CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Classification of Pygmy languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"2e76e322-a67e-4d85-9d81-ace96cbb6201","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Classification_of_Pygmy_languages","wgTitle":"Classification of Pygmy languages","wgCurRevisionId":1256155393,"wgRevisionId":1256155393,"wgArticleId":32252938,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2011","Pages with undetermined IPA","Pygmy languages", "Classification of African languages","Indigenous languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Classification_of_Pygmy_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":32252938,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4362444","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&printable=1&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&printable=1&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&printable=1&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,follow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="849"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png/800px-African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="566"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png/640px-African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="453"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Classification of Pygmy languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Classification_of_Pygmy_languages rootpage-Classification_of_Pygmy_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Classification+of+Pygmy+languages&returntoquery=printable%3Dyes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Classification+of+Pygmy+languages&returntoquery=printable%3Dyes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Classification+of+Pygmy+languages&returntoquery=printable%3Dyes" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Classification+of+Pygmy+languages&returntoquery=printable%3Dyes" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Original_Pygmy_language(s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_Pygmy_language(s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Original Pygmy language(s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_Pygmy_language(s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peoples_and_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peoples_and_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Peoples and languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Peoples_and_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Peoples and languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Peoples_and_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bedzan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedzan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bedzan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedzan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mbenga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mbenga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mbenga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mbenga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mbuti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mbuti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mbuti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mbuti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Twa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Classification of Pygmy languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygm%C3%A9e#Langue" title="Pygmée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pygmée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Пигмейские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пигмейские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Пигмей телләре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пигмей телләре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_c%E1%BB%A7a_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Pygmy" title="Phân loại ngôn ngữ của người Pygmy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân loại ngôn ngữ của người Pygmy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4362444#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Classification_of_Pygmy_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&oldid=1256155393" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&id=1256155393&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DClassification_of_Pygmy_languages%26printable%3Dyes"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DClassification_of_Pygmy_languages%26printable%3Dyes"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4362444" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content">The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Pygmies_(labeled).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png/400px-African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png/600px-African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png/800px-African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Pygmies according to <a href="/wiki/Cavalli-Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalli-Sforza">Cavalli-Sforza</a>. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Twa" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Twa">southern Twa</a> are missing.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b><a href="/wiki/Congo_Pygmies" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo Pygmies">Congo Pygmies</a></b> (African Pygmies) refers to "forest people" who have, or recently had, a <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> economy and a simple, non-hierarchical societal structure based on <a href="/wiki/Band_society" title="Band society">bands</a>, are of short stature,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have a deep cultural and religious affinity with the <a href="/wiki/Congolian_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolian forests">Congo forest</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and live in a generally subservient relationship with agricultural "patrons", with which they trade forest products such as meat and honey for agricultural and iron products. </p><p>Though lumped together as "Pygmies" by outsiders, including their patrons, these peoples are not related to each other either ethnically or linguistically. Different Pygmy peoples may have distinct genetic mechanisms for their short stature, demonstrating diverse origins. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Original_Pygmy_language(s)"><span id="Original_Pygmy_language.28s.29"></span>Original Pygmy language(s)</h2></div> <p>An original Pygmy language has been postulated for at least some Pygmy groups. <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen" title="Merritt Ruhlen">Merritt Ruhlen</a> writes that "African Pygmies speak languages belonging to either to the <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Kordofanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Kordofanian">Niger–Kordofanian</a> families. It is assumed that Pygmies once spoke their own language(s), but that, through living in symbiosis with other Africans in prehistorical times, they adopted languages belonging to these two families."