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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Based_in_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Based_in_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Based in New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Based_in_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pithecanthropus_Erectus_and_other_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pithecanthropus_Erectus_and_other_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span><i>Pithecanthropus Erectus</i> and other recordings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pithecanthropus_Erectus_and_other_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mingus_Ah_Um_and_other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mingus_Ah_Um_and_other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span><i>Mingus Ah Um</i> and other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mingus_Ah_Um_and_other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady_and_other_Impulse!_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady_and_other_Impulse!_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span><i>The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady</i> and other Impulse! albums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady_and_other_Impulse!_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span><i>Changes</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Later career and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Musical style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality_and_temper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality_and_temper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personality and temper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality_and_temper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mingus_Big_Band" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mingus_Big_Band"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Mingus Big Band</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mingus_Big_Band-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epitaph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epitaph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Epitaph</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epitaph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autobiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autobiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Autobiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autobiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Scholarly influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cover_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cover_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cover versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cover_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Mingus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="شارليس مينغوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شارليس مينغوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B3" title="چارلز مینقس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز مینقس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Чарлз Мингъс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Мингъс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="چارلز مینگس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز مینگس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B0%8D%EA%B1%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="찰스 밍거스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 밍거스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1" title="צ'ארלס מינגוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס מינגוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3" title="شارليس مينجوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شارليس مينجوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9" title="チャールズ・ミンガス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・ミンガス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Мингус, Чарльз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мингус, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81" title="Чарлс Мингус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Мингус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ชาลส์ มิงกัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาลส์ มิงกัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Mingus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American jazz musician (1922–1979)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="">Charles Mingus</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mingus in 1976"><img alt="Mingus in 1976" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/220px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/330px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/440px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mingus in 1976</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Birth name</span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Charles Mingus Jr.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Also known as</span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Charlie Mingus</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-04-22</span>)</span>April 22, 1922<br /><a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 5, 1979<span style="display:none">(1979-01-05)</span> (aged 56)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">hard bop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">avant-garde jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">post-bop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">third stream</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_jazz" title="Orchestral jazz">orchestral jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Musician</li><li>composer</li><li>bandleader</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instruments</th><td class="infobox-data note"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Double bass</li><li>piano</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1979</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Candid_Records" title="Candid Records">Candid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Debut_Records" title="Debut Records">Debut</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records" title="Impulse! Records">Impulse!</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Records" title="Mercury Records">Mercury</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Artists_Records" title="United Artists Records">United Artists</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlesmingus.com/">www<wbr />.charlesmingus<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> <p><b>Charles Mingus Jr.</b> (April 22, 1922 – January 5, 1979) was an American <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> <a href="/wiki/Bassist" title="Bassist">upright bassist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandleader" title="Bandleader">bandleader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>. A major proponent of collective <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvisation</a>, he is considered one of the greatest jazz musicians and composers in history,<sup id="cite_ref-Underdog_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underdog-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a career spanning three decades and collaborations with other jazz greats such as <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Roach" title="Max Roach">Max Roach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a>. Mingus's work ranged from advanced <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">avant-garde jazz</a> with small and midsize <a href="/wiki/Jazz_ensemble" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz ensemble">ensembles</a> to pioneering the <a href="/wiki/Post-bop" title="Post-bop">post-bop</a> style on seminal recordings like <i><a href="/wiki/Pithecanthropus_Erectus_(album)" title="Pithecanthropus Erectus (album)">Pithecanthropus Erectus</a></i> (1956) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Ah_Um" title="Mingus Ah Um">Mingus Ah Um</a></i> (1959) and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_big_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive big band">progressive big band</a> experiments such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady" title="The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady">The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady</a></i> (1963). </p><p>Mingus's compositions continue to be played by contemporary musicians ranging from the repertory bands <a href="/wiki/Mingus_Big_Band" title="Mingus Big Band">Mingus Big Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mingus_Dynasty_(band)" title="Mingus Dynasty (band)">Mingus Dynasty</a>, and Mingus Orchestra to high school students who play the charts and compete in the Charles Mingus High School Competition.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> acquired Mingus's collected papers—including scores, sound recordings, correspondence and photos—in what it called "the most important acquisition of a manuscript collection relating to jazz in the Library's history".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Mingus was born in <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a>. His father, Charles Mingus Sr., was a sergeant in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mingus Jr. was largely raised in the <a href="/wiki/Watts,_Los_Angeles" title="Watts, Los Angeles">Watts</a> area of Los Angeles. </p><p>Mingus's ethnic background was complex. His ancestry included German American, African American, and Native American heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro,_2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro,_2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horton_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His maternal grandfather was a Chinese British subject from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, and his maternal grandmother was an African American from the southern United States. Mingus was the great-great-great-grandson of his family's founding patriarch who, by most accounts, was a German immigrant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Mingus's autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/Beneath_the_Underdog" title="Beneath the Underdog">Beneath the Underdog</a></i>, his mother was described as "the daughter of an English/Chinese man and a South-American woman", and his father was the son "of a black farm worker and a Swedish woman". Charles Mingus Sr. claims to have been raised by his mother and her husband as a white person until he was fourteen, when his mother revealed to her family that the child's true father was a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">black slave</a>, after which he had to run away from his family and live on his own. The autobiography does not confirm whether Charles Mingus Sr. or Mingus himself believed this story was true, or whether it was merely an embellished version of the Mingus family's lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1991_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to new information used to educate visitors to Mingus Mill in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains_National_Park" title="Great Smoky Mountains National Park">Great Smoky Mountains National Park</a>, included in signs unveiled May 23, 2023, the father of Mingus Sr. was former slave Daniel Mingus, owned by the family of his mother Clarinda Mingus, a white woman. When Clarinda married a white man, Mingus Sr. was left with his white grandfather and great-grandparents. His father, who later changed his name to West, apparently did not have a relationship with Mingus Sr.