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class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2010s–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trick_skating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trick_skating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Trick skating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trick_skating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skate_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skate_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Skate parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skate_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Video </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Video games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skate_shoe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skate_shoe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Skate shoe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skate_shoe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skateboard_deck" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skateboard_deck"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Skateboard deck </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skateboard_deck-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_value_and_collectible_skateboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_value_and_collectible_skateboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 High value and collectible skateboards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_value_and_collectible_skateboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other uses and styles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses_and_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other uses and styles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trampboarding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trampboarding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Trampboarding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trampboarding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swing_boarding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swing_boarding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Swing boarding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swing_boarding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Skateboarding</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" > 48 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hw%C7%A3lbordfarung" title="Hwǣlbordfarung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hwǣlbordfarung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AC_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD" title="تزلج على اللوح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تزلج على اللوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Skateboarding" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeytbordinq" title="Skeytbordinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Skeytbordinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Скейтбординг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Скейтбординг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Скейтбордынг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скейтбордынг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="स्केटबोर्डिंग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्केटबोर्डिंग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Скейтбординг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скейтбординг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopat%C3%AD_de_carrer" title="Monopatí de carrer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monopatí de carrer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Skateboarding" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sglefrfyrddio" title="Sglefrfyrddio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sglefrfyrddio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Skateboarding" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rulas%C3%B5it" title="Rulasõit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rulasõit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Σκέιτμπορντινγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκέιτμπορντινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopatinaje" title="Monopatinaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monopatinaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rultabulado" title="Rultabulado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rultabulado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Skateboarding" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="اسکیت‌بردینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکیت‌بردینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Skateboard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopatinaxe" title="Monopatinaxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Monopatinaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B3%B4%EB%93%9C" title="스케이트보드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스케이트보드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Skateboarding" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planko-sketado" title="Planko-sketado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Planko-sketado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluncur_papan" title="Seluncur papan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seluncur papan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Skateboard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="סקייטבורדינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סקייטבורדינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isk%C3%AAytbord%C3%AEng" title="Iskêytbordîng – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Iskêytbordîng" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeitbordings" title="Skeitbordings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skeitbordings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedlen%C4%8Di%C5%B3_sportas" title="Riedlenčių sportas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Riedlenčių sportas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luncur_papan_selaju" title="Luncur papan selaju – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Luncur papan selaju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarden" title="Skateboarden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Skateboarden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeytbording" title="Skeytbording – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Skeytbording" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skateboarding" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skate" title="Skate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Skate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Скейтбординг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скейтбординг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeitchbuirdin" title="Skeitchbuirdin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Skeitchbuirdin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Skateboarding" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skejtbording" title="Skejtbording – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Skejtbording" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolkanje" title="Rolkanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rolkanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Скејтбординг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скејтбординг" data-language-autonym="Српски 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Action sport on skateboards</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Skateboarder" redirects here. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Skateboarder_(magazine)" title="Skateboarder (magazine)">Skateboarder (magazine)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Skateboarding</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenna_skates_in_front_of_the_Barclays_Center_-_Brooklyn,_NY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lenna_skates_in_front_of_the_Barclays_Center_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY.jpg/220px-Lenna_skates_in_front_of_the_Barclays_Center_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lenna_skates_in_front_of_the_Barclays_Center_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY.jpg/330px-Lenna_skates_in_front_of_the_Barclays_Center_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Lenna_skates_in_front_of_the_Barclays_Center_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY.jpg/440px-Lenna_skates_in_front_of_the_Barclays_Center_-_Brooklyn%2C_NY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="857" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Skater in front of the <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Center" title="Barclays Center">Barclays Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a> (2019)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Skate" title="World Skate">World Skate</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes, separate competitions</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Country or region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Since <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics">2020</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Skateboarding is an <a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">action sport</a> that involves riding and <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_trick" title="Skateboarding trick">performing tricks</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">skateboard</a>, as well as a recreational activity, an art form, an entertainment industry <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">job</a>, and a method of <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Originating in the United States, skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2009 report found that the skateboarding market is worth an estimated $4.8 billion in annual revenue, with 11.08 million active skateboarders in the world.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In 2016, it was announced that skateboarding would be represented at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, for both male and female teams.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Skateboarding made its Olympic debut in 2020 and was included in the 2024 games.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Skatepark" title="Skatepark">skateparks</a> have been constructed specifically for use by skateboarders, <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">freestyle BMXers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggressive_inline_skating" title="Aggressive inline skating">aggressive skaters</a>, and more recently, <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_scootering" title="Freestyle scootering">scooters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> However, skateboarding has become controversial in areas in which the activity, although legal, has damaged curbs, stoneworks, steps, benches, plazas, and parks.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-skateboarding-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s–1960s">1940s–1960s</h3></div> The first skateboards started with wooden boxes, or boards, with roller skate wheels attached to the bottom. Crate <a href="/wiki/Kick_scooter" title="Kick scooter">scooters</a> preceded skateboards, having a wooden crate attached to the nose (front of the board), which formed rudimentary handlebars.<a href="#cite_note-Gnarly-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-SBH-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wave-10">[10]</a> The boxes turned into planks, similar to the skateboard decks of today.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> Skateboarding, as it exists today, was probably born sometime in the late 1940s, or early 1950s,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Surfers" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfers">surfers</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> wanted something to do when the waves were flat. This was called "sidewalk surfing" – a new wave of surfing on the sidewalk as the sport of surfing became highly popular. No one knows who made the first board; it seems that several people came up with similar ideas at around the same time. The first manufactured skateboards were ordered by a <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California surf shop, meant to be used by surfers in their downtime. The shop owner, Bill Richard, made a deal with the Chicago Roller Skate Company<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> to produce sets of skate wheels, which they attached to square wooden boards. Accordingly, skateboarding was originally denoted "sidewalk surfing" and early skaters emulated <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a> style and maneuvers, and performed barefoot.<a href="#cite_note-Gnarly-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeyland200221-13">[13]</a> By the 1960s a small number of surfing manufacturers in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> such as Jack's, Kips', <a href="/wiki/Hobart_Alter" title="Hobart Alter">Hobie</a>, Bing's and Makaha started building skateboards that resembled small surfboards, and assembled teams to promote their products. One of the earliest Skateboard exhibitions was sponsored by Makaha's founder, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Stevenson" title="Larry Stevenson">Larry Stevenson</a>, in 1963 and it was held at the Pier Avenue Junior High School in <a href="/wiki/Hermosa_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermosa Beach">Hermosa Beach</a>, California.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-History-16">[16]</a> Some of these same teams of skateboarders were also featured on a television show called Surf's Up in 1964, hosted by Stan Richards, that helped promote skateboarding as something new and fun to do.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> As the popularity of skateboarding began expanding, the first skateboarding magazine, <a href="/wiki/The_Quarterly_Skateboarder" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quarterly Skateboarder">The Quarterly Skateboarder</a> was published in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Severson" title="John Severson">John Severson</a>, who published the magazine, wrote in his first editorial: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Today's skateboarders are founders in this sport—they're pioneers—they are the first. There is no history in Skateboarding—its being made now—by you. The sport is being molded and we believe that doing the right thing now will lead to a bright future for the sport. Already, there are storm clouds on the horizon with opponents of the sport talking about ban and restriction.<a href="#cite_note-writers-18">[18]</a></blockquote> The magazine only lasted four issues, but resumed publication as <a href="/wiki/Skateboarder_(magazine)" title="Skateboarder (magazine)">Skateboarder</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-writers-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The first broadcast of an actual skateboarding competition was the 1965 National Skateboarding Championships, which were held in <a href="/wiki/Anaheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaheim">Anaheim</a>, California and aired on ABC's <a href="/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_(American_TV_program)" title="Wide World of Sports (American TV program)">Wide World of Sports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Because skateboarding was a new sport during this time, there were only two original disciplines during competitions: flatland <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skateboarding" title="Freestyle skateboarding">freestyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slalom_skateboarding" title="Slalom skateboarding">slalom</a> downhill racing.<a href="#cite_note-Gnarly-8">[8]</a> Animated cartoons of the time occasionally featured skateboard gags. Two <a href="/wiki/Wile_E._Coyote_and_the_Road_Runner" title="Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner">Road Runner</a> cartoons made in 1965, <a href="/wiki/Shot_and_Bothered" class="mw-redirect" title="Shot and Bothered">Shot and Bothered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Out_and_Out_Rout" class="mw-redirect" title="Out and Out Rout">Out and Out Rout</a>, feature Wile E. Coyote riding a skateboard.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> One of the earliest sponsored skateboarders, <a href="/wiki/Patti_McGee" title="Patti McGee">Patti McGee</a>, was paid by Hobie and Vita Pak to travel around the country to do skateboarding exhibitions and to demonstrate skateboarding safety tips. McGee made the cover of <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> magazine<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> in 1965 and was featured on several popular television programs—<a href="/wiki/The_Mike_Douglas_Show" title="The Mike Douglas Show">The Mike Douglas Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F" title="What's My Line?">What's My Line?