CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.worldhistory.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '914912520e436494',cH: 'E5Wm807pSwaXnz8MmxLQlmr1fwwOLcoZvFiAjcZpvIY-1739997622-1.2.1.1-q9aoRSsGlm3fX7i6k1yooAPmGS2HWdf.3RgIirqUF86E.UMy7gHI1bIoXn4Bc44I',cUPMDTk: "\/login\/?ui_lang=en&__cf_chl_tk=ew3DWKU0QJcXnUfjUxvXcIGqxzmn1Pdg4C2DAEpJu8Y-1739997622-1.0.1.1-WV0QzwjWNgMfG2ei1kNTSReZDCixXder9o3sYOS1KdU",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739997622',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "unsupported-browser",fa: "\/login\/?ui_lang=en&__cf_chl_f_tk=ew3DWKU0QJcXnUfjUxvXcIGqxzmn1Pdg4C2DAEpJu8Y-1739997622-1.0.1.1-WV0QzwjWNgMfG2ei1kNTSReZDCixXder9o3sYOS1KdU",md: "umqBxZ1TorutDb5pTnjD3uSrjDGkEV93r4qKZxg91FU-1739997622-1.2.1.1-QNs2fDaDJ4LJa3qOGt0lb0KsCTgdgzboi2ZZrhoFDrgQ3wMzMsNaNs3HHX7QhySDCT6u7Kr8Q_BYjx1r6IjDYEmM9JxZhOf6JOkfiyMCqRbaS0dFqZU3EkO85KA4GugGeaWTM2DTBRlgd4TlHYo829tDrhiac9WUW5bHK29Xq.wiDieQjW_yZgMXKAdMwEyMR7oMjyPPlx6.WxEmIGet.jPajhi1JXMpxSgjbbggEBhtX1Fq_NSBJMLiarjXSUAET_MWZSOThVIdHHb0it6AFzwwIdkNw4RXuSH_Yfag1EI78cJW_QskvX.dgmpZYepXC9l7uXZQFBjbHzPo4_hSSX9dMoZJP8jrrsII74NzEihlmK3ayHYj7mViCScXQr_EvEFcRdb7mRSyHyb8aFUe.Qkn9zVyfdgmuYcDsq1Eg.La_YjFoEKYPyB1fsiz40FHnTikZgML8IoTlxg284AW3K2r21BfCtDZx03_5VQRKtYi4RMT2MGiAdRSkqX1zuSOBsQYNT5Vth8hoHvFabeieI.C84FXMSHG.BZMqwZaJpUA5zQJr3vR.m7sZypHQJ4ktMYgDY72zoF0E2bKTs0b_WzYwmD2nkiCjiM1k5VWgv4kc95QvQkKjAp5vJrbIDldLULJXEGKHLi9TjPy9y8PdbyeJ_f1eJu5Ei6eaoKvebGt912qGUx07ii8wmYSV9KA9sjEtRBmShpf3YqbmT416gTySMq19Emrs9D.D.wBUCWGNrmokUqjmoNve6m6zQoprtxdewYZgzuFV3L3NT2MpuL4VktPuq02Dpd5UbQOK_EhfEi7r9dMg_WxWLsUK9E_tfTzzaexI9SDrKyMnwdPRw9v0IDpk3bWat9PtUQhArisOzjsk8ww5qbdhd.Yis.P3SpqFUsLARvASObXtyPVrl4VXN.7WglEtVJ2.quFIvCsONGyIJdJ0WUihvuj425AetuEmzmGuJa5CKLaz6D4s0sH8tmncUOI7gT.22aiDfaS3gPLWwNNKVgviNLLlNlQpnotMTDYsKhBQEcx0MxrwgwnT7djP4LpMbKZLtLZ_dDRaTRJx8_0CsQUgcHn3Eji_Wvhi_8FvsgC3_d6z1fhuDk5UOOQF.rWrlC3dqNbZCTdgQj2mUioQ_jXYp2vmBqpGnMVaAk6_VmRbqrFcrDLxeVOH3.Ms_7ArakBM7Liwfv5p21pVg3D6kE08R5A.oaYVhTG_G3Fujqq6P_KhphVkMG5LUb3teIVN2ybX0Tf7WknfXFnPu1MX7pzAmKlwWidSy1bd_dod9l8B6.MBHWxdP8QLnB4JWzXP.5RVE3bKaZja5z0DUDlxSSZrFv6QXdjXy2.WHz9_R9HM63otR0j1zIaq_Ylq8R.aDA48v64VEazEngvgxennJtyZTapzY6Kx_k4jcUTHeMahMxpdRBH4576Vum9ZAk_w60IxbNFCtqCmP_lLOROzLBhKNQT1_UERjHm2GMpQrlZk9HiyY9mQCmpAxZmSFP3LTLf_igRyo6plHfbvUXfNNue0vkM6CtbklcgOy0ocvYhmzw99XMYZdFr46xXlc80S1HibQowdJbr_4S0YDOl2hpZdmz5PwaWK2XzGCUqq972CiVNfw8b3D0DdoynMRHZPMtWuMYrJ5LMMK3w5vB5480Y3TavpUso0pETW13vFs6a5blImVqyIBHN7jHCR8.3h_fYV62xy5Xu7DMqH4TkCT2FWtsPQM5WszpHy719DvKHPBSd2xwdlJA1hIQ17psPAReUaGl5eTNbELMGxNFTHYZGjVMfi39uny.aOkcMAtDHhfOzinBBuZqP6L.d6Rcbn4S1B4sdMUL_SVilktPdid7oFKAOaqt0oJh7PTlKeawx.7rVm9ZG9IvYfBnQm2h2vcNIYN0OJNdr.nL21EXNHfgnTJ6PJ8XH7vUbmJ0KBL9yE5UuniDyIxyovOzz0kHwmcQdioQph7hIp0JLMLke2_wWiM4xxJy_QHfEGmFjsmHh1LbFSWyOLpRw_wFh09UVj.nwmqw_D1x6DmBM6lR0zKyCc71RLPU74vxfTTm8DuVPLI5WqnF2._FV2geeZ5ufE.4s_TPNOSWqHqz7RG.fgUmgAQvISyUpKRNrn.dibqiZp6TKDqpu0RUvItRdyW0p2QVRfSYjkx7PZK7JZ.xw_VwA4XH4ZorJPu5Uhfcl0y6yj73YEONGyNClEjYVB69TafEadffGUkhRhgaoM8Hj4QSBgxWF0NzxrDg1xbCMN0ebyQrU2U8ZSKeIitix7vBaSpy.uDTMbdlXLL9A2Wq6DBVDiQEwZN.aKz_YwBge6fMsVoaYaofLAV4bY.bt3081GOjJfc9Q_fCX.7KwbhF64CzPba_M77vCsYKG7PvF1QkPShLCeaBqHG0IH6YwHlF5AZtzpgbbET_JNiuJ9lT4xNyQ6T8U6KVKeYbtJEl54lY.08jRdNpM72OkL6szxf30W5REY_eNF582nXbRVqwJxAdrgpTj7cyz183K0BSeVZX1c9DVsiU_X9AsMzlZJsy2MErjjPHzAoDO6dfwS_BKvstmSDQcOw_l",mdrd: "M6VeDXBn5Vn6ceUgiVBKZn2qccpDU9tl4pFErBI0eu8-1739997622-1.2.1.1-JtAi16vpZheOkJGn8CTdQrLb87rbbGPI_KX4JDlpv4WIsEnqiR1jsAbOg9WPy2kozqaQCGSaSliLS6EbnIOJKCfotWbswOyk9VwdhaOESdKCZQjadOpondecPCBFveWNyzaDuP4F_3.7gW6GfC6o3mCiCAHWp3VrTnzKfKlcsxaT64J5ngWyBCo.Y9HywOszkaeyx4ug41NCaBsZJDI4Wh860dpeyrq1i1WeO7qET48xveLND5qJTpdXmsT2aTWzvQ5p9jLGAsWbKksYxKfsIV9A3tByImsygNMOavNPbTkR4HMBrxgLkxX0WvM8pk_DICe5m5J5JBs7pDPubaoO5HEe4sLi.hyEKI098cJSJXsh..f_fc52Q.Ll_XckVQIdIGiQeziRiD.11BCieQyhPriglLq