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linguistic evidence that such languages existed include <a href="/wiki/Mbenga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbenga language">Mbenga</a> forest vocabulary which is shared by the neighbouring Ubangian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Baka_language" title="Baka language">Baka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Aka_people" title="Aka people">Aka</a> (though not by the <a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Mbuti</a>, and this connection is not ancient) and the <a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Rimba</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Punu_language" title="Punu language">Punu</a> which may contain a core of non-Bantu vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been postulated that ancestral speakers may have been part of a complex of non-Pygmoid languages of hunter-gatherer populations in Africa whose only surviving descendants today mostly ring the rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common hypothesis is that African Pygmies are the direct descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Stone_Age" title="Late Stone Age">Late Stone Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> peoples of the central <a href="/wiki/African_rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="African rainforest">African rainforest</a> who were partially absorbed or displaced by later immigration of agricultural peoples and adopted their <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>. While there is a scarcity of excavated archaeological sites in Central Africa that could support this hypothesis,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> genetic studies have shown that Pygmy populations possess ancient divergent <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-DNA lineages</a> (especially haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)">A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B-M60" title="Haplogroup B-M60">B</a>) in high frequencies in contrast to their neighbours (who possess mostly <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2" title="Haplogroup E-M2">haplogroup E</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 30% of the Aka language is not Bantu, and a similar percentage of the Baka language is not Ubangian. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, and deals with honey-collecting or is otherwise specialized for the forest, and much of it is shared between the two western Pygmy groups. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Pygmy (Mbenga or "Baaka") language. However, this split was only reconstructed to the 15th century, so there is no reason to think that it is ancient.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that the Pygmies are not descended from residual hunter-gatherer groups, but rather are offshoots of larger neighboring ethnolinguistic groups that had adopted forest subsistence strategies. None of the Pygmy peoples live in the deep forest without trade with agricultural 'patrons'. Blench argues that Pygmies are a deeply established caste, like <a href="/wiki/Blacksmiths_of_western_Africa" title="Blacksmiths of western Africa">blacksmiths</a>, and that there was no original Pygmy race or language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peoples_and_languages">Peoples and languages</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pygmy_languages_(Bahuchet).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pygmy_languages_%28Bahuchet%29.png/400px-Pygmy_languages_%28Bahuchet%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pygmy_languages_%28Bahuchet%29.png/600px-Pygmy_languages_%28Bahuchet%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pygmy_languages_%28Bahuchet%29.png/800px-Pygmy_languages_%28Bahuchet%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Pygmy languages according to Bahuchet. Green are Bantu, red are Central Sudanic, and purple are Ubangian. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Twa" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Twa">Southern Twa</a> is not shown.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pygmy_peoples_(Hewlett_%26_Fancher).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pygmy_peoples_%28Hewlett_%26_Fancher%29.png/400px-Pygmy_peoples_%28Hewlett_%26_Fancher%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pygmy_peoples_%28Hewlett_%26_Fancher%29.png/600px-Pygmy_peoples_%28Hewlett_%26_Fancher%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Pygmy_peoples_%28Hewlett_%26_Fancher%29.png/800px-Pygmy_peoples_%28Hewlett_%26_Fancher%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1253" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Modification by Hewlett and Fancher. Bofi is added in the west, and Nsua in the east.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are over a dozen attested Pygmy peoples<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> numbering at least 350,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>. The best known are the <b><a href="/wiki/Mbenga_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbenga people">Mbenga</a></b> (Aka and Baka) of the western Congo Basin who speak <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian languages</a>; the <b><a href="/wiki/Mbuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbuti">Mbuti</a></b> (Efe <i>et al.</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest" title="Ituri Rainforest">Ituri Rainforest</a>, who speak Bantu and <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic languages</a>, and the <b><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Twa</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, who speak Bantu <a href="/wiki/Rwanda-Rundi" title="Rwanda-Rundi">Rwanda-Rundi</a>. All attested Pygmy peoples speak languages from these three language families, and only three peoples, the Aka, Baka, and Asua, have their own language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bedzan">Bedzan</h3></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Bedzan_people" title="Bedzan people">Medzan (Bedzan)</a></b> live in Cameroon not far from the Nigerian border. They speak a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bantoid_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantoid language">Bantoid language</a>. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 400</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mbenga">Mbenga</h3></div> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Aka_people" title="Aka people">Aka</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Congo">Republic of Congo</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Aka_language" title="Aka language">Aka (Yaka)</a> which is a Bantu language close to <a href="/wiki/Lingala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingala language">Lingala</a>. The <i>Benzele Aka</i> are well known for their music.