</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_Starring_Johnny_Carson" title="The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson">The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson</a>—which helped make skateboarding even more popular at the time.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Some other well known surfer-style skateboarders of the time were Danny Bearer, Torger Johnson, Bruce Logan, Bill and Mark Richards, Woody Woodward, and Jim Fitzpatrick. The growth of the sport during this period can also be seen in sales figures for Makaha, which quoted $4 million worth of board sales between 1963 and 1965.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeyland200228-29">[29]</a> By 1966 a variety of sources began to claim that skateboarding was dangerous, resulting in shops being reluctant to sell them, and parents being reluctant to buy them. In 1966 sales had dropped significantly<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeyland200228-29">[29]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skateboarder_(magazine)" title="Skateboarder (magazine)">Skateboarder Magazine</a> had stopped publication. The popularity of skateboarding dropped and remained low until the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-SBH-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-SBH2-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3></div> In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Nasworthy" title="Frank Nasworthy">Frank Nasworthy</a> started to develop a skateboard wheel made of <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, calling his company Cadillac Wheels.<a href="#cite_note-SBH-9">[9]</a> Prior to this new material, skateboards wheels were metal or "clay" wheels.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> The improvement in traction and performance was so immense that from the wheel's release in 1972 the popularity of skateboarding started to rise rapidly again, causing companies to invest more in product development. Nasworthy commissioned artist <a href="/wiki/Jim_Evans_(artist)" title="Jim Evans (artist)">Jim Evans</a> to do a series of paintings promoting Cadillac Wheels, they were featured as ads and posters in the resurrected Skateboarder Magazine, and proved immensely popular in promoting the new style of skateboarding. In the early 1970s, the precursors to the modern skateparks for skateboarding would be the repurposing of urban hydro and storm water infrastructure such as the <a href="/wiki/Escondido,_California" title="Escondido, California">Escondido</a> reservoir in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, California.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> Skateboarding magazine would publish the location and skateboarders made up nicknames for each location such as the Tea Bowl, the Fruit Bowl, Bellagio, the Rabbit Hole, Bird Bath, the Egg Bowl, Upland Pool and the Sewer Slide. Some of the development concepts in the terrain of skateparks were actually taken from the Escondido reservoir.<a href="#cite_note-Stalefish-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Many companies started to manufacture trucks (axles) specially designed for skateboarding, reached in 1976 by Tracker Trucks. As the equipment became more maneuverable, the decks started to get wider, reaching widths of 10 inches (250 mm) and over, thus giving the skateboarder even more control.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> A banana board is a skinny, flexible skateboard made of <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a> with ribs on the underside for structural support. These were very popular during the mid-1970s and were available in a myriad of colors, bright yellow probably being the most memorable, hence the name. In 1975, skateboarding had risen back in popularity enough to have one of the largest skateboarding competitions since the 1960s, the Del Mar National Championships, which is said to have had up to 500 competitors. The competition lasted two days and was sponsored by Bahne Skateboards and Cadillac Wheels. While the main event was won by freestyle spinning skate legend <a href="/wiki/Russ_Howell" title="Russ Howell">Russ Howell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> a local skate team from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a>, California, the Zephyr team, ushered in a new era of surfer style skateboarding during the competition that would have a lasting impact on skateboarding's history. With a team of 12, including skating legends such as <a href="/wiki/Jay_Adams" title="Jay Adams">Jay Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Alva" title="Tony Alva">Tony Alva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Oki" title="Peggy Oki">Peggy Oki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Peralta" title="Stacy Peralta">Stacy Peralta</a>, they brought a new progressive style of skateboarding to the event, based on the style of Hawaiian surfers <a href="/wiki/Bertlemann_slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertlemann slide">Larry Bertlemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttons_Kaluhiokalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttons Kaluhiokalani">Buttons Kaluhiokalani</a> and Mark Liddell.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_Stecyk" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig Stecyk">Craig Stecyk</a>, a photo journalist for Skateboarder Magazine, wrote about and photographed the team, along with <a href="/wiki/Glen_E._Friedman" title="Glen E. Friedman">Glen E. Friedman</a>, and shortly afterwards ran a series on the team called the Dogtown articles, which eventually immortalized the Zephyr skateboard team. The team became known as the <a href="/wiki/Z-Boys" title="Z-Boys">Z-Boys</a> and would go on to become one of the most influential teams in skateboarding's history.<a href="#cite_note-Stalefish-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Legend-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Soon, skateboarding contests for cash and prizes, using a professional tier system, began to be held throughout California, such as the <a href="/wiki/California_Free_Former" title="California Free Former">California Free Former</a> World Professional Skateboard Championships, which featured freestyle and slalom competitions.<a href="#cite_note-Birthday-40">[40]</a> A precursor to the extreme sport of <a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">street luge</a>, that was sanctioned by the United States Skateboarding Association (USSA), also took place during the 1970s in <a href="/wiki/Signal_Hill,_California" title="Signal Hill, California">Signal Hill</a>, California. The competition was called "The Signal Hill Skateboarding Speed Run", with several competitors earning entries into the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a>, at the time clocking speeds of over 50 mph (80 km/h) on a skateboard. Due to technology and safety concerns at the time, when many competitors crashed during their runs, the sport did not gain popularity or support during this time.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In March 1976, Skateboard City skatepark in <a href="/wiki/Port_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Orange">Port Orange</a>, Florida and Carlsbad Skatepark in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego County">San Diego County</a>, California would be the first two large size US skateparks to be opened to the public, just a week apart.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> They were the first of some 200 skateparks that would be built through 1982. This was due in part to articles that were running in the investment journals at the time, stating that skateparks were a good investment.<a href="#cite_note-Gnarly-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stalefish-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Notable skateboarders from the 1970s also include <a href="/wiki/Ty_Page" title="Ty Page">Ty Page</a>, Tom Inouye, Laura Thornhill, Ellen O'Neal, Kim Cespedes, Bob Biniak, Jana Payne, Waldo Autry, Robin Logan, Bobby Piercy, Russ Howell, Ellen Berryman, <a href="/wiki/Shogo_Kubo" title="Shogo Kubo">Shogo Kubo</a>, Desiree Von Essen, Henry Hester, Robin Alaway, Paul Hackett, Michelle Matta, Bruce Logan, Steve Cathey, Edie Robertson, Mike Weed, David Hackett, Gregg Ayres, Darren Ho, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Sims" title="Tom Sims">Tom Sims</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. Manufacturers started to experiment with more exotic composites and metals, like <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, but the common skateboards were made of maple plywood.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> The skateboarders took advantage of the improved handling of their skateboards and started inventing new tricks. Skateboarders, most notably Ty Page, Bruce Logan, Bobby Piercy, Kevin Reed, and the Z-Boys started to skate the vertical walls of swimming pools that were left empty in the <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_the_United_States#Localized_United_States_droughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in the United States">1976 California drought</a>. This started the "<a href="/wiki/Vert_(sport)" title="Vert (sport)">vert</a>" trend in skateboarding. With increased control, vert skaters could skate faster and perform more dangerous tricks, such as slash grinds and frontside/backside airs. This caused liability concerns and increased insurance costs to skatepark owners, and the development (first by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norcon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norcon (page does not exist)">Norcon</a>, then more successfully by Rector) of improved knee pads that had a hard sliding cap and strong strapping proved to be too-little-too-late. During this era, the "freestyle" movement in skateboarding began to splinter off and develop into a much more specialized discipline, characterized by the development of a wide assortment of flat-ground tricks. As a result of the "vert" skating movement, skate parks had to contend with high liability costs that led to many park closures. In response, vert skaters started making their own ramps, while freestyle skaters continued to evolve their flatland style. Thus, by the beginning of the 1980s, skateboarding had once again declined in popularity.<a href="#cite_note-SBH2-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judi_Oyama_Rich_Oyama_Capitola_White_Shirt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Judi_Oyama_Rich_Oyama_Capitola_White_Shirt.png/220px-Judi_Oyama_Rich_Oyama_Capitola_White_Shirt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Judi_Oyama_Rich_Oyama_Capitola_White_Shirt.png/330px-Judi_Oyama_Rich_Oyama_Capitola_White_Shirt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Judi_Oyama_Rich_Oyama_Capitola_White_Shirt.png/440px-Judi_Oyama_Rich_Oyama_Capitola_White_Shirt.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Judi_Oyama" title="Judi Oyama">Judi Oyama</a> in 1980</figcaption></figure> This period was fueled by skateboard companies that were run by skateboarders. The focus was initially on <a href="/wiki/Vert_ramp" title="Vert ramp">vert ramp</a> skateboarding. The invention of the no-hands aerial (later known as the <a href="/wiki/Ollie_(skateboarding)" title="Ollie (skateboarding)">ollie</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gelfand" title="Alan Gelfand">Alan Gelfand</a> in Florida in 1976,<a href="#cite_note-sm-44">[44]</a> and the almost parallel development of the grabbed aerial by George Orton and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Alva" title="Tony Alva">Tony Alva</a> in California, made it possible for skaters to perform airs on vertical ramps. While this wave of skateboarding was sparked by commercialized vert ramp skating, a majority of people who skateboarded during this period did not ride vert ramps. As most people could not afford to build vert ramps, or did not have access to nearby ramps, <a href="/wiki/Street_skateboarding" title="Street skateboarding">street skating</a> increased in popularity. Freestyle skating remained healthy throughout this period, with pioneers such as <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Mullen" title="Rodney Mullen">Rodney Mullen</a> inventing many of the basic tricks that would become the foundation of modern street skating, such as the "Impossible" and the "<a href="/wiki/Kickflip" title="Kickflip">kickflip</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> The influence that freestyle exerted upon street skating became apparent during the mid-1980s; however, street skating was still performed on wide vert boards with short noses, slide rails, and large soft wheels. In response to the tensions created by this confluence of skateboarding "genres", a rapid evolution occurred in the late 1980s to accommodate the street skater. Since few skateparks were available to skaters at this time, street skating pushed skaters to seek out shopping centers and public and private property as their "spot" to skate. (Public opposition, in which businesses, governments, and property owners have banned skateboarding on properties under their jurisdiction or ownership, would progressively intensify over the following decades.) <a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> By 1992, only a small fraction of skateboarders continuing to take part in a highly technical version of street skating, combined with the decline of vert skating, produced a sport that lacked the mainstream appeal to attract new skaters. During this period, numerous skateboarders—as well as companies in the industry—paid tribute to the scenes of <a href="/wiki/Marty_McFly" title="Marty McFly">Marty McFly</a> skateboarding in the film <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Future" title="Back to the Future">Back to the Future</a> for its influence in this regard. Examples can be seen in promotional material, in interviews in which professional skateboarders cite the film as an initiation into the action sport, and in the public's recognition of the film's influence.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Tony Hawk has stated that “there are plenty of legendary pros that I know of that started skating because they saw that [film].” <a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3></div> Skateboarding during the 1990s became dominated by <a href="/wiki/Street_skateboarding" title="Street skateboarding">street skateboarding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> Most boards are about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>7+1⁄4 to 8 inches (180 to 200 mm) wide and 30 to 32 inches (760 to 810 mm) long. The wheels are made of an extremely hard <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, with hardness (<a href="/wiki/Durometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Durometer">durometer</a>) approximately 99A. The wheel sizes are relatively small so that the boards are lighter, and the wheels' inertia is overcome quicker, thus making tricks more manageable. Board styles have changed dramatically since the 1970s but have remained mostly alike since the mid-1990s. The contemporary shape of the skateboard is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skateboarding" title="Freestyle skateboarding">freestyle</a> boards of the 1980s with a largely symmetrical shape and relatively narrow width. This form had become standard by the mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad-mama-jamas_0049.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bad-mama-jamas_0049.jpg/150px-Bad-mama-jamas_0049.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bad-mama-jamas_0049.jpg/225px-Bad-mama-jamas_0049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bad-mama-jamas_0049.jpg/300px-Bad-mama-jamas_0049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Skateboarder in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan, New York</a> (2008)</figcaption></figure> By 2001, skateboarding had gained so much popularity that more American people under the age of 18 rode skateboards (10.6 million) than played baseball (8.2 million), although traditional organized team sports still dominated youth programs overall.<a href="#cite_note-jump-51">[51]</a> Skateboarding and skateparks began to be viewed and used in a variety of new ways to complement academic lessons in schools, including new non-traditional physical education skateboarding programs, like Skatepass<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skateistan" title="Skateistan">Skateistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> to encourage youth to have better attendance, self-discipline and confidence.