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Articles | The Roman Empire
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class="site-content" id="content"> <div class="content-area" id="primary"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-13309" class="post-13309 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-society" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/society/what-did-the-romans-think-the-future-would-be-like"> <img width="300" height="188" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20188'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="What Did the Romans Think the Future Would Be Like?" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth-300x188.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth-768x480.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth-150x94.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth.jpg 1024w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="What Did the Romans Think the Future Would Be Like? 1" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth-300x188.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="188" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth-300x188.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="What Did the Romans Think the Future Would Be Like?" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth-300x188.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth-768x480.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth-150x94.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Technological-Changes-and-Moral-Growth.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="What Did the Romans Think the Future Would Be Like? 1"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/society/what-did-the-romans-think-the-future-would-be-like" rel="bookmark">What Did the Romans Think the Future Would Be Like?</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>Imagining the future has always played a big role in how people think about our world. Ancient thinkers like the philosopher Seneca had their own ideas about what might happen. … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="What Did the Romans Think the Future Would Be Like?" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/society/what-did-the-romans-think-the-future-would-be-like#more-13309" aria-label="More on What Did the Romans Think the Future Would Be Like?">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13298" class="post-13298 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-emperors" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/the-life-expectancy-of-a-roman-emperor"> <img width="300" height="158" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20158'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="The Life Expectancy of a Roman Emperor" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-300x158.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-768x403.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-150x79.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors.jpg 1200w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="The Life Expectancy of a Roman Emperor 2" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-300x158.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="158" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-300x158.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="The Life Expectancy of a Roman Emperor" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-300x158.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-768x403.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors-150x79.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Deaths-of-Roman-Emperors.jpg 1200w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="The Life Expectancy of a Roman Emperor 2"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/the-life-expectancy-of-a-roman-emperor" rel="bookmark">The Life Expectancy of a Roman Emperor</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>In the world of Roman emperors, life was full of both monumental power and grave dangers. Augustus, the first emperor, spent his last days quietly before passing away as he … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="The Life Expectancy of a Roman Emperor" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/the-life-expectancy-of-a-roman-emperor#more-13298" aria-label="More on The Life Expectancy of a Roman Emperor">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13288" class="post-13288 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-society" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/society/finding-love-in-ancient-rome"> <img width="300" height="173" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20173'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Finding Love in Ancient Rome" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1-300x173.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1-768x442.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1-150x86.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1.jpg 1024w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Finding Love in Ancient Rome 3" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1-300x173.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="173" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1-300x173.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Finding Love in Ancient Rome" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1-300x173.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1-768x442.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1-150x86.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Albertson_Conversation_Top-1024x589-1.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Finding Love in Ancient Rome 3"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/society/finding-love-in-ancient-rome" rel="bookmark">Finding Love in Ancient Rome</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>People in Ancient Rome often find themselves swept up in the whirlwind of romance. This occasion, filled with chocolates and flowers, has roots in ancient traditions tied to the idea … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="Finding Love in Ancient Rome" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/society/finding-love-in-ancient-rome#more-13288" aria-label="More on Finding Love in Ancient Rome">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13271" class="post-13271 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-emperors" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/how-good-were-romes-five-good-emperors"> <img width="300" height="137" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20137'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="How "Good" Were Rome's Five Good Emperors?" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors-300x137.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors-768x351.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors-150x69.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors.jpg 800w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="How "Good" Were Rome's Five Good Emperors? 4" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors-300x137.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="137" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors-300x137.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="How "Good" Were Rome's Five Good Emperors?" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors-300x137.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors-768x351.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors-150x69.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Who-are-the-five-good-Roman-emperors.jpg 800w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="How "Good" Were Rome's Five Good Emperors? 4"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/how-good-were-romes-five-good-emperors" rel="bookmark">How “Good” Were Rome’s Five Good Emperors?</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>Between 98 and 180 A.D., the Roman Empire reached its pinnacle under the leadership of five renowned emperors: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. These leaders, often called … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="How “Good” Were Rome’s Five Good Emperors?" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/how-good-were-romes-five-good-emperors#more-13271" aria-label="More on How “Good” Were Rome’s Five Good Emperors?">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-12634" class="post-12634 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-rise-and-fall" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/rise-and-fall/caesar-in-gaul"> <img width="300" height="280" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20280'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Caesar in Gaul" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC-300x280.png 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC-768x716.png 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC-150x140.png 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC.png 825w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Caesar in Gaul 5" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC-300x280.png"><noscript><img width="300" height="280" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC-300x280.png" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Caesar in Gaul" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC-300x280.png 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC-768x716.png 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC-150x140.png 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Gaul_1st_century_BC.png 825w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Caesar in Gaul 5"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/rise-and-fall/caesar-in-gaul" rel="bookmark">Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Caesar in Gaul</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>Gaul Gaul is an ancient geographical area that stretched from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Rhine River in the east, while it was bordered in the north … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Caesar in Gaul" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/rise-and-fall/caesar-in-gaul#more-12634" aria-label="More on Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Caesar in Gaul">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-12602" class="post-12602 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-rise-and-fall" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/rise-and-fall/triumvirate"> <img width="300" height="131" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20131'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Civil War Era - Triumvirate" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Triumvirate-300x131.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Triumvirate-150x66.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Triumvirate.jpg 719w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Civil War Era - Triumvirate 6" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Triumvirate-300x131.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="131" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Triumvirate-300x131.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Civil War Era - Triumvirate" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Triumvirate-300x131.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Triumvirate-150x66.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Triumvirate.jpg 719w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Civil War Era - Triumvirate 6"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/rise-and-fall/triumvirate" rel="bookmark">Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Civil War Era – Triumvirate</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>Triumvirate – Reasons For the Alliance Gnaeus Pompey returned from the East as a victor over Mithridates and at that time was the most influential person in Rome. However, as … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Civil War Era – Triumvirate" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/rise-and-fall/triumvirate#more-12602" aria-label="More on Rise and Fall of the Roman Republic – Civil War Era – Triumvirate">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13248" class="post-13248 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-discoveries" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/discoveries/what-if-everything-went-perfect-for-rome"> <img width="300" height="159" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20159'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="What If Everything Went PERFECT For Rome?" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-300x159.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-1024x542.jpg 1024w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-768x406.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-1536x813.jpg 1536w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-150x79.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1.jpg 1920w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="What If Everything Went PERFECT For Rome? 7" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-300x159.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="159" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-300x159.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="What If Everything Went PERFECT For Rome?" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-300x159.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-1024x542.jpg 1024w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-768x406.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-1536x813.jpg 1536w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1-150x79.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/what-if-rome-conquered-all-of-its-immediate-neighbors-the-v0-f35hgs3lco9b1.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="What If Everything Went PERFECT For Rome? 7"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/discoveries/what-if-everything-went-perfect-for-rome" rel="bookmark">What If Everything Went PERFECT For Rome?</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>Imagining an alternate Roman timeline is an intriguing exercise. In this hypothetical scenario, we explore how a perfect series of events could have influenced Rome’s growth and longevity. The goal … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="What If Everything Went PERFECT For Rome?" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/discoveries/what-if-everything-went-perfect-for-rome#more-13248" aria-label="More on What If Everything Went PERFECT For Rome?">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13236" class="post-13236 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/architecture/how-the-roman-army-built-bridges-and-forts"> <img width="300" height="168" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20168'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="How the Roman Army built Bridges and Forts" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-300x168.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-1024x574.jpg 1024w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-768x430.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-1536x861.jpg 1536w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-150x84.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts.jpg 2000w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="How the Roman Army built Bridges and Forts 8" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-300x168.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="168" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-300x168.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="How the Roman Army built Bridges and Forts" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-300x168.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-1024x574.jpg 1024w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-768x430.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-1536x861.jpg 1536w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts-150x84.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/How-the-Roman-Army-built-Bridges-and-Forts.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="How the Roman Army built Bridges and Forts 8"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/architecture/how-the-roman-army-built-bridges-and-forts" rel="bookmark">How the Roman Army built Bridges and Forts</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>Throughout history, Roman military engineers have been noted for their exceptional expertise and unique role within the Roman army. Unlike typical soldiers, these professionals were relieved of regular duties to … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="How the Roman Army built Bridges and Forts" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/architecture/how-the-roman-army-built-bridges-and-forts#more-13236" aria-label="More on How the Roman Army built Bridges and Forts">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13227" class="post-13227 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-architecture category-discoveries" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/architecture/unsolved-mysteries-about-the-colosseum"> <img width="300" height="169" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20169'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Unsolved Mysteries about the Colosseum" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/antik-romanin-simgesi-kolezyumda-gobeklitepe-sergisi-2qRHlGiv-300x169.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/antik-romanin-simgesi-kolezyumda-gobeklitepe-sergisi-2qRHlGiv-150x84.