <td>/m/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ن</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>nūn</i></td> <td>n</td> <td>/n/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">و</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>vā'o</i></td> <td>v, o, ou ū</td> <td>/ʋ/, /oː/, /ɔ/ ou /uː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ہ, ﮩ, ﮨ</span>‎</span></td> <td><span class="Unicode"><i>choṭī he</i></span></td> <td>h</td> <td>/h/ ~ /ɦ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ھ</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>do chashmī he</i></td> <td>h</td> <td>/ʰ/ ou /ʱ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ء</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>hamza</i></td> <td>'</td> <td>/ʔ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ی</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>ye</i></td> <td>y, i</td> <td>/j/ ou /iː/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Urdu Nastaliq" style="font-size:125%; font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', Nafees, 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq';">ے</span>‎</span></td> <td><i>bari ye</i></td> <td>ai ou e</td> <td>/ɛː/ ou /eː/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Alfabeto <a href="/wiki/Devan%C3%A1gari" title="Devanágari">devanágari</a> para escribir o hindustano (hindi):</li></ul> <table border="0" width="100%" style="clear:both;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#BECFEB" valign="center"> <th width="20%" colspan="2">Consoantes </th> <th width="10%">oclusiva xorda </th> <th width="10%">oclusiva xorda aspirada </th> <th width="10%">oclusiva sonora </th> <th width="10%">oclusiva sonora aspirada </th> <th width="10%">nasal </th> <th width="10%">semivogal </th> <th width="10%">fricativa </th> <th width="10%">aspirada </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" rowspan="3">velar </th> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">deva. </th> <td>क </td> <td>ख </td> <td>ग </td> <td>घ </td> <td>ङ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td>ह </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">trans. </th> <td>k </td> <td>kh </td> <td>g </td> <td>gh </td> <td>ṅ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">AFI </th> <td>/k/ </td> <td>/kʰ/ </td> <td>/g/ </td> <td>/gʱ/ </td> <td>/ŋ/ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td>/h/, /ɦ/ </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" style="height:.5em" colspan="10"> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" rowspan="3">palatal </th> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">deva. </th> <td>च </td> <td>छ </td> <td>ज </td> <td>झ </td> <td>ञ </td> <td>य </td> <td>श </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">trans. </th> <td>c </td> <td>ch </td> <td>j </td> <td>jh </td> <td>ñ </td> <td>y </td> <td>ś </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">AFI </th> <td>/tʃ/ </td> <td>/tʃʰ/ </td> <td>/dʒ/ </td> <td>/dʒʱ/ </td> <td>/ɲ/ </td> <td>/j/ </td> <td>/ç/, /ʃ/ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" style="height:.5em" colspan="10"> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" rowspan="3">retroflexa </th> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">deva. </th> <td>ट </td> <td>ठ </td> <td>ड </td> <td>ढ </td> <td>ण </td> <td>र </td> <td>ष </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">trans. </th> <td>ṭ </td> <td>ṭh </td> <td>ḍ </td> <td>ḍh </td> <td>ṇ </td> <td>r </td> <td>ṣ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">AFI </th> <td>/ʈ/ </td> <td>/ʈʰ/ </td> <td>/ɖ/ </td> <td>/ɖʱ/ </td> <td>/ɳ/ </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td>/ʂ/, /ʃ/ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" style="height:.5em" colspan="10"> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" rowspan="3">dental </th> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">deva. </th> <td>त </td> <td>थ </td> <td>द </td> <td>ध </td> <td>न </td> <td>ल </td> <td>स </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">trans. </th> <td>t </td> <td>th </td> <td>d </td> <td>dh </td> <td>n </td> <td>l </td> <td>s </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">AFI </th> <td>/t̪/ </td> <td>/t̪ʰ/ </td> <td>/d̪/ </td> <td>/d̪ʱ/ </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>/s/ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" style="height:.5em" colspan="10"> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" rowspan="3">labial </th> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">deva. </th> <td>प </td> <td>फ </td> <td>ब </td> <td>भ </td> <td>म </td> <td>व </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">trans. </th> <td>p </td> <td>ph </td> <td>b </td> <td>bh </td> <td>m </td> <td>v </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">AFI </th> <td>/p/ </td> <td>/pʰ/ </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>/bʱ/ </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>/ʋ/ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" width="100%" style="clear:both;"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#BECFEB" valign="center"> <th colspan="2" width="24%">Vogais </th> <th width="12%">gutural </th> <th width="12%">palatal </th> <th width="12%">labial </th> <th width="12%">dental </th> <th