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> This was also based on the healthy physical opportunities skateboarding was understood to bring participants for muscle & bone strengthening and balance, as well as the positive impacts it can have on youth in teaching them mutual respect, social networking, artistic expression and an appreciation of the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Go_Skateboarding_Day" title="Go Skateboarding Day">Go Skateboarding Day</a> was founded in southern California by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Skateboard_Companies" title="International Association of Skateboard Companies">International Association of Skateboard Companies</a> (IASC)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> to promote skateboarding throughout the world. It is celebrated annually on June 21 "to define skateboarding as the rebellious, creative celebration of independence it continues to be."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> According to market research firm American Sports Data the number of skateboarders worldwide increased by more than 60 percent between 1999 and 2002—from 7.8 million to 12.5 million.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Many cities also began implementing recreation plans and statutes during this time period, as part of their vision for local parks and communities to make public lands more available, in particular, for skateboarding, inviting skateboarders to come in off of the city streets and into organized skateboarding activity areas.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> By 2006, there were over 2,400 skateparks worldwide and the design of skateparks themselves had made a transition, as skaters turned designers.<a href="#cite_note-jump-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-C4WDefault-5726471-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Many new places to skateboard designed specifically for street skaters, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Buszy" title="The Buszy">the Buszy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>, UK, and the Safe Spot Skate Spot program, first initiated by professional skateboarder <a href="/wiki/Rob_Dyrdek" title="Rob Dyrdek">Rob Dyrdek</a> throughout many cities, allowed for the creation of smaller alternative safe skate plazas to be built at a lower cost.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> One of the largest locations ever built to skateboard in the world, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_in_China" title="Skateboarding in China">SMP Skatepark</a> in China, at 12,000 square meters in size, was built complete with a 5,000-seat stadium.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> In 2009, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skatelab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skatelab (page does not exist)">Skatelab</a> opened the Skateboarding Hall of Fame & Skateboard Museum. Nominees are chosen by the IASC.<a href="#cite_note-Six-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s–present">2010s–present</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm/220px--Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="122" data-mwtitle="Freeride_Skateboarding_&_Downhill_Slides.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm/Freeride_Skateboarding_%26_Downhill_Slides.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Downhill skateboarding (video) (2012)</figcaption></figure> Efforts have been taken to improve recognition of the cultural heritage as well as the positive effects of encouraging skateboarding within designated spaces. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, hosted an event at which skateboarders accompanied by music did tricks on a ramp constructed for a festival of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The event was the climax of a ten-day project that transformed a federal institution formerly off-limits to the skateboarding community into a platform for that community to show its relevance through shared cultural action in a cultural common space. By raising £790,000, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Live_Southbank" title="Long Live Southbank">Long Live Southbank</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> initiative managed in 2017 to curb the destruction of a forty year old spot in London, the <a href="/wiki/Southbank_Centre" title="Southbank Centre">Southbank Undercroft</a>, a popular skate park, due to urban planning, a salvaging operation whose effect extends beyond skateboarding.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> The presence of a designated skating area within this public space keeps the space under nearly constant watch and drives <a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">homeless people</a> away, increasing the feeling of safety in and near the space.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The activity attracts artists such as photographers and film makers, as well as a significant number of tourists, which in turn drives economic activity in the neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Recently, <a href="/wiki/Barefoot" title="Barefoot">barefoot</a> skating has been experiencing a revival. Many skaters ride barefoot, particularly in summer and in warmer countries, such as <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. The plastic <a href="/wiki/Penny_board" title="Penny board">penny board</a> is intended to be ridden barefoot, as is the surfboard-inspired <a href="/wiki/Hamboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamboard">hamboard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electric_skateboard" title="Electric skateboard">Electric skateboards</a> became popular during the 2010s, as did <a href="/wiki/Self-balancing_unicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-balancing unicycle">self-balancing unicycles</a> in a board format. The sport of skateboarding made its <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympics</a> debut at the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, with both men's and women's events. Competitions took place during July and August 2021 in two disciplines: street and park (see <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics" title="Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics">Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics</a>).<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BackSmithGrind.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skateboarder in Grants Pass, Oregon (2010)"><img alt="Skateboarder in Grants Pass, Oregon (2010)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BackSmithGrind.jpg/80px-BackSmithGrind.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BackSmithGrind.jpg/120px-BackSmithGrind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/BackSmithGrind.jpg/160px-BackSmithGrind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skateboarder in <a href="/wiki/Grants_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grants Pass">Grants Pass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (2010)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Merza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skateboarder at Skateistan in Kabul, Afghanistan (2011)"><img alt="Skateboarder at Skateistan in Kabul, Afghanistan (2011)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Merza.jpg/80px-Merza.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Merza.jpg/120px-Merza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Merza.jpg/160px-Merza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skateboarder at <a href="/wiki/Skateistan" title="Skateistan">Skateistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (2011)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1_bowl_skate_boarding.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A skateboarder in mid flight performing a trick in Australia (2012)"><img alt="A skateboarder in mid flight performing a trick in Australia (2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1_bowl_skate_boarding.JPG/120px-1_bowl_skate_boarding.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1_bowl_skate_boarding.JPG/180px-1_bowl_skate_boarding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/1_bowl_skate_boarding.JPG/240px-1_bowl_skate_boarding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="2264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A skateboarder in mid flight performing a trick in Australia (2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Iso-Vilunen_Skatepark_(20767168976).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Iso-Vilunen Skatepark in Kaukajärvi, Tampere, Finland (2015)"><img alt="The Iso-Vilunen Skatepark in Kaukajärvi, Tampere, Finland (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Iso-Vilunen_Skatepark_%2820767168976%29.jpg/120px-Iso-Vilunen_Skatepark_%2820767168976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Iso-Vilunen_Skatepark_%2820767168976%29.jpg/180px-Iso-Vilunen_Skatepark_%2820767168976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Iso-Vilunen_Skatepark_%2820767168976%29.jpg/240px-Iso-Vilunen_Skatepark_%2820767168976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Iso-Vilunen Skatepark in <a href="/wiki/Kaukaj%C3%A4rvi_(district)" title="Kaukajärvi (district)">Kaukajärvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (2015)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicholas_Deconie_frontside_five-0_at_Millennium_Skate_Park,_Owl%27s_Head_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicholas Deconie frontside five-0 at Millennium Skate Park in Brooklyn, New York (2019)"><img alt="Nicholas Deconie frontside five-0 at Millennium Skate Park in Brooklyn, New York (2019)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nicholas_Deconie_frontside_five-0_at_Millennium_Skate_Park%2C_Owl%27s_Head_Park.jpg/89px-Nicholas_Deconie_frontside_five-0_at_Millennium_Skate_Park%2C_Owl%27s_Head_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nicholas_Deconie_frontside_five-0_at_Millennium_Skate_Park%2C_Owl%27s_Head_Park.jpg/133px-Nicholas_Deconie_frontside_five-0_at_Millennium_Skate_Park%2C_Owl%27s_Head_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nicholas_Deconie_frontside_five-0_at_Millennium_Skate_Park%2C_Owl%27s_Head_Park.jpg/177px-Nicholas_Deconie_frontside_five-0_at_Millennium_Skate_Park%2C_Owl%27s_Head_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="2065" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nicholas Deconie frontside five-0 at <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Skate_Park" title="Millennium Skate Park">Millennium Skate Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn, New York</a> (2019)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Skaters_await_their_turn_during_the_best_trick_contest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skaters await their turn during the best trick contest at the Coleman Playground Skatepark in Manhattan, New York (2019)."><img alt="Skaters await their turn during the best trick contest at the Coleman Playground Skatepark in Manhattan, New York (2019)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Skaters_await_their_turn_during_the_best_trick_contest.jpg/120px-Skaters_await_their_turn_during_the_best_trick_contest.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Skaters_await_their_turn_during_the_best_trick_contest.jpg/180px-Skaters_await_their_turn_during_the_best_trick_contest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Skaters_await_their_turn_during_the_best_trick_contest.jpg/240px-Skaters_await_their_turn_during_the_best_trick_contest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skaters await their turn during the best trick contest at the <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Playground" title="Coleman Playground">Coleman Playground Skatepark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan, New York</a> (2019).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Luiz_Francisco_em_T%C3%B3quio_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brazil's Luiz Francisco competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics final at the Ariake Urban Sports Park in Tokyo on August 5, 2021"><img alt="Brazil's Luiz Francisco competing in the 2020 Summer Olympics final at the Ariake Urban Sports Park in Tokyo on August 5, 2021" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luiz_Francisco_em_T%C3%B3quio_2021.jpg/120px-Luiz_Francisco_em_T%C3%B3quio_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luiz_Francisco_em_T%C3%B3quio_2021.jpg/180px-Luiz_Francisco_em_T%C3%B3quio_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Luiz_Francisco_em_T%C3%B3quio_2021.jpg/240px-Luiz_Francisco_em_T%C3%B3quio_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="766" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Francisco" title="Luiz Francisco">Luiz Francisco</a> competing in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> final at the <a href="/wiki/Ariake_Urban_Sports_Park" title="Ariake Urban Sports Park">Ariake Urban Sports Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> on August 5, 2021</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_Beach_Skateboarding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A skateboarder at Venice Beach (2022)"><img alt="A skateboarder at Venice Beach (2022)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Venice_Beach_Skateboarding.jpg/120px-Venice_Beach_Skateboarding.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Venice_Beach_Skateboarding.jpg/180px-Venice_Beach_Skateboarding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Venice_Beach_Skateboarding.jpg/240px-Venice_Beach_Skateboarding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A skateboarder at <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles" title="Venice, Los Angeles">Venice Beach</a> (2022)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trick_skating">Trick skating</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_trick" title="Skateboarding trick">Skateboarding trick</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skaters1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Skaters1.jpg/190px-Skaters1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Skaters1.jpg/285px-Skaters1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Skaters1.jpg/380px-Skaters1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A skater performing a flip trick</figcaption></figure> With the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Skatepark" title="Skatepark">skateparks</a> and ramp skating, the skateboard began to change. Early skate tricks had consisted mainly of two-dimensional <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skateboarding_tricks" title="Freestyle skateboarding tricks">freestyle maneuveres</a> like riding on only two wheels ("wheelie" or "manual"), spinning only on the back wheels (a "pivot"), high jumping over a bar and landing on the board again, also known as a "hippie jump", long jumping from one board to another, (often over small barrels or fearless teenagers), or slalom. Another popular trick was the <a href="/wiki/Bertlemann_slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertlemann slide">Bertlemann slide</a>, named after Larry Bertelemann's surfing maneuveres. In 1976, skateboarding was transformed by the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Ollie_(skateboarding)" title="Ollie (skateboarding)">ollie</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gelfand" title="Alan Gelfand">Alan "Ollie" Gelfand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> It remained largely a unique Florida trick until the summer of 1978, when Gelfand made his first visit to California. Gelfand and his revolutionary maneuvers caught the attention of the West Coast skaters and the media where it began to spread worldwide. The ollie was adapted to flat ground by <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Mullen" title="Rodney Mullen">Rodney Mullen</a> in 1982. Mullen also invented the "Magic Flip", which was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Kickflip" title="Kickflip">kickflip</a>, as well as many other tricks including the <a href="/wiki/360_Kickflip" title="360 Kickflip">360 Kickflip</a>, which is a 360 pop <a href="/wiki/Shove-it" title="Shove-it">shove-it</a> and a kickflip in the same motion. The flat ground ollie forms the basis of many street skating tricks, allowing skateboarders to perform tricks in mid-air without any more equipment than the skateboard itself. A recent development in the world of trick skating is the <a href="/wiki/1080_(skateboarding)" title="1080 (skateboarding)">1080</a>, which was first ever landed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Schaar" title="Tom Schaar">Tom Schaar</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Skateboarding_videos" title="Category:Skateboarding videos">Category:Skateboarding videos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skate_video" title="Skate video">Skate video</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv/220px--Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1b/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv/Tony_Hawk_at_the_California_Hall_of_Fame_Induction_Event_-_2019.