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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Awareness and risk perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awareness_and_risk_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affected_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affected_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Affected groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Affected_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Affected groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Affected_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Men" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Men</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_relationships" 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<li id="toc-Condom_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Condom_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Condom distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Condom_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voluntary_counseling_and_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voluntary_counseling_and_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Voluntary counseling and testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voluntary_counseling_and_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Impact of the immunodeficiency virus in the African nation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_HIV-AIDS_2002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Africa_HIV-AIDS_2002.png/220px-Africa_HIV-AIDS_2002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Africa_HIV-AIDS_2002.png 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in adult (ages 15–49) populations (1999–2002)</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, approximately 1,100,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> are <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV-positive</a>, which represents 10.8% of the country's population.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Malawi" title="Politics of Malawi">Malawian government</a> was initially slow to respond to the epidemic under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a> (1966–1994), the prevalence of HIV/AIDS increased drastically between 1985, when the disease was first identified in Malawi, and 1993, when HIV prevalence rates were estimated to be as high as 30% among pregnant women.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Malawian_food_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawian food crisis">Malawian food crisis</a> in 2002 resulted, at least in part, from a loss of agricultural productivity due to the prevalence of HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various degrees of government involvement under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Bakili_Muluzi" title="Bakili Muluzi">Bakili Muluzi</a> (1994–2004) and <a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Bingu wa Mutharika</a> (2004–2012) resulted in a gradual decline in HIV prevalence, and, in 2003, many people living in Malawi gained access to <a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">antiretroviral therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condoms</a> have become more widely available to the public through non-governmental organizations, and more Malawians are taking advantage of <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">HIV testing services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to several successful <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> campaigns by the Malawian government and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organizations</a> in Malawi, levels of awareness regarding HIV/AIDS are high among the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many men have adopted <a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">fatalistic attitudes</a> in response to the epidemic, convincing themselves that death from AIDS is inevitable; on the other hand, some have implemented preventive techniques such as partner selection to try to reduce their risk of infection.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many women have developed strategies to protect themselves from HIV, women are <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">more likely to be HIV-positive</a> than men in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The epidemic has affected <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual relationships</a> between partners, who must cooperate to protect themselves from the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many teachers exclude HIV/AIDS from their <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curricula</a> because they are uncomfortable discussing the topic or because they do not feel knowledgeable about the issue, and, therefore, many children are not exposed to information about HIV/AIDS at school.<sup id="cite_ref-Fourteen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourteen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the epidemic has produced significant numbers of <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">orphans</a> in Malawi, leaving children vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">abuse and exploitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lula_Mutharika_(Cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lula_Mutharika_%28Cropped%29.JPG/175px-Lula_Mutharika_%28Cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lula_Mutharika_%28Cropped%29.JPG/263px-Lula_Mutharika_%28Cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Lula_Mutharika_%28Cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Bingu wa Mutharika, third President of Malawi (2004–2012)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first case of HIV/AIDS in Malawi was reported at Lilongwe's <a href="/wiki/Kamuzu_Central_Hospital" title="Kamuzu Central Hospital">Kamuzu Central Hospital</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Banda" title="Hastings Banda">Hastings Banda</a>, who was in power at the time, responded with several small-scale prevention initiatives and created the National AIDS Control Programme, a division of the <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malawi" title="Healthcare in Malawi">Ministry of Health</a>, to manage the growing epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banda believed that issues relating to sex, including HIV transmission, should not be addressed in the public sphere; during this time, it was illegal for Malawian citizens to discuss the epidemic openly.<sup id="cite_ref-Sixteen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sixteen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Banda introduced a five-year World Bank Medium Term Plan to combat the epidemic, but HIV prevalence had already increased drastically at this point.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, when <a href="/wiki/Bakili_Muluzi" title="Bakili Muluzi">Bakili Muluzi</a> became president, he addressed the nation's need for a coordinated response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, Muluzi introduced another five-year policy known as the National Strategic Framework, but, like Banda's five-year World Bank Medium Term Plan, this plan was largely ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, in response to problems within the National AIDS Control Programme established by Banda, Muluzi created the National AIDS Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Banda, who prevented the public from accessing information about the epidemic, Muluzi ensured that information about HIV/AIDS was available on the radio and television, in newspapers, and on billboards.<sup id="cite_ref-Sixteen_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sixteen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite Muluzi's efforts, HIV prevalence was already significantly influencing national agricultural productivity during this period, and Malawi experienced an AIDS-related nationwide <a href="/wiki/Malawian_food_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawian food crisis">famine</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malawians gained access to <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral drugs">antiretroviral drugs</a> in 2003, and, with a donation from the <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria</a> and the election of new President <a href="/wiki/Bingu_wa_Mutharika" title="Bingu wa Mutharika">Bingu wa Mutharika</a> in 2004, government interventions increased substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, soon after his election, Mutharika experienced tensions with Muluzi after implementing an anti-corruption program, which distracted the government from addressing the nation's food and HIV/AIDS-related crises.