width="12%">palatogutural </th> <th width="12%">labiogutural </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th width="12%" rowspan="4" bgcolor="#BECFEB">curta </th> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">independente </th> <td>अ </td> <td>इ </td> <td>उ </td> <td>ऋ </td> <td>ए </td> <td>ओ </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">diacrítico </th> <td style="background:#dedede">inherente </td> <td>ि </td> <td>ु </td> <td>ृ </td> <td>े </td> <td>ो </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">trans. </th> <td>a </td> <td>i </td> <td>u </td> <td>ŕ </td> <td>e </td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">AFI </th> <td>/ə/ </td> <td>/ɪ/ </td> <td>/ʊ/ </td> <td>/r/ </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>/o/ </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB" style="height:.5em" colspan="8"> </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th rowspan="4" bgcolor="#BECFEB">longa </th> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">independente </th> <td>आ </td> <td>ई </td> <td>ऊ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td>ऐ </td> <td>औ </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">diacrítico </th> <td>ा </td> <td>ी </td> <td>ू </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td>ै </td> <td>ौ </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">trans. </th> <td>ā </td> <td>ī </td> <td>ū </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td>ai </td> <td>au </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#DEE7F5" valign="center" align="center"> <th bgcolor="#BECFEB">AFI </th> <td>/a/ </td> <td>/i/ </td> <td>/u/ </td> <td style="background:#dedede"> </td> <td>/ɛ/ o /æ/ </td> <td>/əʊ/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Por mor da anglicización e do emprego internacional do <a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_latino" title="Alfabeto latino">alfabeto latino</a>, o hindustano tamén se escribe ás veces con este alfabeto. Esta adaptación chámase <b>urdú romanizado</b> ou <b>hindi romanizado</b> dependendo da variante empregada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemplo_de_texto">Exemplo de texto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar a sección: «Exemplo de texto»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Exemplo de texto"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindustano_coloquial">Hindustano coloquial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editar a sección: «Hindustano coloquial»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Hindustano coloquial"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un exemplo de hindustano coloquial sería:<sup id="cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Devanágari</b>: <span lang="inc-Deva">यह कितने का है?</span></li> <li><b>Urdú</b>: یہ کتنے کا ہے؟</li> <li><b>Romanización</b>: Yah kitnē kā hai?</li> <li><b>Galego</b>: Canto custa isto?</li></ul> <p>O seguinte texto é o primeiro artigo da <a href="/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_Universal_dos_Dereitos_Humanos" title="Declaración Universal dos Dereitos Humanos">Declaración Universal dos Dereitos Humanos</a> nos dous rexistros oficiais do hindustano, o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi">hindi</a> e o <a href="/wiki/Lingua_urd%C3%BA" title="Lingua urdú">urdú</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindi_literario">Hindi literario</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editar a sección: «Hindi literario»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Hindi literario"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span lang="hi">अनुच्छेद १ — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए।</span><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Transliteración en urdú </th></tr> <tr> <td>انُچھید ١ : سبھی منُشیوں کو گورو اور ادھکاروں کے وِشئے میں جنمجات سوَتنتْرتا پراپت ہیں۔ اُنہیں بدھی اور انتراتما کی دین پراپت ہے اور پرسپر اُنہیں بھائی چارے کے بھاؤ سے برتاؤ کرنا چاہئے۔ </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteración (ISO 15919) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="hi">Anucchēd 1: Sabhī manuṣyō̃ kō gaurav aur adhikārō̃ kē viṣay mē̃ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt haĩ. Unhē̃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī dēn prāpt hai aur paraspar unhē̃ bhāīcārē kē bhāv sē bartāv karnā cāhiē.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transcrición (<a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_Fon%C3%A9tico_Internacional" title="Alfabeto Fonético Internacional">AFI</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">səbʰiː mənʊʂjõː koː ɡɔːɾəʋ ɔːɾ ədʰɪkɑːɾõː keː ʋɪʂəj mẽː dʒənmədʒɑːt sʋətəntɾətɑː ɔːɾ səmɑːntɑː pɾɑːpt ɦɛ̃ː ‖ ʊnʰẽː bʊdːʰɪ ɔːɾ əntəɾɑːtmɑː kiː deːn pɾɑːpt ɦɛː ɔːɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊnʰẽː bʰɑːiːtʃɑːɾeː keː bʰɑːʋ seː bəɾtɑːʋ kəɾnɑː tʃɑːɦɪeː ‖] </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tradución </th></tr> <tr> <td>Artigo 1.- Todos os seres humanos nacen libres e iguais en dignidade e dereitos e, dotados como están de razón e conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente os uns cos outros. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urdú_literario"><span id="Urd.C3.BA_literario"></span>Urdú literario</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Editar a sección: «Urdú literario»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Urdú literario"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span lang="ur">دفعہ ١: تمام اِنسان آزاد اور حُقوق و عِزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پَیدا ہُوئے ہَیں۔ انہیں ضمِیر اور عقل ودِیعت ہوئی ہَیں۔ اِس لئے انہیں ایک دُوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سُلُوک کرنا چاہئے۔</span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Transliteración en devanágari </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur">दफ़ा १ — तमाम इनसान आज़ाद और हुक़ूक़ ओ इज़्ज़त के ऐतबार से बराबर पैदा हुए हैं। उन्हें ज़मीर और अक़्ल वदीयत हुई हैं। इसलिए उन्हें एक दूसरे के साथ भाई चारे का सुलूक करना चाहीए।</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteración (ISO 15919) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ur">Dafʻah 1: Tamām insān āzād aur ḥuqūq ō ʻizzat kē iʻtibār sē barābar paidā hu’ē haĩ. Unhē̃ żamīr aur ʻaql wadīʻat hu’ī haĩ. Isli’ē unhē̃ ēk dūsrē kē sāth bhā’ī cārē kā sulūk karnā cāhi’ē.</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transcrición (<a href="/wiki/Alfabeto_Fon%C3%A9tico_Internacional" title="Alfabeto Fonético Internacional">AFI</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Transcrición no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional" class="AFI">dəfaː eːk təmaːm ɪnsaːn aːzaːd ɔːɾ hʊquːq oː izːət keː ɛːtəbaːɾ seː bəɾaːbəɾ pɛːdaː hʊeː hɛ̃ː ʊnʱẽː zəmiːɾ ɔːɾ əql ʋədiːət hʊiː hɛ̃ː ɪs lɪeː ʊnʱẽː eːk duːsɾeː keː saːtʰ bʱaːiː tʃaːɾeː kaː sʊluːk kəɾnaː tʃaːhɪeː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tradución </th></tr> <tr> <td>Artigo 1.- Todos os seres humanos nacen libres e iguais en dignidade e dereitos e, dotados como están de razón e conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente os uns cos outros. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Editar a sección: «Notas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Notas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Hindi" como primeira lingua: 322 millóns (censo da India de 2011), incluíndo posiblemente uns 150 millóns de persoas que falan outras linguas mais que marcaron "hindi" no censo. Como segunda lingua: 274 million (2016, fonte descoñecida). "Urdú" como primeira lingua: 67 millóns (censos de 2011 e 2017), como segunda lingua: 102 millóns (1999 en Paquistán, fonte descoñecida, e censo de 2001 da India): <i>Ethnologue</i> 21. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelo:E21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modelo:E21 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Modelo:E21</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Modelo:E21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modelo:E21 (a páxina aínda non existe)">Modelo:E21</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quiles-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Quiles_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Quiles, Carlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/books?id=XFtbEd1ojBsC&pg=RA1-PA84&dq=hindustani">"A Grammar of Modern Indo-European"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 5 de decembro de 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.aulast=Quiles&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Modern+Indo-European&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXFtbEd1ojBsC%26pg%3DRA1-PA84%26dq%3Dhindustani&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Definicións no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academia.gal/dicionario/-/termo/hindustano"><i>Dicionario da Real Academia Galega</i></a> e no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portaldaspalabras.gal/dicionario/procura/hindustano">Portal das Palabras</a> para <i>hindustano</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">"About Hindi-Urdu"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Universidade_Estatal_de_Carolina_do_Norte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Universidade Estatal de Carolina do Norte (a páxina aínda non existe)">Universidade Estatal de Carolina do Norte</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm">o orixinal</a> o 15 de agosto de 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 9 de agosto de 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.btitle=About+Hindi-Urdu&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universidade+Estatal+de+Carolina+do+Norte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsasw.chass.ncsu.edu%2Ffl%2Ffaculty%2Ftaj%2Fhindi%2Fabturdu.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mohammad Tahin Siddiqi (1994), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ">Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts</a></i>, University of Winsconsin, "<i>... O hindustano é a lingua franca tanto da India como de Paquistán ...</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher, Alex Pulsipher, Holly M. Hapke (2005), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=WfNaSNNAppQC">World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives</a></i>, Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0716719045" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0716719045</a>, "<i>... Durante o colonialismo británico, o hindustano foi a lingua franca de todo o norte da India e do que hoxe é Paquistán ...