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<span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preferred_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preferred_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Preferred sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preferred_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_by_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_by_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Use by animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_by_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value_to_other_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value_to_other_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Value to other plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value_to_other_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Diseases and insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas fir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menzis_yalan%C3%A7%C4%B1_tsuqas%C4%B1" title="Menzis yalançı tsuqası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Menzis yalançı tsuqası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avet_de_Douglas" title="Avet de Douglas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avet de Douglas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglaska_tisolist%C3%A1" title="Douglaska tisolistá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Douglaska tisolistá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffynidwydden_Douglas" title="Ffynidwydden Douglas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffynidwydden Douglas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8n_douglasgran" title="Grøn douglasgran – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grøn douglasgran" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gew%C3%B6hnliche_Douglasie" title="Gewöhnliche Douglasie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewöhnliche Douglasie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harilik_ebatsuuga" title="Harilik ebatsuuga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Harilik ebatsuuga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menzies-pse%C5%ADdocugo" title="Menzies-pseŭdocugo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menzies-pseŭdocugo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_izei" title="Douglas izei – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Douglas izei" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="صنوبر داگلاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صنوبر داگلاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%BAis_Dh%C3%BAghlais" title="Giúis Dhúghlais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giúis Dhúghlais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeto_de_Douglas" title="Abeto de Douglas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abeto de Douglas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%86%A1" title="미송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AE%D5%A9%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%A1_%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%87" title="Կեղծթսուգա կենիատերև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեղծթսուգա կենիատերև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%A1%C4%9Bdna_douglasija" title="Wšědna douglasija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wšědna douglasija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degli" title="Degli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Degli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="אשוח דאגלס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשוח דאגלס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did%C5%BEioji_poc%C5%ABg%C4%97" title="Didžioji pocūgė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didžioji pocūgė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikai_dugl%C3%A1szfeny%C5%91" title="Amerikai duglászfenyő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amerikai duglászfenyő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglasspar" title="Douglasspar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Douglasspar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%84" title="ベイマツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベイマツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglasgran" title="Douglasgran – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Douglasgran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daglezja_zielona" title="Daglezja zielona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Daglezja zielona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duglas" title="Duglas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Duglas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Псевдотсуга Мензиса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдотсуга Мензиса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bredhi_Douglas" title="Bredhi Douglas – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bredhi Douglas" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duglaska_tisolist%C3%A1" title="Duglaska tisolistá – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Duglaska tisolistá" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duglazija" title="Duglazija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Duglazija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дуглазија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дуглазија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nnendouglaskuusi" title="Lännendouglaskuusi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lännendouglaskuusi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglasgran" title="Douglasgran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Douglasgran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="தவுக்கிளாசு பிர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தவுக்கிளாசு பிர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pseudotsuga menziesii" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Псевдотсуга Мензіса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Douglas-fir" redirects here. For the genus and the other species with common names containing "Douglas fir" or "Douglas-fir", see <a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a>. For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Pine_(schooner)" title="Oregon Pine (schooner)">Oregon Pine (schooner)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Douglas fir </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudotsuga_menziesii_4584.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_4584.JPG/220px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_4584.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_4584.JPG/330px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_4584.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_4584.JPG/440px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_4584.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudotsuga_menziesii_MHNT.BOT.52.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_MHNT.BOT.52.4.jpg/220px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_MHNT.BOT.52.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_MHNT.BOT.52.4.jpg/330px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_MHNT.BOT.52.