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite these obstacles, Mutharika successfully developed a National AIDS Policy and appointed a Principal Secretary for HIV/AIDS during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awareness_and_risk_perception">Awareness and risk perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Awareness and risk perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIH_worker_with_disease_treatment_literature_for_the_community.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/PIH_worker_with_disease_treatment_literature_for_the_community.jpg/200px-PIH_worker_with_disease_treatment_literature_for_the_community.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/PIH_worker_with_disease_treatment_literature_for_the_community.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Partners_in_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Partners in Health">Partners in Health</a> worker with disease treatment literature in Malawi</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite Malawi's limited health and educational infrastructure, knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS is high among many people living in both urban and rural Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2004 study by Barden-O'Fallon et al. involving 100 households, women in Malawi are most likely to learn about HIV/AIDS through radio and television, <a href="/wiki/Health_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Health workers">health workers</a> at local clinics, and female members of their social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men are also likely to access information about HIV/AIDS through radio and television; however, unlike women, they are not likely to gain information about HIV/AIDS from their male friends.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When 57 Malawian men were interviewed in 2003, 100% of them said they had heard about the HIV/AIDS epidemic on the radio, and 84.2% of them said they had learned about HIV/AIDS during their visits to local health facilities; this supports the fact that many people in Malawi have access to information about the epidemic, both through the radio and other sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Sixteen_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sixteen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is not a universal sentiment; there are indicators that HIV knowledge is not that high and is comparable to other countries in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan African">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, and that there is a socio-economic knowledge gap.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Personal traits such as age, gender, location, and education correlate, either positively or negatively, with HIV/AIDS awareness levels. For example, older women have demonstrated higher levels of knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS than younger women in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because men typically have <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">greater access</a> to education and other social resources, they are often more knowledgeable about HIV prevention and transmission than women.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While men are, on average, able to list 2.2 ways to prevent HIV transmission, women are only able to list 1.5 ways.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only 38% of women surveyed in 2003-2004 understood that their husbands would be less likely to contract HIV if they used condoms during intercourse with <a href="/wiki/Prostitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostitutes">prostitutes</a> and other women from high-risk groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, men who are raised in urban environments are, on average, more informed about HIV/AIDS than men who are raised in rural environments, presumably because urban children typically have greater access to educational resources than rural children.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among both men and women, higher levels of education correspond to increased knowledge about HIV/AIDS: men and women who have received secondary school educations are significantly more likely to understand complex aspects of the disease, such as the fact that people who appear healthy can still be HIV-positive, than those who have not.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, people who have lost friends or family members to the disease are likely to have greater knowledge about HIV/AIDS due to their personal, firsthand exposure to the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aforementioned study by Barden-O'Fallon et al., which surveyed 940 women and 661 men, indicated that, despite their knowledge and awareness, many people in Malawi do not feel <a href="/wiki/Risk_perception" title="Risk perception">personally susceptible</a> to HIV infection.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On average, only 23% of the adults who were surveyed during this study, both male and female, believed that they were likely to contract HIV and die of AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greater HIV/AIDS awareness among men does not seem to correspond with increased perceived risk; on the other hand, increased levels of knowledge about HIV/AIDS do correlate positively to perceived risk among women.<sup id="cite_ref-One_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-One-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study conducted in rural Malawi between 1998 and 2001 by Kirsten P. Smith et al. indicated that concerns about personal vulnerability to HIV/AIDS declined during this four-year time frame, probably because the increased use of <a href="/wiki/HIV_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV prevention">preventive strategies</a> gave people a sense of control.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-five_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-five-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, many participants in this study claimed that they were "not at all worried" about HIV/AIDS; unless they had simply adopted a fatalistic standpoint towards the epidemic, these respondents probably felt that they had successfully reduced their risk of exposure through personal behavioral changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-five_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-five-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HEC_Blantyre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/HEC_Blantyre.JPG/275px-HEC_Blantyre.JPG" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/HEC_Blantyre.JPG/413px-HEC_Blantyre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/HEC_Blantyre.JPG/550px-HEC_Blantyre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Health Education Center in Blantyre, Malawi</figcaption></figure> <p>Students in Malawi have expressed high levels of dissatisfaction regarding the HIV/AIDS-related education and support they receive at school.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a survey of students in Malawi, most secondary students do not believe that the HIV/AIDS curricula at their schools provide them with an adequate understanding of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Malawian government and non-governmental organizations have conducted many campaigns to improve awareness about HIV/AIDS in schools, there is still a significant shortage of age-appropriate audio and visual educational materials relating to HIV/AIDS available to instructors, particularly in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, most teachers cannot identify the students in their classes who have been personally affected by the epidemic, either through friends or relatives, which suggests that school-based support for HIV/AIDS is minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite this lack of support, surveys indicate that children who have been affected by the epidemic do not usually experience <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS-based discrimination</a> at school.