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aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Val" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Val"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Val</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Val-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zvuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zvuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zvuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zvuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Longitudinalan val</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 46 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موجة طولية – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موجة طولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97" title="দীঘল তরঙ্গ – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দীঘল তরঙ্গ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ona_longitudinal" title="Ona longitudinal – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ona longitudinal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod%C3%A9ln%C3%A9_vln%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Podélné vlnění – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Podélné vlnění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%C4%83%D1%80%C4%83%D1%85_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Тăрăх хум – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тăрăх хум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinalwelle" title="Longitudinalwelle – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Longitudinalwelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Διαμήκη κύματα – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαμήκη κύματα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Longitudinal wave" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_longitudinal" title="Onda longitudinal – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Onda longitudinal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikilaine" title="Pikilaine – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pikilaine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzera-uhin" title="Luzera-uhin – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luzera-uhin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="موج طولی – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موج طولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onde_longitudinale" title="Onde longitudinale – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Onde longitudinale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_lonxitudinal" title="Onda lonxitudinal – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Onda lonxitudinal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="גל אורך – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גל אורך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="अनुदैर्घ्य तरंग – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुदैर्घ्य तरंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_konpresyon" title="Onn konpresyon – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Onn konpresyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudin%C3%A1lis_hull%C3%A1m" title="Longitudinális hullám – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Longitudinális hullám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelombang_longitudinal" title="Gelombang longitudinal – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gelombang longitudinal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onda_longitudinale" title="Onda longitudinale – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onda longitudinale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%ED%8C%8C_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="종파 (물리학) – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종파 (물리학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinalwell" title="Longitudinalwell – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Longitudinalwell" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1ilgin%C4%97_banga" title="Išilginė banga – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išilginė banga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Надолжен бран – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Надолжен бран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%98%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="അനുദൈർഘ്യതരംഗം – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുദൈർഘ്യതരംഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရှေ့နောက်ခါ လှိုင်း – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှေ့နောက်ခါ လှိုင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinale_golf" title="Longitudinale golf – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Longitudinale golf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinalb%C3%B8lgje" title="Longitudinalbølgje – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Longitudinalbølgje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala_pod%C5%82u%C5%BCna" title="Fala podłużna – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fala podłużna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondas_longitudinais" title="Ondas longitudinais – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ondas longitudinais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Продольные волны – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Продольные волны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinalni_val" title="Longitudinalni val – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Longitudinalni val" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Longitudinal