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hawk" title="Tony Hawk">Tony Hawk</a> speaking about the importance of skateboarding in people's lives at the <a href="/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame" title="California Hall of Fame">California Hall of Fame</a> induction ceremony in 2019 (video)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> Skateboarding was popularized by the 1986 skateboarding cult classic <a href="/wiki/Thrashin%27_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrashin' (film)">Thrashin'</a>. Directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Winters_(choreographer)" title="David Winters (choreographer)">David Winters</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Josh_Brolin" title="Josh Brolin">Josh Brolin</a>, it features appearances from many famous skaters such as <a href="/wiki/Tony_Alva" title="Tony Alva">Tony Alva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hawk" title="Tony Hawk">Tony Hawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hosoi" title="Christian Hosoi">Christian Hosoi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Caballero" title="Steve Caballero">Steve Caballero</a>. Thrashin' also had a direct impact on <a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Dogtown" title="Lords of Dogtown">Lords of Dogtown</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Hardwicke" title="Catherine Hardwicke">Catherine Hardwicke</a>, who directed Lords of Dogtown, was hired by Winters to work on Thrashin' as a <a href="/wiki/Production_designer" title="Production designer">production designer</a> where she met, worked with and befriended many famous skaters including the real Alva, Hawk, Hosoi and Caballero.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> Skateboarding was, at first, tied to the culture of <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>. As skateboarding spread across the United States to places unfamiliar with surfing or surfer culture, it developed an image of its own. For example, the classic film short <a href="/wiki/Video_Days" title="Video Days">Video Days</a> (1991) portrayed skateboarders as "reckless rebels".<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> California duo <a href="/wiki/Jan_and_Dean" title="Jan and Dean">Jan and Dean</a> recorded the song "<a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Surfin%27" title="Sidewalk Surfin'">Sidewalk Surfin'</a>" in 1964, which is the <a href="/wiki/Beach_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach Boys">Beach Boys</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Catch_a_Wave" title="Catch a Wave">Catch a Wave</a>" with new lyrics associated with skateboarding instead of surfing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skate_parks">Skate parks</h3></div> Certain cities still oppose the building of <a href="/wiki/Skatepark" title="Skatepark">skate parks</a> in their neighborhoods, for fear of increased crime and drugs in the area. The rift between the old image of skateboarding and a newer one is quite visible: magazines such as <a href="/wiki/Thrasher_(magazine)" title="Thrasher (magazine)">Thrasher</a> portray skateboarding as dirty, rebellious, and still firmly tied to <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk</a>, while other publications, <a href="/wiki/Transworld_Skateboarding" title="Transworld Skateboarding">Transworld Skateboarding</a> as an example, paint a more diverse and controlled picture of skateboarding. As more professional skaters use <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> music accompaniment in their videos, many urban youths, hip hop fans, reggae fans, and hard rock fans are also drawn to skateboarding, further diluting the sport's punk image. Group spirit supposedly influences the members of this community. In presentations of this sort, showcasing of criminal tendencies is absent, and no attempt is made to tie extreme sports to any kind of illegal activity. Female based skateboarding groups also exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Brujas_(skate_crew)" title="Brujas (skate crew)">Brujas</a> which is based in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Many women use their participation in skate crews to perform an alternative form of femininity.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> These female skate crews offer a safe haven for women and girls in cities, where they can skate and bond without male expectations or competition. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video">Video</h3></div> The increasing availability of technology is apparent within the skateboarding community. Many skateboarders record and edit videos of themselves and friends skateboarding. However, part of this culture is to not merely replicate but to innovate; emphasis is placed on finding new places and landing new tricks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div> Skateboarding video games have also become very popular in skateboarding culture.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-84">[84]</a> Some of the most popular are the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hawk_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Hawk (series)">Tony Hawk series</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skate_(2007_video_game)" title="Skate (2007 video game)">Skate</a> series for various consoles (including hand-held) and personal computer.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skate_shoe">Skate shoe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Skate_shoe" title="Skate shoe">Skate shoe</a></div> Whilst early skateboarders generally rode <a href="/wiki/Barefoot" title="Barefoot">barefoot</a>, preferring direct foot-to-board contact, and some skaters continue to do so, one of the early leading trends associated with the <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">sub-culture</a> of skateboarding itself, was the sticky-soled slip-on <a href="/wiki/Skate_shoe" title="Skate shoe">skate shoe</a>, most popularized by <a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a>'s skateboarding character from the 1982 film <a href="/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High" title="Fast Times at Ridgemont High">Fast Times at Ridgemont High</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wave-10">[10]</a> Because early skateboarders were actually surfers trying to emulate the sport of surfing, at the time when skateboards first came out on the market, many skateboarded barefoot. But skaters often lacked traction, which led to foot injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-31">[31]</a> This necessitated the need for a shoe that was specifically designed and marketed for skateboarding, such as the Randy "720", manufactured by the Randolph Rubber Company, and <a href="/wiki/Vans" title="Vans">Vans</a> sneakers, which eventually became cultural iconic signifiers for skateboarders during the 1970s and '80s as skateboarding became more widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Wave-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Popular-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> While the skate shoes design afforded better connection and traction with the deck, skaterboarders themselves could often be identified when wearing the shoes, with Tony Hawk once saying, "If you were wearing Vans shoes in 86, you were a skateboarder".<a href="#cite_note-Stalefish-32">[32]</a> Because of its connection with skateboarding, Vans financed the legendary skateboarding documentary <a href="/wiki/Dogtown_and_Z-Boys" title="Dogtown and Z-Boys">Dogtown and Z-Boys</a> and was the first sneaker company to endorse a professional skateboarder <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Peralta" title="Stacy Peralta">Stacy Peralta</a>. Vans has a long history of being a major sponsor of many of skateboarding's competitions and events throughout skateboarding's history as well, including the <a href="/wiki/Warped_Tour" title="Warped Tour">Vans Warped Tour</a> and the Vans Triple Crown Series.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wave-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-shoes-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Footwear-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> As it eventually became more apparent that skateboarding had a particular identity with a style of shoe, other brands of shoe companies began to specifically design skate shoes for functionality and style to further enhance the experience and culture of skateboarding including such brands as; <a href="/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Converse (shoe company)">Converse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nike_Skateboarding" title="Nike Skateboarding">Nike</a>, <a href="/wiki/DC_Shoes" title="DC Shoes">DC Shoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globe_International" title="Globe International">Globe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoo_York_(company)" title="Zoo York (company)">Zoo York</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Industries" title="World Industries">World Industries</a>. Many professional skateboarders are designed a pro-model skate shoe, with their name on it, once they have received a <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_sponsorship" title="Skateboarding sponsorship">skateboarding sponsorship</a> after becoming notable skateboarders. Some shoe companies involved with skateboarding, like <a href="/wiki/Sole_Technology" title="Sole Technology">Sole Technology</a>, an American footwear company that makes the <a href="/wiki/Etnies" title="Etnies">Etnies</a> skate shoe brand, further distinguish themselves in the market by collaborating with local cities to open public <a href="/wiki/Skateparks" class="mw-redirect" title="Skateparks">skateparks</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Etnies_Skatepark" class="mw-redirect" title="Etnies Skatepark">etnies Skatepark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Forest,_California" title="Lake Forest, California">Lake Forest</a>, California.<a href="#cite_note-shoes-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Footwear-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Street-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skateboard_deck">Skateboard deck</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Skateboard_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Skateboard deck">Skateboard deck</a></div> Individuality and a self-expressed casual style have always been cultural values for skateboarders, as uniforms and jerseys are not typically worn.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnographic-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> This type of personal style for skateboarders is often reflected in the graphical designs illustrated on the bottom of the deck of skateboards, since its initial conception in the mid-seventies, when Wes Humpston and Jim Muri first began doing design work for Dogtown Skateboards out of their garage by hand, creating the very first iconic skateboard-deck art with the design of the "Dogtown Cross".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Prior to the mid-seventies many early skateboards were originally based upon the concept of “Sidewalk Surfing” and were tied to the <a href="/wiki/Surf_culture" title="Surf culture">surf culture</a>, skateboards were surfboard like in appearance with little to no graphics located under the bottom of the skateboard-deck.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> Some of the early manufactured skateboards such as "Roller Derby", the "Duraflex Surfer" and the "Banana board" are characteristic. Some skateboards during that time were manufactured with company logo's or stickers across the top of the deck of the skateboard, as griptape was not initially used for construction. But as skateboarding progressed and evolved, and as artists began to design and add influence to the artwork of skateboards, designs and themes began to change.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> There were several artistic skateboarding pioneers that had an influence on the culture of skateboarding during the 1980s, that transformed skateboard-deck art like Jim Phillips, whose edgy comic-book style "Screaming Hand", not only became the main logo for <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Skateboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Skateboards">Santa Cruz Skateboards</a>, but eventually transcended into tattoos of the same image for thousands of people and vinyl collectible figurines over the years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Artist Vernon Courtlandt Johnson is said to have used his artwork of skeletons and skulls, for <a href="/wiki/Powell_Peralta" title="Powell Peralta">Powell Peralta</a>, during the same time that the music genres of <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave music</a> were beginning to mesh with the culture of skateboarding.<a href="#cite_note-Wave-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Some other notable skateboard artists that made contributions to the culture of skateboarding also include Andy Jenkins, <a href="/wiki/Todd_Bratrud" title="Todd Bratrud">Todd Bratrud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Blender" title="Neil Blender">Neil Blender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_McKee" title="Marc McKee">Marc McKee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tod_Swank" title="Tod Swank">Tod Swank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Gonzales" title="Mark Gonzales">Mark Gonzales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lance_Mountain" title="Lance Mountain">Lance Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natas_Kaupas" title="Natas Kaupas">Natas Kaupas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Evans_(artist)" title="Jim Evans (artist)">Jim Evans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Over the years skateboard-deck art has continued to influence and expand the culture of skateboarding, as many people began collecting skateboards based on their artistic value and nostalgia. Productions of limited editions with particular designs and types of collectible prints that can be hung on the wall, have been created by such famous artists as <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keith_Haring" title="Keith Haring">Keith Haring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a> Most professional skateboarders today have their own signature skateboard decks, with their favorite artistic designs printed on them using <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Workshop-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_value_and_collectible_skateboards">High value and collectible skateboards</h3></div> In January 2019, <a href="/wiki/Sotheby%27s" title="Sotheby's">Sotheby's</a> in New York auctioned<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> the full set of the 248 skateboard deck designs ever sold by <a href="/wiki/Supreme_(brand)" title="Supreme (brand)">Supreme</a>, collected by Ryan Fuller. The full set sold for $800,000 to 17 year old Carson Guo from Vancouver<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> who plans to exhibit them in a local gallery. New York based SHUT Skateboards had a goldplated skateboard for sale at $15,000 in 2014, then the most expensive skateboard in the world.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In 2019, artist <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Wilson_(artist)" title="Adrian Wilson (artist)">Adrian Wilson</a> created the SUPREME Mundi, a cross between an artist palette and a skateboard as a commentary on the record bids at auction of the Supreme decks and the restored <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Mundi_(Leonardo)" title="Salvator Mundi (Leonardo)">Salvator Mundi</a> which was sold by a New York art gallery for $20,000<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> Skateboards, along with other small-wheeled transportation such as in-line skates and scooters, suffer a safety problem: riders may easily be thrown from small cracks and outcroppings in pavement, especially where the cracks run across the direction of travel. Hitting such an irregularity is the major cause of falls and injuries.<a href="#cite_note-Fountain-1996-118">[118]</a> The risk may be reduced at higher travel speeds. Severe injuries are relatively rare.<a href="#cite_note-Keilani-2010-119">[119]</a> Commonly, a skateboarder who falls suffers from <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion (medical)">scrapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacerations" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacerations">cuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">bruises</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sprain" title="Sprain">sprains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keilani-2010-119">[119]</a> Among injuries reported to a hospital, about half involve broken bones, usually the long bones in the leg or arm.