584CXIhV9HRU1EO.6SCzaKXQD5qUA2xnWPu2LrMi5ZIVxBpS_HVnhYlKgAUqLRZKybxEtXkPEzF51mLTAk6OPopiXyylzKQ85Gh80PJIyNuESZszE8vcm6RdctB0teyqpGbPxClXyO04tg1rI8daFcChMqJKtbvg4JXL3dj4E_LTuMLdlNexqkwJ8w8SnGJyAYsMh8n8wIHlc9KPXZlTzxfJf_dkfxoSO7qLUBLm7dL4cuNR04mpu9w08.0nV1LAdewgPJfHajEMaBR1csZvWa7VwAymLflXIAHY5j_bZwYGDGkTP6nyCJoBMaiY0KrjORNBTK3j29ahSfYMdM7HVQ1AwAoJklpIy9Hh_XTFbK7GRmmCAOMyj4JKAxFMA7OjF9yid6v0kg1.cXIbJtNvJKtgYCRHGAD1dD77f.eHouh65x9kK8t12hgEFkDBay.Noo.VxfDieKDUPxnwh2QBdoE4RFJbt8IZnwJXSgEyV9dVpbXz02cx3.TQqs0rDhnG7rndzISLMskmsaSO_q4tVS5Mqi3diW9J3Ltf3HgDpQEloIflANnd.5nS7XCwsi8B4lJnxgkowrxdQVY.W2tSH_.IK0z9OuxdE4EvXUahJTvi.ckdFBvHs9NA59VZtk1FOuPYNzKY20ptpoBpaaGQCYcrBUvMywKqcaPEWZ3yqd3_41lmOzutGKwfni.KKBq5ByBbT9Tb9qZCqG7OsjWOB46QBW.EMzxKQ4RLenATEXJGRz5VRBusCKrDe8jmk93nCMOp2IsHlaj.sndqtujVz3kohY8UiGk_eDQXdCdHzx2sUlVby9wrGBR810J8R9Phu2.KVimnpsI2g0CyALrvwV9FEGf5.7M_oghs1pUCfPhuOWQDT2GqBrUxMHk.MTx43twlGAZ76RehbVrjCEhX6HD3DAgdRmQrqGkvCJIVhlkm8MIc4IB8Pm2Ajsyh5mVfLjNxqpgRyChXZZGLFPFIXkXu5.pqXcgwcEtAvdrYYNdBAw2eSh61kGkhajMG7YxXF1h3CnxtZqjYdpRsKryoMLwG.dx_F_xmPqA83z7cDaHlCZc5YLVZi0c060I4U5gbQfs.WUwJmR7nUnHS9jEdjwxADGIpsyUcjuRG9tzj07A91I6FZaucFsKNO2vrYbEy9x7l8LnNkTpxMNsrBclu2v.a.YnHj1PbztNQRMcDcW7AmopbDAA4wzel4Y8DwhtVMYKKE6flY5vziZ5dr6pR1eLYkV2Ytz0eiMAxhQ2Qu4bIR14IZl.ojHA_4kQDnnvFp8gN_ecUG2QCeyQDPvhE6hRPITa7VzVArb1oOomtFU4Ful8HHT4coKC4IsmupN1yX9f2GZ5Yf8D3iwzAOWds8HyRBuxCLHIUUbCGwBCwYmX8RnvlqCCuLk1v8ESl4KXDhucMKEbW4LnfnfrYAUAUi.Jtj59eWJPrsoCx11QRo3HqkelfyBMJUaXajgsjecXSE1uEJD9CGfogq0Bx2s.aJARxAnnkfUoOEi2BkCXsxlvvfosdXB87rCZDh9MvRlw794A.NGKuopGLbtuY"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=914912520e436494';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/login\/?ui_lang=en&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ew3DWKU0QJcXnUfjUxvXcIGqxzmn1Pdg4C2DAEpJu8Y-1739997622-1.0.1.1-WV0QzwjWNgMfG2ei1kNTSReZDCixXder9o3sYOS1KdU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>