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His mother allowed only church-related music in their home, but Mingus developed an early love for other music, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>. He studied trombone, and later cello, although he was unable to follow the cello professionally because, at the time, it was nearly impossible for a black musician to make a career of classical music, and the cello was not accepted as a jazz instrument. Despite this, Mingus was still attached to the cello; as he studied bass with <a href="/wiki/Red_Callender" title="Red Callender">Red Callender</a> in the late 1930s, Callender even commented that the cello was still Mingus's main instrument. In <i>Beneath the Underdog</i>, Mingus states that he did not actually start learning bass until <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Collette" title="Buddy Collette">Buddy Collette</a> accepted him into his swing band under the stipulation that he be the band's bass player.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1991_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to a poor education, the young Mingus could not read musical notation quickly enough to join the local youth orchestra. This had a serious impact on his early musical experiences, leaving him feeling ostracized from the classical music world. These early experiences, in addition to his lifelong confrontations with racism, were reflected in his music, which often focused on themes of racism, discrimination and (in)justice.<sup id="cite_ref-Horton_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the cello technique he learned was applicable to <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> when he took up the instrument in high school. He studied for five years with Herman Reinshagen, principal bassist of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>, and compositional techniques with Lloyd Reese.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout much of his career, he played a bass made in 1927 by the German maker <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Roth" title="Ernst Heinrich Roth">Ernst Heinrich Roth</a>. </p><p>Mingus was already writing relatively advanced musical pieces in his teenage years; many are similar to <a href="/wiki/Third_Stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Stream">Third Stream</a> in that they incorporate elements of classical music. A number of pieces were recorded in 1960 with conductor <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a>, and released as <i><a href="/wiki/Pre-Bird" title="Pre-Bird">Pre-Bird</a></i>, referring to <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie "Bird" Parker</a>; Mingus was one of many musicians whose perspectives on music were altered by Parker into "pre- and post-Bird" eras.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mingus gained a reputation as a bass prodigy. His first major professional job was playing with former Ellington clarinetist <a href="/wiki/Barney_Bigard" title="Barney Bigard">Barney Bigard</a>. He toured with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> in 1943, and by early 1945 was recording in Los Angeles in a band led by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacquet" title="Russell Jacquet">Russell Jacquet</a>, which also included <a href="/wiki/Teddy_Edwards" title="Teddy Edwards">Teddy Edwards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_James_Simon" title="Maurice James Simon">Maurice James Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Davis" title="Wild Bill Davis">Wild Bill Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chico_Hamilton" title="Chico Hamilton">Chico Hamilton</a>, and in May that year, in Hollywood, again with Edwards, in a band led by <a href="/wiki/Howard_McGhee" title="Howard McGhee">Howard McGhee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He then played with <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a>'s band in the late 1940s; Hampton performed and recorded several Mingus pieces. A popular trio of Mingus, <a href="/wiki/Red_Norvo" title="Red Norvo">Red Norvo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tal_Farlow" title="Tal Farlow">Tal Farlow</a> in 1950 and 1951 received considerable acclaim, but Mingus's race caused problems with some club owners and he left the group. Mingus was briefly a member of Ellington's band in 1953, as a substitute for bassist <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Marshall" title="Wendell Marshall">Wendell Marshall</a>; however, Mingus's notorious temper led to his being one of the few musicians personally fired by Ellington (<a href="/wiki/Bubber_Miley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubber Miley">Bubber Miley</a> and drummer <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Durham_(jazz_musician)" title="Bobby Durham (jazz musician)">Bobby Durham</a> are among the others) after a backstage fight between Mingus and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Tizol" title="Juan Tizol">Juan Tizol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHentoff197834–35_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHentoff197834–35-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in the early 1950s, before attaining commercial recognition as a bandleader, Mingus played gigs with <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, whose compositions and improvisations greatly inspired and influenced him. Mingus considered Parker the greatest genius and innovator in jazz history, but he had a love-hate relationship with Parker's legacy. Mingus blamed the Parker mythology for a derivative crop of pretenders to Parker's throne. He was also conflicted and sometimes disgusted by Parker's self-destructive habits and the romanticized lure of drug addiction they offered to other jazz musicians. In response to the many sax players who imitated Parker, Mingus titled a song "If Charlie Parker Were a Gunslinger, There'd Be a Whole Lot of Dead Copycats" (released on <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Dynasty" title="Mingus Dynasty">Mingus Dynasty</a></i> as "Gunslinging Bird").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mingus married four times. His wives were Jeanne Gross, Lucille (Celia) Germanis, Judy Starkey, and <a href="/wiki/Sue_Mingus" title="Sue Mingus">Susan Graham Ungaro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro,_2000_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro,_2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Based_in_New_York">Based in New York</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Based in New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1952, Mingus co-founded <a href="/wiki/Debut_Records" title="Debut Records">Debut Records</a> with <a href="/wiki/Max_Roach" title="Max Roach">Max Roach</a> so he could conduct his recording career as he saw fit. The name originated from his desire to document unrecorded young musicians. Despite this, the best-known recording the company issued was of the most prominent figures in bebop. On May 15, 1953, Mingus joined <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, Parker, <a href="/wiki/Bud_Powell" title="Bud Powell">Bud Powell</a>, and Roach for a concert at <a href="/wiki/Massey_Hall" title="Massey Hall">Massey Hall</a> in Toronto, which is the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_Massey_Hall" title="Jazz at Massey Hall">last recorded documentation</a> of Gillespie and Parker playing together. After the event, Mingus chose to overdub his barely audible bass part back in New York; the original version was issued later. The two 10" albums of the Massey Hall concert (one featured the trio of Powell, Mingus and Roach) were among Debut Records' earliest releases. Mingus may have objected to the way the major record companies treated musicians, but Gillespie once commented that he did not receive any royalties "for years and years" for his Massey Hall appearance. The records, however, are often regarded as among the finest live jazz recordings. </p><p>One story has it that Mingus was involved in a notorious incident while playing a 1955 club date billed as a "reunion" with Parker, Powell, and Roach. Powell, who suffered from alcoholism and mental illness (possibly exacerbated by a severe police beating and electroshock treatments), had to be helped from the stage, unable to play or speak coherently. As Powell's incapacitation became apparent, Parker stood in one spot at a microphone, chanting "Bud Powell ... Bud Powell ..." as if beseeching Powell's return. Allegedly, Parker continued this incantation for several minutes after Powell's departure, to his own amusement and Mingus's exasperation. Mingus took another microphone and announced to the crowd, "Ladies and Gentlemen, please don't associate me with any of this. This is not jazz. These are sick people."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was Parker's last public performance; about a week later he died after years of substance abuse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Mingus often worked with a mid-sized ensemble (around 8–10 members) of rotating musicians known as the Jazz Workshop. Mingus broke new ground, constantly demanding that his musicians be able to explore and develop their perceptions on the spot.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Those who joined the Workshop (or Sweatshops as they were colorfully dubbed by the musicians) included <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Adams" title="Pepper Adams">Pepper Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaki_Byard" title="Jaki Byard">Jaki Byard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Booker_Ervin" title="Booker Ervin">Booker Ervin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Handy" title="John Handy">John Handy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Knepper" title="Jimmy Knepper">Jimmy Knepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_McPherson_(musician)" title="Charles McPherson (musician)">Charles McPherson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Parlan" title="Horace Parlan">Horace Parlan</a>. Mingus shaped these musicians into a cohesive improvisational machine that in many ways anticipated <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a>. Some musicians dubbed the workshop a "university" for jazz.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pithecanthropus_Erectus_and_other_recordings"><i>Pithecanthropus Erectus</i> and other recordings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pithecanthropus Erectus and other recordings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1950s are generally regarded as Mingus's most productive and fertile period. Over a ten-year period, he made 30 records for a number of labels (<a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candid_Records" title="Candid Records">Candid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impulse!_Records" title="Impulse! Records">Impulse</a> and others). Mingus had already recorded around ten albums as a bandleader, but 1956 was a breakthrough year for him, with the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Pithecanthropus_Erectus_(album)" title="Pithecanthropus Erectus (album)">Pithecanthropus Erectus</a></i>, arguably his first major work as both a bandleader and composer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Like Ellington, Mingus wrote songs with specific musicians in mind, and his band for <i>Erectus</i> included adventurous musicians: piano player <a href="/wiki/Mal_Waldron" title="Mal Waldron">Mal Waldron</a>, alto saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Jackie_McLean" title="Jackie McLean">Jackie McLean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a>-influenced tenor of <a href="/wiki/J._R._Monterose" title="J. R. Monterose">J. R. Monterose</a>. The title song is a ten-minute <a href="/wiki/Tone_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone poem">tone poem</a>, depicting the rise of man from his <a href="/wiki/Hominidae" title="Hominidae">hominid</a> roots (<i><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Pithecanthropus erectus</a></i>) to an eventual downfall. A section of the piece was <a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">free improvisation</a>, free of structure or theme. </p><p>Another album from this period, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Clown_(album)" title="The Clown (album)">The Clown</a></i> (1957, also on <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a>), the title track of which features narration by humorist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Shepherd" title="Jean Shepherd">Jean Shepherd</a>, was the first to feature drummer <a href="/wiki/Dannie_Richmond" title="Dannie Richmond">Dannie Richmond</a>, who remained his preferred drummer until Mingus's death in 1979. The two men formed one of the most impressive and versatile <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm sections</a> in jazz. Both were accomplished performers seeking to stretch the boundaries of their music while staying true to its roots. When joined by pianist <a href="/wiki/Jaki_Byard" title="Jaki Byard">Jaki Byard</a>, they were dubbed "The Almighty Three".