wave" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozd%C4%BA%C5%BEne_vlnenie" title="Pozdĺžne vlnenie – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pozdĺžne vlnenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vzdol%C5%BEno_valovanje" title="Vzdolžno valovanje – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vzdolžno valovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvu%C4%8Dni_talasi" title="Zvučni talasi – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zvučni talasi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudinell_v%C3%A5g" title="Longitudinell våg – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Longitudinell våg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="நெட்டலை – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெட்டலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Onde_compression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif/250px-Onde_compression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Onde_compression_impulsion_1d_30_petit.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>Primjer longitudinalnog vala.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Spherical_pressure_waves.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Spherical_pressure_waves.gif/250px-Spherical_pressure_waves.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Spherical_pressure_waves.gif/375px-Spherical_pressure_waves.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Spherical_pressure_waves.gif/500px-Spherical_pressure_waves.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk">Zvuk</a> se širi u obliku <a href="/wiki/Prostor" title="Prostor">prostornih</a> longitudinalnih valova u <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zraku</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Sine_wavelength.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sine_wavelength.svg/250px-Sine_wavelength.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sine_wavelength.svg/375px-Sine_wavelength.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Sine_wavelength.svg/500px-Sine_wavelength.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">Valna duljina</a> <i>λ</i> je udaljenosti između dvaju brjegova ili dolova <a href="/wiki/Sinus" title="Sinus">sinusoidalnoga</a> vala.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Interferenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Interferenz.jpg/250px-Interferenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Interferenz.jpg/375px-Interferenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Interferenz.jpg/500px-Interferenz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interferencija_valova" title="Interferencija valova">Interferencija</a> dvaju kružnih valova.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Longitudinalan val</b> je <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">val</a> gdje <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">čestice</a> <a href="/wiki/Titranje" title="Titranje">titraju</a> u smjeru širenja vala. Najvažniji primjer longitudinalnih valova su valovi <a href="/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk">zvuka</a> u <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zraku</a>. U <a href="/wiki/Krutine" title="Krutine">čvrstim tijelima</a> mogu se rasprostirati i transverzalni i longitudinalni valovi, a u <a href="/wiki/Teku%C4%87ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekućina">tekućinama</a> i <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plinovima</a> samo longitudinalni valovi. Kad zatitra čvrsto tijelo, na primjer glazbena viljuška, ti se titraji šire kroz zrak. Pri tom zrak ne struji već se od izvora vala šire titraji na sve strane u obliku zgušnjenja i razrjeđenja.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Val">Val</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitudinalan_val&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Val" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitudinalan_val&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Val"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">Val</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Val</b> je širenje poremećaja kojim se prenosi <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> kroz neko sredstvo (<a href="/wiki/Medij" class="mw-disambig" title="Medij">medij</a>), a da se sredstvo kao cjelina ne pomiče. Kada se valovi nađu na granici između dvaju različitih sredsatva, dolazi do njihova <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija">refrakcije</a> (loma) ili <a href="/wiki/Refleksija" title="Refleksija">refleksije</a> (odbijanja) i u posebnim uvjetima do <a href="/wiki/Stojni_val" title="Stojni val">stojnih valova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_valovi" title="Mehanički valovi">Mehanički valovi</a> se mogu širiti samo kroz neku <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">tvar</a> (medij), dok se <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetski_valovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektromagnetski valovi">elektromagnetski valovi</a> mogu širiti i <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuumom</a>. </p><p>Valovi također mogu biti: </p> <ul><li>longitudinalni – čestice <a href="/wiki/Titranje" title="Titranje">titraju</a> u smjeru širenja vala. Najvažniji primjer longitudinalnih valova su valovi <a href="/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk">zvuka</a> u <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zraku</a>. U <a href="/wiki/Teku%C4%87ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekućina">tekućinama</a> i <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plinovima</a> samo se rasprostiru longitudinalni valovi;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverzalni_val" title="Transverzalni val">transverzalni</a> – čestice titraju poprečno na smjer širenja. U <a href="/wiki/Krutine" title="Krutine">čvrstim tijelima</a> mogu se rasprostirati i transverzalni i longitudinalni valovi;</li> <li>progresivni – val se širi u određenom smjeru i pritom se energija prenosi s čestice na česticu;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stojni_val" title="Stojni val">stojni</a> – neke čestice titraju, a neke stalno miruju; energija se ne prenosi prostorom.