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/antik-romanin-simgesi-kolezyumda-gobeklitepe-sergisi-2qRHlGiv.jpg 678w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Unsolved Mysteries about the Colosseum 9" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/antik-romanin-simgesi-kolezyumda-gobeklitepe-sergisi-2qRHlGiv-300x169.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="169" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/antik-romanin-simgesi-kolezyumda-gobeklitepe-sergisi-2qRHlGiv-300x169.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Unsolved Mysteries about the Colosseum" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/antik-romanin-simgesi-kolezyumda-gobeklitepe-sergisi-2qRHlGiv-300x169.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/antik-romanin-simgesi-kolezyumda-gobeklitepe-sergisi-2qRHlGiv-150x84.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/antik-romanin-simgesi-kolezyumda-gobeklitepe-sergisi-2qRHlGiv.jpg 678w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Unsolved Mysteries about the Colosseum 9"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/architecture/unsolved-mysteries-about-the-colosseum" rel="bookmark">Unsolved Mysteries about the Colosseum</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>The Colosseum, one of the most iconic landmarks of ancient Rome, has captivated the world for centuries. 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Yet, the real draw remains the joy of exploring shelves, a pleasure that dates … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="Why the Romans Stopped Reading Books" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/discoveries/why-the-romans-stopped-reading-books#more-13209" aria-label="More on Why the Romans Stopped Reading Books">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13198" class="post-13198 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-discoveries" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/discoveries/why-the-roman-empire-lasted-1500-years"> <img width="300" height="252" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20252'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Why the Roman Empire Lasted 1,500 Years" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years-300x252.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years-768x646.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years-150x126.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years.jpg 909w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Why the Roman Empire Lasted 1,500 Years 12" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years-300x252.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="252" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years-300x252.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Why the Roman Empire Lasted 1,500 Years" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years-300x252.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years-768x646.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years-150x126.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Why-the-Roman-Empire-Lasted-1500-Years.jpg 909w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Why the Roman Empire Lasted 1,500 Years 12"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/discoveries/why-the-roman-empire-lasted-1500-years" rel="bookmark">Why the Roman Empire Lasted 1,500 Years</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>The Roman Empire, with its legendary duration and influence, is a fascinating subject. It began in 753 BC and spanned centuries, maintaining control over significant territories in the Mediterranean world … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="Why the Roman Empire Lasted 1,500 Years" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/discoveries/why-the-roman-empire-lasted-1500-years#more-13198" aria-label="More on Why the Roman Empire Lasted 1,500 Years">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13189" class="post-13189 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-emperors" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/aurelian-emperor-who-restored-the-world"> <img width="300" height="200" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20200'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Aurelian: Emperor Who Restored the World" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia-300x200.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia-768x512.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia-150x100.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia.jpg 900w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Aurelian: Emperor Who Restored the World 13" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia-300x200.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="200" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia-300x200.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Aurelian: Emperor Who Restored the World" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia-300x200.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia-768x512.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia-150x100.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Zenobia.jpg 900w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="Aurelian: Emperor Who Restored the World 13"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/aurelian-emperor-who-restored-the-world" rel="bookmark">Aurelian: Emperor Who Restored the World</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>During a time of severe crisis in the Roman Empire, the third century saw military commanders stepping up to restore stability. Among these leaders, Aurelian stands out for his determination … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="Aurelian: Emperor Who Restored the World" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/emperors/aurelian-emperor-who-restored-the-world#more-13189" aria-label="More on Aurelian: Emperor Who Restored the World">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-13178" class="post-13178 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-places" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="post-image"> <a href="https://roman-empire.net/places/what-if-roman-britain-survived"> <img width="300" height="169" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20300%20169'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="What if Roman Britain survived?" itemprop="image" decoding="async" data-lazy-srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-300x169.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-768x432.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-150x84.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived.jpg 1280w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="What if Roman Britain survived? 14" data-lazy-src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-300x169.jpg"><noscript><img width="300" height="169" src="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-300x169.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="What if Roman Britain survived?" itemprop="image" decoding="async" srcset="https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-300x169.jpg 300w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-768x432.jpg 768w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived-150x84.jpg 150w, https://roman-empire.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/What-if-Roman-Britain-survived.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" title="What if Roman Britain survived? 14"></noscript> </a> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h2 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline"><a href="https://roman-empire.net/places/what-if-roman-britain-survived" rel="bookmark">What if Roman Britain survived?</a></h2> </header> <div class="entry-summary" itemprop="text"> <p>During a time of turmoil when Rome was at the brink of falling apart, Constantine III emerged as a key figure in Britannia. Originally a soldier, he rose to power, … </p> <p class="read-more-container"><a title="What if Roman Britain survived?" class="read-more button" href="https://roman-empire.net/places/what-if-roman-britain-survived#more-13178" aria-label="More on What if Roman Britain survived?">Read More</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <nav id="nav-below" class="paging-navigation" aria-label="Archive Page"> <div class="nav-previous"> <span class="gp-icon icon-arrow"><svg viewBox="0 0 330 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M305.913 197.085c0 2.266-1.133 4.815-2.833 6.514L171.087 335.593c-1.7 1.7-4.249 2.832-6.515 2.832s-4.815-1.133-6.515-2.832L26.064 203.599c-1.7-1.7-2.832-4.248-2.832-6.514s1.132-4.816 2.832-6.515l14.162-14.163c1.7-1.699 3.966-2.832 6.515-2.832 2.266 0 4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l111.316 111.317 111.316-111.317c1.7-1.699 4.249-2.832 6.515-2.832s4.815 1.133 6.515 2.832l14.162 14.163c1.7 1.7 2.833 4.249 2.833 6.515z" /></svg></span> 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