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most teachers are required to address <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> in their curricula; although instructors are, for the most part, committed to helping their students understand and avoid the disease, they face many obstacles that prevent them from informing their students about HIV/AIDS in productive ways.<sup id="cite_ref-Fourteen_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourteen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, some teachers cannot advise their students to remain faithful to their sexual partners without seeming hypocritical because they engage in extramarital sexual relations themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Fourteen_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourteen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others feel uncomfortable discussing sexual matters with their students, and some believe that, due to their limited training, they are not knowledgeable enough about HIV/AIDS to direct classroom discussions about the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Fourteen_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourteen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many teachers feel unsupported by community members, who often either deny the extent of the epidemic or believe that HIV/AIDS should not be addressed in the classroom.<sup id="cite_ref-Fourteen_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourteen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affected_groups">Affected groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Affected groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the HIV/AIDS epidemic has affected men, women, and children in Malawi, certain factors such as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, and age influence infection patterns. In Malawi, HIV/AIDS is usually transmitted through <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual sex">heterosexual sex</a>, but the epidemic has also significantly impacted the <a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">homosexual male population</a> in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, women in Malawi are more likely to be HIV-positive than men, suggesting that women are <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">particularly vulnerable</a> to HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the disease has affected children and young adults both directly and indirectly; 170,000 Malawian children were HIV-positive in 2011, and the number of <a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">orphans</a> in Malawi has increased dramatically since the epidemic began in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men">Men</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Men"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the vast scope of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, many Malawian men believe that HIV contraction and death from AIDS are inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older men in particular often claim that the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a punishment issued by God or other supernatural forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other men refer to their own irresponsible sexual behaviors when explaining why they believe that death from AIDS is inevitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These men sometimes claim that <a href="/wiki/Unprotected_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Unprotected sex">unprotected sex</a> is natural (and therefore necessary and good) when justifying their lack of condom use during sex with extramarital partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, some men identify as HIV-positive without having undergone testing for HIV, preferring to believe that they have already been infected so they can avoid adopting undesirable preventive measures such as condom use or strict <a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">fidelity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of these fatalistic beliefs, many men continue engaging in extramarital sexual relations despite the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Sixteen_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sixteen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, despite these widespread feelings of fatalism, some men believe that they can avoid HIV contraction by modifying their personal behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men who decide to change their behaviors to reduce their risk of infection are unlikely to use <a href="/wiki/Condom_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Condom usage">condoms</a> consistently, particularly during marital intercourse; instead, they usually continue engaging in extramarital sexual relations, but alter the ways in which they choose their sexual partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, before selecting extramarital sexual partners, men sometimes survey their peers to determine whether their potential partners are likely to have exposed themselves to the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-five_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-five-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men who choose their sexual partners based on external appearances and peer recommendations often believe that women who violate traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender norms">gender norms</a> by, for example, wearing modern clothing are more likely to carry HIV, while young girls, who are perceived as sexually inexperienced, are considered "pure".<sup id="cite_ref-Fifteen_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifteen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this perception, many people are concerned that schoolchildren in Malawi, particularly girls, are becoming exposed to the virus through sexual harassment or abuse by their instructors.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">traditional gender roles</a> in Malawi, men operate primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">formal work sector</a> and are responsible for supporting their families through paid labor, whereas women, who are valued for their domestic skills, are responsible for agricultural labor and <a href="/wiki/Care_work" title="Care work">care work</a>; this gender-based division of labor decreases women's <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>, thereby increasing their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even within the home, women often lack <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_power" title="Bargaining power">bargaining power</a> because they have limited access to education, <a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">formal employment</a>, and other resources that could give them a sense of financial and personal independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who are able to work in the <a href="/wiki/Formal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal sector">formal sector</a> typically earn significantly <a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">less money than men</a>, even when they are completing the same tasks, making it difficult for them to elevate their status.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many women are convinced that their husbands are putting their lives at risk by engaging in extramarital sexual relations without using protection; however, because of their secondary status, they are often unwilling to initiate discussions about HIV/AIDS in the home.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most women in Malawi do not view <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> as a viable option, even when their husbands are HIV-positive and refuse to protect them from the virus by wearing <a href="/wiki/Condom_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Condom usage">condoms</a> during marital intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because they lack the education and training needed to seek <a href="/wiki/Gainful_employment" title="Gainful employment">gainful employment</a>, women are not usually able to support themselves and their children outside of marriage without resorting to <a href="/wiki/Commercial_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial sex">commercial sex work</a> for money.