</li></ul> <p>Periodički se valovi mogu opisati karakterističnim veličinama: <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvencijom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amplituda" title="Amplituda">amplitudom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Period" title="Period">periodom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valnom duljinom</a>. Udubine koje nastaju kada bacimo sredstvo u vodu zovemo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valni_dol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valni dol (stranica ne postoji)">valnim dolovima</a>, a izbočine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valni_brijeg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valni brijeg (stranica ne postoji)">valnim brijegovima</a>. Od mjesta gdje je kamen pao izmjenično se rasprostiru kružni brjegovi i kružni dolovi. Val je ustvari širenje <a href="/wiki/Titranje" title="Titranje">titraja</a> u <a href="/wiki/Elasti%C4%8Dnost" title="Elastičnost">elastičnom</a> sredstvu. Kad kamen padne u vodu, prouzrokuje titranje na onom mjestu gdje je u vodu udario. <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" title="Elementarna čestica">Čestice</a> vode na tom mjestu zatitraju, i to se titranje dalje širi u obliku valova jer su čestice vode međusobno elastično povezane. Kod vala se ne prostire <a href="/wiki/Materija" title="Materija">materija</a> već <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> titranja koja putuje od čestice do čestice. Prividno nam se čini da <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> teče, ali ako promotrimo kakav list koji pliva na vodi vidjet ćemo da se taj ne pomiče s valom već se njiše gore i dolje na istom mjestu površine vode. Ono što kod vala putuje samo je slika titraja u izvjesnom trenutku. <a href="/wiki/Tvar" title="Tvar">Tvar</a> u kojoj se val rasprostire zove se sredstvo vala, a čestica koja je počela titrati i iz koje se val širi zove se izvor vala. Valovi koji se šire na površini nekog sredstva zovu se površinski valovi, a valovi koji se šire u nekom prostoru zovu se prostorni valovi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zvuk">Zvuk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitudinalan_val&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Zvuk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitudinalan_val&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zvuk"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk">Zvuk</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Zvuk</b> je <a href="/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_valovi" title="Mehanički valovi">mehanički val</a> <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvencija</a> od 16 <a href="/wiki/Hz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hz">Hz</a> do 20 kHz, to jest u rasponu u kojem ga čuje ljudsko <a href="/wiki/Uho" title="Uho">uho</a>. Zvuk frekvencije niže od 16 Hz naziva se <a href="/wiki/Infrazvuk" title="Infrazvuk">infrazvukom</a>, zvuk frekvencije više od 20 kHz <a href="/wiki/Ultrazvuk" title="Ultrazvuk">ultrazvukom</a>, a ako je frekvencija viša od 1 GHz, <a href="/wiki/Hiperzvuk" title="Hiperzvuk">hiperzvukom</a>. Zvuk nastaje više ili manje <a href="/wiki/Period" title="Period">periodičnim</a> <a href="/wiki/Titranje" title="Titranje">titranjem</a> izvora zvuka koji u neposrednoj okolici mijenja <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlak</a> sredstva (<a href="/wiki/Medij" class="mw-disambig" title="Medij">medija</a>), poremećaj tlaka prenosi se na susjedne <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" class="mw-redirect" title="Čestica">čestice</a> medija i tako se širi u obliku uglavnom longitudinalnih valova u <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plinovima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kapljevina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapljevina">kapljevinama</a> i longitudinalnih i <a href="/wiki/Transverzalni_val" title="Transverzalni val">transverzalnih valova</a> u <a href="/wiki/Krutina" class="mw-redirect" title="Krutina">krutinama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brzina_zvuka" title="Brzina zvuka">Brzina zvuka</a> uglavnom ovisi o <a href="/wiki/Gusto%C4%87a" title="Gustoća">gustoći</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elasti%C4%8Dnost" title="Elastičnost">elastičnim</a> <a href="/wiki/Sila" title="Sila">silama</a> u krutinama i kapljevinama a u plinovima o gustoći, <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlaku</a>. Osim u uobičajenim <a href="/wiki/Mjerna_jedinica" title="Mjerna jedinica">mjernim jedinicama</a> <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metar_u_sekundi" title="Metar u sekundi">m/s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kilometar_na_sat" title="Kilometar na sat">km/h</a>), mjeri se i nenormiranom jedinicom <a href="/wiki/Mach" title="Mach">mah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Machov_broj" class="mw-redirect" title="Machov broj">machov broj</a>). Kada <a