CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of the Hungarian language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"8cfc68d7-431b-4295-a136-823ee0b4a58e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_the_Hungarian_language","wgTitle":"History of the Hungarian language","wgCurRevisionId":1255605390,"wgRevisionId":1255605390,"wgArticleId":8990934,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles that may contain original research from February 2015","All articles that may contain original research","Articles needing additional references from February 2015","All articles needing additional references","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Pages with plain IPA","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from August 2024", "Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Hungarian-language text","Pages with Hungarian IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021","Language articles with Linglist code","Articles with unnamed Glottolog code","Language articles with unreferenced extinction date","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018","Language histories","Hungarian language","History of Hungary by topic","Hungarian prehistory"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_the_Hungarian_language","wgRelevantArticleId":8990934,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Old_Hungarian_language","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language#Old_Hungarian","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q469384","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={ "ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth", "ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1700"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg/800px-Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1133"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg/640px-Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="907"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of the Hungarian language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language#Old_Hungarian"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language#Old_Hungarian"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_the_Hungarian_language rootpage-History_of_the_Hungarian_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+the+Hungarian+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+the+Hungarian+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+the+Hungarian+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+the+Hungarian+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prehistory subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Separation_from_Common_Uralic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separation_from_Common_Uralic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Separation from Common Uralic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separation_from_Common_Uralic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto-Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Proto-Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Early loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Phonetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Hungarian_(10th_to_15th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Hungarian_(10th_to_15th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Old Hungarian (10th to 15th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Old_Hungarian_(10th_to_15th_centuries)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Old Hungarian (10th to 15th centuries) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Old_Hungarian_(10th_to_15th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Literary records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Linguistic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Middle Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Hungarian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Hungarian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linguistic_changes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_changes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Linguistic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_changes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Hungarian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Hungarian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern Hungarian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Hungarian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reference works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Hungarian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_hongrois" title="Histoire du hongrois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du hongrois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_magyar_nyelv_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti_korszakai" title="A magyar nyelv történeti korszakai – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A magyar nyelv történeti korszakai" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_limbii_maghiare" title="Istoria limbii maghiare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Istoria limbii maghiare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q469384#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_Hungarian_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hungarian_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&oldid=1255605390" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&id=1255605390&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_Hungarian_language%23Old_Hungarian"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_the_Hungarian_language%23Old_Hungarian"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Hungarian_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q469384" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Hungarian_language&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hungarian language">Old Hungarian language</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Hungarian language">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="Talk:History of the Hungarian language">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Hungarian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+the+Hungarian+language%22">"History of the Hungarian language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+the+Hungarian+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+the+Hungarian+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+the+Hungarian+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+the+Hungarian+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+Hungarian+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg/250px-Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg/375px-Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg/500px-Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>The "<i>Funeral Sermon and Prayer</i>". This text, dated to 1192, is the oldest longer Hungarian-only document. Earlier, Hungarian sentences and words appeared in Latin context.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a> group. It has been spoken in the region of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin</a> in the late 9th century. </p><p>Hungarian's ancestral language probably separated from the <a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric languages</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. There is no attestation for a period of close to two millennia. Records in <b>Old Hungarian</b> begin fragmentarily in epigraphy in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian script</a> beginning in the 10th century; isolated Hungarian words are attested in manuscript tradition from the turn of the 11th century. The oldest surviving coherent text in Old Hungarian is the <i><a href="/wiki/Funeral_Sermon_and_Prayer" title="Funeral Sermon and Prayer">Funeral Sermon and Prayer</a></i>, dated to 1192. The sermon begins with the words <i>Latiatuc feleym zumtuchel mic vogmuc. yſa pur eſ chomuv uogmuc</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/laːtjaːtuk<span class="wrap"> </span>fɛlɛim<span class="wrap"> </span>symtyxːɛl<span class="wrap"> </span>mik<span class="wrap"> </span>vɔɟmuk<span class="wrap"> </span>iʃaː<span class="wrap"> </span>por<span class="wrap"> </span>eʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>xɔmou<span class="wrap"> </span>vɔɟmuk/</span> — "Do you see, my friends, what we are: truly, we are only dust and ash.") The first Hungarian translation of the Bible is the Hussite Bible, dated to 1416. </p><p>The Old Hungarian period by convention covers <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Hungary">Medieval Hungary</a>, from the initial invasion of Pannonia in AD 896, to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> of 1526. Printing begins during <b>Middle Hungarian</b>, from 1526 to 1772, i.e. from the first books printed in Hungarian to the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, which prompted <a href="/wiki/Language_reform" title="Language reform">language reforms</a> that resulted in the <b>Modern Hungarian</b> language. </p><p>Events of the 1530s and 1540s brought a new situation to the country: the time of <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> – which had flourished only a few decades earlier under <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus" title="Matthias Corvinus">Matthias Corvinus</a> – was over; the population, both in villages and towns, was terrorized by Ottoman raids; the majority of the country was lost; and the remainder began to feel the problems of the new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule. This predicament caused backwardness in the cultural life as well. However, Hungary, with the great territorial and human losses, soon entered into a new cultural era, the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>. This religious movement heartened many authors to find new ways. Cultural life was primarily based in Transylvania, but Royal Hungary also saw the rebirth of the Hungarian culture. </p><p>The first printed book written in Hungarian was printed in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> in 1533. It is a partial Bible translation, containing the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>. The translation was done by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedek_Komj%C3%A1ti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benedek Komjáti (page does not exist)">Benedek Komjáti</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>'s first printed edition was published by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Sylvester" title="János Sylvester">János Sylvester</a> (1541). He also composed the first scientific analysis of the Hungarian language, in 1539, titled "Grammatica Hungarolatina". Like Komjáti, Sylvester printed his works in Cracow. The previous publications, however, were not Protestant in their sense. The first directly reformed Hungarian book was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imre_Ozorai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imre Ozorai (page does not exist)">Imre Ozorai</a>'s <i>Argument</i>, published in Cracow, in 1535. </p><p>Among other works, <a href="/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables" title="Aesop's Fables">Aesop's Fables</a> – a collection of moral short stories – was first translated into Hungarian by <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A1bor_Pesti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gábor Pesti (page does not exist)">Gábor Pesti</a> (1536). These are the first denoted Hungarian short stories. The first attempt to standardize Hungarian was by <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_D%C3%A9vai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mátyás Bíró Dévai (page does not exist)">Mátyás Bíró Dévai</a>. He proposed a logical and feasible orthography to the language. His book, <i>Orthographia</i>, is known from its second edition, printed in 1549. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separation_from_Common_Uralic">Separation from Common Uralic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Separation from Common Uralic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regular_sound_correspondences_between_Hungarian_and_other_Uralic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and other Uralic languages">Regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and other Uralic languages</a></div> <p>The history of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> begins with the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> era, in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> age, when the linguistic ancestors of all Uralic languages coexisted in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (August 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_the_Hungarian_language#Dubious" title="Talk:History of the Hungarian language">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-notgenetic_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notgenetic-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="98%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="15%"><b>Category</b> </th> <th width="50%"><b>Words in Hungarian</b> </th> <th width="25%"><b>Reconstructed words in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Uralic">Proto-Uralic</a></b> </th> <th width="10%"><b>Notes</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Fishing, water </th> <td><i>hal</i> 'fish', <i>tat</i> '(a kind of) fish',<sup id="cite_ref-tat_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tat-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>háló</i> 'mesh', <i>víz</i> 'water', <i>folyó</i> 'river',<sup id="cite_ref-jo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>ár</i> 'flood', <i>láp</i> 'fen' </td> <td>*kala, *totki '<a href="/wiki/Tench" title="Tench">tench</a>', *kalaw, *weti, *juka, (Ugric) *sarV, *loppi </td> <td><i>See note 2 & 3.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Hunting, animals </th> <td><i>ideg</i> 'nerve', <i>ín</i> 'fibre', <i>íj</i> 'bow', <i>nyíl</i> 'arrow', <i>fogoly</i> 'partridge', <i>nyúl</i> 'hare', <i>holló</i> 'raven' </td> <td>*jänti 'string', *sëxni 'vein', *joŋsi, *ńëxli, *püŋi, *ńomala, *kulaka </td></tr> <tr> <th>Daily life </th> <td><i>fő(z)</i> 'cook', <i>fazék</i> 'pan', <i>mony</i> 'bird egg',<sup id="cite_ref-mony_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mony-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>fon</i> 'spin', <i>öv</i> 'belt', <i>vas</i> 'iron' </td> <td>*pexi(-ta), *pata, *muna, *puna 'braid', *wüŋä, *waśki </td> <td><i>See note 4.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Family </th> <td><i>apa</i> 'father', <i>fele(ség)</i> 'wife', <i>meny</i> 'daughter-in-law', <i>vő</i> 'son-in-law', <i>napa</i> 'mother-in-law' </td> <td>*ëppi 'father-in-law', *pälä 'half', *mińä, *wäŋiw, *ana-ëppi </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many Hungarian words, particularly among the language's most basic vocabulary (cf. <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a>) are traced back to common Uralic origin: words of a corresponding shape occur in other Uralic languages as well, and linguists have not been able to classify them as loanwords. Those that are not present in the <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic languages</a> are commonly also described as being of Finno-Ugric origin, but the existence of a definite distinction between "Uralic" and "Finno-Ugric" is disputed. (See <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages#Traditional_classification" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages#Traditional classification</a>.) </p><p>As the Uralic unity disintegrated between the 4th and the 2nd millennium BC, the speakers of Samoyedic languages moved eastwards, while others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a> and Hungarian speakers, moved westward. Hungarian and the <a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric languages</a> show several similarities and are known as the Ugric group, which is commonly (but not universally) considered a proper sub-branch of Uralic: that is, the Hungarian and Ob-Ugric languages would descend from a common Proto-Ugric language. The speakers of Ugric languages were still living close together approximately until 1000 BC, when the ancestors of Hungarians separated for good from the Ob-Ugrians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto-Hungarian">Proto-Hungarian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proto-Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Hungarian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Around 1000 BC, the linguistic ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a> had moved southwest from their previous territories, the region west of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, the eastern frontier of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>; hence the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a> separated from its closest relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugric_languages" title="Ob-Ugric languages">Ob-Ugric languages</a>, which further divided into the <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khanty_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanty language">Khanty language</a>. (This split may have occurred only later, and their speakers were influenced by an Asian, possibly Western-Siberian tribe, as the Mansis and Khantys moved northeast.) Proto-Hungarian likely had contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic languages</a> at this time, as indicated by a nontrivial number of shared vocabulary and sound developments (which are <i>not</i> found in the other Uralic languages). </p><p>The Hungarians gradually changed their way of living from settled hunting to nomadic cattle-raising. Their most important animals included sheep and cattle. There are no written resources on the era, thus little is known about it. </p><p>After a long journey, the Hungarians had settled the coastal region of the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> (Levédia). With the fall of <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>'s empire, the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> had receded to this area, and established their new state, which also ruled over the Hungarians. A possible memoir of this is a Hungarian myth of <a href="/wiki/Hunor_and_Magor" title="Hunor and Magor">Hunor and Magor</a>. According to the legend they were the twin sons of King <a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a> and the ancestors of the Huns and the Magyars (Hungarians) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Hunnish rule ended, the Hungarians came into contact with the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk">Göktürks</a> and were significantly influenced by them. The Göktürk Turk Empire flourished in the 6th century. This is probably the time when the Hungarians started <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian script</a> (rovásírás). Later, the Hungarians also came into contact with the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> and moved westward to Etelköz, where the Magyars lived as an independent nation. </p><p>In 895–896, under the rulership of Prince <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" title="Árpád">Árpád</a>, they crossed the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, and settled the Carpathian Basin, the area of present-day <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. They also began to establish their own state here, namely the Principality of Hungary. They launched a number of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">plundering raids</a> both westward into former Francia and southward into the Byzantine Empire. </p><p>A saying or prayer mentioning the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> "Hungarians" (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hungari</i></span>) was common in the 10th century, at the time of intense raiding of various parts of Europe by these tribes. It's attested in the Song of the Watchmen of Modena in 924 AD: </p> <pre> A sagittis <b>Hungarorum</b> libera nos Domine! ‘Lord save us from the arrows of the <b>Hungarians</b>!’ </pre> <p>The Hungarians <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">call themselves</a> <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">Magyar</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Hungarian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">[ˈmɒɟɒr]</a></span>). The name <i>Magyar</i> once was the name of a Hungarian tribe, <i>Megyer(i)</i>. It likely means "talking man". The first syllable may be cognate to the ethnonym <i>Mansi</i>, which in the <a href="/wiki/Mansi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansi language">Mansi language</a> (<i>манси</i> <i>mańśi</i>) means simply 'man, Mansi'. The (Ob-)Ugric word has been proposed to be an old Indo-Iranian loan (cf. <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> <i>mānuṣa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> <i>manuš</i> "man, male"). The external name 'Hungary' (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hungaria</i></span>) was recorded in the 13th century by Anonymous in the <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum" title="Gesta Hungarorum">Gesta Hungarorum</a> <i>("The Deeds of the Hungarians)"</i>, the first extant Hungarian chronicle, as originating in the 9th century from the castle Ung (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hung</i></span>) now in Slovakia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre> ...et uocatus est Arpad Dux <b>Hunguarie</b>, et ab Hungu omnes sui milites uocati sunt Hunguari... ‘...and he was called Árpád Duke of <b>Hungary</b>, and from Ung all his warriors were called Hungarians...’<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_loanwords">Early loanwords</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some really early loanwords in Hungarian, which enriched the language's vocabulary, estimated to 25,000 words at the time. Here are some examples: </p> <table class="wikitable" width="98%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Origin </th> <th width="37%"><small>Loans before the separation from the Ob-Ugric languages</small> </th> <th><small>Loans after the separation from the Ob-Ugric languages</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></b> </th> <td><i>arany</i> 'gold'; <i>szarv</i> 'horn';<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>száz</i> 'hundred'<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>ezer</i> 'thousand', <i>híd</i> 'bridge', <i>réz</i> 'copper', <i>sajt</i> 'cheese', <i>tej</i> 'milk', <i>tíz</i> 'ten', <i>zöld</i> 'green'<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b> </th> <td><i>hattyú</i> 'swan', <i>szó</i> 'word', <i>hód</i> 'beaver' </td> <td><i>homok</i> 'sand', <i>harang</i> 'bell', <i>ér</i> 'worth sth' </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></b> </th> <td> </td> <td><i>agyar</i> 'fang', <i>daru</i> 'crane', <i>hagyma</i> 'bulb' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the era of the Turkic influences, Hungarians developed especially culturally: the borrowed vocabulary consists of terms referring to sophisticated dressing, and the words of a learned upper class society. The phrases of basic literacy are also of Turkic origin. A number of words related to <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a> have the same background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vowels">Vowels</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" width="310" align="right"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hungarian </th> <th>Finnish </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>hal </td> <td>kal<b>a</b> </td> <td>fish </td></tr> <tr> <td>kő; köv- </td> <td>kiv<b>i</b> </td> <td>stone </td></tr> <tr> <td>lúd </td> <td>lint<b>u</b> </td> <td>hu: goose, fi:bird </td></tr> <tr> <td>kéz </td> <td>käs<b>i</b> </td> <td>hand </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The phonetic system of Hungarian went through large changes in the Old Hungarian period. The most important change was the disappearance of the original Uralic word-ending vowels, which eroded in many descendant languages (among others <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, however, largely preserves these sounds; see the table on the right). Even so, declined forms of the nouns and inflected verbs of Uralic origin still show traces of the lost sounds: <i>ló</i> (horse)—<i>lo<b>v</b>as</i> (rider); <i>kő</i> (stone)—<i>kö<b>v</b>es</i> (stony). This was the process of <i>phonetic reduction</i>. The earliest written records of Hungarian from the 9th century still show some retained word-final vowels, e.g. in <i>hodu</i> 'army' > modern <i>had</i>. </p><p>Possibly there had been also present a <a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">velar <i>ï</i> sound</a> as well, later replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">palatal <i>i</i></a>. Today, since Hungarian has <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>, some words containing the palatal sound <i>i</i> pick up the back suffix when conjugated or declined—instead of the front suffix, which is usual for <i>i'</i>s of other origin. Some examples: <i>nyíl</i> (arrow) → <i>nyil<b>at</b></i> (accusative; instead of *<i>nyilet</i>); <i>inni</i> ([<i>v inf</i>], to drink) → <i>iv<b>ás</b></i> (drinking [<i>n</i>], instead of *<i>ivés</i>). </p><p>The transition from <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> to simple vowels had already begun in the Proto-Hungarian period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consonants">Consonants</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosives</a> between vowels