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_MHNT.BOT.52.4.jpg/440px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_MHNT.BOT.52.4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4195" data-file-height="2853" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Secure <small> (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NatureServe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureServe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Pseudotsuga" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnospermae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinophyta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">Pinopsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinales" title="Pinales">Pinales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga"><i>Pseudotsuga</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. menziesii</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Brisseau_de_Mirbel" title="Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel">Mirbel</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel_Antonio_do_Amaral_Franco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Manuel Antonio do Amaral Franco (page does not exist)">Franco</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudotsuga_menziesii_levila.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_levila.png/220px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_levila.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_levila.png/330px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_levila.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_levila.png/440px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_levila.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="830" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#75FF00; color:black;"> </span> Green: Coast Douglas-fir (<a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._menziesii" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"><i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> var. <i>menziesii</i></a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#80FFFF; color:black;"> </span> Blue: Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (<a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca" title="Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca"><i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> var. <i>glauca</i></a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Abies menziesii</i> <small>Mirb. </small></li><li><i>Abies mucronata</i> <small>Raf. </small></li><li><i>Abies taxifolia</i> <small>Poir. </small></li><li><i>Pinus douglasii</i> <small>Sabine ex D. Don </small></li><li><i>Pinus taxifolia</i> <small>Lamb. </small></li><li><i>Pseudotsuga douglasii</i> <small>(Sabine ex D. Don) Carrière </small></li><li><i>Pseudotsuga mucronata</i> <small>(Raf.) Sudw. </small></li><li><i>Pseudotsuga taxifolia</i> <small>Britton </small></li><li><i>Pseudotsuga taxifolia <span style="font-style:normal;">var.</span> viridis</i> <small>ined.<sup id="cite_ref-Grin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>Douglas fir</b> (<i><b>Pseudotsuga menziesii</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-calflorasp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calflorasp-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the pine family, <a href="/wiki/Pinaceae" title="Pinaceae">Pinaceae</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Native_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Native plant">native</a> to western <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and is also known as <b>Douglas-fir</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-fna_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fna-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Douglas spruce</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Oregon pine</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-calflorassp_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calflorassp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Columbian pine</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-wilson2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three varieties: <a href="/wiki/Coast_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Douglas-fir">coast Douglas-fir</a> (<i>P. menziesii</i> var. <i>menziesii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir">Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir</a> (<i>P. menziesii</i> var. <i>glauca</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Douglas-fir">Mexican Douglas-fir</a> (<i>P. menziesii</i> var. <i>lindleyana</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-usdapsme_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdapsme-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common names</a>, it is not a true <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Abies</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Picea</a></i>), or <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pinus</a></i>). It is also not a <a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">hemlock</a>; the genus name <i>Pseudotsuga</i> means "false hemlock". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Douglas-firs are medium-size to extremely large <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> trees, 20–100 metres (70–330 feet) tall (although only <a href="/wiki/Coast_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Douglas-fir">coast Douglas-firs</a>, reach heights near 100 m)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commonly reach 2.4 m (8 ft) in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although trees with diameters of almost 5 metres (16 feet) exist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest coast Douglas-firs regularly live over 500 years, with the oldest specimens living for over 1,300 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir">Rocky Mountain Douglas-firs</a>, found further to the east,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are less long-lived, usually not exceeding 400 years in age.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are records of former coast Douglas-firs exceeding 120 metres (390 feet)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in height, which if alive today would make it the tallest tree species on Earth. Particular historical specimens with heights exceeding 400 feet include the <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Valley_Tree" title="Lynn Valley Tree">Lynn Valley Tree</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_Giant" title="Nooksack Giant">Nooksack Giant</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a> are flat, soft, linear needles <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2–4 centimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) long, generally resembling those of the firs, occurring singly rather than in <a href="/wiki/Fascicle_(botany)" title="Fascicle (botany)">fascicles</a>; they completely encircle the branches, which can be useful in recognizing the species. As the trees grow taller in denser forest, they lose their lower branches, such that the foliage may start as high as 34 m (110 ft) off the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas-firs in environments with more light may have branches much closer to the ground. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> on young trees is thin, smooth, grey, and contains numerous <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> blisters. On mature trees, usually exceeding 80 years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> it is very thick and corky, growing up to 36 cm (14 in) thick with distinctive, deep vertical fissures caused by the gradual expansion of the growing tree. Some of the mature bark is brown, while other parts are lighter colored with a cork-like texture; these develop in multiple layers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This thick bark makes the Douglas-fir one of the most fire-resistant tree native to the Pacific Northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The female <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cones</a> are pendulous, with persistent scales, unlike those of true firs. They have distinctive long, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">trifid</a> (three-pointed) <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> which protrude prominently above each scale and are said to resemble the back half of a mouse, with two feet and a tail.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The massive mega-<a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of Douglas fir was sequenced in 2017 by the large PineRefSeq consortium, revealing a specialized photosynthetic apparatus in the light-harvesting complex of genes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudotsuga_menziesii_7971.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature individual in the Wenatchee Mountains"><img alt="Mature individual in the Wenatchee Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_7971.JPG/180px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_7971.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_7971.JPG/270px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_7971.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_7971.JPG/360px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_7971.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature individual in the <a href="/wiki/Wenatchee_Mountains" title="Wenatchee Mountains">Wenatchee Mountains</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Young female cone"><img alt="Young female cone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg/405px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg/608px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg/810px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_var._glauca_young_female_cone_-_Keila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young female cone</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_fir_cone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mature female cone"><img alt="Mature female cone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Douglas_fir_cone.jpg/202px-Douglas_fir_cone.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Douglas_fir_cone.jpg/304px-Douglas_fir_cone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Douglas_fir_cone.jpg/405px-Douglas_fir_cone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mature female cone</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common name honors <a href="/wiki/David_Douglas_(botanist)" title="David Douglas (botanist)">David Douglas</a>, a Scottish botanist and collector who first reported the extraordinary nature and potential of the species. The common name is misleading since it is not a true fir, i.e., not a member of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Abies" class="mw-redirect" title="Abies">Abies</a></i>. For this reason, the name is often written as <b>Douglas-fir</b> (a name also used for the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga" title="Pseudotsuga">Pseudotsuga</a></i> as a whole).<sup id="cite_ref-orstate_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orstate-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The specific epithet <i>menziesii</i> is after <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Menzies" title="Archibald Menzies">Archibald Menzies</a>, a Scottish physician and rival <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> to David Douglas. Menzies first documented the tree on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> in 1791. Colloquially, the species is also known simply as <b>Doug fir</b><sup id="cite_ref-wilson2008_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Douglas pine</b><sup id="cite_ref-wilson2008_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although the latter common name may also refer to <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_douglasiana" title="Pinus douglasiana">Pinus douglasiana</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-iucnpindoug_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucnpindoug-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names for this tree have included <b>Oregon pine</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-calflorassp_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calflorassp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>British Columbian pine</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-wilson2008_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Puget Sound pine</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-wilson2008_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Douglas spruce</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-wilson2008_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wilson2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>false hemlock</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-calflorassp_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calflorassp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>red fir</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-calflorassp_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calflorassp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>red pine</b><sup id="cite_ref-calflorassp_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-calflorassp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although again red pine may refer to a different tree species, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinus_resinosa" title="Pinus resinosa">Pinus resinosa</a></i>, and red fir may refer to <i><a href="/wiki/Abies_magnifica" title="Abies magnifica">Abies magnifica</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-usdapire_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdapire-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a> name for the tree, used in the <a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a> language, is <span title="Halkomelem-language text"><i lang="hur">lá:yelhp</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a> language, the tree is called <span title="Halkomelem-language text"><i lang="hur">čəbidac</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> var. <i>menziesii</i>, the coast Douglas-fir, grows in the coastal regions from west-central <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> southward to central <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, its range is continuous from the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascades</a> west to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Coast Ranges</a> and Pacific Ocean. In California, it is found in the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Mountains" title="Klamath Mountains">Klamath</a> and <a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a> as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Lucia_Range" title="Santa Lucia Range">Santa Lucia Range</a>, with a small stand as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Purisima_Hills" title="Purisima Hills">Purisima Hills</a> in Santa Barbara County.