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleven_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleven-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, despite their vulnerability, some women in rural Malawi believe that they do, to a certain extent, have control over their own health and well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-four_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-four-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They tell their husbands that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has made <a href="/wiki/Sexual_infidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual infidelity">sexual infidelity</a> extremely dangerous and encourage them to refrain from engaging in extramarital sexual contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-four_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-four-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many women are convinced that, by appealing to the vulnerability of their children (who will probably be <a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">orphaned</a> if their parents contract HIV), they can convince their husbands to use condoms consistently during extramarital sexual encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-four_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-four-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other women seek support from their friends and family members when they believe that their husbands' unsafe behaviors are putting their lives at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-four_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-four-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, as a last resort, women might warn their husbands that they will visit the <i>ankhoswe</i>, or traditional marriage counselor, and demand divorce if their husbands refuse to remain <a href="/wiki/Sexual_fidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual fidelity">faithful</a> and actively prevent the transmission of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-four_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-four-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aids_Orphans_in_Malawi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Aids_Orphans_in_Malawi.jpeg/250px-Aids_Orphans_in_Malawi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Aids_Orphans_in_Malawi.jpeg/375px-Aids_Orphans_in_Malawi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Aids_Orphans_in_Malawi.jpeg/500px-Aids_Orphans_in_Malawi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>AIDS orphans in Lilongwe, Malawi</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of orphaned children in Malawi has increased dramatically since the HIV/AIDS epidemic began in 1985, with certain surveys indicating that more than 35% of schoolchildren have experienced the death of at least one parent due to HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because HIV is transmitted sexually, married couples who engage in <a href="/wiki/Unprotected_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Unprotected sex">unprotected sexual relations</a> put their children at increased risk of becoming <a href="/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan">double orphans</a>, or children who have lost both parents to HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older children who have lost both parents to HIV/AIDS often become responsible for the care of their younger siblings, and many double orphans drop out of school or migrate to urban areas to try to support themselves and their siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Girls who have been orphaned by HIV/AIDS have unusually high rates of school absenteeism in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When parents die of HIV/AIDS, <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a> members usually become the children's primary <a href="/wiki/Caregiver" title="Caregiver">caregivers</a>: in Malawi, 44% of double orphans are adopted by <a href="/wiki/Grandparents" class="mw-redirect" title="Grandparents">grandparents</a> or other close relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extended family members often provide crucial support to HIV/AIDS orphans;<sup id="cite_ref-Four_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Four-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, some sources indicate that extended family members <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">mistreat</a> orphans whose parents have died from HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, family members who are unable to support adopted children often arrange <a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">early marriages</a> for female orphans, who may then become victims of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence suggests that schoolchildren in Malawi are at risk of being exposed to HIV by their teachers, who sometimes value them as sexual partners because they believe that children have not yet been exposed to the virus.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children are particularly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual exploitation">exploitation</a> by adults who offer them money in exchange for sex; because they are often unable to afford basic necessities, they might feel compelled to accept gifts in exchange for sex out of desperation.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interviews indicate that teachers and school administrators in Malawi often misinterpret the definition of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, as some believe that sexual relations between teachers and students are appropriate as long as the children have <a href="/wiki/Informed_consent" title="Informed consent">consented</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most schools have strict policies against <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, children are often hesitant to accuse adults of wrongdoing, and many <a href="/wiki/School_administrators" class="mw-redirect" title="School administrators">administrators</a> are unwilling or unable to investigate the truth behind the accusations.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_relationships">Marriage and relationships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage and relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although couples are starting to use condoms during extramarital intercourse more frequently, <a href="/wiki/Condom_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Condom usage">condom use</a> during marital sex is still viewed as inappropriate by many Malawians; in 2000, only 2.3% of people reported using condoms regularly during sexual intercourse with their spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people believe that condoms are only necessary during sex with high-risk partners such as <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a>, and that condom use during marital sex implies <a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">infidelity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe that marital condom use violates the religious purposes of marriage: <a href="/wiki/Sexual_pleasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual pleasure">sexual pleasure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Procreation">reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study published in 2007 by Agnes M. Chimbiri, men claimed that they use condoms with their wives for the sake of avoiding unwanted pregnancies; on the other hand, they were more concerned about <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted infections">sexually transmitted infections</a> when discussing condom use with extramarital sexual partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many different sources of information can motivate discussion about HIV/AIDS among married couples.