developed to <a href="/wiki/Spirants" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirants">spirants</a>, and those after <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal stops</a> became <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1! width=100% align=center"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Original Uralic</b> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Replaced by</b> </td> <td><b>Position</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">voiceless labiodental fricative</a>) </td> <td>initial </td></tr> <tr> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">β</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">voiced bilabial fricative</a>) </td> <td>medial </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">z</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">voiced alveolar fricative</a>) </td> <td>medial </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a>) </td> <td>in initial position in words that contain only velar vowels </td></tr> <tr> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɣ</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a>) </td> <td>medial </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mp</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial stop">voiced bilabial stop</a>) </td> <td>everywhere </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nt</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">d</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar stop">voiced alveolar stop</a>) </td> <td>everywhere </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋk</span> </td> <td>→ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced velar stop">voiced velar stop</a>) </td> <td>everywhere </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammar">Grammar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language developed its interesting features, the transitive and intransitive verb conjugations. (See <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar_(verbs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian grammar (verbs)">Hungarian grammar (verbs)</a>.) Marked possessive relations appeared. The accusative marker -<i>t</i> was developed, as well as many <a href="/wiki/Verb_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb tense">verb tenses</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Hungarian_(10th_to_15th_centuries)"><span id="Old_Hungarian_.2810th_to_15th_centuries.29"></span>Old Hungarian (10th to 15th centuries)<span class="anchor" id="Old_Hungarian"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Old Hungarian (10th to 15th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Old Hungarian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Hungary">Medieval Hungary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">developed into Middle Hungarian by the 16th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Old Hungarian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #a8fe74;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ohu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ohu">ohu</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/ohu">ohu</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/oldh1242">oldh1242</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>By the 10th century, the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a> had established a principality in present-day <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and its neighbourhood. In 1000, Vajk — the later <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a> — got his <a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">crown</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, and the history of the Christian <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> began. </p><p>In the 1490s, Hungarian was spoken by about 3.2 million people; this number was fairly high at the time. The first examples of official and legal use are dated back to these years. Some personal letters and wills are known. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> put pressure on neighbouring nations, just like on Hungary — the latter was unstable at the time, due to internal lordship disputes. This led to the Hungarian (led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary" title="Louis II of Hungary">Louis II of Hungary</a>) loss of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> (1526). In 1541, Ottomans finally captured the capital, <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> as well. The country was split into three parts; the southern regions fell under Ottoman rule; the western parts officially remained "Kingdom of Hungary", with Habsburg kings; and the eastern area, mainly <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a> became independent. Historical linguists set the end of the Old Hungarian period at 1526, as it is such an important date in Hungarian history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_records">Literary records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literary records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin language</a> was made official in the country—especially in the 11th to 15th centuries, the language of literature and religion was Latin. However, Hungarian was used in certain cases; sometimes it was fitted into Latin documents, to avoid later disputes about proprietary rights. </p><p>However, the first official document of Hungary is not in Latin, but in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>—this is the "Charter of the nuns of Veszprémvölgy",<sup id="cite_ref-veszprem_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veszprem-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated to 997. The text contains some Hungarian (and also some Slavic) place names: e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">saɣarbrien</span> (compound formed from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">saɣar</span> 'shaft' + an obsolete Turkic <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">brien</span> 'coalition'—today <i>Szárberény</i>); <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">saːmtaɣ</span> 'plough'; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">meleɡdi</span> (from <i>meleg</i> 'warm' + -<i>di</i> diminutive suffix). </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tihany_1055.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tihany_1055.PNG/250px-Tihany_1055.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tihany_1055.PNG/375px-Tihany_1055.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tihany_1055.PNG/500px-Tihany_1055.PNG 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian words in the founding declaration of the <a href="/wiki/Tihany" title="Tihany">Benedictine Abbey of Tihany</a>, 1055</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohlm_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ohlm_original.jpg/250px-Ohlm_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ohlm_original.jpg/375px-Ohlm_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ohlm_original.jpg/500px-Ohlm_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption>The Old Hungarian poem "Laments of Mary"</figcaption></figure> <p>The next most important document is the "<a href="/wiki/Establishing_charter_of_the_abbey_of_Tihany" title="Establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany">Establishing charter of the abbey of Tihany</a>", dated to 1055. In the Latin text, 3 Hungarian sentences, 58 words, and 33 suffixes are present. The longest sentence is, in the original spelling, <i>feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea</i> (reconstructed pronunciation:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɛhɛːrvaːru<span class="wrap"> </span>reaː<span class="wrap"> </span>mɛnɛɣ<span class="wrap"> </span>hɔdu<span class="wrap"> </span>utu<span class="wrap"> </span>reaː/</span>; modern Hungarian: "<a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Fehérvárra</a> menő hadi útra"—the postposition "rea", meaning "onto", became the suffix "-ra/-re"—English: 'up to the military road going to <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r" title="Székesfehérvár">Fehérvár</a>'). Today, the vellum is kept in the abbey of <a href="/wiki/Pannonhalma" title="Pannonhalma">Pannonhalma</a>. </p><p>Skipping intermediate Hungarian relics, the next important item is the "<a href="/wiki/Funeral_Sermon_and_Prayer" title="Funeral Sermon and Prayer">Funeral Sermon and Prayer</a>" from 1192. This is the first text completely in Hungarian. The document is found on the 154th page of the Codex Pray (<i>Pray</i> here is not an English word but a