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the last remaining old growth stands of conifers is in the Mattole Watershed, and is under threat of logging.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a>, it ranges as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Valley" title="Yosemite Valley">Yosemite</a> region. It occurs from sea level along the coast to elevations of 1,500 m (4,900 ft) or higher, and inland in some cases up to 2,100 m (6,900 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another variety exists further inland, <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> var. <i>glauca</i>, the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir or interior Douglas-fir. Interior Douglas-fir intergrades with coast Douglas-fir in the Cascades of northern Washington and southern British Columbia, and from there ranges northward to central British Columbia and southeastward to the Mexican border, becoming increasingly disjunct as latitude decreases and altitude increases. <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Douglas-fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Douglas-fir">Mexican Douglas-fir</a> (<i>P. lindleyana</i>), which ranges as far south as <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, is often considered a variety of <i>P. menziesii</i>. </p><p>Fossils (wood, pollen) of <i>Pseudotsuga</i> are recorded from the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> of Europe (<a href="/wiki/Siebengebirge" title="Siebengebirge">Siebengebirge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gleiwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gleiwitz">Gleiwitz</a>, Austria).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalised</a> throughout Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Argentina and Chile (called <i>Pino Oregón</i>). In New Zealand it is considered to be an invasive species, called a <a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding conifer</a>, and is subject to control measures. But is also one of the most common lumber trees used in forestry alongside Radiata pine with large plantations throughout the country. The species was introduced in the 1900s for its wood.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preferred_sites">Preferred sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preferred sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Douglas-fir prefers acidic or neutral soils.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it exhibits considerable morphological plasticity, and on drier sites <i>P. menziesii</i> var. <i>menziesii</i> will generate deeper taproots. <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> var. <i>glauca</i> exhibits even greater plasticity, occurring in stands of interior temperate rainforest in British Columbia, as well as at the edge of semi-arid sagebrush steppe throughout much of its range, where it generates even deeper taproots still. </p><p>The coast Douglas-fir variety is the dominant tree west of the Cascade Mountains in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>. It occurs in nearly all forest types and competes well on most parent materials, aspects, and slopes. Adapted to a more moist, mild climate than the interior subspecies, it grows larger and faster than Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir. Associated trees include <a href="/wiki/Western_hemlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Western hemlock">western hemlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sitka_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka spruce">Sitka spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar pine">sugar pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_white_pine" title="Western white pine">western white pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">ponderosa pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand fir">grand fir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coast_redwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast redwood">coast redwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_redcedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Western redcedar">western redcedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense-cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Incense-cedar">California incense-cedar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamaecyparis_lawsoniana" title="Chamaecyparis lawsoniana">Lawson's cypress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanoak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanoak">tanoak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigleaf_maple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigleaf maple">bigleaf maple</a> and several others. Pure stands are also common, particularly north of the <a href="/wiki/Umpqua_River" title="Umpqua River">Umpqua River</a> in Oregon. It is most dominant in areas with a more frequent fire regime that suppresses less fire-resistant conifers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_by_animals">Use by animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use by animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudotsuga_menziesii_01221.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_01221.JPG/190px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_01221.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_01221.JPG/285px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_01221.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pseudotsuga_menziesii_01221.JPG/380px-Pseudotsuga_menziesii_01221.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Snag_(ecology)" title="Snag (ecology)">snag</a> provides nest cavities for birds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Douglas-fir seeds are an extremely important food source for small mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Mole_(animal)" title="Mole (animal)">moles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chipmunk" title="Chipmunk">chipmunks</a>, which consume an estimated 65% of each annual seed crop. The <a href="/wiki/Douglas_squirrel" title="Douglas squirrel">Douglas squirrel</a> harvests and hoards great quantities of Douglas-fir cones, and also consumes mature pollen cones, the inner bark, terminal shoots, and developing young needles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mature or "old-growth" Douglas-fir forest is the primary habitat of the <a href="/wiki/Red_tree_vole" title="Red tree vole">red tree vole</a> (<i>Arborimus longicaudus</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Spotted_owl" title="Spotted owl">spotted owl</a> (<i>Strix occidentalis</i>). Home range requirements for breeding pairs of spotted owls are at least 400 hectares (4.0 km<sup>2</sup>; 990 acres) of old growth. Red tree voles may also be found in immature forests if Douglas-fir is a significant component. The red vole nests almost exclusively in the foliage of the trees, typically 2–50 metres (5–165 ft) above the ground, and its diet consists chiefly of Douglas-fir needles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas-fir needles are generally poor <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browse</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a>, although in the winter when other food sources are lacking it can become important, and <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_deer" title="Black-tailed deer">black-tailed deer</a> browse new seedlings and saplings in spring and summer. The spring diet of the <a href="/wiki/Dendragapus" title="Dendragapus">blue