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 30–50,000</dd> <dd><i>Miyaka (N Gabon, Bantu), Luma (N Gabon, Bantu)</i> appear to be Aka (Benzele) groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Cameroon_and_Gabon)" title="Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)">Baka</a></b> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Ngombe) of Cameroon and <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> speak closely related <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Ngbaka</a> branch: <a href="/wiki/Baka_language" title="Baka language">Baka</a> proper, <a href="/wiki/Ganzi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganzi language">Ganzi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gundi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundi language">Gundi</a> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">AKA</span></span> Ngondi.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 30–40,000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>In the Central African Republic north of the Aka are a group who speak the language of their neighbors, <b><a href="/wiki/Bofi_language" title="Bofi language">Bofi</a></b>, which is a language of the <a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a> branch.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 3,000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Gyele_people" title="Gyele people">Gyele</a></b> (a.k.a. <b>Kola</b> or <b>Koya</b>) are the westernmost Pygmies, living in southern Cameroon near the coast, and in <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a> on the coast. They speak two dialects of the Bantu <a href="/wiki/Mvumbo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mvumbo language">Mvumbo language</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 4,000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Kola_people" title="Kola people">Kola</a></b> (a.k.a. <b>Koya</b>) of Congo and northwestern Gabon speak a Bantu language, <a href="/wiki/Ngom_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngom language">Ngom</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 2,600</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bongo_people_(Gabon)" title="Bongo people (Gabon)">Bongo</a></b>, or Akoa, of southern Gabon speak several Bantu languages, including <a href="/wiki/Tsogo_language" title="Tsogo language">Tsogo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nzebi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nzebi language">Nzebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Teke_language" title="West Teke language">West Teke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punu_language" title="Punu language">Punu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbu_language" title="Lumbu language">Lumbu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myene_language" title="Myene language">Myene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaningi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaningi language">Kaningi</a>, and perhaps others such as <a href="/wiki/Yasa_language" title="Yasa language">Yasa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Punu dialect of the Irimba</a>, however, may have a non-Bantu core.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 3,000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mbuti">Mbuti</h3></div> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A9_people" title="Efé people">Efé</a></b> speak the Central Sudanic language <a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 10,000?</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Asoa_people" title="Asoa people">Asoa</a></b> speak their own Central Sudanic language (<a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a>), related to <a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a>, the language of one of their patrons.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 10,000?</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Kango_people" title="Kango people">Kango</a></b> (a.k.a. Sua) speak the Bantu language <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 26,000?</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twa">Twa</h3></div> <p>The various <a href="/wiki/Twa_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Twa peoples">Twa populations</a> all speak Bantu languages. </p> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nsua_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nsua people (page does not exist)">Nsua</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> speak Bantu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2011)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 1,000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Great Lakes Twa</a></b> of the Great Lakes (Rwanda, Burundi, eastern D.R. Congo, southern Uganda) speak <a href="/wiki/Rundi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rundi language">Rundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiga_language" title="Kiga language">Kiga</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 10,000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Mongo_Twa" title="Mongo Twa">Mongo Twa</a></b> or <b>Ntomba Twa</b> (<i>Cwa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[tʃwa]</a></span>) of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tumba" title="Lake Tumba">Lake Tumba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mai-Ndombe" title="Lake Mai-Ndombe">Lake Mai-Ndombe</a> of western D.R. Congo, speak several varieties of <a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Mongo</a> (Konda, <a href="/wiki/Ntomba_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ntomba language">Ntomba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lia_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lia language">Lia</a>), which are either divergent dialects or closely related languages.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Population: 14,000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Kasai_Twa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai Twa">Kasai Twa</a></b> or <b>Kuba Twa</b> (<i>Cwa</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Kasai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai region">Kasai</a> (central D.R. Congo) speak <a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Bushong</a>.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbote_Twa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mbote Twa (page does not exist)">Mbote Twa</a></b> (Bambote) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> speak a <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_D" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">D20</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Upemba_Twa" class="mw-redirect" title="Upemba Twa">Upemba Twa</a></b> or <b>Luba Twa</b> (<i>Cwa</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Upemba_Depression" title="Upemba Depression">Upemba Depression</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Luba-Katanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Luba-Katanga">Luba-Katanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Hemba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songe_language" title="Songe language">Songe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taabwa_language" title="Taabwa language">Taabwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Bangweulu_Batwa" title="Bangweulu Batwa">Bangweulu Twa</a></b> of <a href="/wiki/Bangweulu_Swamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangweulu Swamps">Bangweulu Swamps</a>, Zambia, speak <a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a>.