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cake</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: sponge cake"> <meta name="keywords" content="sponge cake"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="sponge cake"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 150</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: sponge cake</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">150</span> Protein Isolates from Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Its Application in Cake</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Abdullah%20Ahmed">Mohamed Abdullah Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In a study of chickpea protein isolate (CPI) preparation, the wet alkaline extraction was carried out. The objectives were to determine the optimal extracting conditions of CPI and apply CPI into a sponge cake recipe to replace egg and make acceptable product. The design used in extraction was a central composite design. The response surface methodology was preferred to graphically express the relationship between extraction time and pH with the output variables of percent yield and protein content of CPI. It was noted that optimal extracting conditions were 60 min and pH 10.5 resulting in 90.07% protein content and 89.15% yield of CPI. The protein isolate (CPI) could be incorporated in cake to 20% without adversely affecting the cake physical properties such as cake hardness and sensory attributes. The higher protein content in cake was corresponding to the amount of CPI added. Therefore, adding CPI can significantly (p<0.05) increase protein content in cake. However, sensory evaluation showed that adding more than 20% of CPI decreased the overall acceptability. The results of this investigation could be used as a basic knowledge of CPI utilization in other food products. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chick%20bean%20protein%20isolate" title="chick bean protein isolate">chick bean protein isolate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge%20cake" title=" sponge cake"> sponge cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilization" title=" utilization"> utilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge" title=" sponge "> sponge </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10335/protein-isolates-from-chickpea-cicer-arietinum-l-and-its-application-in-cake" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">149</span> Mariculture Trials of the Philippine Blue Sponge Xestospongia sp.</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clairecynth%20Yu">Clairecynth Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geminne%20Manzano"> Geminne Manzano</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The mariculture potential of the Philippine blue sponge, Xestospongia sp. was assessed through the pilot sponge culture in the open-sea at two different biogeographic regions in the Philippines. Thirty explants were randomly allocated for the Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro culture setup and the other nine were transported to Lucero, Bolinao, Pangasinan. Two different sponge culture methods of the sponge explants- the lantern and the wall method, were employed to assess the production of the Renieramycin M. Both methods have shown to be effective in growing the sponge explants and that the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) results have shown that Renieramycin M is present on the sponges. The effect of partial harvesting in the growth and survival rates of the blue sponge in the Puerto Galera setup was also determined. Results showed that a higher growth rate was observed on the partially harvested explants on both culture methods as compared to the unharvested explants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20ecology" title="chemical ecology">chemical ecology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porifera" title=" porifera"> porifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge" title=" sponge"> sponge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xestospongia%20sp." title=" Xestospongia sp."> Xestospongia sp.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53573/mariculture-trials-of-the-philippine-blue-sponge-xestospongia-sp" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">148</span> Comparative Analysis of White Bean Cake and Soybean Cake through Sensory Evaluation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ijeoma%20Chinyere%20Ukonu">Ijeoma Chinyere Ukonu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Linda%20Ojeyokan"> Linda Ojeyokan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study produced and compared the acceptability of white bean cake (akara) and soy bean cake (akara) through sensory evaluation. Two varieties of beans were used; white (haricot) beans and soy beans; processed in the wet (paste) form and dry (flour) form. They were all used in the production of samples of bean cake (akara) under the same condition. Sensory evaluation was carried out on the products; 100% white beans cake paste was labeled (A1), 50% white bean and 50% soya bean cake paste was (B1), 100% white bean cake flour was (A2); 50% white bean cake flour and 50% soya bean cake flour (B2). A five (5) point hedonic scale rating, very good (5), good (4), fair (3), poor (2) and very poor (1) was administered on the ten panel of judge. 