</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Nunley, Severin M. Roberts, George W. Wubrick, Daniel L. Roy (1999), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=7wQAOGMJOqIC">The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography</a></i>, Prentice Hall, "<i>... o hindunstaní é a base de ámbalas dúas linguas ...</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yamuna Kachru, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=urdu+heavy+persian&source=bl&ots=dG3qgmaV95&sig=WivP7AW9eRlTcp4oscBoHCBFEE0&hl=en&ei=9sp8SqzpLI6y-AaM5vxG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9#v=onepage&q=urdu%20heavy%20persian&f=false"><i>Hindi</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dale Hoiberg, Indu Ramchandani, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175&dq=hindi+in+perso-arabic+script+india&source=bl&ots=BeRyOQE5LS&sig=W8aBygKx5yOr2AV08FnOEv70udk&hl=en&ei=B-F-SqOoA9iZjAeUnYTxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false"><i>Students' Britannica: India</i>: Select essays</a>, páxina 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mallikarjunan, Prabhu (3 de outubro de 2019). The Feral, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefederal.com/analysis/how-gandhi-changed-his-mind-about-the-south-after-experiments-with-hindi-as-national-language/">"After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.aufirst=Prabhu&rft.aulast=Mallikarjunan&rft.btitle=After+experiments+with+Hindi+as+national+language%2C+how+Gandhi+changed+his+mind&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefederal.com%2Fanalysis%2Fhow-gandhi-changed-his-mind-about-the-south-after-experiments-with-hindi-as-national-language%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size">"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?"</a>. 3 de outubro de 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.btitle=What+are+the+top+200+most+spoken+languages%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fstatistics%2Fsize&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2008-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_12-1">12,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_12-2">12,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_12-3">12,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_12-4">12,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_12-5">12,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/?id=f2srqdzb50wc"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-08-087774-5" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-08-087774-5">0-08-087774-5</a>. <q><i>... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ...</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.au=Keith+Brown%2C+Sarah+Ogilvie&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-08-087774-5&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2F%3Fid%3Df2srqdzb50wc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thackston-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Thackston_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (10-09-2002). Thackston, Wheeler M., ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu"><i>The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor</i></a>. Modern Library Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0-375-76137-3" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/0-375-76137-3">0-375-76137-3</a>. <q>Note: <i>Gurkānī</i> is the Persianized form of the Mongolian word "kürügän" ("son-in-law"), the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into <a href="/wiki/Xenxis_Khan" title="Xenxis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>'s family.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.au=Zahir+ud-Din+Mohammad&rft.btitle=The+Baburnama%3A+Memoirs+of+Babur%2C+Prince+and+Emperor&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-375-76137-3&rft.pub=Modern+Library+Classics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbabarinizam00babu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-EI_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B.F. Manz, <i>"Tīmūr Lang"</i>, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_of_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam (a páxina aínda non existe)">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, edición en línea, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9072546/timurid-dynasty">Timurid Dynasty</a>", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation:...<i>Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia.</i>...<i>Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.</i>..)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073939/http://bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html">"Timurids"</a>. <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Sixth ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/timurids.html">o orixinal</a> o 5 de decembro de 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 6 de febreiro do 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.atitle=Timurids&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fti%2Ftimurids.