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mingus_Ah_Um_and_other_works"><i>Mingus Ah Um</i> and other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mingus Ah Um and other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1959, Mingus and his jazz workshop musicians recorded one of his best-known albums, <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Ah_Um" title="Mingus Ah Um">Mingus Ah Um</a></i>. Even in a year of standout masterpieces, including <a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Out_(album)" title="Time Out (album)">Time Out</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kind_of_Blue" title="Kind of Blue">Kind of Blue</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Giant_Steps" title="Giant Steps">Giant Steps</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shape_of_Jazz_to_Come" title="The Shape of Jazz to Come">The Shape of Jazz to Come</a></i>, this was a major achievement, featuring such classic Mingus compositions as "<a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Pork_Pie_Hat" title="Goodbye Pork Pie Hat">Goodbye Pork Pie Hat</a>" (an elegy to <a href="/wiki/Lester_Young" title="Lester Young">Lester Young</a>) and the vocal-less version of "Fables of Faubus" (a protest against segregationist Arkansas governor <a href="/wiki/Orval_Faubus" title="Orval Faubus">Orval Faubus</a> that features double-time sections). In 2003 the album's legacy was cemented when it was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a>. Also during 1959, Mingus recorded the album <i><a href="/wiki/Blues_%26_Roots" title="Blues & Roots">Blues & Roots</a></i>, which was released the following year. Mingus said in his liner notes: "I was born swinging and clapped my hands in church as a little boy, but I've grown up and I like to do things other than just swing. But blues can do more than just swing." </p><p>Mingus witnessed <a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a>'s legendary—and controversial—1960 appearances at New York City's <a href="/wiki/Five_Spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Spot">Five Spot</a> jazz club. He initially expressed rather mixed feelings for Coleman's innovative music: "... if the free-form guys could play the same tune twice, then I would say they were playing something ... Most of the time they use their fingers on the saxophone and they don't even know what's going to come out. They're experimenting." That same year, however, Mingus formed a quartet with Richmond, trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Ted_Curson" title="Ted Curson">Ted Curson</a> and multi-instrumentalist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a>. This ensemble featured the same instruments as Coleman's quartet, and is often regarded as Mingus rising to the challenging new standard established by Coleman. The quartet recorded on both <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_Presents_Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_(Charles_Mingus_album)" title="Mingus (Charles Mingus album)">Mingus</a></i>. The former also features the version of "<a href="/wiki/Fables_of_Faubus" title="Fables of Faubus">Fables of Faubus</a>" with lyrics, aptly titled "Original Faubus Fables". </p><p>In 1961, Mingus spent time staying at the house of his mother's sister (Louise) and her husband, <a href="/wiki/Fess_Williams" title="Fess Williams">Fess Williams</a>, a clarinetist and saxophonist, in Jamaica, Queens.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Mingus invited Williams to play at the 1962 <a href="/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)" title="The Town Hall (New York City)">Town Hall</a> Concert.<sup id="cite_ref-TrainWreck_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrainWreck-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only one misstep occurred in this era: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Town_Hall_Concert" title="The Complete Town Hall Concert">The Town Hall Concert</a></i> in October 1962, a "live workshop"/recording session. With an ambitious program, the event was plagued with troubles from its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-TrainWreck_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrainWreck-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mingus's vision, now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_(Charles_Mingus_composition)" title="Epitaph (Charles Mingus composition)">Epitaph</a></i>, was finally realized by conductor <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a> in a concert in 1989, a decade after Mingus died. </p><p>Outside of music, Mingus published a mail-order how-to guide in 1954 called <i>The Charles Mingus CAT-alog for Toilet Training Your Cat</i>. The guide explained in detail how to get a cat to use a human toilet.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixty years later, in 2014, the late American character actor <a href="/wiki/Reg_E._Cathey" title="Reg E. Cathey">Reg E. Cathey</a> performed a voice recording of the complete guide for <i><a href="/wiki/Studio_360" title="Studio 360">Studio 360</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady_and_other_Impulse!_albums"><span id="The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady_and_other_Impulse.21_albums"></span><i>The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady</i> and other Impulse! albums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady and other Impulse! albums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1963, Mingus released <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady" title="The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady">The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady</a></i>, described as "one of the greatest achievements in orchestration by any composer in jazz history."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The album was also unique in that Mingus asked his psychotherapist, Dr. Edmund Pollock, to provide notes for the record. </p><p>Mingus also released <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Plays_Piano" title="Mingus Plays Piano">Mingus Plays Piano</a></i>, an unaccompanied album featuring some fully improvised pieces, in 1963. </p><p>In addition, 1963 saw the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Mingus_Mingus_Mingus_Mingus" title="Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus">Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus</a></i>, an album praised by critic <a href="/wiki/Nat_Hentoff" title="Nat Hentoff">Nat Hentoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad_for_Mingus_film,_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ad_for_Mingus_film%2C_1968.jpg/170px-Ad_for_Mingus_film%2C_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ad_for_Mingus_film%2C_1968.jpg/255px-Ad_for_Mingus_film%2C_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ad_for_Mingus_film%2C_1968.jpg/340px-Ad_for_Mingus_film%2C_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1258" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>Ad for Thomas Reichman's 1968 Mingus documentary.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1964, Mingus put together one of his best-known groups, a sextet including <a href="/wiki/Dannie_Richmond" title="Dannie Richmond">Dannie Richmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaki_Byard" title="Jaki Byard">Jaki Byard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a>, trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Coles" title="Johnny Coles">Johnny Coles</a>, and tenor saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Jordan" title="Clifford Jordan">Clifford Jordan</a>. The group was recorded frequently during its short existence. Mosaic Records has released a 7-CD set, <i>Charles Mingus – The Jazz Workshop Concerts 1964–65</i>, featuring concerts from Town Hall, Amsterdam, Monterey ’64, Monterey ’65, & Minneapolis).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coles fell ill and left during a European tour. Dolphy stayed in Europe after the tour ended, and died suddenly in Berlin on June 28, 1964. 1964 was also the year that Mingus met his future wife, <a href="/wiki/Sue_Mingus" title="Sue Mingus">Sue Graham Ungaro</a>. The couple were married in 1966 by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Facing financial hardship, Mingus was evicted from his New York home in 1966. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes"><i>Changes</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mingus's pace slowed somewhat in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In 1974, after his 1970 sextet with Charles McPherson, Eddie Preston and Bobby Jones disbanded, he formed a quintet with Richmond, pianist <a href="/wiki/Don_Pullen" title="Don Pullen">Don Pullen</a>, trumpeter <a href="/wiki/Jack_Walrath" title="Jack Walrath">Jack Walrath</a> and saxophonist <a href="/wiki/George_Adams_(musician)" title="George Adams (musician)">George Adams</a>. They recorded two well-received albums, <i><a href="/wiki/Changes_One_(Mingus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Changes One (Mingus)">Changes One</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Changes_Two" title="Changes Two">Changes Two</a></i>. Mingus also played with <a href="/wiki/Charles_McPherson_(musician)" title="Charles McPherson (musician)">Charles McPherson</a> in many of his groups during this time. <i>Cumbia and Jazz Fusion</i> in 1976 sought to blend Colombian music (the "<a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">Cumbia</a>" of the title) with more traditional jazz forms. In 1971, Mingus taught for a semester at the <a href="/wiki/University_at_Buffalo" title="University at Buffalo">University at Buffalo, The State University of New York</a> as the Slee Professor of Music.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_career_and_death">Later career and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later career and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-1970s, Mingus was feeling the effects of <a href="/wiki/Motor_neuron_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor neuron disease">motor neuron disease</a>. His once formidable bass technique declined until he could no longer play the instrument. He continued composing, however, and supervised a number of recordings before his death. At the time of his death, he was working with <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> on an album eventually titled <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_(Joni_Mitchell_album)" title="Mingus (Joni Mitchell album)">Mingus</a></i>, which included lyrics added by Mitchell to his compositions, including "<a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Pork_Pie_Hat" title="Goodbye Pork Pie Hat">Goodbye Pork Pie Hat</a>". The album featured the talents of <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, and another influential bassist and composer, <a href="/wiki/Jaco_Pastorius" title="Jaco Pastorius">Jaco Pastorius</a>. </p><p>Mingus died on January 5, 1979, aged 56, in <a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, where he had traveled for treatment and convalescence. His ashes were scattered in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges River">Ganges River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_style">Musical style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Musical style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minugs_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Minugs_1976.jpg/220px-Minugs_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Minugs_1976.jpg/330px-Minugs_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Minugs_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Mingus in 1976 playing the <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a></figcaption></figure> <p>His compositions retained the hot and soulful feel of <a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">hard bop</a>, drawing heavily from black <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, while sometimes containing elements of <a href="/wiki/Third_stream" title="Third stream">third stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. He once cited <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> and church as his main influences. </p><p>Mingus espoused collective improvisation, similar to the old New Orleans jazz parades, paying particular attention to how each band member interacted with the group as a whole. In creating his bands, he looked not only at the skills of the available musicians, but also their personalities. Many musicians passed through his bands and later went on to impressive careers. He recruited talented and sometimes little-known artists, whom he utilized to assemble unconventional instrumental configurations. As a performer, Mingus was a pioneer in double bass technique, widely recognized as one of the instrument's most proficient players.