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-nine_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-nine-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hearing information about HIV/AIDS at local health facilities or during conversations with friends or family members, people are more likely to address the risk of HIV contraction with their spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-nine_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-nine-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, women are more likely than men to mention the dangers of HIV/AIDS when they suspect that their spouses are engaging in extramarital sexual relations. According to a 2003 study by <a href="/wiki/Eliya_Zulu" title="Eliya Zulu">Eliya Msiyaphazi Zulu</a> and Gloria Chepngeno, although higher levels of education do correspond to greater knowledge about HIV/AIDS, education levels do not significantly impact the likelihood that couples will discuss HIV-related prevention strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-Twenty-nine_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twenty-nine-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Composting_in_Malawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Composting_in_Malawi.jpg/190px-Composting_in_Malawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Composting_in_Malawi.jpg/285px-Composting_in_Malawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Composting_in_Malawi.jpg/380px-Composting_in_Malawi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Farmers with composting materials in Malawi</figcaption></figure> <p>A 2002 study conducted by <a href="/wiki/CARE_International" title="CARE International">CARE International</a> across three districts in the Central Region of Malawi considers how HIV/AIDS has affected economic well-being in rural Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-one_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-one-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Skilled_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Skilled labor">skilled laborers</a> are infected with HIV, they are usually unable to work; therefore, they often shift agricultural production on their land to less labor-intensive crops, sacrificing the opportunity to grow more profitable, <a href="/wiki/Labor-intensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor-intensive">labor-intensive</a> crops such as <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eight_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eight-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When family members fall ill with HIV/AIDS, their relatives invest time in their treatment and care, further reducing household productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-one_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-one-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, when family members are infected with HIV, households often use the money they would normally invest in agriculture to cover medical expenses, further decreasing economic stability at the household level.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-one_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-one-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, when adults contract HIV, their children often remain home from school to work in the fields, threatening long-term productivity and economic advancement in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Eight_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eight-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CARE International proposes several strategies that might reduce the destructive economic impact of HIV/AIDS on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rural_households&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rural households (page does not exist)">rural households</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-one_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-one-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They recommend introducing new <a href="/wiki/Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Technologies">technologies</a> that improve productivity to allow households affected by HIV/AIDS to continue supporting themselves through agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-one_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-one-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Patrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilocal">patrilocal</a> villages are often unable to support themselves and their children when their husbands die of HIV/AIDS; therefore, helping women acquire traditionally masculine agricultural skills might decrease their vulnerability while improving agricultural productivity at the household and community levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-one_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-one-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CARE International recommends increasing cooperation at the community level by establishing labor and <a href="/wiki/Food_bank" title="Food bank">food banks</a> in areas that have been devastated by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-one_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-one-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, CARE International highlights the importance of increasing access to information about HIV/AIDS in Malawi to help families prepare for and cope with the economic burdens associated with the epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-one_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-one-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_health_services">Impact on health services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Impact on health services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Malawi has been characterized by drastic declines in the number of health workers available to provide treatment and care and increasing strain on health services: more than half of all hospital admissions in Malawi are related to HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Malawi currently faces a <a href="/wiki/Health_systems_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Health systems by country">significant deficit in human resources</a>: only 159 <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a> were practicing in Malawi in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>'s Essential Health Package recommends placing at least three health workers at every health facility in the country, but the vast majority of Malawi's health facilities fail to meet this standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While migration to more developed countries in search of better opportunities, also known as "<a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a>", is partially responsible for the shortage of health care workers in Malawi, many health care workers have been personally affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic; in fact, an average of 48 nurses die of HIV/AIDS in Malawi every year.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HIV/AIDS epidemic has resulted in high levels of <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a> among health workers in Malawi, who often leave work to spend time with HIV-positive friends or relatives, and the Malawian government has failed to respond to the declining number of full-time employees working in the health sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health workers who are not chronically absent frequently abandon their jobs because they are unable to cope with the heavy patient loads or because they are afraid that working in a medical environment will increase their risk of becoming infected with HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malawi has adopted task shifting strategies to overcome the shortage of workers available for HIV/AIDS treatment and care.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Task shifting, which has been successful in many other regions, involves training less specialized health workers to perform health-related tasks that do not require professional training, such as the initiation of <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral therapy">antiretroviral therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, at <a href="/wiki/Thyolo_District" title="Thyolo District">Thyolo District Hospital</a>, health workers spend one week learning how to initiate antiretroviral therapy in a classroom setting and an additional two weeks practicing their knowledge in a supervised clinical setting; after completing this course, they are legally (under <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malawi" title="Healthcare in Malawi">Ministry of Health</a> guidelines) allowed to initiate antiretroviral therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another form of task shifting involves training health-oriented counselors in <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">HIV testing and counseling</a>, which relieves nurses of this additional task.