grouse</a> features Douglas-fir needles prominently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leaves are also used by the <a href="/wiki/Adelgidae" title="Adelgidae">woolly conifer aphid</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Adelges_cooleyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelges cooleyi">Adelges cooleyi</a></i>; this 0.5 mm-long <a href="/wiki/Sap_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sap (plant)">sap</a>-sucking <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> is conspicuous on the undersides of the leaves by the small white "fluff spots" of protective wax that it produces. It is often present in large numbers, and can cause the foliage to turn yellowish from the damage it causes. Exceptionally, trees may be partially defoliated by it, but the damage is rarely this severe. Among <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>, apart from some that feed on <i>Pseudotsuga</i> in general, the <a href="/wiki/Gelechiid_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelechiid moth">gelechiid moths</a> <i>Chionodes abella</i> and <i>C. periculella</i> as well as the cone scale-eating <a href="/wiki/Tortrix_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortrix moth">tortrix moth</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cydia_illutana" title="Cydia illutana">Cydia illutana</a></i> have been recorded specifically on <i>P. menziesii</i>. </p><p>The inner bark is the primary winter food for the <a href="/wiki/North_American_porcupine" title="North American porcupine">North American porcupine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Poriol" title="Poriol">Poriol</a> is a flavanone, a type of flavonoid, produced by <i>P. menziesii</i> in reaction to infection by <i><a href="/wiki/Poria_weirii" class="mw-redirect" title="Poria weirii">Poria weirii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value_to_other_plants">Value to other plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Value to other plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">parasitic plant</a> which uses <i>P. menziesii</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Douglas-fir_dwarf_mistletoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe">Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe</a> (<i>Arceuthobium douglasii</i>). <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">Epiphytes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Crustose_lichen" title="Crustose lichen">crustose lichens</a> and mosses are common sights on Douglas-firs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it is only moderately <a href="/wiki/Shade_tolerant" class="mw-redirect" title="Shade tolerant">shade tolerant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> undisturbed Douglas-fir stands in humid areas will eventually give way to later successional, more shade-tolerant associates such as the western redcedar and western hemlock—though this process may take a thousand years or more.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is more shade tolerant than some associated fire-dependent species, such as <a href="/wiki/Western_larch" title="Western larch">western larch</a> and ponderosa pine, and often replaces these species further inland.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_insects">Diseases and insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diseases and insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fungal diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Laminated_root_rot" title="Laminated root rot">laminated root rot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">shoestring root-rot</a> can cause significant damage, and in plantation settings dominated by Douglas-fir monocultures may cause extreme damage to vast swathes of trees.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interplanting with resistant or nonhost species such as western redcedar and <a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">beaked hazelnut</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can reduce this risk. Other threats to Douglas-fir include <a href="/wiki/Phellinus_pini" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinus pini">red ring rot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dendroctonus_pseudotsugae" title="Dendroctonus pseudotsugae">Douglas-fir beetle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_large_log_of_Douglas_fir_going_to_market._This_log_is_over_9_ft._in_diameter_and_scales_7000_board_ft_of_timber._There_is_(62325581e6a34599a6accfaf298a2985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/A_large_log_of_Douglas_fir_going_to_market._This_log_is_over_9_ft._in_diameter_and_scales_7000_board_ft_of_timber._There_is_%2862325581e6a34599a6accfaf298a2985%29.jpg/350px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/A_large_log_of_Douglas_fir_going_to_market._This_log_is_over_9_ft._in_diameter_and_scales_7000_board_ft_of_timber._There_is_%2862325581e6a34599a6accfaf298a2985%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>A 9-ft log, scaling over 7,000 <span class="nowrap">board-ft</span> of timber, c. 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>Many different <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> groups used the bark, resin, and needles to make herbal treatments for various diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiians</a> built <i>waʻa kaulua</i> (<a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">double-hulled canoes</a>) from coast Douglas-fir logs that had <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">drifted</a> ashore.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wood has historically been favored as <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a>, especially from the coastal variety.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition early settlers used Douglas fir for all forms of building construction, including floors, beams, and fine carving. </p><p>The species is extensively used in <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> management as a <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantation</a> tree for softwood <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>. Douglas-fir is one of the world's best timber-producing species and yields more timber than any other species in North America, making the forestlands of western Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia the most productive on the continent. In 2011, Douglas-fir represented 34.2% of US lumber exports, to a total of 1.053 billion board-feet.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas fir timber is used for <a href="/wiki/Timber_frame_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber frame construction">timber frame construction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">timber trusses</a> using traditional joinery, <a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">flooring</a> due to its strength, hardness and durability.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, the only wooden ships still currently in use by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> in conventional naval operations are <a href="/wiki/Avenger-class_minesweeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenger-class minesweeper">Avenger-class minesweepers</a>, made of Douglas-fir.