40 questionnaires were administered to the general public to access their knowledge of soya beans akara. Correlation analysis was carried out to determine which product is more acceptable. Table, percentages and mean score were methods employed in analyzing data collected. The analysis revealed that soya bean (akara) is generally acceptable except for sample B1 that was rated poor with 2 points, white beans cake was rated very well with 5 points. It was recommended that the hospitality industry could introduce soya bean cakes in the breakfast menu. Families can also include these products in their breakfast. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=akara" title="akara">akara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bean%20cake" title=" bean cake"> bean cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soybean" title=" soybean"> soybean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=white%20bean" title=" white bean "> white bean </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54338/comparative-analysis-of-white-bean-cake-and-soybean-cake-through-sensory-evaluation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54338.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">267</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">147</span> The City Ecological Corridor Construction Based on the Concept Of "Sponge City"（Case Study: Lishui）</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xu%20Mengyuan">Xu Mengyuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xu%20Lei"> Xu Lei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Behind the rapid development of Chinese city, the contradiction of frequent urban waterlogging and the shortage of water resources is deepening. In order to solve this problem, introduce the low impact development "sponge city" construction mode in the process of the construction of new urbanization in China, make our city " resilience to adapt" environmental change and natural disaster. Firstly this paper analyses the basic reason of urban waterlogging, then introduces the basic connotation and realization approach of “sponge city”. Finally, study on the project in Lishui Guazhou, focuses on the analysis of the "urban ecological corridor" construction strategy and the positive impact on city in the construction of “sponge city”. Meanwhile, we put forward the ”local conditions” and ”sustainable” as the construction ideas, make use of ecological construction leading city development, explore the ecological balance through the city to enhance the regional value, and providing reference and reflection for the development and future of the “sponge city” in China. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20water%20logging" title="urban water logging">urban water logging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge%20city" title=" sponge city"> sponge city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20ecological%20corridor" title=" urban ecological corridor"> urban ecological corridor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=China" title=" China"> China</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30382/the-city-ecological-corridor-construction-based-on-the-concept-of-sponge-citycase-study-lishui" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30382.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">641</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">146</span> Preliminary Study of Sponge Spicule to Understand Paleobathymetry, Sentolo Formation, Kulon Progo, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akmaluddin">Akmaluddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aulia%20Agus%20Patria"> Aulia Agus Patria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adniwan%20Shubhi%20Banuzaki"> Adniwan Shubhi Banuzaki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lucia%20Hardiana%20Kurnia%20Pratiwi"> Lucia Hardiana Kurnia Pratiwi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The phylum Porifera, commonly known as sponges, is a group of primitive animals living since Paleozoic-recent, currently have over 8300 described species, where the majority lives in the marine environment and sessile or in situ. Sponge spicule is one part of the body that secreted by sponge; this spicule can be well preserved because it composed of silicate material. Sponge spicule was identified based on morphological form, which was classified into two main classes, Megasclere and Microsclere. Any form of spicule morphology will indicate a particular sponge species, and it also related to the sponge living environment. Therefore, understanding the paleobathymetry using spicules can be done and more detailed because of sponge living in situ. The methods used in this paper are stratigraphic measurement, continuous sampling, and sieve preparation to dissolve calcareous and siliciclastics materials. Then, each spicule was picked by picking method for every 100 grams of each sample and identified the morphological form to determine the order and abundance of spicule. 10 samples have analyzed, 1489 spicules were identified, there were two classes of Porifera, Demospongiae, and Hexactinellida. Five orders of Porifera also identified in the research area, Haplosclerida, Hadromerida, Agelasida, Lithistids, and Lyssacinosida. The results from descriptive analysis and spicule abundance can be understood that the paleobathymetry of research area was in intertidal zone. Furthermore, the variation and abundance of sponge spicule can be used to understand the paleobathymetry and depositional environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paleobathymetry" title="paleobathymetry">paleobathymetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sentolo%20formation" title=" Sentolo formation"> Sentolo formation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge" title=" sponge"> sponge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spicule" title=" spicule"> spicule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87755/preliminary-study-of-sponge-spicule-to-understand-paleobathymetry-sentolo-formation-kulon-progo-daerah-istimewa-yogyakarta" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87755.