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Because of his brilliant writing for midsize ensembles, and his catering to and emphasizing the strengths of the musicians in his groups, Mingus is often considered the heir of Duke Ellington, for whom he expressed great admiration and with whom he collaborated on the record <i><a href="/wiki/Money_Jungle" title="Money Jungle">Money Jungle</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a> had once said Mingus reminded him "of a young Duke", citing their shared "organizational genius".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality_and_temper">Personality and temper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personality and temper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly as well known as his ambitious music was Mingus's often fearsome temperament, which earned him the nickname "the Angry Man of Jazz". His refusal to compromise his musical integrity led to many onstage eruptions, exhortations to musicians, and dismissals.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although respected for his musical talents, Mingus was sometimes feared for his occasionally violent onstage temper, which was at times directed at members of his band and other times aimed at the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-wynnkatz_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynnkatz-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was physically large, prone to obesity (especially in his later years), and was often intimidating and frightening when expressing anger or displeasure. When confronted with a nightclub audience talking and clinking ice in their glasses while he performed, Mingus stopped his band and loudly chastised the audience, stating: "<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a> doesn't have to put up with this shit."<sup id="cite_ref-Carroll_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carroll-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mingus destroyed a $20,000 bass in response to audience heckling at the Five Spot in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-wynn_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wynn-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guitarist and singer <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Paris" title="Jackie Paris">Jackie Paris</a> was a witness to Mingus's irascibility. Paris recalls his time in the Jazz Workshop: "He chased everybody off the stand except [drummer] <a href="/wiki/Paul_Motian" title="Paul Motian">Paul Motian</a> and me ... The three of us just wailed on the blues for about an hour and a half before he called the other cats back."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 12, 1962, Mingus punched <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Knepper" title="Jimmy Knepper">Jimmy Knepper</a> in the mouth while the two men were working together at Mingus's apartment on a score for his upcoming concert at <a href="/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)" title="The Town Hall (New York City)">the Town Hall</a> in New York, and Knepper refused to take on more work. Mingus's blow broke off a crowned tooth and its underlying stub.<sup id="cite_ref-TrainWreck_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TrainWreck-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Knepper, this ruined his <a href="/wiki/Embouchure" title="Embouchure">embouchure</a> and resulted in the permanent loss of the top octave of his range on the trombone – a significant handicap for any professional trombonist. This attack temporarily ended their working relationship, and Knepper was unable to perform at the concert. Charged with assault, Mingus appeared in court in January 1963 and was given a suspended sentence. Knepper did again work with Mingus in 1977 and played extensively with the <a href="/wiki/Mingus_Dynasty_(band)" title="Mingus Dynasty (band)">Mingus Dynasty</a>, formed after Mingus's death in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to bouts of ill temper, Mingus was prone to <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a> and tended to have brief periods of extreme creative activity intermixed with fairly long stretches of greatly decreased output, such as the five-year period following the death of <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, Mingus was evicted from his apartment at 5 <a href="/wiki/Great_Jones_Street" title="Great Jones Street">Great Jones Street</a> in New York City for nonpayment of rent, captured in the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus:_Charlie_Mingus_1968" title="Mingus: Charlie Mingus 1968">Mingus: Charlie Mingus 1968</a></i>, directed by Thomas Reichman. The film also features Mingus performing in clubs and in the apartment, firing a <a href="/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 shotgun</a> indoors, composing at the piano, playing with and taking care of his young daughter Carolyn, and discussing love, art, politics, and the music school he had hoped to create.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mingus_Big_Band">The Mingus Big Band</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Mingus Big Band"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Mingus's music is currently being performed and reinterpreted by the <a href="/wiki/Mingus_Big_Band" title="Mingus Big Band">Mingus Big Band</a>, which in October 2008 began playing every Monday at <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Standard_(jazz_club)" title="Jazz Standard (jazz club)">Jazz Standard</a> in New York City, and often tours the rest of the U.S. and Europe. The Mingus Big Band, the Mingus Orchestra, and the <a href="/wiki/Mingus_Dynasty_(band)" title="Mingus Dynasty (band)">Mingus Dynasty</a> band are managed by Jazz Workshop, Inc. and run by Mingus's widow, Sue Graham Mingus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a> has written lyrics for a few Mingus pieces. He had once sung lyrics for one piece, "Invisible Lady", backed by the Mingus Big Band on the album, <i>Tonight at Noon: Three of Four Shades of Love</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epitaph"><i>Epitaph</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epitaph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_(Charles_Mingus_composition)" title="Epitaph (Charles Mingus composition)">Epitaph</a></i> is considered one of Charles Mingus's masterpieces.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition is 4,235 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">measures</a> long, requires two hours to perform, and is one of the longest jazz pieces ever written.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Epitaph</i> was only completely discovered by musicologist Andrew Homzy during the cataloging process after Mingus's death. With the help of a grant from the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a>, the score and instrumental parts were copied, and the piece itself was premiered by a 30-piece orchestra, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a>. This concert was produced by Mingus's widow, Sue Graham Mingus, at <a href="/wiki/Alice_Tully_Hall" title="Alice Tully Hall">Alice Tully Hall</a> on June 3, 1989, 10 years after Mingus's death. It was performed again at several concerts in 2007. The performance at <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Concert_Hall" title="Walt Disney Concert Hall">Walt Disney Concert Hall</a> is available on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Leonard" title="Hal Leonard">Hal Leonard</a> published the complete score in 2008.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autobiography">Autobiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Autobiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mingus wrote the sprawling, exaggerated, quasi-autobiography, <i><a href="/wiki/Beneath_the_Underdog" title="Beneath the Underdog">Beneath the Underdog: His World as Composed by Mingus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1991_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout the 1960s, and it was published in 1971. Its "<a href="/wiki/Stream_of_consciousness_(narrative_mode)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)">stream of consciousness</a>" style covered several aspects of his life that had previously been off-record. In addition to his musical and intellectual proliferation, Mingus goes into great detail about his perhaps overstated sexual exploits. He claims to have had more than 31 affairs in the course of his life (including 26 prostitutes in one sitting). This does not include any of his five wives (he claims to have been married to two of them simultaneously). In addition, he asserts that he held a brief career as a <a href="/wiki/Pimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimp">pimp</a>. This has never been confirmed. </p><p>Mingus's autobiography also serves as an insight into his psyche, as well as his attitudes about race and society.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes accounts of abuse at the hands of his father from an early age, being bullied as a child, his removal from a white musician's union, and grappling with disapproval while married to white women and other examples of hardship and prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_influence">Scholarly influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scholarly influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work of Charles Mingus has also received attention in academia. According to Ashon Crawley, the musicianship of Charles Mingus provides a salient example of the power of music to unsettle the dualistic, categorical distinction of sacred from profane through otherwise epistemologies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crawley offers a reading of Mingus that examines the deep imbrication uniting Holiness – Pentecostal aesthetic practices and jazz. Mingus recognized the importance and impact of the midweek gathering of black folks at the Holiness – Pentecostal Church at 79th and Watts in Los Angeles that he would attend with his stepmother or his friend Britt Woodman. Crawley goes on to argue that these visits were the impetus for the song "Wednesday Night Prayer Meeting". Emphasis is placed on the ethical demand of the prayer meeting felt and experienced that, according to Crawley, Mingus attempts to capture. In many ways, "Wednesday Night Prayer Meeting" was Mingus's homage to black sociality. By exploring Mingus's homage to black Pentecostal aesthetics, Crawley expounds on how Mingus figured out that those Holiness – Pentecostal gatherings were the constant repetition of the ongoing, deep, intense mode of study, a kind of study wherein the aesthetic forms created could not be severed from the intellectual practice because they were one and also, but not, the same." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a> has suggested that Mingus should be ranked among the most important American composers, jazz or otherwise. In 1988, a grant from the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a><sup id="cite_ref-arts.endow.gov_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arts.endow.gov-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made possible the cataloging of Mingus compositions, which were then donated to the Music Division of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for public use. In 1993, <a href="/wiki/The_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Library of Congress">The Library of Congress</a> acquired Mingus's collected papers—including scores, sound recordings, correspondence and photos—in what they described as "the most important acquisition of a manuscript collection relating to jazz in the Library's history".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cover_versions">Cover versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cover versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Considering the number of compositions that Charles Mingus wrote, his works have not been recorded as often as comparable jazz composers. The only Mingus tribute albums recorded during his lifetime were baritone saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Pepper_Adams" title="Pepper Adams">Pepper Adams</a>'s album, <i><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Adams_Plays_the_Compositions_of_Charlie_Mingus" title="Pepper Adams Plays the Compositions of Charlie Mingus">Pepper Adams Plays the Compositions of Charlie Mingus</a></i>, in 1963, and <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a>'s album <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_(Joni_Mitchell_album)" title="Mingus (Joni Mitchell album)">Mingus</a></i>, in 1979. Of all his works, his elegy for <a href="/wiki/Lester_Young" title="Lester Young">Lester Young</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Goodbye_Pork_Pie_Hat" title="Goodbye Pork Pie Hat">Goodbye Pork Pie Hat</a>" (from <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Ah_Um" title="Mingus Ah Um">Mingus Ah Um</a></i>) has probably had the most recordings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (June 2020)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> The song has been covered by both jazz and non-jazz artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Summers" title="Andy Summers">Andy Summers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Chadbourne" title="Eugene Chadbourne">Eugene Chadbourne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Jansch" title="Bert Jansch">Bert Jansch</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Renbourn" title="John Renbourn">John Renbourn</a> with and without <a href="/wiki/Pentangle_(band)" title="Pentangle (band)">Pentangle</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joni_Mitchell" title="Joni Mitchell">Joni Mitchell</a> sang a version with lyrics that she wrote for it. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a> has recorded "Hora Decubitus" (from <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Mingus_Mingus_Mingus_Mingus" title="Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus">Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus</a></i>) on <i>My Flame Burns Blue</i> (2006). "Better Git It in Your Soul" was covered by <a href="/wiki/Davey_Graham" title="Davey Graham">Davey Graham</a> on his album "Folk, Blues, and Beyond". Trumpeter Ron Miles performs a version of "Pithecanthropus Erectus" on his CD "Witness". New York Ska Jazz Ensemble has done a cover of Mingus's "Haitian Fight Song", as have the British folk rock group Pentangle and others. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Willner" title="Hal Willner">Hal Willner</a>'s 1992 tribute album <i>Weird Nightmare: Meditations on Mingus</i> (<a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>) contains idiosyncratic renditions of Mingus's works involving numerous popular musicians including <a href="/wiki/Chuck_D" title="Chuck D">Chuck D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rollins" title="Henry Rollins">Henry Rollins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dr._John" title="Dr. John">Dr. John</a>. The Italian band <a href="/wiki/Quintorigo" title="Quintorigo">Quintorigo</a> recorded an entire album devoted to Mingus's music, titled <i>Play Mingus</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a>'s edition of Mingus's "Epitaph", which premiered at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center" title="Lincoln Center">Lincoln Center</a> in 1989, was subsequently released on Columbia/Sony Records. </p><p>One of the most elaborate tributes to Mingus came on September 29, 1969, at a festival honoring him. <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> performed <i>The Clown</i>, with Ellington reading <a href="/wiki/Jean_Shepherd" title="Jean Shepherd">Jean Shepherd</a>'s narration. It was long believed that no recording of this performance existed; however, one was discovered and premiered on July 11, 2013, by Dry River Jazz host <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krwg.org/people/trevor-hodgkins">Trevor Hodgkins</a> for NPR member station KRWG-FM with re-airings on July 13, 2013, and July 26, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Dry_River_Jazz_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dry_River_Jazz-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mingus's elegy for Duke, "Duke Ellington's Sound Of Love", was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Mahogany" title="Kevin Mahogany">Kevin Mahogany</a> on <i>Double Rainbow</i> (1993) and <a href="/wiki/Anita_Wardell" title="Anita Wardell">Anita Wardell</a> on <i>Why Do You Cry?</i> (1995). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship" title="Guggenheim Fellowship">Guggenheim Fellowship</a> (Music Composition).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inducted in the <a href="/wiki/DownBeat_Jazz_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame">DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Awarded Slee Chair of Music at <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_York_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="University of New York Buffalo">University of New York Buffalo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988: The National Endowment for the Arts provided grants for a Mingus nonprofit called "Let My Children Hear Music" which cataloged all of Mingus's works. The microfilms of these works were given to the Music Division of the New York Public Library where they are currently available for study.<sup id="cite_ref-arts.endow.gov_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arts.endow.gov-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1993: The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> acquired Mingus's collected papers—including scores, sound recordings, correspondence and photos—in what they described as "the most important acquisition of a manuscript collection relating to jazz in the Library's history".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1995: The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> issued a stamp in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1997: Posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999: Album <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Dynasty" title="Mingus Dynasty">Mingus Dynasty</a></i> (1959) inducted in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Grammy_Hall_of_Fame_Award_recipients_J%E2%80%93P" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients J–P">Grammy Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAMMYHoF_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAMMYHoF-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005: Inducted in the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_Lincoln_Center" title="Jazz at Lincoln Center">Jazz at Lincoln Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nesuhi_Ertegun" title="Nesuhi Ertegun">Nesuhi Ertegun</a> Jazz Hall of Fame.</li> <li>2013: Album <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Ah_Um" title="Mingus Ah Um">Mingus Ah Um</a></i> (1959) inducted in tho the Grammy Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-GRAMMYHoF_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRAMMYHoF-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_discography" title="Charles Mingus discography">Charles Mingus discography</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><i>Strings and Keys</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>Miss Bliss</i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Experiments_of_Charlie_Mingus" title="The Jazz Experiments of Charlie Mingus">Jazzical Moods, Volume 1</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Experiments_of_Charlie_Mingus" title="The Jazz Experiments of Charlie Mingus">Jazzical Moods, Volume 2</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Composers_Workshop" title="Jazz Composers Workshop">Jazz Composers Workshop</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pithecanthropus_Erectus_(album)" title="Pithecanthropus Erectus (album)">Pithecanthropus Erectus</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clown_(album)" title="The Clown (album)">The Clown</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Three" title="Mingus Three">Mingus Three</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Coasting" title="East Coasting">East Coasting</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_Jazz_Symposium_of_Music_and_Poetry" title="A Modern Jazz Symposium of Music and Poetry">A Modern Jazz Symposium of Music and Poetry</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Ah_Um" title="Mingus Ah Um">Mingus Ah Um</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blues_%26_Roots" title="Blues & Roots">Blues & Roots</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Dynasty" title="Mingus Dynasty">Mingus Dynasty</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_Presents_Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-Bird" title="Pre-Bird">Pre-Bird</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newport_Rebels" title="Newport Rebels">Newport Rebels</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_(Charles_Mingus_album)" title="Mingus (Charles Mingus album)">Mingus</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Moods" title="Tijuana Moods">Tijuana Moods</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oh_Yeah_(Charles_Mingus_album)" title="Oh Yeah (Charles Mingus album)">Oh Yeah</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady" title="The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady">The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_at_Noon_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonight at Noon (album)">Tonight at Noon</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Plays_Piano" title="Mingus Plays Piano">Mingus Plays Piano</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Mingus_Mingus_Mingus_Mingus" title="Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus">Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_in_Paris:_The_Complete_America_Session" title="Charles Mingus in Paris: The Complete America Session">Blue Bird</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_in_Paris:_The_Complete_America_Session" title="Charles Mingus in Paris: The Complete America Session">Pithycanthropus Erectus</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_with_Orchestra" title="Charles Mingus with Orchestra">Charles Mingus with Orchestra</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Let_My_Children_Hear_Music" title="Let My Children Hear Music">Let My Children Hear Music</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Moves" title="Mingus Moves">Mingus Moves</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Changes_One_(Mingus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Changes One (Mingus)">Changes One</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Changes_Two" title="Changes Two">Changes Two</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_or_Four_Shades_of_Blues" title="Three or Four Shades of Blues">Three or Four Shades of Blues</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Final_Work" title="His Final Work">Lionel Hampton Presents Charles Mingus</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_%26_Jazz_Fusion" title="Cumbia & Jazz Fusion">Cumbia & Jazz Fusion</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_of_a_Lovebird" title="Reincarnation of a Lovebird">Reincarnation Of A Love Bird</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i>Mysterious Blues</i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_(1959_film)" title="Shadows (1959 film)">Shadows</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1959, Mingus contributed most of the music for <a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">John Cassavetes</a>'s gritty New York City film <i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_(1959_film)" title="Shadows (1959 film)">Shadows</a></i>.