<a href="#cite_note-Fountain-1996-118">[118]</a> One third of skateboarders with reported injuries are very new to the sport, having started skating within one week of the injury.<a href="#cite_note-Fountain-1996-118">[118]</a> Although less common, involving 3.5–9 percent of reported injuries, <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_head_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Traumatic head injuries">traumatic head injuries</a> and death are possible severe outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-Fountain-1996-118">[118]</a> Skating as a form of transportation exposes the skateboarder to the dangers of other traffic. Skateboarders on the street may be hit by other vehicles or may fall into vehicular traffic. Skateboarders also occasionally pose a risk to other pedestrians and traffic. If the skateboarder falls, the skateboard may roll or fly into another person. A skateboarder who collides with a person who is walking or biking may injure or, rarely, kill that person.<a href="#cite_note-White_2011_a887-120">[120]</a> Many jurisdictions require skateboarders to wear <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_helmet" title="Bicycle helmet">bicycle helmets</a> to reduce the risk of head injuries and death. Other protective gear, such as <a href="/wiki/Wrist_guard" title="Wrist guard">wrist guards</a>, also reduce injury. Some medical researchers have proposed restricting skateboarding to designated, specially designed areas, to reduce the number and severity of injuries, and to eliminate injuries caused by motor vehicles or to other pedestrians.<a href="#cite_note-Fountain-1996-118">[118]</a> The use, ownership and sale of skateboards were forbidden in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> from 1978 to 1989 because of the high number of injuries caused by boards. The ban led skateboarders to construct ramps in the forest and other secluded areas to avoid the police. There was, however, one legal skatepark in the country in <a href="/wiki/Frogner_Park" title="Frogner Park">Frogner Park</a> in Oslo.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses_and_styles">Other uses and styles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For styles of skateboarding, see <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_styles" title="Skateboarding styles">Skateboarding styles</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> The use of skateboards solely as a form of transportation is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Longboard_(skateboard)" title="Longboard (skateboard)">longboard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Depending on local laws, using skateboards as a form of transportation outside residential areas may or may not be legal.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Backers cite portability, exercise, and environmental friendliness as some of the benefits of skateboarding as an alternative to automobiles. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USMC_with_a_skateboard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/USMC_with_a_skateboard.jpg/150px-USMC_with_a_skateboard.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/USMC_with_a_skateboard.jpg/225px-USMC_with_a_skateboard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/USMC_with_a_skateboard.jpg/300px-USMC_with_a_skateboard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Soldier carrying a skateboard during a military exercise in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a> (March 1999)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> tested the usefulness of commercial off-the-shelf skateboards during <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban combat</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercises</a> in the late 1990s in a program called Urban Warrior '99. Their special purpose was "for maneuvering inside buildings in order to detect <a href="/wiki/Tripwire" title="Tripwire">tripwires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sniper" title="Sniper">sniper</a> fire".<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trampboarding">Trampboarding</h3></div> Trampboarding is a variant of skateboarding that uses a board without the trucks and the wheels on a <a href="/wiki/Trampoline" title="Trampoline">trampoline</a>. Using the bounce of the trampoline gives height to perform tricks, whereas in skateboarding one needs to make the height by performing an <a href="/wiki/Ollie_(skateboarding)" title="Ollie (skateboarding)">ollie</a>. Trampboarding is seen on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> in numerous videos.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swing_boarding">Swing boarding</h3></div> Swing boarding is the activity where a skateboard deck is suspended from a pivot point above the rider which allows the rider to swing about that pivot point. The board swings in an arc which is a similar movement to riding a half pipe. The incorporation of a harness and frame allows the rider to perform turns and spins all while flying through the air. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy">Controversy</h2></div> Skateboarding damages urban terrain features such as curbs, benches, and ledges when skateboarders perform "<a href="/wiki/Grind_(skateboarding)" title="Grind (skateboarding)">grinds</a>" and other tricks on these surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-129">[129]</a> Private industry has responded to this problem by using <a href="/wiki/Anti-skate_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-skate devices">skate deterrent devices</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Skatestopper" title="Skatestopper">Skatestopper</a>, in efforts to prevent further damage and to reduce skateboarding on these surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-129">[129]</a> The enactment of ordinances and the posting of signs stating "Skateboarding is not allowed" have also become common methods to discourage skateboarding in public areas in many cities, to protect pedestrians and property.<a href="#cite_note-Architecture-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Costello-130">[130]</a> In the area of street skating, tickets and arrest from police for <a href="/wiki/Trespass" title="Trespass">trespassing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a> are not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-Costello-130">[130]</a> Skateboarding has become an important problem in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Plaza" title="Freedom Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a>, a National Park within the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_National_Historic_Site" title="Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site">Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-skateboarding-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Historic_Site-131">[131]</a> The Plaza has become a popular location for skateboarding, although the activity is illegal and has resulted in police actions.<a href="#cite_note-skateboarding-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Plaza contains copies of portions of <a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plan" title="L'Enfant Plan">Pierre (Peter) Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for the nation's capital city</a> that have been inscribed in the park's raised marble surface.<a href="#cite_note-Historic_Site-131">[131]</a> A 2016 <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> management plan for the Historic Site states that skateboarding has damaged stonework, sculptures, walls, benches, steps, and other surfaces in some areas of the Plaza.<a href="#cite_note-skateboarding-7">[7]</a> The management plan further states that skateboarding presents a persistent law enforcement and management challenge, as popular websites advertise the Plaza's attractiveness for the activity.<a href="#cite_note-skateboarding-7">[7]</a> The plan notes that vandals have removed "No Skateboarding" signs and recommends the replacement of those signs.<a href="#cite_note-skateboarding-7">[7]</a> A professional skateboarder promoted on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> the use of governmental sites for the prohibited activity during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdown_of_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government shutdown of 2013">2013 federal government shutdown</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-skate_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-skate devices">Anti-skate devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_skateboarders" title="List of professional skateboarders">List of professional skateboarders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skateboarding_companies" title="List of skateboarding companies">List of skateboarding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_sponsorship" title="Skateboarding sponsorship">Skateboarding sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_trick" title="Skateboarding trick">Skateboarding trick</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Skateboard_Hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Skateboard Hero">Skateboard Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carveboarding" title="Carveboarding">Carveboarding</a> (or Surfskating)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Architecture-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Architecture_1-9">j</a> <a 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q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Moreover, popular websites advertise the attractiveness of these areas for skateboarding, which indicates the large scope of this challenge. .... Actions: .... 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Warwick Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1894020545" title="Special:BookSources/1894020545"><bdi>1894020545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concrete+Wave%3A+The+History+of+Skateboarding&rft.pub=Warwick+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1894020545&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jenkemmag.com/home/2015/02/11/the-prehistoric-skateboard/">"THE PREHISTORIC SKATEBOARD?"</a>. Jenkem Magazine. February 11, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jenkem+Magazine&rft.atitle=THE+PREHISTORIC+SKATEBOARD%3F&rft.date=2015-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jenkemmag.com%2Fhome%2F2015%2F02%2F11%2Fthe-prehistoric-skateboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayman2021" class="citation web cs1">Clayman, Andrew (November 28, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madeinchicagomuseum.com/single-post/chicago-roller-skate-co/">"Chicago Roller Skate Co., est. 1905"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chicago+Roller+Skate+Co.%2C+est.+1905&rft.date=2021-11-28&rft.aulast=Clayman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.madeinchicagomuseum.com%2Fsingle-post%2Fchicago-roller-skate-co%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeyland200221-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeyland200221_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeyland2002">Weyland 2002</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRompella2007" class="citation book cs1">Rompella, Natalie (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bc-_uWnoZWwC&pg=PA30">Famous Firsts: The Trendsetters, Groundbreakers & Risk-Takers Who Got America Moving!</a>. Lobster Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781897073551" title="Special:BookSources/9781897073551"><bdi>9781897073551</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617083449/https://books.google.com/books?id=bc-_uWnoZWwC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Firsts%3A+The+Trendsetters%2C+Groundbreakers+%26+Risk-Takers+Who+Got+America+Moving%21&rft.pub=Lobster+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781897073551&rft.aulast=Rompella&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbc-_uWnoZWwC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFgbemi2012" class="citation web cs1">gbemi (August 29, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thanemagazine.com/2012/08/brian-logan-interview/">"Brian Logan Interview"</a>. Thane Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120901100145/http://www.thanemagazine.com/2012/08/brian-logan-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thane+Magazine&rft.atitle=Brian+Logan+Interview&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft.au=gbemi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thanemagazine.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fbrian-logan-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-16"><a href="#cite_ref-History_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave" class="citation web cs1">Cave, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skateboard.about.com/cs/boardscience/a/brief_history.htm">"A Brief History of Skateboarding"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301070703/http://skateboard.about.com/cs/boardscience/a/brief_history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Skateboarding&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskateboard.about.com%2Fcs%2Fboardscience%2Fa%2Fbrief_history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jack (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3IROVSEMZ4C&q=Surf%27s+Up+with+Stan+Richards&pg=PA290">The Skateboarder's Journal – Lives on Board</a>. The Morro Skateboard Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557100859" title="Special:BookSources/9780557100859"><bdi>9780557100859</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708213430/http://books.google.com/books?id=s3IROVSEMZ4C&pg=PA290&lpg=PA290&dq=Surf%27s+Up+with+Stan+Richards#v=onepage&q=Surf%27s%20Up%20with%20Stan%20Richards&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved October 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Skateboarder%27s+Journal+%E2%80%93+Lives+on+Board&rft.pub=The+Morro+Skateboard+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780557100859&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3IROVSEMZ4C%26q%3DSurf%2527s%2BUp%2Bwith%2BStan%2BRichards%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-writers-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-writers_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-writers_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLannes2011" class="citation web cs1">Lannes, Xavier (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.istia.tv/2011/12/five-writers-that-changed-way-we-read.html">"Five writers that changed the way we read skateboarding magazines"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120625231555/http://blog.istia.tv/2011/12/five-writers-that-changed-way-we-read.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+writers+that+changed+the+way+we+read+skateboarding+magazines&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lannes&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.istia.tv%2F2011%2F12%2Ffive-writers-that-changed-way-we-read.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintageskateboardmagazines.com/Skateboarder1965.html">"The Quarterly Skateboarder (USA)"</a>. Vintage Skateboard Magazine. Jospehdreams. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121117234551/http://vintageskateboardmagazines.com/Skateboarder1965.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Skateboard+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Quarterly+Skateboarder+%28USA%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintageskateboardmagazines.com%2FSkateboarder1965.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintageskateboardmagazines.com/Skateboarder.html">"Skateboarder (USA)"</a>. Vintage Skateboard Magazine. Jospehdreams. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121115093708/http://vintageskateboardmagazines.com/Skateboarder.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vintage+Skateboard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Skateboarder+%28USA%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintageskateboardmagazines.com%2FSkateboarder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurfstyley42010" class="citation web cs1">Surfstyley4 (April 7, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOwYrTMYTgs&feature=relmfu">"GIRLS Skateboarding 1965 Skateboard Championships"</a>. Starrfilms. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150606052536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOwYrTMYTgs&feature=relmfu">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Starrfilms&rft.atitle=GIRLS+Skateboarding+1965+Skateboard+Championships&rft.date=2010-04-07&rft.au=Surfstyley4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DOOwYrTMYTgs%26feature%3Drelmfu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFslalomvideos2010" class="citation web cs1">slalomvideos (June 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADtgbABmG18">"1965 American Skateboard Slalom Championships – Anaheim, California"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817081732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADtgbABmG18&gl=US&hl=en&has_verified=1&bpctr=9999999999">Archived</a> from the original on August 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1965+American+Skateboard+Slalom+Championships+%E2%80%93+Anaheim%2C+California&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft.au=slalomvideos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DADtgbABmG18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060971/reference/">"Shot and Bothered (1966) - IMDb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Shot+and+Bothered+%281966%29+-+IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0060971%2Freference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0060806/reference/">"Out and Out Rout (1966) - IMDb"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Out+and+Out+Rout+%281966%29+-+IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0060806%2Freference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Eppridge" class="citation magazine cs1">Bill Eppridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112081721/http://life.time.com/culture/skateboards-and-skateboarding-photos-1965/#1">"LIFE Goes Skateboarding, 1965"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://life.time.com/culture/skateboards-and-skateboarding-photos-1965/#1">the original</a> on January 12, 2013. Retrieved December 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=LIFE+Goes+Skateboarding%2C+1965&rft.au=Bill+Eppridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flife.time.com%2Fculture%2Fskateboards-and-skateboarding-photos-1965%2F%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurfstyley2011" class="citation web cs1">Surfstyley (January 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqrD0Vl5Vo4">"Patti McGee Skateboard Champion Tv 1965"</a>. Starrfilms. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140601055331/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqrD0Vl5Vo4">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Starrfilms&rft.atitle=Patti+McGee+Skateboard+Champion+Tv+1965&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft.au=Surfstyley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxqrD0Vl5Vo4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurfstyley2010" class="citation web cs1">Surfstyley (October 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg644sM5tSA&feature=relmfu">"Patti McGee 1965 Skateboard Champion on What's My Line"</a>. Starrfilms. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151212055608/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pg644sM5tSA&feature=relmfu">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Starrfilms&rft.atitle=Patti+McGee+1965+Skateboard+Champion+on+What%27s+My+Line&rft.date=2010-10-31&rft.au=Surfstyley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DPg644sM5tSA%26feature%3Drelmfu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.istia.tv/2011/10/patti-mcgee-interview-with-istia.html">"Patti McGee interview with isTia"</a>. I Skate Therefore I Am. October 17, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120730091834/http://blog.istia.tv/2011/10/patti-mcgee-interview-with-istia.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patti+McGee+interview+with+isTia&rft.pub=I+Skate+Therefore+I+Am&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.istia.tv%2F2011%2F10%2Fpatti-mcgee-interview-with-istia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeyland200228-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeyland200228_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeyland200228_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeyland2002">Weyland 2002</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-SBH2-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBH2_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBH2_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120219132259/http://www.skatelog.com/skateboarding/skateboarding-history.htm">"Skateboarding History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skatelog.com/skateboarding/skateboarding-history.htm">the original</a> on February 19, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skateboarding+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skatelog.com%2Fskateboarding%2Fskateboarding-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzpatrick-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.istia.tv/2011/01/jim-fitzpatrick-interview-part-ii-1957.html">"Jim Fitzpatrick Interview"</a>. I Skate Therefore I Am. January 6, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116232821/http://blog.istia.tv/2011/01/jim-fitzpatrick-interview-part-ii-1957.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jim+Fitzpatrick+Interview&rft.pub=I+Skate+Therefore+I+Am&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.istia.tv%2F2011%2F01%2Fjim-fitzpatrick-interview-part-ii-1957.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stalefish-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stalefish_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stalefish_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stalefish_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stalefish_32-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2008" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Sean (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalefishskatebo0000mort">Stalefish: Skateboard Culture from the Rejects Who Made It</a>. Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811860420" title="Special:BookSources/9780811860420"><bdi>9780811860420</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalefish%3A+Skateboard+Culture+from+the+Rejects+Who+Made+It&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780811860420&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalefishskatebo0000mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ca3/peralta/iv.html">"Stacy Peralta 1st Skateboarder Magazine Interview"</a>. Z-Boys.com. Skateboarder Magazine. October 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141213112922/http://www.angelfire.com/ca3/peralta/iv.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2014. Retrieved November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Z-Boys.com&rft.atitle=Stacy+Peralta+1st+Skateboarder+Magazine+Interview&rft.date=1976-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fca3%2Fperalta%2Fiv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Marcus2012" class="citation web cs1">Ben Marcus (May 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617041510/http://calstreets.com/gxp-retro-skaters/skateboard-history-vintage/2012-06-12-05-45-04/sims-corporation-2">"Sims Contributions and Importance to Skateboarding"</a>. Calstreets. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calstreets.com/gxp-retro-skaters/skateboard-history-vintage/2012-06-12-05-45-04/sims-corporation-2">the original</a> on June 17, 2013. Retrieved November 5, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sims+Contributions+and+Importance+to+Skateboarding&rft.pub=Calstreets&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.au=Ben+Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalstreets.com%2Fgxp-retro-skaters%2Fskateboard-history-vintage%2F2012-06-12-05-45-04%2Fsims-corporation-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Gesmer" class="citation web cs1">Dan Gesmer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011224210956/http://www.skatelegends.com/russ_howell.htm">"Russ Howell Interview"</a>. Skate Legends.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skatelegends.com/russ_howell.htm">the original</a> on December 24, 2001. Retrieved November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skate+Legends.com&rft.atitle=Russ+Howell+Interview&rft.au=Dan+Gesmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skatelegends.com%2Fruss_howell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Cave" class="citation web cs1">Steve Cave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skateboard.about.com/od/boardscience/a/DogtownHistory_3.htm">"The True Story of Dogtown and the Zephyr Team"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206185951/http://skateboard.about.com/od/boardscience/a/DogtownHistory_3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 6, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+True+Story+of+Dogtown+and+the+Zephyr+Team&rft.pub=About.com&rft.au=Steve+Cave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskateboard.about.com%2Fod%2Fboardscience%2Fa%2FDogtownHistory_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDogtown_Skateboards" class="citation web cs1">Dogtown Skateboards. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121226053345/http://www.dogtownskateboards.com/about/history.html">"Our only Crime is Being Original"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dogtownskateboards.com/about/history.html">the original</a> on December 26, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+only+Crime+is+Being+Original&rft.au=Dogtown+Skateboards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dogtownskateboards.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legend-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Legend_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_StecykGlen_E._FriedmanC._R._Stecyk2002" class="citation book cs1">Craig Stecyk; Glen E. Friedman; C. R. Stecyk (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2i55HQAACAAJ">Dogtown: The Legend Of The Z-Boys</a>. Burning Flags Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320012851/http://books.google.com/books/about/Dogtown.html?id=2i55HQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved November 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dogtown%3A+The+Legend+Of+The+Z-Boys&rft.pub=Burning+Flags+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Craig+Stecyk&rft.au=Glen+E.+Friedman&rft.au=C.+R.+Stecyk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2i55HQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrisick2004" class="citation book cs1">Brisick, Jamie (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gNv-ge5rOOUC&q=Jay+Adams+is+said+to+have+changed+skateboarding+at+del+mar&pg=PA45">Have Board, Will Travel: The Definitive History of Surf, Skate, and Snow</a>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060563591" title="Special:BookSources/0060563591"><bdi>0060563591</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429190622/https://books.google.com/books?id=gNv-ge5rOOUC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=Jay+Adams+is+said+to+have+changed+skateboarding+at+del+mar#v=onepage&q=Jay%20Adams%20is%20said%20to%20have%20changed%20skateboarding%20at%20del%20mar&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Have+Board%2C+Will+Travel%3A+The+Definitive+History+of+Surf%2C+Skate%2C+and+Snow&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0060563591&rft.aulast=Brisick&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgNv-ge5rOOUC%26q%3DJay%2BAdams%2Bis%2Bsaid%2Bto%2Bhave%2Bchanged%2Bskateboarding%2Bat%2Bdel%2Bmar%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birthday-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Birthday_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLannes" class="citation web cs1">Lannes, Xavier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.istia.tv/2011/05/happy-birthday-ellen-oneal.html">"Happy Birthday Ellen Oneal"</a>. istia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024053810/http://blog.istia.tv/2011/05/happy-birthday-ellen-oneal.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Birthday+Ellen+Oneal&rft.pub=istia&rft.aulast=Lannes&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.istia.tv%2F2011%2F05%2Fhappy-birthday-ellen-oneal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Horelick2007" class="citation web cs1">Mike Horelick (November 18, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-nov-18-sp-signalhill18-story.html">"Board out of their minds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622195909/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/nov/18/sports/sp-signalhill18">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Board+out+of+their+minds&rft.date=2007-11-18&rft.au=Mike+Horelick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2007-nov-18-sp-signalhill18-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilleen_Gonzalez2011" class="citation web cs1">Killeen Gonzalez (June 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=ycn-8612409">"vHistory of skateboard competitions 1960s to 1980s: A brief overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113025406/http://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=ycn-8612409">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo&rft.atitle=vHistory+of+skateboard+competitions+1960s+to+1980s%3A+A+brief+overview&rft.date=2011-06-09&rft.au=Killeen+Gonzalez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Ftop%2Fnews%3Fslug%3Dycn-8612409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoeden2002" class="citation book cs1">Doeden, Matt (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XU5F2ngzU58C&q=Skateboard+City+skatepark+opens+in+Port+Orange,+Florida&pg=PT7">Skateparks: Grab Your Skateboard</a>. Capstone Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7368-1072-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7368-1072-2"><bdi>0-7368-1072-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427154102/https://books.google.com/books?id=XU5F2ngzU58C&pg=PT7&dq=Skateboard+City+skatepark+opens+in+Port+Orange,+Florida&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3RyYUKqgL8X1iQLRmoEg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skateparks%3A+Grab+Your+Skateboard&rft.pub=Capstone+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7368-1072-2&rft.aulast=Doeden&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXU5F2ngzU58C%26q%3DSkateboard%2BCity%2Bskatepark%2Bopens%2Bin%2BPort%2BOrange%2C%2BFlorida%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sm-44"><a href="#cite_ref-sm_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTransworld2005" class="citation news cs1">Transworld (October 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skateboarding.transworld.net/1000009436/features/gasbag/">"GASBAG"</a>. Transworld Skateboarding. Bonnier Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120134852/http://skateboarding.transworld.net/1000009436/features/gasbag/">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transworld+Skateboarding&rft.atitle=GASBAG&rft.date=2005-10-11&rft.au=Transworld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskateboarding.transworld.net%2F1000009436%2Ffeatures%2Fgasbag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Slee" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Slee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://honors.usf.edu/documents/Thesis/U69703351.pdf">"Skate For Life: An Analysis of the Skateboarding Subculture"</a> (PDF). Skate For Life: An Analysis of the Skateboarding Subculture (Honors Thesis). USF University of South Florida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120134855/http://honors.usf.edu/documents/Thesis/U69703351.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 20, 2013. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bss.sfsu.edu/urbanaction/ua2001/ps2.html">the original</a> on July 24, 2012. 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Firefly Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skateboardingisn00davi/page/67">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781554070015" title="Special:BookSources/9781554070015"><bdi>9781554070015</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 14, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skateboarding+is+not+a+Crime%3A+50+years+of+Street+Culture&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Firefly+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781554070015&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskateboardingisn00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnographic-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnographic_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Moore2009" class="citation web cs1">Linda Moore (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012182157/http://www.thesportjournal.org/article/ethnographic-study-skateboarding-culture">"An Ethnographic Study of the Skateboarding Culture"</a>. The Sport Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thesportjournal.org/article/ethnographic-study-skateboarding-culture">the original</a> on October 12, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sport+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Ethnographic+Study+of+the+Skateboarding+Culture&rft.date=2009-10&rft.au=Linda+Moore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthesportjournal.org%2Farticle%2Fethnographic-study-skateboarding-culture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lolipoper.com/skateboarding-aesthetic/">"Skateboarding Aesthetic - Skater Style"</a>. Lolipoper Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lolipoper+Magazine&rft.atitle=Skateboarding+Aesthetic+-+Skater+Style&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flolipoper.com%2Fskateboarding-aesthetic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAri_Marsh2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Ari Marsh (December 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juicemagazine.com/home/dogtown-chronicles-wes-humpston//">"Dog Town Chronicles:Wes Humpston"</a>. Juice Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131222034636/http://juicemagazine.com/home/dogtown-chronicles-wes-humpston/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2013. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Juice+Magazine&rft.atitle=Dog+Town+Chronicles%3AWes+Humpston&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft.au=Ari+Marsh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuicemagazine.com%2Fhome%2Fdogtown-chronicles-wes-humpston%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalrus_TV2009" class="citation web cs1">Walrus TV (December 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABBvb7X3SWk">"Walrus TV: Wes Humpston Interview from "The Run Up""</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150604103925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABBvb7X3SWk">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2015. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Walrus+TV%3A+Wes+Humpston+Interview+from+%22The+Run+Up%22&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft.au=Walrus+TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DABBvb7X3SWk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV.Courtlandt_Johnson2009" class="citation web cs1">V.Courtlandt Johnson (September 25, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125382730236838863.html#slide/1">"Skateboarding's History in Graphics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">the Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102062550/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125382730236838863.html#slide/1">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved November 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Skateboarding%27s+History+in+Graphics&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft.au=V.Courtlandt+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB125382730236838863.html%23slide%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendra_Gaines2012" class="citation web cs1">Kendra Gaines (June 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noupe.com/design/art-on-board-skateboarding-and-the-artistic-sub-culture.html">"Art on Board: Skateboarding and the Artistic Sub-Culture"</a>. Noupe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219112727/http://www.noupe.com/design/art-on-board-skateboarding-and-the-artistic-sub-culture.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+on+Board%3A+Skateboarding+and+the+Artistic+Sub-Culture&rft.pub=Noupe&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft.au=Kendra+Gaines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noupe.com%2Fdesign%2Fart-on-board-skateboarding-and-the-artistic-sub-culture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Spicuzza1998" class="citation news cs1">Mary Spicuzza (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/05.21.98/nhs-9820.html">"Extreme Success"</a>. Metro Santa Cruz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005061002/http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/05.21.98/nhs-9820.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro+Santa+Cruz&rft.atitle=Extreme+Success&rft.date=1998-05&rft.au=Mary+Spicuzza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metroactive.com%2Fpapers%2Fcruz%2F05.21.98%2Fnhs-9820.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105102612/http://www.skateboardermag.com/features/phillips-qa/">"Jim Phillips Q/A"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skateboarder_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Skateboarder Magazine">Skateboarder Magazine</a>. June 1, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skateboardermag.com/features/phillips-qa/">the original</a> on November 5, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skateboarder+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jim+Phillips+Q%2FA&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skateboardermag.com%2Ffeatures%2Fphillips-qa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace_Baine2012" class="citation news cs1">Wallace Baine (April 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_20377882/wild-aggressive-artwork-jimbo-phillips-carries-well-known">"The wild, aggressive artwork of Jimbo Phillips carries on a well-known Santa Cruz dynasty"</a>. Santa Cruz Sentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829211403/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/localnews/ci_20377882/wild-aggressive-artwork-jimbo-phillips-carries-well-known">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Santa+Cruz+Sentinel&rft.atitle=The+wild%2C+aggressive+artwork+of+Jimbo+Phillips+carries+on+a+well-known+Santa+Cruz+dynasty&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.au=Wallace+Baine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.santacruzsentinel.com%2Flocalnews%2Fci_20377882%2Fwild-aggressive-artwork-jimbo-phillips-carries-well-known&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_DiNunzio2011" class="citation web cs1">Jeff DiNunzio (March 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/action/skateboarding/news/story?id=6220433">"VCJ rejoins Powell-Peralta"</a>. ESPN Action Sports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528124122/http://sports.espn.go.com/action/skateboarding/news/story?id=6220433">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VCJ+rejoins+Powell-Peralta&rft.pub=ESPN+Action+Sports&rft.date=2011-03-24&rft.au=Jeff+DiNunzio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Faction%2Fskateboarding%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D6220433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Wingate2003" class="citation book cs1">Brian Wingate (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z30T4ogfo3EC&q=most+famous+skateboard+deck+art&pg=PT28">The World of Skateboarding</a>. Rosen Publishing group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823936489" title="Special:BookSources/9780823936489"><bdi>9780823936489</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140709024038/http://books.google.com/books?id=z30T4ogfo3EC&pg=PT28&dq=most+famous+skateboard+deck+art&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QXm2UN-7O8m3iwKxwoGwBA&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Skateboarding&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780823936489&rft.au=Brian+Wingate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz30T4ogfo3EC%26q%3Dmost%2Bfamous%2Bskateboard%2Bdeck%2Bart%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXavier_Lannes2011" class="citation web cs1">Xavier Lannes (March 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.istia.tv/2011/03/skateboard-in-hat.html">"The skateboard in the hat"</a>. 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ESPN Action Sports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104182951/http://espn.go.com/action/skateboarding/news/story?id=4330040">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indisposable%3A+%22The+Disposable+Skateboard+Bible%22&rft.pub=ESPN+Action+Sports&rft.date=2009-11-04&rft.au=Josh+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Faction%2Fskateboarding%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D4330040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndy_Horsley2012" class="citation book cs1">Andy Horsley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47WXJ609j0MC&q=powell+peralta+history&pg=PA6">To the Limit Skateboarding</a>. Rosen Publishing group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448870295" title="Special:BookSources/9781448870295"><bdi>9781448870295</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319234110/http://books.google.com/books?id=47WXJ609j0MC&pg=PA6&dq=powell+peralta+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xHG2UPT9Nc_piQKI14DgCg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=powell%20peralta%20history&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2015. 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Retrieved September 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DefenseImagery.mil&rft.atitle=URBAN+WARRIOR+%2799&rft.date=1999-03-16&rft.au=LCPL+CHRISTOPHER+L.+VALLEE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dodmedia.osd.mil%2FDVIC_View%2FStill_Details.cfm%3FSDAN%3DDMSD0002959%26JPGPath%3D%2FAssets%2F2000%2FMarines%2FDM-SD-00-02959.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaval_Studies_Board2004" class="citation book cs1">Naval Studies Board (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309088739">The Role of Experimentation in Building Future Naval Forces</a>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F11125">10.17226/11125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08873-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-08873-2"><bdi>978-0-309-08873-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130121931/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309088739">Archived</a> from the original on November 30, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Experimentation+in+Building+Future+Naval+Forces&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F11125&rft.isbn=978-0-309-08873-2&rft.au=Naval+Studies+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Fisbn%3D0309088739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompany" class="citation web cs1">Company, The Trampskate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trampolineskateboarding.com/">"The Trampskate Company - Home"</a>. The Trampskate Company. Retrieved September 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Trampskate+Company&rft.atitle=The+Trampskate+Company+-+Home&rft.aulast=Company&rft.aufirst=The+Trampskate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrampolineskateboarding.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_129-1">b</a> (1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbate2007" class="citation news cs1">Abbate, Vince (June 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217195001/http://www.newsreview.com/chico/trucks-stop-here/content?oid=345188">"The trucks stop here"</a>. Chico News & Review. Chici Community publishing, INC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsreview.com/chico/trucks-stop-here/content?oid=345188">the original</a> on December 17, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chico+News+%26+Review&rft.atitle=The+trucks+stop+here&rft.date=2007-06-28&rft.aulast=Abbate&rft.aufirst=Vince&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsreview.com%2Fchico%2Ftrucks-stop-here%2Fcontent%3Foid%3D345188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988">. (2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2011" class="citation journal cs1">Heywood, Will (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427155805/https://sites7.sfsu.edu/sites/sites7.sfsu.edu.dusp/files/UrbanAction_2011_0.pdf">"Navigating the New Fortress"</a> (PDF). Urban Action. Department of Urban Studies and Planning at San Francisco State University: 19–33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites7.sfsu.edu/sites/sites7.sfsu.edu.dusp/files/UrbanAction_2011_0.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urban+Action&rft.atitle=Navigating+the+New+Fortress&rft.pages=19-33&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites7.sfsu.edu%2Fsites%2Fsites7.sfsu.edu.dusp%2Ffiles%2FUrbanAction_2011_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> (3) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberger2014" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberger, Robert (June 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701135734/http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/06/how-cities-use-design-to-drive-homeless-people-away/373067/">"How Cities Use Design to Drive Homeless People Away: Saying "you're not welcome here"—with spikes"</a>. The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/06/how-cities-use-design-to-drive-homeless-people-away/373067/">the original</a> on July 1, 2014. Retrieved April 23, 2017. <q>An example of an everyday technology that's used to forbid certain activities is "skateboard deterrents," that is, those little studs added to handrails and ledges. These devices, sometimes also called "skatestoppers" or "pig ears," prevent skateboarders from performing sliding—or "grinding"—tricks across horizontal edges. A small skateboard deterrence industry has developed, with vendors with names like "stopagrind.com" and "grindtoahault.com."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+Cities+Use+Design+to+Drive+Homeless+People+Away%3A+Saying+%22you%27re+not+welcome+here%22%E2%80%94with+spikes&rft.date=2014-06-19&rft.aulast=Rosenberger&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2014%2F06%2Fhow-cities-use-design-to-drive-homeless-people-away%2F373067%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> (4) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2020" class="citation news cs1">Kelly, John (May 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524183249/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/its-a-grind-the-birth-of-those-metal-ledge-guards-designed-to-deter-skateboarders/2020/05/23/ea2b2fc0-9b95-11ea-ad09-8da7ec214672_story.html">"It's a grind: The birth of those metal ledge guards designed to deter skateboarders"</a>. Local. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/its-a-grind-the-birth-of-those-metal-ledge-guards-designed-to-deter-skateboarders/2020/05/23/ea2b2fc0-9b95-11ea-ad09-8da7ec214672_story.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+grind%3A+The+birth+of+those+metal+ledge+guards+designed+to+deter+skateboarders&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fits-a-grind-the-birth-of-those-metal-ledge-guards-designed-to-deter-skateboarders%2F2020%2F05%2F23%2Fea2b2fc0-9b95-11ea-ad09-8da7ec214672_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Costello-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Costello_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Costello_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello2005" class="citation news cs1">Costello, Becca (November 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/skateboarding-is-not-a-sport/content?oid=44507">"Skateboarding is not a sport: Skateboarding the Sacramento streets takes skill, balance and nerve. Just don't call it a sport"</a>. Sacramento News & Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706113036/https://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/skateboarding-is-not-a-sport/content?oid=44507">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2012. <q>Despite stickers, posters and T-shirts stating the contrary, it turns out that skateboarding is, in fact, a crime. "In the downtown district, you can skateboard as transportation," Rafter explained. "Anything other than all four wheels on the ground and getting to where you're going, they have a problem with." Illegal skating includes jumping over cracks or obstacles on the sidewalk (rather than stopping, picking up one's board and walking around the obstacle), turning, riding over certain public property and any stopping maneuver that could be considered a trick. A ticket for skateboarding is a traffic violation, but skaters are more commonly cited for vandalism or trespassing—misdemeanors that stay on a skater's record and usually carry a fine or a sentence of 40 hours of community service, or both.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+News+%26+Review&rft.atitle=Skateboarding+is+not+a+sport%3A+Skateboarding+the+Sacramento+streets+takes+skill%2C+balance+and+nerve.+Just+don%27t+call+it+a+sport.&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Becca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsreview.com%2Fsacramento%2Fskateboarding-is-not-a-sport%2Fcontent%3Foid%3D44507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historic_Site-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_Site_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Historic_Site_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107000905/http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/PA%20AVE%20NHS%202007.pdf">"Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> Registration Form: <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Government of the District of Columbia</a> Planning Office. pp. 191–192. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planning.