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas fir sees wide use in heavy timber structures, as its wood is strong, available in a number of specifications including kiln dried and grade stamped, and can be supplied in very long lengths to 60 feet. West coast mills are sophisticated in their processing of timbers, making lead times predictable and availability reliable. <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paints</a> adhere well to Douglas fir. <a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Stains</a> perform well on Douglas fir timbers with the mild caution that the natural color of this species varies and care must be taken to ensure uniformity of color. Pitch pockets that may ooze resin can be present in timbers that have not been kiln dried. Because of the timber sizes available, stamped timber grading, and relatively short lead times, Douglas fir sees wide use in both public and residential projects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The species has ornamental value in large parks and gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been commonly used as a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> since the 1920s, and the trees are typically grown on plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-christmas_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christmas-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The buds have been used to flavor <a href="/wiki/Eau_de_vie" title="Eau de vie">eau de vie</a>, a clear, colorless fruit brandy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas-fir pine leaves can be used to make <a href="/wiki/Pine_needle_tea" title="Pine needle tea">pine needle tea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They possess a tangy citrus flavor and may serve in some recipes as a wild substitute for <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotsuga#Species_and_varieties" title="Pseudotsuga">List of Douglas-fir species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Douglas-fir_diseases" title="List of Douglas-fir diseases">List of Douglas-fir diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superlative_trees" title="List of superlative trees">List of superlative trees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFarjon,_A.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Farjon, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42429/2979531">"<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2013</b>: e.T42429A2979531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42429A2979531.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42429A2979531.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Pseudotsuga+menziesii&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=e.T42429A2979531&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42429A2979531.en&rft.au=Farjon%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F42429%2F2979531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatureServe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatureServe_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatureServe2024" class="citation web cs1">NatureServe (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.136725/Pseudotsuga_menziesii">"<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov&rft.atitle=Taxonomy+-+GRIN-Global+Web+v+1.10.5.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D310540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-calflorasp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-calflorasp_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10283">"<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii </i>"</a>. <i>Calflora</i>. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pseudotsuga+menziesii+&rft.btitle=Calflora&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=The+Calflora+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calflora.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fspecies_query.cgi%3Fwhere-calrecnum%3D10283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fna-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fna_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipscomb1993" class="citation cs1">Lipscomb, Barney (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005380">"<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wood+Database&rft.atitle=Douglas-Fir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wood-database.com%2Fdouglas-fir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarantola2012" class="citation web cs1">Tarantola, Andrew (23 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/the-navys-wooden-avengers-are-real-life-mine-sweepers-5912499">"The Navy's Wooden Avengers Are Real-Life Mine Sweepers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a></i>. <q>wooden hulls—typically oak, Douglas-fir, or Nootka Cypress—coated in glass-reinforced plastic</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=The+Navy%27s+Wooden+Avengers+Are+Real-Life+Mine+Sweepers&rft.date=2012-05-23&rft.aulast=Tarantola&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fthe-navys-wooden-avengers-are-real-life-mine-sweepers-5912499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109213719/http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=6316">"<i>Pseudotsuga menziesii </i>"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=6316">the original</a> on 2013-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pseudotsuga+menziesii+&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.rhs.org.uk%2Fplantselector%2Fplant%3Fplantid%3D6316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christmas-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-christmas_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803003955/https://www.realchristmastrees.org/dnn/Education/Tree-Varieties/DouglasFir">"Douglas-Fir"</a>. <i>National Christmas Tree Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realchristmastrees.org/dnn/Education/Tree-Varieties/DouglasFir">the original</a> on 2020-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Christmas+Tree+Association&rft.atitle=Douglas-Fir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realchristmastrees.org%2Fdnn%2FEducation%2FTree-Varieties%2FDouglasFir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Asimov" title="Eric Asimov">Asimov, Eric</a> (August 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/15/dining/15pour.html">"An Orchard in a Bottle, at 80 Proof"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Orchard+in+a+Bottle%2C+at+80+Proof&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F08%2F15%2Fdining%2F15pour.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.growforagecookferment.com/foraging-for-pine-needles/">"Foraging for Pine Needles (and other conifer needles)"</a>. <i>Grow Forage Cook Ferment</i>. December 23, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grow+Forage+Cook+Ferment&rft.atitle=Foraging+for+Pine+Needles+%28and+other+conifer+needles%29&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.growforagecookferment.com%2Fforaging-for-pine-needles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2020" class="citation news cs1">Boyd, Sabra (November 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127151759if_/https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2020/11/27/fettuccine-alfredo-douglas-fir-recipe/">"As a homeless teen, I foraged for wild food to survive. The lessons still shape my cooking"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/food/2020/11/27/fettuccine-alfredo-douglas-fir-recipe/">the original</a> on November 27, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=As+a+homeless+teen%2C+I+foraged+for+wild+food+to+survive.