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Lukanga_Twa" title="Lukanga Twa">Lukanga Twa</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Lukanga_Swamp" title="Lukanga Swamp">Lukanga Swamp</a>, Zambia, speak <a href="/wiki/Lenje_language" title="Lenje language">Lenje</a>.</li> <li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Kafwe_Twa" title="Kafwe Twa">Kafwe Twa</a></b> of the <a href="/wiki/Kafue_Flats" title="Kafue Flats">Kafue Flats</a>, Zambia, speak <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Tonga</a>.</li> <li>The Twa of Angola live among the Ngambwe, Havakona, Zimba and <a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba</a>, and presumably speak their languages.</li></ul> <p>Physically, these southern Twa do not differ from their Bantu neighbors, but have a similar subservient position to their agricultural neighbors as the forest Pygmies. They may be remnant <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> populations; the <a href="/wiki/Ila_people" title="Ila people">Ila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga_people_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga people (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lenje_people" title="Lenje people">Lenje</a> of Zambia, and the <a href="/wiki/Chewa_people" title="Chewa people">Chewa</a> of Malawi, for example, believe them to be aboriginal peoples, and trace sacred places to them, but Blench suggests that they may have instead migrated from the forest with the Bantu, and were later conflated with aboriginal populations in legend.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <p>The most complete account of Pygmy languages is found in Serge Bahuchet (1993) <i>Histoire d'une civilisation forestière</i>, volume 2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Generally speaking; those who are not particularly short, such as the Babongo and Bedzan, are sometimes distinguished as "pygmoid".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apart from those who live in the savannah or mixed terrain, such as the Bofi and Bedzan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are other, undocumented hunter-gatherer forest peoples such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbati_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mbati people (page does not exist)">Mbati</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolimba_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolimba people (page does not exist)">Bolimba</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, and there are thought to be more in the two Congos and in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Holoholo_language" title="Holoholo language">Holoholo</a> is in approximately the right location</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruhlen, Merritt. <i>The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, 1994. p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171224102142/http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/equipes/index.asp?Langue=EN&Equipe=50&Page=Themes">"DDL : CLHASS – Themes and actions"</a>. <i>www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/equipes/index.asp?Langue=EN&Equipe=50&Page=Themes">the original</a> on 2017-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr&rft.atitle=DDL+%3A+CLHASS+%E2%80%93+Themes+and+actions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr%2Fequipes%2Findex.asp%3FLangue%3DEN%26Equipe%3D50%26Page%3DThemes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassification+of+Pygmy+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 1997. "The languages of Africa". In Blench & Spriggs (eds.), <i>Archaeology and language IV</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahuchet2012" class="citation web cs1">Bahuchet, Serge (2 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=humbiol_preprints">"Changing Language, Remaining Pygmy"</a>. WSU Press. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Changing+Language%2C+Remaining+Pygmy&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=WSU+Press&rft.date=2012-01-02&rft.aulast=Bahuchet&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wayne.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1009%26context%3Dhumbiol_preprints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassification+of+Pygmy+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaidoo2014" class="citation web cs1">Naidoo, Thijessen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/39676075.pdf">"PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF Y CHROMOSOME HAPLOGROUPS A & B IN AFRICA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PHYLOGEOGRAPHY+OF+Y+CHROMOSOME+HAPLOGROUPS+A+%26+B+IN+AFRICA&rft.pages=90&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Naidoo&rft.aufirst=Thijessen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F39676075.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassification+of+Pygmy+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serge Bahuchet, 1993, <i>History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics.</i> In C.M. Hladik, ed., <i>Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development.</i> Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahuchet2006" class="citation web cs1">Bahuchet, Serge (Aug 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/548207/filename/Bahuchet_2006--Leipzig_Version1.pdf">"Languages of African rainforest " pygmy " hunter-gatherers: language shifts without cultural admixture. Historical linguistics and hunter-gatherers populations in global perspective"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Max-Planck Inst., Leipzig. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+African+rainforest+%22+pygmy+%22+hunter-gatherers%3A+language+shifts+without+cultural+admixture.+Historical+linguistics+and+hunter-gatherers+populations+in+global+perspective&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Max-Planck+Inst.%2C+Leipzig&rft.date=2006-08&rft.aulast=Bahuchet&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ffile%2Findex%2Fdocid%2F548207%2Ffilename%2FBahuchet_2006--Leipzig_Version1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassification+of+Pygmy+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Anthropology/Africa/Pygmies%20an%20ethnographic%20fiction.pdf">Are the African Pygmies an ethnographic fiction</a>? In: <i>Central African hunter-gatherers in a multi-disciplinary perspective: challenging elusiveness</i>. K. Biesbrouck, S. Elders & G. Rossel eds. 41–60. Leiden: CNWS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazadi 1981:838 reports the Cwa were living with the Luba when they moved south and contacted the Hemba. (<i>Méprisés et admirés: l'ambivalence des relations entre le Bacwa (Pygmées) et les Bahemba (Bantu)</i>. <i>Africa</i> 51-4.