<sup id="cite_ref-Two_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interventions">Interventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Interventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Malawi has taken many steps towards slowing the spread of HIV/AIDS, such as increasing access to condoms and improving <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_counseling_and_testing" title="Voluntary counseling and testing">testing services</a> and treatment options.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these efforts have been funded by <a href="/wiki/International_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="International aid">international donors</a> including the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Fund">Global Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a> (PEPFAR), and the <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS</a> (UNAIDS).<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The World Bank has lent $407.9 million to Malawi, the Global Fund has agreed to give $390 million, and PEPFAR has donated $25 million for prevention and treatment campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiretroviral_therapy">Antiretroviral therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Antiretroviral therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of people using antiretroviral therapy in Malawi has increased dramatically in the past decade: between 2004 and 2011, an estimated 300,000 people gained access to antiretroviral treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to improving access to antiretroviral therapy, in 2008, Malawi introduced the WHO's treatment guidelines for antiretroviral therapy, which improved the quality of treatment available to Malawians.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Malawi's proposal for a new antiretroviral treatment plan in 2011, which would have cost $105 million per year, was rejected by the Global Fund, threatening Malawi's ability to continue expanding access to antiretroviral treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Malawi's Ministry of Health and Population began developing a plan to distribute antiretroviral drugs to the population, and, as of 2003, there were several sites providing antiretroviral drugs in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lighthouse, a trust in <a href="/wiki/Lilongwe" title="Lilongwe">Lilongwe</a> that fights HIV/AIDS, provides antiretroviral drugs at a cost of 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Malawian_kwacha" title="Malawian kwacha">kwacha</a> per month.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Blantyre" title="Blantyre">Blantyre</a> provides antiretroviral therapy through its outpatient department, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> distributes antiretroviral drugs to patients for free in the <a href="/wiki/Chiradzulu_District" title="Chiradzulu District">Chiradzulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyolo_District" title="Thyolo District">Thyolo</a> Districts.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many different private providers sell antiretroviral drugs, particularly in cities; however, very few patients can afford to receive drugs from the private sector in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, private providers are not currently required to obtain certification before selling antiretroviral drugs, and, therefore, this practice is not closely monitored.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, some employees receive access to antiretroviral drugs through the health insurance policies provided by their employers, but this practice is not widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the advent of antiretroviral drugs, HIV/AIDS has become a manageable disease for people who can access and afford treatment; however, antiretroviral therapy remains largely unaffordable and inaccessible to most people in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the South East region of Malawi has disproportionately low access to antiretroviral drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many rural areas, poor health infrastructure combined with widespread <a href="/wiki/Malawian_food_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawian food crisis">famine</a> have made sustained, high-quality antiretroviral therapy difficult or impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, donations from the <a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria</a> were used to fund antiretroviral therapy programs that distributed medication on a "first-come, first-served" basis, making the drugs more accessible to the male, urban, educated population.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because there are no explicit policies regarding the <a href="/wiki/Equitable_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable distribution">fair distribution</a> of antiretroviral drugs in Malawi, individual health care workers often become responsible for deciding who will receive treatment, which inevitably leads to inequitable distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Seventeen_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seventeen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Condom_distribution">Condom distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Condom distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Condoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Condoms">condoms</a> effectively prevent the sexual transmission of HIV, several factors have limited widespread condom distribution and uptake in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People living in non-urban areas often have difficulty accessing condoms, and condoms are not typically available at bars and other social locations where they could have a significant impact on HIV prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people oppose condoms because they believe that condoms make sex less enjoyable or because they question their ability to prevent the transmission of HIV.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite these factors, many unmarried couples have started using condoms more consistently as concern and fear about the HIV/AIDS epidemic have increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Three_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Three-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-governmental organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Population_Services_International" title="Population Services International">Population Services International</a> (Malawi), an organization that strives to improve the health of Malawians, and Banja La Mtsogolo, an organization that distributes information and resources related to <a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">family planning</a>, have conducted campaigns advertising <a href="/wiki/Condom_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Condom usage">condom use</a> as an effective form of protection against HIV/AIDS.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banja La Mtsogolo provides condoms to both men and women, and has significantly improved the availability of <a href="/wiki/Female_condom" title="Female condom">condoms for women</a> in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of efforts by Population Services International, Banja La Mtsogolo, and many other organizations, condoms have become more widely available to many people in Malawi.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voluntary_counseling_and_testing">Voluntary counseling and testing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Voluntary counseling and testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People living in areas with high rates of HIV/AIDS face several psychological barriers when deciding whether to undergo <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">testing for HIV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, people may prefer not to know if they are HIV-positive because, due to the obstacles they often face in gaining access to antiretroviral drugs, many view HIV/AIDS diagnoses as death sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others may simply believe that they are HIV-negative, either because they practice strict <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> and consistently use condoms during sexual intercourse or because they are in denial about the prevalence of the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite these barriers, both mobile and static testing services have become more widely available in Malawi recently: 1,392 testing and counseling sites existed in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-AVERT_1-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain non-governmental organization such as the Malawi AIDS Counseling and Resource Organisation (MACRO) provide door-to-door counseling and testing services, which have drastically improved the accessibility of HIV testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/32px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/48px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flag_of_Malawi.svg/64px-Flag_of_Malawi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Malawi" title="Portal:Malawi">Malawi portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sida-aids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/28px-Sida-aids.