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> artigo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26937/islamic-world">Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids</a>, Online Edition, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amri-Hindavi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Amri-Hindavi_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Yaser Amri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308143322/http://islamicindia.blogspot.com/2005/11/origin-and-growth-of-urdu-language.html">"The Origin and Growth of Urdu Language"</a>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamicindia.blogspot.com/2005/11/origin-and-growth-of-urdu-language.html">o orixinal</a> o 08 de marzo de 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13 de marzo do 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Growth+of+Urdu+Language&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicindia.blogspot.com%2F2005%2F11%2Forigin-and-growth-of-urdu-language.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgregor_912-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mcgregor_912_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">McGregor, Stuart (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/?id=xowuxyhv0qgc&pg=ra1-pa912&vq=%22the+progress+of+hindi%22&dq=0520228219"><i>Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia</i></a>. p. 912. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-520-22821-4">978-0-520-22821-4</a>. <q>The Progress of Hindi, Parte 1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.btitle=Literary+cultures+in+history%3A+reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.pages=912&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2F%3Fid%3Dxowuxyhv0qgc%26pg%3Dra1-pa912%26vq%3D%2522the%2Bprogress%2Bof%2Bhindi%2522%26dq%3D0520228219&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> a Pollock (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faruqi_806-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-faruqi_806_20-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-faruqi_806_20-1">20,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-faruqi_806_20-2">20,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-faruqi_806_20-3">20,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/?id=xowuxyhv0qgc&pg=pa806&vq=%22Urdu%22+as+a+name+for+the+language&dq=0520228219"><i>Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia</i></a>. p. 806. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-520-22821-4">978-0-520-22821-4</a>. <q>A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.aufirst=Shamsur+Rahman&rft.aulast=Faruqi&rft.btitle=Literary+cultures+in+history%3A+reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.pages=806&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2F%3Fid%3Dxowuxyhv0qgc%26pg%3Dpa806%26vq%3D%2522Urdu%2522%2Bas%2Ba%2Bname%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Blanguage%26dq%3D0520228219&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> a Pollock (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilchrist-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilchrist_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.cat/?id=_rwiaaaaqaaj&dq=hindoostanee+language&printsec=frontcover"><i>A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language</i></a>. Chronicle Press. 1796<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 5 de novembro do 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Hindoostanee+Language&rft.date=1796&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Chronicle+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.cat%2F%3Fid%3D_rwiaaaaqaaj%26dq%3Dhindoostanee%2Blanguage%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siddiqi1994-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-siddiqi1994_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994). Universidade de Wisconsin, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts</i></a>. <q>... O hindustano é a lingua franca da India e de Parquistán...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.au=Mohammad+Tahsin+Siddiqi&rft.btitle=Hindustani-English+code-mixing+in+modern+literary+texts&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnrTAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashmore1961-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ashmore1961_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, ed. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11</i> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. p. 579.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.aufirst=Harry+S.