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">145</span> Use of Cassava Flour in Cakes Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20S.%20Silva">S. S. Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20M.%20A.%20Souza"> S. M. A. Souza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20F.%20P.%20Oliveira"> C. F. P. Oliveira</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Brazil's agriculture is a major economic base in the country; in addition, family farming is directly responsible for the production of most agricultural products in Brazil, such as cassava. The number of studies on the use of cassava and its derivatives in the food industry has been increased, which is the basis of this study. Sought to develop a food that take advantage the products from farmers, adding value to these products and to study its effects as a replacement for wheat flour. For such elaborated a gluten-free cake – aiming to meet the needs of the celiac public – containing cassava flour, cane sugar, honey, egg, soya oil, coconut desiccated, baking powder and water. For evaluation of their characteristics technological, physicochemical and texture characterizations were done. Cake showed similar characteristics of cake made with wheat flour and growth and aeration of the dough. In sum up, marketing the product is viable, in that it has a typical overall appearance of cake made of wheat flour, meet the needs of celiac people and value the family farming. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=baking" title="baking">baking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cake" title=" cake"> cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cassava%20flour" title=" cassava flour"> cassava flour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=celiac%20disease" title=" celiac disease"> celiac disease</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19521/use-of-cassava-flour-in-cakes-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19521.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">425</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">144</span> Nutritive Value of Three-Stage Olive Cake (Olea europaea L.) for Growing Rabbit</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahia%20Dorbane">Zahia Dorbane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Si%20Ammar%20Kadi"> Si Ammar Kadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dalila%20Boudouma"> Dalila Boudouma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thierry%20Gidenne"> Thierry Gidenne</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In rabbits feeding, minimum fibre intake is essential to avoid digestive disorders. However, this concentration of fibre is not easy to obtain when formulating feeds, without reduction of nutritional value. Three stage olive cake, the residual material after oil extraction by centrifugation, including pulp and stones, can be used as a fibre source in rabbit diet. The incorporation of olive cake can allow a better balance between different fibre fractions and reduce health disorder. However, for practical use of any raw material, it is necessary to know its chemical and nutritive value. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritive value of three-stage olive cake (TSOC) for growing rabbits. Thus, 36 rabbits weaned at 35 days (702.8 ± 28.5) were divided into three groups of 12 receiving one of the following diets: control with 0% of TSOC, TSOC10 (10% of TSOC) and TSOC20 (20% TSOC). The rabbits were individually housed in digestibility cages and received ad libitum one of the three diets, fresh and clean water was provided ad libitum. After an adaptation period of 7d, feces were collected for 4d. Collected feces were frozen and stored for further analysis. The chemical composition of TSOC shows that it is a rich fiber raw material since it contains (%DM): 6% of CP; 7.4% of EE; 78.7% of NDF; 55.4% of ADF and 24.3% of ADL. The inclusion of TSOC at 20% of basal diet reduced the digestibility coefficient of organic matter, crude protein and NDF from 67.8 to 55.3%, 80.4 to 75.3% and from 31.5 to 18.4% (p < 0.001) respectively. The digestible energy and digestible protein content of the three-stage olive cake estimated by regression was 2.94 ± 0.52MJ DE/kg DM and 22.4 ± 6 g DP/kg DM respectively. In conclusion, based on the results of the present experiment, the three-stage olive cake can be used as a fibre source for rabbit. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digestibility" title="digestibility">digestibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritive%20value" title=" nutritive value"> nutritive value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20cake" title=" olive cake"> olive cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rabbit" title=" rabbit"> rabbit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106579/nutritive-value-of-three-stage-olive-cake-olea-europaea-l-for-growing-rabbit" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">156</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">143</span> H2 Production and Treatment of Cake Wastewater Industry via Up-Flow Anaerobic Staged Reactor </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Manal%20A.