</li> <li>1961, Mingus appeared as a bassist and actor in the British film <i><a href="/wiki/All_Night_Long_(1961_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="All Night Long (1961 film)">All Night Long</a></i>.</li> <li>1968, Thomas Reichman directed the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Mingus:_Charlie_Mingus_1968" title="Mingus: Charlie Mingus 1968">Mingus: Charlie Mingus 1968</a></i>.</li> <li>1991, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Davies" title="Ray Davies">Ray Davies</a> produced a documentary entitled <i>Weird Nightmare</i>. It contains footage of Mingus and interviews with artists making <a href="/wiki/Hal_Willner" title="Hal Willner">Hal Willner</a>'s tribute album of the same name, including <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Watts" title="Charlie Watts">Charlie Watts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Richards" title="Keith Richards">Keith Richards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Reid" title="Vernon Reid">Vernon Reid</a>.</li> <li>1998, <i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus:_Triumph_of_the_Underdog" title="Charles Mingus: Triumph of the Underdog">Charles Mingus: Triumph of the Underdog</a></i> (78 minutes) a documentary film on Charles Mingus directed by Don McGlynn.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Underdog-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Underdog_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the 1998 documentary <i>Triumph of the Underdog</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarteldes2009" class="citation web cs1">Barteldes, Ernest (February 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414132729/http://nypress.com/thirty-years-on-the-music-remains-strong/">"Thirty Years On, The Music Remains Strong; Charles Mingus's legacy revisited at the Manhattan School of Music"</a>. <i>Nypress.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nypress.com/thirty-years-on-the-music-remains-strong/">the original</a> on April 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nypress.com&rft.atitle=Thirty+Years+On%2C+The+Music+Remains+Strong%3B+Charles+Mingus%27s+legacy+revisited+at+the+Manhattan+School+of+Music&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft.aulast=Barteldes&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnypress.com%2Fthirty-years-on-the-music-remains-strong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRule1993" class="citation news cs1">Rule, Sheila (June 14, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/14/arts/library-of-congress-buys-charles-mingus-archive.html">"Library of Congress Buys Charles Mingus Archive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Library+of+Congress+Buys+Charles+Mingus+Archive&rft.date=1993-06-14&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1993%2F06%2F14%2Farts%2Flibrary-of-congress-buys-charles-mingus-archive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gene Santoro, <i>Myself When I am Real: The Life and Music of Charles Mingus</i> (Oxford University Press, 1994); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509733-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509733-5">0-19-509733-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santoro,_2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santoro,_2000_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santoro,_2000_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Santoro, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Todd (2006). <i>I Know What I Know: The Music of Charles Mingus</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313082009" title="Special:BookSources/9780313082009"><bdi>9780313082009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Know+What+I+Know%3A+The+Music+of+Charles+Mingus&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780313082009&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horton-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horton_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horton_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2007" class="citation web cs1">Horton, Ernest Aaron (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-04072007-140228/unrestricted/ERonHortonDissertation.pdf">"Charles Mingus and the Paradoxical Aspects of Race as Reflected in His Life and Music"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425062001/http://etd.library.pitt.edu/ETD/available/etd-04072007-140228/unrestricted/ERonHortonDissertation.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Mingus+and+the+Paradoxical+Aspects+of+Race+as+Reflected+in+His+Life+and+Music&rft.pub=Doctoral+dissertation%2C+University+of+Pittsburgh&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.library.pitt.edu%2FETD%2Favailable%2Fetd-04072007-140228%2Funrestricted%2FERonHortonDissertation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1991-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1991_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1991_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1991_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Todd S. (2006). <i>I know what I know: the music of Charles Mingus</i>. Westport, Conn: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98102-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98102-0"><bdi>978-0-275-98102-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+know+what+I+know%3A+the+music+of+Charles+Mingus&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98102-0&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Todd+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearcy2023" class="citation news cs1">Searcy, Aaron (June 3, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2023/06/03/word-from-the-smokies-uncovering-the-origins-of-mingus-family-saga/70281040007/">"Uncovering the origins of Mingus family saga"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asheville_Citizen-Times" title="Asheville Citizen-Times">Asheville Citizen-Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asheville+Citizen-Times&rft.atitle=Uncovering+the+origins+of+Mingus+family+saga&rft.date=2023-06-03&rft.aulast=Searcy&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizen-times.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2023%2F06%2F03%2Fword-from-the-smokies-uncovering-the-origins-of-mingus-family-saga%2F70281040007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/article.php?id=7105">"Charles Mingus | Charles "Baron" Mingus: West Coast, 1945–49"</a>. <i>Allaboutjazz.com</i>. February 1, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allaboutjazz.com&rft.atitle=Charles+Mingus+%26%23124%3B+Charles+%22Baron%22+Mingus%3A+West+Coast%2C+1945%E2%80%9349&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutjazz.com%2Fphp%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D7105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazz_Discography_Project" class="citation web cs1">Jazz Discography Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzdisco.org/charles-mingus/catalog">"Charles Mingus Catalog"</a>. <i>Jazzdisco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jazzdisco.org&rft.atitle=Charles+Mingus+Catalog&rft.au=Jazz+Discography+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jazzdisco.org%2Fcharles-mingus%2Fcatalog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHentoff197834–35-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHentoff197834–35_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHentoff1978">Hentoff 1978</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlesmingus.com/mingus/mingus-explains-song-titles">"Mingus Explains Song Titles"</a>. <i>Charles Mingus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charles+Mingus&rft.atitle=Mingus+Explains+Song+Titles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlesmingus.com%2Fmingus%2Fmingus-explains-song-titles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Santoro, Gene. <i>Myself When I Am Real: The Life and Music of Charles Mingus</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Saying Something: Jazz Improvisation and Interaction</i>, Ingrid Monson (University of Chicago Press, 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-53478-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-53478-2">0-226-53478-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrainWreck-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrainWreck_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrainWreck_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrainWreck_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villagevoice.com/town-hall-train-wreck/">"Town Hall Train Wreck"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a></i>. June 6, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Town+Hall+Train+Wreck&rft.date=2000-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2Ftown-hall-train-wreck%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlesmingus.com/mingus/cat-traning-program">"Charles Mingus Cat Toilet Training Program"</a>. <i>Charles Mingus</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-7455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-7455-0"><bdi>978-0-8232-7455-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackpentecostal+breath%3A+the+aesthetics+of+possibility&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Commonalities&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-7455-0&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=Ashon+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arts.endow.gov-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arts.endow.gov_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-arts.endow.gov_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509130744/http://www.arts.endow.gov/about/40th/mingus.html">"Mingus Lives: Sue Mingus Receives an NEA Grant to Preserve Charles Mingus's Legacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.endow.gov/about/40th/mingus.html">the original</a> on May 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Endowment+for+the+Arts&rft.atitle=Mingus+Lives%3A+Sue+Mingus+Receives+an+NEA+Grant+to+Preserve+Charles+Mingus%27s+Legacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.endow.gov%2Fabout%2F40th%2Fmingus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.nypl.org/record=b11250454"><i>The Music of Charles Mingus</i></a> (Research Catalog entry). <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Music+of+Charles+Mingus&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library&rft.date=1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.nypl.org%2Frecord%3Db11250454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingus2015" class="citation web cs1">Mingus, Charles (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02.xq?_id=loc.music.eadmus.mu004009&_faSection=overview&_faSubsection=did&_dmdid=">"Charles Mingus collection, 1925-2015"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2004598900">2004598900</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Charles+Mingus+collection%2C+1925-2015&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2004598900&rft.aulast=Mingus&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.loc.gov%2Fdb%2Fsearch%2Fxq%2FsearchMfer02.xq%3F_id%3Dloc.music.eadmus.mu004009%26_faSection%3Doverview%26_faSubsection%3Ddid%26_dmdid%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dry_River_Jazz-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dry_River_Jazz_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgkins" class="citation web cs1">Hodgkins, Trevor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://composer.nprstations.org/widgets/v2/playlist/index.html?ucs=5182a3a6e1c8428d5e122298&prog_id=5182a3abe1c8428d5e1222a7&dateFilter=2014-07-26">"Dry River Jazz 07/26/2014"</a>. <i>Composer.nprstations.