&rft.aulast=Ashmore&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+a+new+survey+of+universal+knowledge%2C+Volume+11&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=579&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/census-wednesday-language-1.4231213">"Census data shows Canada increasingly bilingual, linguistically diverse"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.btitle=Census+data+shows+Canada+increasingly+bilingual%2C+linguistically+diverse&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcensus-wednesday-language-1.4231213&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakala2012-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hakala2012_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Hakala, Walter N. (2012). <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042412/http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf">"Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/asia_8.pdf">o orixinal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> o 14 de marzo de 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13 de marzo de 2018</span>. <q>Entre os anos 80 e os 90, uns tres millóns de afgáns, maioritariamente do <a href="/wiki/Pobo_paxto" title="Pobo paxto">pobo paxto</a>, refuxiáronse en Paquistán, onde un número importante deles pasou varios anos exposto aos filmes e ás cancións de Bollywood e foron educados en escolas de lingua urdú, o que contribuíu ao declive da <a href="/wiki/Lingua_dari" title="Lingua dari">lingua dari</a>, mesmo nos <a href="/wiki/Pobo_paxto" title="Pobo paxto">paxtos</a> das zonas urbanas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.aufirst=Walter+N.&rft.aulast=Hakala&rft.btitle=Languages+as+a+Key+to+Understanding+Afghanistan%27s+Cultures&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nationalgeographic.org%2Fassets%2Ffile%2Fasia_8.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2013_26-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 de xuño de 2013). Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gatewayhouse.in/kabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection/">"Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 13 de marzo de 2018</span>. <q>Moitos afgáns de Cabul entenden e/ou falan hindi, grazas á popularidade do cinema indio no país.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.btitle=Kabul+Diary%3A+Discovering+the+Indian+connection&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewayhouse.in%2Fkabul-diary-discovering-the-indian-connection%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-"The_Progress_of_Hindi,_Part_1"-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-"The_Progress_of_Hindi,_Part_1"_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McGregor, Stuart (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&pg=RA1-PA912&vq=%22the+progress+of+hindi%22&dq=0520228219&hl=es#v=onepage&q=%22the%20progress%20of%20hindi%22&f=false"><i><span></span></i>Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia<i><span></span></i></a>. pp. p. 912. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Especial:Fontes bibliográficas/978-0-520-22821-4">978-0-520-22821-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.btitle=Literary+cultures+in+history%3A+reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft.pages=p.+912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxowUxYhv0QgC%26pg%3DRA1-PA912%26vq%3D%2522the%2Bprogress%2Bof%2Bhindi%2522%26dq%3D0520228219%26hl%3Des%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522the%2520progress%2520of%2520hindi%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DelacyAhmed2005_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Lonely Planet, ed. <i>Hindi, Urdu & Bengali</i>. pp. 11–12. <q>O hindi e o urdú normalmente están considerados como unha única lingua con dúas tradicións literarias diferentes. Isto supón que os falantes de hindi e urdú que mercan na mesma tenda (e ven os mesmos filmes de Bollywood) non teñen problemas para entenderse entre eles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Shahara&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Delacy&rft.btitle=Hindi%2C+Urdu+%26+Bengali&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=11-12&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/hnd.pdf">"UDHR - Hindi"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.atitle=UDHR+-+Hindi&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Human+Rights+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FUDHR%2FDocuments%2FUDHR_Translations%2Fhnd.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Véxase_tamén"><span id="V.C3.A9xase_tam.C3.A9n"></span>Véxase tamén</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Editar a sección: «Véxase tamén»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Véxase tamén"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portada_galega" class="extiw" title="commons:Portada galega">Wikimedia Commons</a> ten máis contidos multimedia na categoría:  <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hindustani_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hindustani language">Lingua hindustana</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11051" title="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata"><img alt="Modificar a ligazón no Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></b></i></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografía"><span id="Bibliograf.C3.ADa"></span>Bibliografía</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Editar a sección: «Bibliografía»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Bibliografía"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Asher, R. E.. <i>Hindi</i>. In Asher (Ed.), 1994, p. 1547-1549.</li> <li>Asher, R. E.. <i>The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics</i>. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1994. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/0080359434" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-08-035943-4</a>.