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/42px-Sida-aids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sida-aids.png/56px-Sida-aids.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Viruses" title="Portal:Viruses">Viruses portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV and AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Malawi" title="Healthcare in Malawi">Healthcare in Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_for_Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex for Fish">Sex for Fish</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Malawi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AVERT-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVERT_1-35"><sup><i><b>aj</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avert.org/hiv-aids-malawi.htm">"HIV & AIDS in Malawi"</a>. AVERT<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Algeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cape_Verde" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Libya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Libya (page does not exist)">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Morocco" title="HIV/AIDS in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sudan" title="HIV/AIDS in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HIV/AIDS in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Template talk:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HIV_and_AIDS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HIV and AIDS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="HIV/AIDS_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">HIV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lentivirus" title="Lentivirus">Lentivirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_and_genome_of_HIV" title="Structure and genome of HIV">structure and genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtypes_of_HIV" title="Subtypes of HIV">subtypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_classification_system_for_HIV_infection" title="CDC classification system for HIV infection">CDC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_disease_progression_rates" title="HIV disease progression rates">disease progression rates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Addiction_and_HIV_Data_Archive_Program" title="National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program">National Addiction and HIV Data Archive Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS">diagnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Management of HIV/AIDS">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Pathophysiology of HIV/AIDS">pathophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Prevention of HIV/AIDS">prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_research" title="HIV/AIDS research">research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_vaccine" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV vaccine">vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-exposure_prophylaxis_for_HIV_prevention" title="Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention">PrEP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_disease_staging_system_for_HIV_infection_and_disease" title="WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease">WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Children" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Disease_Staging_System_for_HIV_Infection_and_Disease_in_Adults_and_Adolescents" title="WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents">Teens / Adults</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">Countries by AIDS prevalence rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS">Signs and symptoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS-defining_clinical_condition" title="AIDS-defining clinical condition">AIDS-defining clinical condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_infiltrative_lymphocytosis_syndrome" title="Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome">Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_lipodystrophy" title="HIV-associated lipodystrophy">Lipodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_nephropathy" title="HIV-associated nephropathy">Nephropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_cardiomyopathy" title="HIV-associated cardiomyopathy">Cardiomyopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_neurocognitive_disorder" title="HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder">Neurocognitive disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-associated_pruritus" title="HIV-associated pruritus">Pruritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">Opportunistic infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_superinfection" title="HIV superinfection">Superinfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis co-infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_Drug_Resistance_Database" title="HIV Drug Resistance Database">HIV Drug Resistance Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innate_resistance_to_HIV" title="Innate resistance to HIV">Innate resistance to HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serostatus" title="Serostatus">Serostatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-positive_people" title="HIV-positive people">HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_challenges_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Nutritional challenges of HIV/AIDS">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_pregnancy" title="HIV and pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sex_partners" title="Multiple sex partners">Multiple sex partners</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Timeline of HIV/AIDS">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Museum_and_Educational_Center" title="World AIDS Museum and Educational Center">World AIDS Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Ray_Brown" title="Timothy Ray Brown">Timothy Ray Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Patient" title="Berlin Patient">Berlin Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Castillejo" title="Adam Castillejo">The London Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Edmonds_(patient)" title="Paul Edmonds (patient)">City of Hope Patient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Women and HIV/AIDS">Women and HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV_and_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="HIV and men who have sex with men">HIV and homosexual men</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Religion and HIV/AIDS">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_HIV/AIDS" title="Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS">Catholic Church and HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">Circumcision and HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">Discrimination against people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_impact_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Economic impact of HIV/AIDS">Economic impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_HIV_treatment" title="Cost of HIV treatment">Cost of treatment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV-affected_community" title="HIV-affected community">HIV-affected community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_activism" title="HIV/AIDS activism">HIV/AIDS activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_ribbon" title="Red ribbon">Red ribbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV-positive_people" title="List of HIV-positive people">List of HIV-positive people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_With_AIDS" title="People With AIDS">People With AIDS