%20Mohsen">Manal A. Mohsen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Tawfik"> Ahmed Tawfik</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydrogen production from cake wastewater by anaerobic dark fermentation via upflow anaerobic staged reactor (UASR) was investigated in this study. The reactor was continuously operated for four months at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 21.57 hr, PH value of 6 ± 0.6, temperature of 21.1°C, and organic loading rate of 2.43 gCOD/l.d. The hydrogen production was 5.7 l H<sub>2</sub>/d and the hydrogen yield was 134.8 ml H<sub>2</sub> /g COD<sub>removed</sub>. The system showed an overall removal efficiency of TCOD, TBOD, TSS, TKN, and Carbohydrates of 40 ± 13%, 59 ± 18%, 84 ± 17%, 28 ± 27%, and 85 ± 15% respectively during the long term operation period. Based on the available results, the system is not sufficient for the effective treatment of cake wastewater, and the effluent quality of UASR is not complying for discharge into sewerage network, therefore a post treatment is needed (not covered in this study). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cake%20wastewater%20industry" title="cake wastewater industry">cake wastewater industry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20oxygen%20demand%20%28COD%29" title=" chemical oxygen demand (COD)"> chemical oxygen demand (COD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen%20production" title=" hydrogen production"> hydrogen production</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=up-flow%20anaerobic%20staged%20reactor%20%28UASR%29" title=" up-flow anaerobic staged reactor (UASR)"> up-flow anaerobic staged reactor (UASR)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40013/h2-production-and-treatment-of-cake-wastewater-industry-via-up-flow-anaerobic-staged-reactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">142</span> The Effects of Applying Wash and Green-A Syrups as Substitution of Sugar on Dough and Cake Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Banafsheh%20Aghamohammadi">Banafsheh Aghamohammadi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Honarvar"> Masoud Honarvar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Babak%20Ghiassi%20Tarzi"> Babak Ghiassi Tarzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Usage of different components has been considered to improve the quality and nutritional properties of cakes in recent years. The effects of applying some sweeteners, instead of sugar, have been evaluated in cakes and many bread formulas up to now; but there has not been any research about the usage of by-products of sugar factories such as Wash and Green-A Syrups in cake formulas. In this research, the effects of substituting 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of sugar with Wash and Green-A Syrups on some dough and cake properties, such as pH, viscosity, density, volume, weight loss, moisture, water activity, texture, staling, color and sensory evaluations, are studied. The results of these experiments showed that the pH values were not significantly different among any of the all cake batters and also most of the cake samples. Although differences among viscosity and specific gravity of all treatments were both significant and insignificant, these two parameters resulted in higher volume in all samples than the blank one. The differences in weight loss, moisture content and water activity of samples were insignificant. Evaluating of texture showed that the softness of most of samples is increased and the staling is decreased. Crumb color and sensory evaluations of samples were also affected by the replacement of sucrose with Wash and Green-A Syrups. According to the results, we can increase the shelf life and improve the quality and nutritional values of cake by using these kinds of syrups in the formulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cake" title="cake">cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green-A%20syrup" title=" green-A syrup"> green-A syrup</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20tests" title=" quality tests"> quality tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensory%20evaluation" title=" sensory evaluation"> sensory evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wash%20syrup" title=" wash syrup"> wash syrup</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62504/the-effects-of-applying-wash-and-green-a-syrups-as-substitution-of-sugar-on-dough-and-cake-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62504.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">141</span> Improving the Quality and Nutrient Content of Palm Kernel Cake through Fermentation with Bacillus subtilis </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirnawati">Mirnawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gita%20Ciptaan"> Gita Ciptaan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ferawati"> Ferawati </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background and Objective: Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a waste of the palm oil industry. Indonesia, as the largest palm oil producer in the world, produced 45-46% palm kernel cake. Palm kernel cake can potentially be used as animal ration but its utilization for poultry is limited. Thus, fermentation process was done in order to increase the utilization PKC in poultry ration. An experiment was conducted to study the effect between Inoculum Doses with Bacillus subtilis and fermentation time to improve the quality and nutrient content of fermented Palm Kernel Cake. Material and Methods: 1) Palm kernel cake derived from Palm Kernel Processing Manufacture of Andalas Agro Industry in Pasaman, West Sumatra. 