href="/wiki/Zrakoplov" title="Zrakoplov">zrakoplov</a> dosegne brzinu zvuka (oko 343 m/s), tlak se neposredno pred zrakoplovom poremeti, <a href="/wiki/Otpor_sredstva" title="Otpor sredstva">otpor</a> znatno poraste, pa nastaju udarni valovi, koje promatrači na tlu doživljavaju kao prasak (takozvano probijanje <a href="/wiki/Zvu%C4%8Dni_zid" title="Zvučni zid">zvučnoga zida</a>). </p><p>Zvuk se širi bez prijenosa <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">mase</a>, ali se zvukom prenose <a href="/wiki/Impuls_sile" title="Impuls sile">Impuls sile</a> i <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a>. U svezi s tim, definiraju se <a href="/wiki/Jakost_zvuka" title="Jakost zvuka">jakost</a>, razina jakosti, <a href="/wiki/Glasno%C4%87a" title="Glasnoća">glasnoća</a> i razina glasnoće zvuka (<a href="/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika">akustika</a>). Kao i u ostalim vrstama valova, i u širenju zvuka očituju se pojave svojstvene svakom <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">valnom</a> gibanju, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija" class="mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija">apsorpcija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dopplerov_u%C4%8Dinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopplerov učinak">Dopplerov učinak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interferencija_valova" title="Interferencija valova">interferencija valova</a>, lom (<a href="/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija">refrakcija</a>), odbijanje (<a href="/wiki/Refleksija" title="Refleksija">refleksija</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Difrakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Difrakcija">difrakcija</a>). </p><p>U <a href="/wiki/Glazba" title="Glazba">glazbi</a>, zvuk se razlikuje od <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tona</a> u užem smislu riječi i od <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0um" title="Šum">šuma</a> po odnosima parcijalnih tonova ili parcijala. Parcijali tona maksimalno su <a href="/wiki/Harmonijsko_titranje" title="Harmonijsko titranje">harmonični</a>, dok su parcijali zvuka tek djelomično harmonični (više je neharmoničnih gornjih parcijalnih tonova nego kod zvuka), a kod šuma su odnosi parcijala posve neharmonični. Osnovna obilježja zvuka (visina, jakost, trajanje i boja) istoznačna su s osnovnim obilježjima tona, samo ih je teže precizno odrediti nego za ton. Pojam zvuk koristi se u glazbi, ponajprije u svakodnevnoj uporabi, i kao sinonim za pojedinačna i skupna obilježja zvuka (na primjer zvukovnu boju) ili osjetilni dojam zvučanja nekih <a href="/wiki/Glazbala" title="Glazbala">glazbala</a> ili ansambala (na primjer zvuk <a href="/wiki/Orgulje" title="Orgulje">orgulja</a>, zvuk <a href="/wiki/Zbor" class="mw-disambig" title="Zbor">zbora</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zvuk se širi zbog <a href="/wiki/Elasti%C4%8Dnost" title="Elastičnost">elastične</a> veze među <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekulama</a> sredstva. U <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plinovima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Teku%C4%87ina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekućina">tekućinama</a> valovi zvuka su isključivo longitudinalni (to jest šire se u istom pravcu u kojem se gibaju čestice medija pri titranju), dok u čvrstim tijelima valovi mogu biti također <a href="/wiki/Transverzalni_val" title="Transverzalni val">transverzalni</a>, to jest čestice medija mogu titrati i okomito na pravac širenja vala. Zvuk se ne može širiti kroz <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuum</a>. Izvor zvuka je uvijek mehaničko <a href="/wiki/Titranje" title="Titranje">titranje</a> nekog <a href="/wiki/Tijelo_(fizika)" title="Tijelo (fizika)">tijela</a>. Kad udarimo o neki predmet, na primjer trgnemo napetu žicu, čujemo zvuk, a taj osjet zvuka prestaje čim spriječimo da tijelo titra. Energija zvuka širi se nekim sredstvom (medijem) u obliku <a href="/wiki/Mehani%C4%8Dki_valovi" title="Mehanički valovi">mehaničkog vala</a>. To sredstvo je obično <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zrak</a>, a može biti i tekuće ili elastično čvrsto tijelo. Bez sredstva u kojem se šire mehanički valovi ne možemo čuti zvuk. Prema pravilnosti titranja razlikujemo ton, šum i <a href="/wiki/Buka" title="Buka">buku</a>. Ton je zvuk koji se sastoji od <a href="/wiki/Harmonijsko_titranje" title="Harmonijsko titranje">harmoničkih titraja</a>, dok su šum i buka smjesa titraja različitih <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvencija</a> i <a href="/wiki/Amplituda" title="Amplituda">amplituda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitudinalan_val&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitudinalan_val&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Velimir Kruz: "Tehnička fizika za tehničke škole", "Školska knjiga" Zagreb, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>valovi</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=63780">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>zvuk</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=67594">[2]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longitudinalan_val&oldid=6229166">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longitudinalan_val&oldid=6229166</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Titranja_i_valovi" title="Kategorija:Titranja i valovi">Titranja i valovi</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 31. prosinca 2021. u 21:32.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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