name). </p> <table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Hungarian </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <p>Latiatuc feleym zumtuchel mic vogmuc. yſa pur eſ chomuv uogmuc. Menyi miloſtben terumteve eleve miv iſemucut adamut. eſ odutta vola neki paradiſumut hazoa. Eſ mend paradiſumben uolov gimilcictul munda neki elnie. Heon tilutoa wt ig fa gimilce tvl. Ge mundoa neki meret nu eneyc. yſa ki nopun emdul oz gimilſtwl. halalnec halalaal holz. Hadlaua choltat terumteve iſtentul. ge feledeve. Engede urdung intetvinec. eſ evec oz tiluvt gimilſtwl. es oz gimilſben halalut evec. Eſ oz gimilſnek vvl keſeruv uola vize. hug turchucat mige zocoztia vola. Num heon muga nec. ge mend w foianec halalut evec. Horogu vec iſten. eſ veteve wt ez munkaſ vilagbele. eſ levn halalnec eſ poculnec feze. eſ mend w nemenec. Kic ozvc. miv vogmuc. </p> </td> <td> <p>Ye see, my brethren, with your eyes, what we are! Behold, we are dust and ashes. Through His divine grace the Lord God first made our ancestor, Adam, and gave him the Paradise of Eden for his home. And of all the fruits of Paradise, He bade him live, forbidding to him only the fruit of one tree, yet telling him, why he should not eat of it: "Lo, on the day thou eatest of this fruit, thou shalt die the death of deaths." Adam had heard of his death from his Creator-God, yet he forgot. He yielded to the Devil’s allurement, and ate of the forbidden fruit, and in that fruit he partook of death. And so bitter was the juice of that fruit, it (almost?) burst their throats. Not only for himself, but for all his race he ate death. In anger, God cast him into this world of toil, and he became the nest of death and damnation, for all his kind. Who shalt be those? We are them. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div align="right">—Quoted from the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_Sermon_and_Prayer" title="Funeral Sermon and Prayer">Funeral Sermon and Prayer</a>, 1192.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature in Hungarian</a> is counted since the previous writing. The first known Hungarian poem has the title '<a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_%27Lamentations_of_Mary%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary'">Laments of Mary</a>'—its theme is the story of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' crucifixion, from the viewpoint of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a>. It was denoted around 1300, but possibly it is not the first version. Its text is clear, easy to understand and logical, free of <a href="/wiki/Latinism" title="Latinism">latinisms</a>. The first verse: </p> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Hungarian </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="33%"> <p>Volek ſyrolm thudothlon<br /> ſy rolmol ſepedyk.<br /> buol oʒuk epedek ·· </p> </td> <td width="33%"> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">vɔlɛːk<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃirɔlm<span class="wrap"> </span>tudɔtlɔn</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃirɔlmol<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɛpɛdik</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">buol<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔsuk,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛpedɛk</span> </p> </td> <td> <p>I was lament-ignorant;<br /> I am suffering from lament,<br /> I am suffering, languishing from sorrow. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The next important relic—with a cheerless history—is the "Fragment of Königsberg", dated approximately to the 1350s. This is the remains of the first known, explicitly proven Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a>. The codex had arrived at <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, by the end of the century; there, because it was not understandable to the Polish bookbinder, it was chopped and used to bind a Latin book. The other important book from the time is the Codex Jókay; a 15th-century copy of an original from 1372. The codex is about the life of <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg/250px-Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg/375px-Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg/500px-Codex_of_munchen_-_bible_in_hungarian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>A copy of the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Bible" title="Hussite Bible">Hussite Bible</a>, in the Codex of Munich, dated to 1466</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 15th century, some non-comprehensive Latin-Hungarian dictionaries, or rather word lists, were composed. Some shorter texts are also known. The most important work is however the first translation of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Bible" title="Hussite Bible">Hussite Bible</a>, dated to 1416. The Bible was translated by priests <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tam%C3%A1s_P%C3%A9csi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamás Pécsi (page does not exist)">Tamás Pécsi</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A1lint_Ujlaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bálint Ujlaki (page does not exist)">Bálint Ujlaki</a>. They were affected by the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Jan Hus</a> during their university years (1399–1411) in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> pursued Hussitism, and the translation was confiscated from the translators; regardless it became so popular that several authentic copies of the original survive. </p><p>More and more Hungarian books were written, most of them religious. Over and above the "Laments of Mary", the other important item of Old Hungarian poetry is <i>Szabács viadala</i> ("Triumph of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abac" title="Šabac">Šabac</a>"). Reputedly, it was denoted in the year of the battle (1476); in this, Hungarian troops led by King <a href="/wiki/Matthias_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthias of Hungary">Matthias of Hungary</a> had a glorious victory over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> army — its issue is secular. It is possibly a fragment of a longer poem. A quotation: </p> <table border="0"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Hungarian </th> <th>Pronunciation </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td width="33%"> <p>De aʒ fellywl mōdot pal keneʒÿ Aroknak melyſeget ygen neʒÿ kÿ Sabach erws voltat elmelle Honneg mÿnemw algÿw kel melle </p> </td> <td width="33%"> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑz<span class="wrap"> </span>feʎːøːl<span class="wrap"> </span>mondot<span class="wrap"> </span>paːl<span class="wrap"> </span>keneʒi</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aːroknɑk<span class="wrap"> </span>meːʎʃeːɡeːt<span class="wrap"> </span>iɡen<span class="wrap"> </span>nezi</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ki<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃɑbatʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>erøːʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>voltaːt<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛlmeːlːeː</span><br /> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">honːeːɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>minemøː<span class="wrap"> </span>aːlɟuː<span class="wrap"> </span>kel<span class="wrap"> </span>mɛlːeː</span> </p> </td> <td> <p>But, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kinizsi" title="Pál Kinizsi">Pál Kinizsi</a> said about the thing,<br />who was regarding the dike's depth;<br />who knew the powerfulness of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0abac" title="Šabac">Šabac</a>:<br />what sort of cannons should be brought from where. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian script</a> inscriptions are also known, such as the "Alphabet of Nikolsburg" (1483) and a number of deciphered and undeciphered inscriptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_changes">Linguistic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linguistic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Hungarian_language" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Hungarian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In this period, Hungarian developed several new words. One way this happened was through <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> coming from languages whose speakers mediated the new concepts. On the other hand, internal word formation also took place, in which the words for new concepts were derived from earlier words. </p><p>Compared to Modern Hungarian, Old Hungarian was rich in derivative suffixes. Most of these suffixes are also derived from other suffixes, so they can be aligned in "suffix-bushes". There were numerous diminutive suffixes, non-productive in today's Hungarian, e.g. -<i>d</i> ("<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">holmo<b>d</b></span>", from "<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">holom</span>"—"tiny hill"); -<i>t</i> (it left its trace in some geographic names); <i>-n, -ny, -m</i> (as in <i>kicsi<b>ny</b></i>, from <i>kicsi</i>—very little). </p><p>Forming compounds was also a way to coin new terms. </p><p>But then again, there are several loanwords dating back to the period 896–1526. Loans were mainly acquired from <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> (for example, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kiraːʎ</span> 'king'), <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (e. g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">hɛrtsɛɡ</span> 'prince'), and <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> (e. g., <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɛmplom</span> 'church'). As emerges from the previous examples, these words are primarily associated with Christianity and politics. Other loans are the names of animals living outside Hungary, terms of technology, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammar_2">Grammar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Verbs</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_verbs" title="Hungarian verbs">Hungarian verbs</a></div> <p>Like English, Modern Hungarian has two verb tenses: past and nonpast. Futurity is expressed using the auxiliary verb <i>foɡ</i>. However, Old Hungarian had six verb tenses: Past Narrative (Latin: praeteritum), Past Finite, Past Complex, Present, Future Simple, and Future Complex. </p><p>Past Narrative was marked using the suffixes <i>-é</i>, <i>-á</i> in transitive and <i>-e</i>, <i>-a</i> in intransitive. The tense was used to describe an array of past events originally. The verb <i>várni</i> 'to wait' conjugated in this tense: </p> <table border="0" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" colspan="4"><b>Past Narrative – várni</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Number </th> <th rowspan="2">Person </th> <th colspan="2">Type </th></tr> <tr> <th>Transitive </th> <th>Intransitive </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Singular </th> <th>1st (I) </th> <td>várám </td> <td>várék </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd (You) </th> <td>várád </td> <td>várál </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd (He/She) </th> <td>várá </td> <td>vára </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Plural </th> <th>1st (We) </th> <td>várók </td> <td>váránk </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd (You) </th> <td>várátok </td> <td>várátok </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd (They) </th> <td>várák </td> <td>várának </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Future simple was expressed using the suffix -<i>nd</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Future complex (the present-day future tense of the language) is conjugated in the following way: </p> <dl><dd>Infinitive + auxiliary verb 'fog'</dd> <dd><i>menni fog</i>—he/she is going to go</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Hungarian">Middle Hungarian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Middle Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first printed <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> written in Hungarian was published in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in 1533, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benedek_Komj%C3%A1ti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benedek Komjáti (page does not exist)">Benedek Komjáti</a>. The work's title is <i>Az Szent Pál levelei magyar nyelven</i> (In original spelling: <i>Az zenth Paal leueley magyar nyeluen</i>), i.e. <i>The letters of Saint Paul in the Hungarian language</i>. In the 17th century, the language was already very similar to its present-day form, although two of the past tenses were still used. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> loans also appeared in the language by these years. Further Turkish words were borrowed during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman occupation</a> of much of Hungary between 1541 and 1699. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_changes_2">Linguistic changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Linguistic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowel system of Hungarian had developed roughly to its current shape by the 16th century. At its fullest the system included eight phonemes occurring both short and long:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2">Front</th> <th rowspan="2">Back </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>Illabial</small></th> <th><small>Labial</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Close </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i,<span class="wrap"> </span>iː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">y,<span class="wrap"> </span>yː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u,<span class="wrap"> </span>uː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mid </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e,<span class="wrap"> </span>eː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ø,<span class="wrap"> </span>øː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o,<span class="wrap"> </span>oː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Open /<br />Open-mid </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛː</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ,<span class="wrap"> </span>aː</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This largely symmetric system was complicated only by the presence of open illabial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span> as the long counterpart of short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span>. In modern Hungarian this is mainly found as a front vowel. </p><p>The contrasts between mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> (including their long counterparts) have later been mostly lost. The shift <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛː/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> took place widely during the 16th and 17th centuries, across most of the Hungarian-speaking area. In several dialects this however did not lead to a merger; in response, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> may have been either raised to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>, or (in northeastern dialects) <a href="/wiki/Diphthongization" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongization">diphthongized</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ie/</span>. The shift <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> also arose equally early in the central dialects underlying Standard Hungarian. Its spread to the other Hungarian dialects has however been much slower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Hungarian">Modern Hungarian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern Hungarian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 18th century, the language was incapable of clearly expressing new scientific concepts, and several writers found the vocabulary a bit scant for literary purposes. Thus, a group of writers, most notably <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Kazinczy" title="Ferenc Kazinczy">Ferenc Kazinczy</a>, began to compensate for these imperfections. Some words were shortened (<i>győzedelem</i> > <i>győzelem</i>, 'triumph' or 'victory'); a number of <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialectal</a> words spread nationally (e. g. <i>cselleng</i> 'dawdle'); extinct words were reintroduced (<i>dísz</i> 'décor'); a wide range of expressions were coined using the various derivative suffixes; and some other, less frequently used methods of expanding the language were utilized. This movement was called the '<a href="/wiki/Language_reform" title="Language reform">language reform</a>' (Hungarian: <i>nyelvújítás,</i> lit. "language renewal"), and produced more than ten thousand words, many of which remain in active use today. The reforms contributed to the installment of Hungarian as the official language over Latin in the country in 1844.