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/op/publication/attachments/PA%20AVE%20NHS%202007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 7, 2017. Retrieved March 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Registration+Form%3A+National+Park+Service%3A+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+Avenue+National+Historic+Site&rft.pages=191-192&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanning.dc.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdc%2Fsites%2Fop%2Fpublication%2Fattachments%2FPA%2520AVE%2520NHS%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> (1) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiambrone2016" class="citation news cs1">Giambrone, Andrew (June 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160622142001/http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/city-desk/blog/20783039/park-police-disperse-dozens-of-skaters-at-freedom-plaza">"Park Police Disperse Scores of Skaters at Freedom Plaza"</a>. Washington City Paper. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/news/city-desk/blog/20783039/park-police-disperse-dozens-of-skaters-at-freedom-plaza">the original</a> on June 22, 2016. Retrieved March 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+City+Paper&rft.atitle=Park+Police+Disperse+Scores+of+Skaters+at+Freedom+Plaza&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.aulast=Giambrone&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoncitypaper.com%2Fnews%2Fcity-desk%2Fblog%2F20783039%2Fpark-police-disperse-dozens-of-skaters-at-freedom-plaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> (2) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldchain2018" class="citation news cs1">Goldchain, Michelle (July 31, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180816052723/https://ggwash.org/view/68468/why-is-pennsylvania-avenues-freedom-plaza-such-a-failure">"Why is Pennsylvania Avenue's Freedom Plaza such a failure?"</a>. Greater Greater Washington. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ggwash.org/view/68468/why-is-pennsylvania-avenues-freedom-plaza-such-a-failure">the original</a> on August 16, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018. <q>One group of people do use Freedom Plaza regularly: skateboarders. The open hardscape and railings of Freedom Plaza make an excellent and popular skate park, though skating there is not actually allowed and Park Police regularly chase skaters from the park. Scott Brown said, "They came from all over the country to wreck our plaza, which they nearly did, and all those inscriptions on the floor and everything else, that's ruined by roller skating."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greater+Greater+Washington&rft.atitle=Why+is+Pennsylvania+Avenue%27s+Freedom+Plaza+such+a+failure%3F&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.aulast=Goldchain&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fggwash.org%2Fview%2F68468%2Fwhy-is-pennsylvania-avenues-freedom-plaza-such-a-failure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2013" class="citation web cs1">Williamson, Elizabeth (October 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303492504579118220560115320">"Skateboarders See a (Kick) Flip Side to the Government Closing: With Washington Plazas Empty and Patrols Down, a Banned Sport Is Suddenly On"</a> (video). <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, U.S. Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331115615/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303492504579118220560115320">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 30, 2017. <q>One positive thing about the gov't shutdown – spots at gov't buildings are now skateable – Darren Harper, Pro Skateboarder, via <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal%2C+U.S.+Edition&rft.atitle=Skateboarders+See+a+%28Kick%29+Flip+Side+to+the+Government+Closing%3A+With+Washington+Plazas+Empty+and+Patrols+Down%2C+a+Banned+Sport+Is+Suddenly+On&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702303492504579118220560115320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2></div> <ul><li>Borden, Iain (2019). Skateboarding and the city: a complete history. London; New York: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8345-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-8345-1"><bdi>978-1-4725-8345-1</bdi></a>.</li> <li>Brannon, Brian, and Bryce Kanights (2001). Thrasher: Insane Terrain. New York: Universe Pub. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789305367" title="Special:BookSources/9780789305367">9780789305367</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/781625890">781625890</a>.</li> <li>Hawk, Tony, and Mortimer, Sean (2000). Hawk: Occupation: Skateboarder. New York: HarperCollins.</li> <li>Hocking, Justin, Jeffrey Knutson and Jared Maher (eds.) (2004). Life and Limb: Skateboarders Write from the Deep End. New York: Soft Skull Press.</li> <li>Mullen, Rodney and Mortimer, Sean (2003). The Mutt.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyland2002" class="citation book cs1">Weyland, Jocko (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/answerisnever00jock/page/21">The Answer Is Never: A Skateboarder's History of the World</a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802139450" title="Special:BookSources/9780802139450"><bdi>9780802139450</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Answer+Is+Never%3A+A+Skateboarder%27s+History+of+the+World&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780802139450&rft.aulast=Weyland&rft.aufirst=Jocko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanswerisnever00jock%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASkateboarding" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Skateboarding" title="Template:Skateboarding"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Skateboarding" title="Template talk:Skateboarding"><abbr title="Discuss this 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skateboarding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_trick" title="Skateboarding trick">Skateboarding tricks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/900_(skateboarding)" title="900 (skateboarding)">900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080_(skateboarding)" title="1080 (skateboarding)">1080</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1260_(skateboarding)" title="1260 (skateboarding)">1260</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_(skateboarding)" title="Aerial (skateboarding)">Aerials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benihana_(skateboarding)" title="Benihana (skateboarding)">Benihana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casper_(skateboarding)" title="Casper (skateboarding)">Casper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip_trick" title="Flip trick">Flip tricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skateboarding_tricks" title="Freestyle skateboarding tricks">Freestyle tricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_(skateboarding)" title="Aerial (skateboarding)">Grabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grind_(skateboarding)" title="Grind (skateboarding)">Grinds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heelflip" class="mw-redirect" title="Heelflip">Heelflip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickflip" title="Kickflip">Kickflip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_trick" title="Lip trick">Lip tricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollie_(skateboarding)" title="Ollie (skateboarding)">Ollie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_comply" title="No comply">No comply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_jam" title="Pole jam">Pole jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shove-it" title="Shove-it">Shove-it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_(skateboarding)" title="Slide (skateboarding)">Slides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallride" title="Wallride">Wallride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_bomb" title="Hill bomb">Hill bomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">Skateboard</a> variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brakeboard" title="Brakeboard">Brakeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_board" title="Caster board">Caster board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_skateboard" title="Electric skateboard">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerboard_(skateboard)" title="Fingerboard (skateboard)">Fingerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowboard" title="Flowboard">Flowboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeboard_(skateboard)" title="Freeboard (skateboard)">Freeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboard_(skateboard)" title="Longboard (skateboard)">Longboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_board" title="Penny board">Penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeboard" title="Snakeboard">Snakeboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_shoe" title="Skate shoe">Skate shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Skateboarders" title="Category:Skateboarders">Skateboarders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skatepark" title="Skatepark">Skatepark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_video" title="Skate video">Skate video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_organization" title="Skateboarding organization">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_sponsorship" title="Skateboarding sponsorship">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skateboarding_terms" title="List of skateboarding terms">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skateboarding_companies" title="List of skateboarding companies">Skateboarding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skatestopper" title="Skatestopper">Skatestopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_shop" title="Skate shop">Skate shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_spot" title="Skate spot">Skate spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_contest" title="Skate contest">Skate contest</a></li> <li>In multi-sport competitions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Skateboarding at the Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_sports_at_the_2018_Asian_Games" title="Roller sports at the 2018 Asian Games">Asian Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skatepark" title="Skatepark">Skateparks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skateparks" title="List of skateparks">List of skateparks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_and_adventure_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_sports" title="Template talk:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_and_adventure_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">Extreme and adventure sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boardsport" title="Boardsport">Boardsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellyboarding" title="Bellyboarding">Bellyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirtsurfing" title="Dirtsurfing">Dirtsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_landboarding" title="Kite landboarding">Kite landboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainboarding" title="Mountainboarding">Mountainboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysurfing" title="Skysurfing">Skysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">Snowboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowskate" title="Snowskate">Snowskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallycross" title="Rallycross">Rallycross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snocross" title="Snocross">Snocross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coasteering" title="Coasteering">Coasteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving" title="High diving">High diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_watercraft" title="Personal watercraft">Jet Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Whitewater rafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Falling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASE_jumping" title="BASE jumping">BASE jumping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBASE_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeBASE (climbing)">Free BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski-BASE_jumping" title="Ski-BASE jumping">Ski-BASE jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungee_jumping" title="Bungee jumping">Bungee jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving#Cliff_diving" title="High diving">Cliff-diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_jumping" title="Cliff jumping">Cliff jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstoning">Tombstoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting/Skydiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">Aerobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">Gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">Powered paragliding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed flying">Speed flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsuit_flying" title="Wingsuit flying">Wingsuit flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rolling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_scootering" title="Freestyle scootering">Freestyle scootering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_inline_skating" title="Aggressive inline skating">Aggressive inline skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vert_skating" title="Vert skating">Vert skating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skiing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_skiing" title="Extreme skiing">Extreme skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)" title="Freeriding (winter sport)">Freeriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">Freestyle skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">Speed skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sledding" title="Extreme sledding">Extreme sledding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">Skeleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake" title="Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake">Cheese rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ironing" title="Extreme ironing">Extreme ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Pogo" title="Extreme Pogo">Extreme Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstacle racing">Obstacle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_stilts" title="Jumping stilts">Powerbocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">Slacklining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">Zip-lining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Template talk:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Summer_Olympic_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Summer Olympic sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px_Summer_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mandatory sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic sports">Aquatics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synchronized_swimming" title="Synchronized swimming">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Marathon Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">Water polo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3x3_basketball" title="3x3 basketball">3x3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoeing" title="Canoeing">Canoeing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_slalom" title="Canoe slalom">Canoe slalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sprint" title="Canoe sprint">Canoe sprint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">Equestrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dressage" title="Dressage">Dressage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eventing" title="Eventing">Eventing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">Field hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics" title="Artistic gymnastics">Artistic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">Rhythmic gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trampolining" title="Trampolining">Trampolining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">Handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pentathlon" title="Modern pentathlon">Modern pentathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_sevens" title="Rugby sevens">Rugby sevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Sport climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">Table tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">Beach volleyball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discretionary sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty20" title="Twenty20">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacrosse_sixes" title="Lacrosse sixes">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">Squash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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