+The+lessons+still+shape+my+cooking.&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Sabra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ffood%2F2020%2F11%2F27%2Ffettuccine-alfredo-douglas-fir-recipe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brock, Emily K. (2015). <i>Money Trees: The Douglas-Fi.r and American Forestry, 1900–1944</i> Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Smeaton_Chase" title="J. Smeaton Chase">Chase, J. Smeaton</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conebearingtrees00chas/page/36/mode/2up">"<i>Pseudotsuga taxifolia</i>, Also called <i>P. douglasii</i> or <i>P. mucronata</i>, (Douglas-spruce, Douglas-pine, Hemlock, Red-fir)"</a>. <i>Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains</i>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Eytel" title="Carl Eytel">Eytel, Carl</a> (illustrations). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/A.C._McClurg_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. McClurg & Co.">A.C. McClurg & Co.</a> p. 36. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/11004975">11004975</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3477527">3477527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pseudotsuga+taxifolia%2C+Also+called+P.+douglasii+or+P.+mucronata%2C+%28Douglas-spruce%2C+Douglas-pine%2C+Hemlock%2C+Red-fir%29&rft.btitle=Cone-bearing+Trees+of+the+California+Mountains&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=A.C.+McClurg+%26+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3477527&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F11004975&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=J.+Smeaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconebearingtrees00chas%2Fpage%2F36%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUchytil1991" class="citation cs1">Uchytil, Ronald J. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/psemenm/all.html">"Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii"</a>. <i>Fire Effects Information System (FEIS)</i>. US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fire+Effects+Information+System+%28FEIS%29&rft.atitle=Pseudotsuga+menziesii+var.+menziesii&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Uchytil&rft.aufirst=Ronald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.usda.gov%2Fdatabase%2Ffeis%2Fplants%2Ftree%2Fpsemenm%2Fall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADouglas+fir" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_fir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156687" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q156687">Q156687</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pseudotsuga_menziesii" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Pseudotsuga menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/173780">173780</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/pseudotsuga-menziesii/">pseudotsuga-menziesii</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id2388">2388</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=10283">10283</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6WHCL">6WHCL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1061712">1061712</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PSTME">PSTME</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/150562">150562</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005380">200005380</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005380">200005380</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2685796">2685796</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=30191">30191</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/48256">48256</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=2735">2735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/211600-2">211600-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10591308">10591308</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183424">183424</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/42429">42429</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=2845">2845</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=285009">285009</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.136725/">2.136725</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000462103">NHMSYS0000462103</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3357">3357</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/26cce971-1339-4543-b9f9-29da79dcf0c0">26cce971-1339-4543-b9f9-29da79dcf0c0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2860">2860</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/7274/">7274</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1075713">1075713</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pseudotsuga+menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=8586">8586</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PPE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/gymnosperma/coniferales/pinaceae/pseudotsuga/pseudotsuga-menziesii/">pseudotsuga-menziesii</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2556763">kew-2556763</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PSME">PSME</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A677141-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:677141-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/14090/wd/Details">14090</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/24900226">24900226</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/7200">7200</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1056bf4a-f977-4c67-ae24-ec0d7ed1ac12">1056bf4a-f977-4c67-ae24-ec0d7ed1ac12</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000478194">wfo-0000478194</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Abies menziesii</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17359120" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q17359120">Q17359120</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/205622">205622</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63YVL">63YVL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2685817">2685817</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=685">685</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/1104654-2">1104654-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11184950">11184950</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183425">183425</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/5c6dab27-96c0-40f9-b957-840d582da5f6">5c6dab27-96c0-40f9-b957-840d582da5f6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A1104654-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1104654-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/24900284">24900284</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/22128">22128</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4012845-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Douglas fir"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85039200">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pin d'Orégon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12653363z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pin d'Orégon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12653363z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="douglaska tisolistá"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph274749&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560196905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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