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángó Hungarians</a> did not take part in the language reforms of the Age of Enlightenment, so their dialect is the most archaic form of Hungarian. </p><p>The 19th and 20th centuries saw further standardization of the language, and differences between the already mutually comprehensible dialects gradually lessened. In 1920, due to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, Hungary lost 71% of its territories, along with these, 33% of the ethnic Hungarian population. Today, the language is official in Hungary, and regionally also <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_minority_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian minority in Romania">in Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Slovakia" title="Hungarians in Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Vojvodina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarians in Vojvodina">Serbia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_sound_correspondences_between_Hungarian_and_other_Uralic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and other Uralic languages">Regular sound correspondences between Hungarian and other Uralic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dialects" title="Hungarian dialects">Hungarian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Hungarian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_Sermon_and_Prayer" title="Funeral Sermon and Prayer">Funeral Sermon and Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_%27Lamentations_of_Mary%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary'">Old Hungarian 'Lamentations of Mary'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_theories_of_Hungarian_language_origins" title="Alternative theories of Hungarian language origins">Alternative theories of Hungarian language origins</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-notgenetic-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-notgenetic_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The speakers of the Uralic languages are not related genetically, only linguistically.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tat-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tat_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An obsolete word. The word <i>tat</i> in modern Hungarian means 'stern'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jo_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jó</i> no longer means <i>river</i> in Hungarian; instead, the term <i>folyó</i> is used, derived from the verb <i>folyni</i> 'flow'. However, certain geographic names in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> prove the existence of the word <i>jó</i>: <a href="/wiki/Beretty%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Berettyó">Berettyó</a> (from <i>Berek-jó</i> 'Grove-river'), <a href="/wiki/Saj%C3%B3" title="Sajó">Sajó</a> (from <i>Só-jó</i>) etc. Also compare <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <i>joki</i> 'river'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mony-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mony_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mony</i> is also unknown in Modern Hungarian.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Simon of Kéza: The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians</i> (13th century)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://la.wikisource.org/wiki/Gesta_Hungarorum">"Gesta Hungarorum – Wikisource"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesta+Hungarorum+%E2%80%93+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fla.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FGesta_Hungarorum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Hungarian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadyVeszpremyBak2010" class="citation book cs1">Rady, Martyn C.; Veszpremy, Laszlo; Bak, Janos M. (2010-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2nedMK12I7YC&pg=PA37"><i>Anonymus and Master Roger: The Deeds of the Hungarians. Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars</i></a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-95-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-95-1"><bdi>978-963-9776-95-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anonymus+and+Master+Roger%3A+The+Deeds+of+the+Hungarians.+Epistle+to+the+Sorrowful+Lament+upon+the+Destruction+of+the+Kingdom+of+Hungary+by+the+Tatars&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.isbn=978-963-9776-95-1&rft.aulast=Rady&rft.aufirst=Martyn+C.&rft.au=Veszpremy%2C+Laszlo&rft.au=Bak%2C+Janos+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2nedMK12I7YC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Hungarian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uesz.nytud.hu/index.html?uuid=7a59699d-7920-1014-99ac-ec3584b77125">"szarv"</a>. <i>Új magyar etimológiai szótár [A new Hungarian etymological dictionary]</i>. Nyelvtudományi Kutatóközpont [Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics]. 2 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>[fgr. *śorβa 'szarv' < ősárja; vö. av. srū-; újperzsa sru; stb.: 'szarv; szög, pöcök'; vö. még lat. cervus 'szarvas'].</q> [[fgr. *śorβa ‘horn’ < ancestor; cf. av. srū-; New Persian sru; etc.: 'horn; nail, prick'; cf. still in lat. cervus ‘deer’].]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=szarv&rft.btitle=%C3%9Aj+magyar+etimol%C3%B3giai+sz%C3%B3t%C3%A1r+%5BA+new+Hungarian+etymological+dictionary%5D&rft.pub=Nyelvtudom%C3%A1nyi+Kutat%C3%B3k%C3%B6zpont+%5BHungarian+Research+Centre+for+Linguistics%5D&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuesz.nytud.hu%2Findex.html%3Fuuid%3D7a59699d-7920-1014-99ac-ec3584b77125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Hungarian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These words have cognates also in the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Permic_languages" title="Finno-Permic languages">Finno-Permic languages</a> and they may as well have been loaned earlier from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berta & Róna-Tas 2011, pp. 1331–1339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-veszprem-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-veszprem_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>Veszprémvölgy</i>" is a place name, around present-day <a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fs_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traces of future simple are still found in the language. The future suffix, -nd, is an element of the suffix -<i>andó/-endő</i>, used to derive a kind of participles. Example: <i>elintézendő</i> 'something that has to be administered in future'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kálmán 1972, 67–68</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_works">Reference works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Reference works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Balázs, Géza: <i>The Story of Hungarian. A Guide to the Language</i>. Transl. by Thomas J. DeKornfeld. Budapest: Corvina Publishing, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9631343626" title="Special:BookSources/9631343626">9631343626</a></li> <li>Berta, Arpád & <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_R%C3%B3na-Tas" title="András Róna-Tas">Róna-Tas, András</a>: <i>West Old Turkic: Turkic Loanwords in Hungarian</i> (Turcologica 84). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2011.</li> <li>Kálmán, Béla: <i>Hungarian historical phonology</i>. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1972.</li> <li>Molnár, József—Simon, Györgyi: <i>Magyar nyelvemlékek</i>. 3rd edition, Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9631747387" title="Special:BookSources/9631747387">9631747387</a></li> <li>Dr. Inczefi, Géza: <i>A magyar nyelv fejlődéstörténete</i>. Typescript. Budapest: Tankönyvkiadó, 1969.</li> <li>Heltai, Gáspár: <i>Száz fabvla.</i> Kolozsvár: Heltai Press, 1566.</li> <li>Lakó, György: <i>Proto-Finno-Ugric sources of the Hungarian phonetic stock</i> (Uralic and Altaic series 80). Indiana University Press, 1968.</li> <li><i>A magyar középkor története</i>. Pannonica, 2006.</li> <li>Papp, István: <i>Unkarin kielen historia</i> (Tietolipas 54). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23570356">23570356</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-717-012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-717-012-3">978-951-717-012-3</a></li> <li>Ruffy, Péter: <i>Bujdosó nyelvemlékeink</i>. Budapest: Móra Publishing, 1977.