2) Bacillus subtilis obtained from The Research Center of Applied Chemistry LIPI, Bogor. 3) Preparations nutrient agar medium (NA) produced by Difoo - Becton Dickinson. 4) Rice bran 5) Aquades and mineral standard. The experiment used completely randomize design (CRD) with 3 x 3 factorial and 3 replications. The first factors were three doses of inoculum Bacillus subtilis: (3%), (5%), and (7%). The second factor was fermentation time: (1) 2 day, (2) 4 day, and (3) 6 day. The parameters were crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen retention, and crude fiber digestibility of fermented palm kernel cake (FPKC). Results: The result of the study showed that there was significant interaction (P<0.01) between factor A and factor B and each factor A and B also showed significant effect (P<0.01) on crude protein, crude fiber, nitrogen retention, and crude fiber digestibility. Conclusion: From this study, it can be concluded that fermented PKC with 7% doses of Bacillus subtilis and 6 days fermentation time provides the best result as seen from 24.65% crude protein, 17.35% crude fiber, 68.47% nitrogen retention, 53.25% crude fiber digestibility of fermented palm kernel cake (FPKC). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title="fermentation">fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bacillus%20Subtilis" title=" Bacillus Subtilis"> Bacillus Subtilis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inoculum" title=" inoculum"> inoculum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palm%20kernel%20cake" title=" palm kernel cake"> palm kernel cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality" title=" quality"> quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutrient" title=" nutrient"> nutrient</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104216/improving-the-quality-and-nutrient-content-of-palm-kernel-cake-through-fermentation-with-bacillus-subtilis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104216.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">140</span> Sponge Urbanism as a Resilient City Design to Overcome Urban Flood Risk, for the Case of Aluva, Kerala, India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gayathri%20Pramod">Gayathri Pramod</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sheeja%20K.%20P."> Sheeja K. P.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urban flooding has been seen rising in cities for the past few years. This rise in urban flooding is the result of increasing urbanization and increasing climate change. A resilient city design focuses on 'living with water'. This means that the city is capable of accommodating the floodwaters without having to risk any loss of lives or properties. The resilient city design incorporates green infrastructure, river edge treatment, open space design, etc. to form a city that functions as a whole for resilience. Sponge urbanism is a recent method for building resilient cities and is founded by China in 2014. Sponge urbanism is the apt method for resilience building for a tropical town like Aluva of Kerala. Aluva is a tropical town that experiences rainfall of about 783 mm per month during the rainy season. Aluva is an urbanized town which faces the risk of urban flooding and riverine every year due to the presence of Periyar River in the town. Impervious surfaces and hard construction and developments contribute towards flood risk by posing as interference for a natural flow and natural filtration of water into the ground. This type of development is seen in Aluva also. Aluva is designed in this research as a town that have resilient strategies of sponge city and which focusses on natural methods of construction. The flood susceptibility of Aluva is taken into account to design the spaces for sponge urbanism and in turn, reduce the flood susceptibility for the town. Aluva is analyzed, and high-risk zones for development are identified through studies. These zones are designed to withstand the risk of flooding. Various catchment areas are identified according to the natural flow of water, and then these catchment areas are designed to act as a public open space and as detention ponds in case of heavy rainfall. Various development guidelines, according to land use, is also prescribed, which help in increasing the green cover of the town. Aluva is then designed to be a completely flood-adapted city or sponge city according to the guidelines and interventions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate%20change" title="climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flooding" title=" flooding"> flooding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resilient%20city" title=" resilient city"> resilient city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge%20city" title=" sponge city"> sponge city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge%20urbanism" title=" sponge urbanism"> sponge urbanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urbanization" title=" urbanization"> urbanization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109889/sponge-urbanism-as-a-resilient-city-design-to-overcome-urban-flood-risk-for-the-case-of-aluva-kerala-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/109889.