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blench, Roger. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Genetics/SAFA%202004%20genetics%20paper.pdf">Genetics and linguistics in sub-Saharan Africa</a>. Presented at SAfA 2004.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Serge Bahuchet, 2006. "Languages of the African Rainforest « Pygmy » Hunter-Gatherers: Language Shifts without Cultural Admixture."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/54/82/07/PDF/Bahuchet_2006--Leipzig_Version1.pdf">[1]</a> In <i>Historical linguistics and hunter-gatherers populations in global perspective</i>. Leipzig.</li> <li>Hewlett & Fancher, 2011. "Central African Hunter-Gatherer Research Traditions". In Cummings, Jordan, & Zvelebil, eds, <i>Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers.</i> Oxford University Press</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_the_Pygmies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pygmy_languages" title="Template:Pygmy languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Pygmy_languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Pygmy languages (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pygmy_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pygmy languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Pygmies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages of the Pygmies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Central_Sudanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baka_language" title="Baka language">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganzi language">Ganzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundi language">Gundi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bofi_language" title="Bofi language">Bofi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bantoid_languages" title="Bantoid languages">Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zone_A" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_A" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mvumbo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mvumbo language">Mvumbo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_B" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngom_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngom language">Ngom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsogo_language" title="Tsogo language">Tsogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njebi_language" title="Njebi language">Njebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Teke_language" title="West Teke language">West Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punu_language" title="Punu language">Punu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbu_language" title="Lumbu language">Lumbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myene_language" title="Myene language">Myene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaning%27i_language" title="Kaning'i language">Kaning'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Rimba</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_C" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aka_language" title="Aka language">Aka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_language" title="Mongo language">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lia-Ntomba_language" title="Lia-Ntomba language">Lia-Ntomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushong_language" title="Bushong language">Bushong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_D" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone D</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_J" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone J</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiga_language" title="Kiga language">Kiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_L" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone L</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luba-Katanga_language" title="Luba-Katanga language">Luba-Katanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_language" title="Hemba language">Hemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songe_language" title="Songe language">Songe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_M" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone M</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taabwa_language" title="Taabwa language">Taabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenje_language" title="Lenje language">Lenje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Rimba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&oldid=1256155393">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&oldid=1256155393</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pygmy_languages" title="Category:Pygmy languages">Pygmy languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classification_of_African_languages" title="Category:Classification of African languages">Classification of African languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages" title="Category:Indigenous languages">Indigenous languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2011" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_July_2011" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2011">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 14:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classification_of_Pygmy_languages&printable=yes&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-xp7cn","wgBackendResponseTime":115,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.535","walltime":"0.663","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1683,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":54842,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2574,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":28840,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 576.931 1 -total"," 28.68% 165.459 10 Template:Navbox"," 24.88% 143.517 1 Template:Pygmy_languages"," 22.66% 130.730 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.28% 116.989 1 Template:IPA-all"," 19.97% 115.204 1 Template:IPA"," 18.77% 108.311 4 Template:Cite_web"," 15.41% 88.920 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.07% 58.118 2 Template:Citation_needed"," 9.71% 56.021 3 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.363","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20444688,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-b87g2","timestamp":"20241130020504","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Classification of Pygmy languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Classification_of_Pygmy_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4362444","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4362444","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2011-06-29T17:13:06Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T14:30:01Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/27\/African_Pygmies_%28labeled%29.png","headline":"overview of the classification of Pygmy languages"}</script> </body> </html>