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Composer.nprstations.org&rft.atitle=Dry+River+Jazz+07%2F26%2F2014&rft.aulast=Hodgkins&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomposer.nprstations.org%2Fwidgets%2Fv2%2Fplaylist%2Findex.html%3Fucs%3D5182a3a6e1c8428d5e122298%26prog_id%3D5182a3abe1c8428d5e1222a7%26dateFilter%3D2014-07-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMingus1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sy_Johnson" title="Sy Johnson">Johnson, Sy</a>; Mingus, Charles (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/67802/">"Charles Mingus oral history interview"</a>. <i>Rutgers Universirty Libraries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7282%2Ft3-235b-c108">10.7282/t3-235b-c108</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+Universirty+Libraries&rft.atitle=Charles+Mingus+oral+history+interview&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7282%2Ft3-235b-c108&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Sy&rft.au=Mingus%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frucore.libraries.rutgers.edu%2Frutgers-lib%2F67802%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://downbeat.com/archives/detail/downbeat-hall-of-fame">"DownBeat Hall of Fame"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/DownBeat" title="DownBeat">Downbeat</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Downbeat&rft.atitle=DownBeat+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdownbeat.com%2Farchives%2Fdetail%2Fdownbeat-hall-of-fame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/m/ma-mn/charles-mingus/">"Charles Mingus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedy_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kennedy Center">The Kennedy Center</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kennedy+Center&rft.atitle=Charles+Mingus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennedy-center.org%2Fartists%2Fm%2Fma-mn%2Fcharles-mingus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRule1993" class="citation news cs1">Rule, Sheila (June 14, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D61738F937A25755C0A965958260">"Library of Congress Buys Charles Mingus Archive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Library+of+Congress+Buys+Charles+Mingus+Archive&rft.date=1993-06-14&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE7D61738F937A25755C0A965958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.usps.com/publications/pub354/welcome.htm">"Publication 354 - African Americans on Stamps"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USPS" class="mw-redirect" title="USPS">USPS</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USPS&rft.atitle=Publication+354+-+African+Americans+on+Stamps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.usps.com%2Fpublications%2Fpub354%2Fwelcome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/awards/lifetime-achievement-awards">"Lifetime Achievement Award"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grammy+Awards&rft.atitle=Lifetime+Achievement+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fawards%2Flifetime-achievement-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRAMMYHoF-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GRAMMYHoF_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRAMMYHoF_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award">"Hall of Fame Artists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Grammy_Awards" title="Grammy Awards">Grammy Awards</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241121095908/https://www.grammy.com/awards/hall-of-fame-award">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grammy+Awards&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Fame+Artists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2Fawards%2Fhall-of-fame-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColemanYoung1991" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Janet; <a href="/wiki/Al_Young_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Al Young (disambiguation)">Young, Al</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql6psBtzFPgC"><i>Mingus/Mingus: Two Memoirs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Limelight_Editions" class="mw-redirect" title="Limelight Editions">Limelight Editions</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87910-149-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87910-149-0"><bdi>0-87910-149-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mingus%2FMingus%3A+Two+Memoirs&rft.pub=Limelight+Editions&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87910-149-0&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft.au=Young%2C+Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQl6psBtzFPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Geoff (1998) [1991]. <a href="/wiki/But_Beautiful:_A_Book_About_Jazz" title="But Beautiful: A Book About Jazz"><i>But Beautiful: A Book About Jazz</i></a> ([New ed.], slightly different form, repr ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Abacus_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Abacus Books">Abacus</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11005-9"><bdi>978-0-349-11005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=But+Beautiful%3A+A+Book+About+Jazz&rft.place=London&rft.edition=%5BNew+ed.%5D%2C+slightly+different+form%2C+repr&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-349-11005-9&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHentoff1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nat_Hentoff" title="Nat Hentoff">Hentoff, Nat</a> (1978). <i>Jazz Is</i>. W. H. Allen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jazz+Is&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hentoff&rft.aufirst=Nat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsJohnson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Todd S.; Johnson, Syl (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOXEEAAAQBAJ"><i>I Know What I Know: The Music of Charles Mingus</i></a>. Westport, Conn: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Publishing USA">Bloomsbury Publishing USA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-08200-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-08200-9"><bdi>978-0-313-08200-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Know+What+I+Know%3A+The+Music+of+Charles+Mingus&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-08200-9&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Todd+S.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Syl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOXEEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingusHomzy1991" class="citation book cs1">Mingus, Charles; Homzy, Andrew (1991). <i>Charles Mingus, more than a fake book</i>. New York, NY : Milwaukee, WI: Jazz Workshop ; Distributed by <a href="/wiki/H._Leonard_Pub._Corp" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Leonard Pub. Corp">H. Leonard Pub. Corp</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7935-0900-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7935-0900-3"><bdi>978-0-7935-0900-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Mingus%2C+more+than+a+fake+book&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY+%3A+Milwaukee%2C+WI&rft.pub=Jazz+Workshop+%3B+Distributed+by+H.+Leonard+Pub.+Corp&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7935-0900-3&rft.aulast=Mingus&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Homzy%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingusGoodman2013" class="citation book cs1">Mingus, Charles; Goodman, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SeRZHjWokcC&q=Charles+Mingus,+More+Than+a+Fake+Book"><i>Mingus Speaks</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27523-2"><bdi>978-0-520-27523-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mingus+Speaks&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27523-2&rft.aulast=Mingus&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Goodman%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SeRZHjWokcC%26q%3DCharles%2BMingus%2C%2BMore%2BThan%2Ba%2BFake%2BBook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMingus1971" class="citation book cs1">Mingus, Charles (1971). <a href="/wiki/Beneath_the_Underdog" title="Beneath the Underdog"><i>Beneath the Underdog: His World as Composed by Mingus</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Knopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-43622-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-43622-7"><bdi>978-0-394-43622-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+Underdog%3A+His+World+as+Composed+by+Mingus&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-394-43622-7&rft.aulast=Mingus&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestley1982" class="citation book cs1">Priestley, Brian (1982). <i>Mingus, a critical biography</i>. London ; New York: Quartet Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-2275-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-2275-2"><bdi>978-0-7043-2275-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mingus%2C+a+critical+biography&rft.place=London+%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7043-2275-2&rft.aulast=Priestley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoro2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Santoro" title="Gene Santoro">Santoro, Gene</a> (November 29, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qdWqrp9z5isC"><i>Myself When I am Real: The Life and Music of Charles Mingus</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802578-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802578-8"><bdi>978-0-19-802578-8</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myself+When+I+am+Real%3A+The+Life+and+Music+of+Charles+Mingus&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-11-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802578-8&rft.aulast=Santoro&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqdWqrp9z5isC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Mingus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Charles Mingus</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Mingus" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Charles Mingus">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Mingus" class="extiw" title="q:Charles Mingus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107432" class="extiw" title="d:Q107432">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/eadmus.mu004009">Charles Mingus Collection</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-top:1px solid #E0E0E0;"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Archival_material" title="Help:Archival material">How to use archival material</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charlesmingus.com/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gadflyonline.com/archive/April99/archive-mingus.html">"Charles Mingus – A musician beyond category"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nat_Hentoff" title="Nat Hentoff">Nat Hentoff</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gadfly_Online" title="Gadfly Online">Gadfly Online</a></i> April 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/ns/FullStory.aspx?StoryType=1&StoryID=20">"Charles Mingus: Requiem for the Underdog"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Goldsher" title="Alan Goldsher">Alan Goldsher</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0591323/">Charles Mingus</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/27/resources/4709">Howard Fischer collection of Charles Mingus correspondence and legal documents, 1959, 1965–1967</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.harvard.edu/collections/isham-memorial-library">Isham Memorial Library, Harvard University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clienpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-musical-artist .navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist navbox-musical-artist-non-vocal" aria-labelledby="Charles_Mingus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Mingus" title="Template talk:Charles Mingus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Mingus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Mingus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Mingus" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Mingus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_discography" title="Charles Mingus discography">Discography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studio<br />albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jazz_Experiments_of_Charlie_Mingus" title="The Jazz Experiments of Charlie Mingus">The Jazz Experiments of Charlie Mingus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Composers_Workshop" title="Jazz Composers Workshop">Jazz Composers Workshop</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pithecanthropus_Erectus_(album)" title="Pithecanthropus Erectus (album)">Pithecanthropus Erectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clown_(album)" title="The Clown (album)">The Clown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Coasting" title="East Coasting">East Coasting</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Three" title="Mingus Three">Mingus Three</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_Jazz_Symposium_of_Music_and_Poetry" title="A Modern Jazz Symposium of Music and Poetry">A Modern Jazz Symposium of Music and Poetry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Ah_Um" title="Mingus Ah Um">Mingus Ah Um</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blues_%26_Roots" title="Blues & Roots">Blues & Roots</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Dynasty" title="Mingus Dynasty">Mingus Dynasty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_Presents_Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus Presents Charles Mingus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pre-Bird" title="Pre-Bird">Pre-Bird</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_(Charles_Mingus_album)" title="Mingus (Charles Mingus album)">Mingus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oh_Yeah_(Charles_Mingus_album)" title="Oh Yeah (Charles Mingus album)">Oh Yeah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_Moods" title="Tijuana Moods">Tijuana Moods</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Jungle" title="Money Jungle">Money Jungle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Saint_and_the_Sinner_Lady" title="The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady">The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Mingus_Mingus_Mingus_Mingus" title="Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus">Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonight_at_Noon" title="Tonight at Noon">Tonight at Noon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Plays_Piano" title="Mingus Plays Piano">Mingus Plays Piano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_in_Paris:_The_Complete_America_Session" title="Charles Mingus in Paris: The Complete America Session">Blue Bird</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_in_Paris:_The_Complete_America_Session" title="Charles Mingus in Paris: The Complete America Session">Pithycanthropus Erectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Let_My_Children_Hear_Music" title="Let My Children Hear Music">Let My Children Hear Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Moves" title="Mingus Moves">Mingus Moves</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Changes_One_(Charles_Mingus_album)" title="Changes One (Charles Mingus album)">Changes One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Changes_Two" title="Changes Two">Changes Two</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_or_Four_Shades_of_Blues" title="Three or Four Shades of Blues">Three or Four Shades of Blues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Final_Work" title="His Final Work">His Final Work</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_%26_Jazz_Fusion" title="Cumbia & Jazz Fusion">Cumbia & Jazz Fusion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Something_Like_a_Bird" title="Something Like a Bird">Something Like a Bird</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_with_Orchestra" title="Charles Mingus with Orchestra">Charles Mingus with Orchestra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_of_a_Lovebird" title="Reincarnation of a Lovebird">Reincarnation of a Lovebird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live<br />albums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_at_the_Bohemia" title="Mingus at the Bohemia">Mingus at the Bohemia</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Portraits:_Mingus_in_Wonderland" title="Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland">Jazz Portraits: Mingus in Wonderland</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Town_Hall_Concert" title="The Complete Town Hall Concert">The Complete Town Hall Concert</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charles_Mingus_Quintet_%26_Max_Roach" title="The Charles Mingus Quintet & Max Roach">The Charles Mingus Quintet & Max Roach</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Astral_Weeks_(Charles_Mingus_album)" title="Astral Weeks (Charles Mingus album)">Astral Weeks</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Town_Hall_Concert" title="Town Hall Concert">Town Hall Concert</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revenge!_(Charles_Mingus_album)" title="Revenge! (Charles Mingus album)">Revenge!</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Concert_of_Charles_Mingus" title="The Great Concert of Charles Mingus">The Great Concert of Charles Mingus</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_in_Europe_Volume_I" title="Mingus in Europe Volume I">Mingus in Europe Volume I</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_in_Europe_Volume_II" title="Mingus in Europe Volume II">Mingus in Europe Volume II</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_Now:_Live_at_the_Jazz_Workshop" title="Right Now: Live at the Jazz Workshop">Right Now: Live at the Jazz Workshop</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_at_Monterey" title="Mingus at Monterey">Mingus at Monterey</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Favorite_Quintet" title="My Favorite Quintet">My Favorite Quintet</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Written_for_Monterey_1965" title="Music Written for Monterey 1965">Music Written for Monterey 1965</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_Sextet_In_Berlin" title="Charles Mingus Sextet In Berlin">Charles Mingus Sextet In Berlin</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus_and_Friends_in_Concert" title="Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert">Charles Mingus and Friends in Concert</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_at_Antibes" title="Mingus at Antibes">Mingus at Antibes</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="Mingus at Carnegie Hall">Mingus at Carnegie Hall</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_1964" title="Cornell 1964">Cornell 1964</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beneath_the_Underdog" title="Beneath the Underdog">Beneath the Underdog</a></i> (1971 autobiography)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Big_Band" title="Mingus Big Band">Mingus Big Band</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Big_Band_Live_at_Jazz_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mingus Big Band Live at Jazz Standard">Mingus Big Band Live at Jazz Standard</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingus_Dynasty_(band)" title="Mingus Dynasty (band)">Mingus Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Mingus" title="Sue Mingus">Sue Mingus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_at_Massey_Hall" title="Jazz at Massey Hall">Jazz at Massey Hall</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weary_Blues_(album)" title="Weary Blues (album)">Weary Blues</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newport_Rebels" title="Newport Rebels">Newport Rebels</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepper_Adams_Plays_the_Compositions_of_Charlie_Mingus" title="Pepper Adams Plays the Compositions of Charlie Mingus">Pepper Adams Plays the Compositions of Charlie Mingus</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus_(Joni_Mitchell_album)" title="Mingus (Joni Mitchell album)">Mingus</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_(Charles_Mingus_album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitaph (Charles Mingus album)">Epitaph</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mingus:_Charlie_Mingus_1968" title="Mingus: Charlie Mingus 1968">Mingus: Charlie Mingus 1968</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus:_Triumph_of_the_Underdog" title="Charles Mingus: Triumph of the Underdog">Charles Mingus: Triumph of the Underdog</a></i> (1998 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_Boca1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/18px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/28px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saxo_Boca1.JPG/36px-Saxo_Boca1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jazz" title="Portal:Jazz">Jazz</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107432#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107432#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107432#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110832626">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/111286947">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/54731/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmXKT99qDWCjpHvV8dG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118582631">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80057165">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119162211">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119162211">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00450157">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mingus, Charles"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV026735">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35712624">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005742&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX839262">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/167814">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072782064">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90226252">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000247495&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000124083&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=73652">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2020R5842">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt79cp5f2m3w2xz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810540860105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007605641505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000196937">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981059280388506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14640502">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04737332?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500335188">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Charles Mingus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f3b8e107-abe8-4743-b6a3-4a4ee995e71f">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/331840">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/charles-mingus/9433">Grammy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1053460">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118582631.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118582631">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027031136">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62g8dwx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&oldid=1259058131">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Mingus&oldid=1259058131</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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