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">153</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">139</span> Blood Profile of Weaner Rabbits Fed Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) Meal as Replacement for Groundnut Cake</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adedokun%20Mathew%20Adewale">Adedokun Mathew Adewale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayandiran%20Samuel%20Kola"> Ayandiran Samuel Kola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adekunle%20Ibironke"> Adekunle Ibironke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seeds contain about 20–22 percent protein and appreciable amounts of essential amino acids and minerals. Hence, this study evaluated the blood profile of weaner rabbits fed Cajanus cajan meal (CCM) as a replacement for groundnut cake. Forty weaner rabbits of mixed breed aged 5 - 6 weeks were used for the study, which lasted for 8 weeks. The rabbits were randomly allocated to four treatments (10 rabbits per treatment) in a completely randomized design. Four concentrate diets were compounded by direct replacement of groundnut cake with Cajanus cajan meal (CCM) at 0, 50, 75, and 100%, respectively. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the mean counts of packed cell volume, red blood cell, haemoglobin, and monocyte. The 75% CCM diet had significantly the highest (p<0.05). However, rabbits fed diets containing CCM had significantly higher (p<0.05) eosinophil than 0%CCM. Rabbits fed diets containing 100%CCM had significantly highest (p<0.05) total protein followed by 0%CCM, 75%CCM, and least 50%CCM, while 0%CCM and 75%CCM diets were significantly higher (p<0.05) in albumin. However, animals fed diets containing CCM had significantly lower (p<0.05) cholesterol content than 0%CCM diet. It could be concluded that Cajanus cajan meal could replace groundnut cake up to 100% in the diets of rabbits without any deleterious effect on the blood profile of the animals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20profile" title="blood profile">blood profile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundnut%20cake" title=" groundnut cake"> groundnut cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pigeon%20pea" title=" pigeon pea"> pigeon pea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weaner%20rabbits" title=" weaner rabbits"> weaner rabbits</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194121/blood-profile-of-weaner-rabbits-fed-pigeon-pea-cajanus-cajan-meal-as-replacement-for-groundnut-cake" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194121.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">9</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">138</span> Up-Flow Sponge Submerged Biofilm Reactor for Municipal Sewage Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saber%20A.%20El-Shafai">Saber A. El-Shafai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waleed%20M.%20Zahid"> Waleed M. Zahid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An up-flow submerged biofilm reactor packed with sponge was investigated for sewage treatment. The reactor was operated two cycles as single aerobic (1-1 at 3.5 L/L.d HLR and 1-2 at 3.8 L/L.day HLR) and four cycles as single anaerobic/aerobic reactor; 2-1 and 2-2 at low HLR (3.7 and 3.5 L/L.day) and 2-3 and 2-4 at high HLR (5.1 and 5.4 L/L.day). During the aerobic cycles, 50% effluent recycling significantly reduces the system performance except for phosphorous. In case of the anaerobic/aerobic reactor, the effluent recycling, significantly improves system performance at low HLR while at high HLR only phosphorous removal was improved. Excess sludge production was limited to 0.133 g TSS/g COD with better sludge volume index (SVI) in case of anaerobic/aerobic cycles; (54.7 versus 58.5 ml/g). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerobic" title="aerobic">aerobic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anaerobic%2Faerobic" title=" anaerobic/aerobic"> anaerobic/aerobic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=up-flow" title=" up-flow"> up-flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=submerged%20biofilm" title=" submerged biofilm"> submerged biofilm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge" title=" sponge"> sponge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62018/up-flow-sponge-submerged-biofilm-reactor-for-municipal-sewage-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62018.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">137</span> Distribution Patterns of the Renieramycin-M-Producing Blue Sponge, Xestospongia sp. (De Laubenfels, 1932) (Phylum: Porifera, Class: Demospongiae) in Puerto Galera, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geminne%20Manzano">Geminne Manzano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clairecynth%20Yu"> Clairecynth Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lilibeth%20Salvador-Reyes"> Lilibeth Salvador-Reyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viviene%20Santiago"> Viviene Santiago</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Porfirio%20Ali%C3%B1O"> Porfirio AliñO</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The distribution and abundance patterns of many marine sessile organisms such as sponges vary among and within reefs. Determining the factors affecting its distribution is essential especially for organisms that produce secondary metabolites with pharmaceutical importance. In this study, the small-scale distribution patterns of the Philippine blue sponge, Xestospongia sp. in relation to some ecological factors were examined. The relationship between the renieramycin-M production and their benthic attributes were