Self-Empowerment Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infections_in_the_pornography_industry" title="Sexually transmitted infections in the pornography industry">HIV/AIDS in the porn industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV.gov" title="HIV.gov">HIV.gov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAMES_Project_AIDS_Memorial_Quilt" title="NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt">AIDS Memorial Quilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Red" title="Product Red">Product Red</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_Developing_Countries_Clinical_Trials_Partnership" title="European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership">European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_John_AIDS_Foundation" title="Elton John AIDS Foundation">Elton John AIDS Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="International AIDS Conference">International AIDS Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_AIDS_Society" title="International AIDS Society">International AIDS Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS">Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misconceptions_about_HIV/AIDS" title="Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS">Misconceptions about HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_campaign" title="Sing campaign">The SING Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidays" title="Solidays">Solidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_Action_Campaign" title="Treatment Action Campaign">Treatment Action Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Global_Fund_to_Fight_AIDS,_Tuberculosis_and_Malaria" title="The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria">The Global Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_AIDS_Day" title="World AIDS Day">World AIDS Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Against_AIDS" title="Youth Against AIDS">YAA/Youthforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Me_(Sia_song)" title="Free Me (Sia song)">"Free Me"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Kramer" title="Larry Kramer">Larry Kramer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GMHC" title="GMHC">Gay Men's Health Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reports_from_the_Holocaust" title="Reports from the Holocaust">Reports from the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS%E2%80%93Holocaust_metaphor" title="AIDS–Holocaust metaphor">AIDS–Holocaust metaphor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence%3DDeath_Project" title="Silence=Death Project">Silence=Death Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_Without_Art" title="Day Without Art">Day Without Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freddie_Mercury_Tribute_Concert" title="The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert">The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayds" title="Ayds">Ayds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Angola" title="HIV/AIDS in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Benin" title="HIV/AIDS in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana" title="HIV/AIDS in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="HIV/AIDS in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Egypt" title="HIV/AIDS in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Eswatini" title="HIV/AIDS in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ethiopia" title="HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ghana" title="HIV/AIDS in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ivory_Coast" title="HIV/AIDS in Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Kenya" title="HIV/AIDS in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Lesotho" title="HIV/AIDS in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Madagascar" title="HIV/AIDS in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mali" title="HIV/AIDS in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mozambique" title="HIV/AIDS in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Namibia" title="HIV/AIDS in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Niger" title="HIV/AIDS in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria" title="HIV/AIDS in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Rwanda" title="HIV/AIDS in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Senegal" title="HIV/AIDS in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uganda" title="HIV/AIDS in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zambia" title="HIV/AIDS in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Zimbabwe" title="HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Asia" title="HIV/AIDS in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Armenia" title="HIV/AIDS in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bangladesh" title="HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bhutan" title="HIV/AIDS in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Cambodia" title="HIV/AIDS in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">China (PRC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_East_Timor" title="HIV/AIDS in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_India" title="HIV/AIDS in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Indonesia" title="HIV/AIDS in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Iraq" title="HIV/AIDS in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Japan" title="HIV/AIDS in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jordan" title="HIV/AIDS in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Malaysia" title="HIV/AIDS in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">Myanmar (Burma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nepal" title="HIV/AIDS in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Philippines" title="HIV/AIDS in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Taiwan" title="HIV/AIDS in Taiwan">Taiwan (ROC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Thailand" title="HIV/AIDS in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Vietnam" title="HIV/AIDS in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Europe" title="HIV/AIDS in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="HIV/AIDS in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Ukraine" title="HIV/AIDS in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_North_America" title="HIV/AIDS in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Canada" title="HIV/AIDS in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Mexico" title="HIV/AIDS in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_El_Salvador" title="HIV/AIDS in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guatemala" title="HIV/AIDS in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Honduras" title="HIV/AIDS in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Nicaragua" title="HIV/AIDS in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_York_City" title="HIV/AIDS in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Caribbean" title="HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Haiti" title="HIV/AIDS in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Jamaica" title="HIV/AIDS in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="HIV/AIDS in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_South_America" title="HIV/AIDS in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Argentina" title="HIV/AIDS in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Bolivia" title="HIV/AIDS in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Brazil" title="HIV/AIDS in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Colombia" title="HIV/AIDS in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Guyana" title="HIV/AIDS in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Peru" title="HIV/AIDS in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Uruguay" title="HIV/AIDS in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Australia" title="HIV/AIDS in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_New_Zealand" title="HIV/AIDS in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_HIV/AIDS_adult_prevalence_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate">List of countries by HIV/AIDS adult prevalence rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HIV/AIDS_cases_and_deaths_registered_by_region" title="List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region">List of HIV/AIDS cases and deaths registered by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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