</li> <li>Bailey, Thomas G. <i>Teach yourself Hindustani</i>. Londres: English Universities Press, 1950.</li> <li>Chatterji, Suniti K. (1960). <i>Indo-Aryan and Hindi</i> (rev. 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay.</li> <li>Dua, Hans R. (1992). Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language. In M. G. Clyne (Ed.), <i>Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/3110128551" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-11-012855-1</a>.</li> <li>Dua, Hans R. (1994a). Hindustani. In Asher (Ed.) (páx. 1554).</li> <li>Dua, Hans R. (1994b). Urdu. In Asher (Ed.) (páx. 4863-4864).</li> <li>Rai, Amrit. (1984). <i>A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani</i>. Delhi: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_bibliogr%C3%A1ficas/019561643X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-561643-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligazóns_externas"><span id="Ligaz.C3.B3ns_externas"></span>Ligazóns externas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Editar a sección: «Ligazóns externas»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingua_hindustana&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar o código fonte da sección: Ligazóns externas"><span>editar a fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Shakespear, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/">A Dictionary, Hindustani and English.</a> 3rd ed., much enl. Londres: Impreso por J.L. Cox and Son: vendido por Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834. <i>(en <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglesa" title="Lingua inglesa">inglés</a>)</i></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204628/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/HIG_HOR/HINDOSTANI_properly_Hindustani_.html">"Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition: Hindostani"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en inglés)</span>. Arquivado dende <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/HIG_HOR/HINDOSTANI_properly_Hindustani_.html">o orixinal</a> o 3 de marzo de 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 28 de maio de 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica%2C+11th+Edition%3A+Hindostani&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.jrank.org%2FHIG_HOR%2FHINDOSTANI_properly_Hindustani_.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/march2003/hindustani.html">"Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi-Urdu Commitment"</a> <span style="font-style: italic;">(en inglés)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado o 28 de maio de 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fgl.wikipedia.org%3ALingua+hindustana&rft.btitle=Hindustani+as+an+anxiety+between+Hindi-Urdu+Commitment&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.languageinindia.com%2Fmarch2003%2Fhindustani.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="noprint metadata navbox" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em"><ul style="margin:0.1em 0 0"><li style="display:inline"><span style="display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap"><span style="margin:0 0.5em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:India_geo_stub.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/India_geo_stub.svg/19px-India_geo_stub.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/India_geo_stub.svg/29px-India_geo_stub.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/India_geo_stub.svg/38px-India_geo_stub.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="3368" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">Portal:India</a></span></li></ul></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Control_de_autoridades" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Control_de_autoridades" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Axuda:Control_de_autoridades" title="Axuda:Control de autoridades">Control de autoridades</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11051" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11051">Q11051</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300388414">300388414</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Francia" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Francia">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977900g">11977900g</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/957190">957190</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gran_Enciclop%C3%A8dia_Catalana" title="Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana">GEC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0231525.xml">0231525</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1270">hind1270</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133815-7">4133815-7</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85060952">sh85060952</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">LINGUIST: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/hind">hind</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Dieta" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Dieta">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563214">00563214</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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