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Histories_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_histories" title="Template:Language histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_histories" title="Template talk:Language histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Histories_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Histories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afrikaans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Danish" title="History of Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dutch_language" title="History of the Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_German" title="History of German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Icelandic" title="History of Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Norwegian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Scots_language" title="History of the Scots language">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swedish" title="History of Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Irish_language" title="History of the Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Welsh_language" title="History of the Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">French</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_French" title="History of Quebec French">Quebec</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Galician_language" title="History of the Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Italian">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romanian_language" title="History of the Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Spanish_language" title="History of the Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latvian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latvian language">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Lithuanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language#History" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bosnian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bulgarian_language" title="History of the Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_language" title="History of the Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Macedonian_language" title="History of the Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Polish_language" title="History of Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language" title="History of the Russian language">Russian</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_language_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Russian language in Ukraine">in Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Slovak_language" title="History of the Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language#History" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language#History" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-Iranian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hindustani" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hindustani">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Nepali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Albanian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uralic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Estonian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Estonian language">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Finnish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_language" title="History of the Basque language">Basque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Aramaic language">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dravidian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kannada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam#History" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Telugu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Vietnamese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austronesian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language#History" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language#History" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language" title="History of the Malay language">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sundanese_language" title="History of Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sino–Tibetan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Standard_Chinese" title="History of Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Japanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Japanese language">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koreanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iroquoian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cherokee_language" title="History of the Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azerbaijani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">constructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Esperanto" title="History of Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Interlingua" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Interlingua">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Interlingue" title="History of Interlingue">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ido#History" title="Ido">Ido</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&oldid=1255605390#Old_Hungarian">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&oldid=1255605390#Old_Hungarian</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_histories" title="Category:Language histories">Language histories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_language" title="Category:Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hungary_by_topic" title="Category:History of Hungary by topic">History of Hungary by topic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_prehistory" title="Category:Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_February_2015" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from February 2015">Articles that may contain original research from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2015" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2015">Articles needing additional references from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from August 2024">Articles with disputed statements from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hungarian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hungarian-language text">Articles containing Hungarian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Hungarian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Hungarian IPA">Pages with Hungarian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linglist_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linglist code">Language articles with Linglist code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unnamed_Glottolog_code" title="Category:Articles with unnamed Glottolog code">Articles with unnamed Glottolog code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 20:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Hungarian_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile#Old_Hungarian" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-z2b79","wgBackendResponseTime":131,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.835","walltime":"1.072","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5579,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":132391,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13764,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":44943,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 926.799 1 -total"," 14.84% 137.577 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.68% 126.769 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 13.36% 123.828 4 Template:Lang"," 11.28% 104.502 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.18% 94.373 1 Template:Language_histories"," 10.11% 93.718 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 10.01% 92.750 2 Template:Navbox"," 9.69% 89.845 1 Template:Cite_web"," 9.48% 87.861 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.494","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17364121,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rhwrx","timestamp":"20241122142153","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of the Hungarian language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Hungarian_language#Old_Hungarian","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q469384","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q469384","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-01-18T20:20:47Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T20:07:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/96\/Hu-funeral_sermon_and_prayer_OSZK.jpg","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>