also determined. Ecological surveys were conducted on two stations with varying depth and exposure located in Oriental Mindoro, Philippines. Three 30 by 6m belt transect were used to assess the sponge abundance at each station. The substratum of the sponges was also characterized. Fish visual census observations were also taken together with the photo transect methods benthic surveys. Sponge samples were also collected for the extraction of Renieramycin-M and for further chemical analysis. Varying distribution patterns were observed to be attributed to the combination of different ecological and environmental factors. The amount of Renieramycin-production also varied in each station. The common substratum for blue sponges includes hard and soft corals, as well as, dead coral with algal patches. Blue sponges from exposed habitat frequently grow associated with massive and branching corals, Porites sp., while the most frequent substrate found on sheltered habitats is the coral Pavona sp. Exploring the influence of ecological and environmental parameters on the abundance and distribution of sponge assemblages provide ecological insights and their potential applications to pharmaceutical studies. The results of this study provide further impetus in pursuing studies into patterns and processes of the Philippine blue sponge, Xestospongia sp. distribution in relation to the chemical ecology of its secondary metabolites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20patterns" title="distribution patterns">distribution patterns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Porifera" title=" Porifera"> Porifera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Renieramycin-M" title=" Renieramycin-M"> Renieramycin-M</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sponge%20assemblages" title=" sponge assemblages"> sponge assemblages</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xestospongia%20sp." title=" Xestospongia sp."> Xestospongia sp.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53572/distribution-patterns-of-the-renieramycin-m-producing-blue-sponge-xestospongia-sp-de-laubenfels-1932-phylum-porifera-class-demospongiae-in-puerto-galera-oriental-mindoro-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53572.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">136</span> Investigation of Scaling Laws for Stiffness and strength in Bioinspired Glass Sponge Structures Produced by Fused Filament Fabrication</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20Beigi%20Rizi">Hassan Beigi Rizi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harold%20Auradou"> Harold Auradou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lamine%20Hattali"> Lamine Hattali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Various industries, including civil engineering, automotive, aerospace, and biomedical fields, are currently seeking novel and innovative high-performance lightweight materials to reduce energy consumption. Inspired by the structure of Euplectella Aspergillum Glass Sponges (EA-sponge), 2D unit cells were created and fabricated using a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) process with Polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. The stiffness and strength of bio-inspired EA-sponge lattices were investigated both experimentally and numerically under uniaxial tensile loading and are compared to three standard square lattices with diagonal struts (Designs B and C) and non-diagonal struts (Design D) reinforcements. The aim is to establish predictive scaling laws models and examine the deformation mechanisms involved. The results indicated that for the EA-sponge structure, the relative moduli and yield strength scaled linearly with relative density, suggesting that the deformation mechanism is stretching-dominated. The Finite element analysis (FEA), with periodic boundary conditions for volumetric homogenization, confirms these trends and goes beyond the experimental limits imposed by the FFF printing process. Therefore, the stretching-dominated behavior, investigated from 0.1 to 0.5 relative density, demonstrate that the study of EA-sponge structure can be exploited for the realization of square lattice topologies that are stiff and strong and have attractive potential for lightweight structural applications. However, the FFF process introduces an accuracy limitation, with approximately 10% error, making it challenging to print structures with a relative density below 0.2. Future work could focus on exploring the impact of different printing materials on the performance of EA-sponge structures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-inspiration" title="bio-inspiration">bio-inspiration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lattice%20structures" title=" lattice structures"> lattice structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fused%20filament%20fabrication" title=" fused filament fabrication"> fused filament fabrication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scaling%20laws" title=" scaling laws"> scaling laws</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194587/investigation-of-scaling-laws-for-stiffness-and-strength-in-bioinspired-glass-sponge-structures-produced-by-fused-filament-fabrication" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194587.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">5</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">135</span> Thermodynamic Analysis of Hydrogen Plasma Reduction of TiCl₄</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seok%20Hong%20Min">Seok Hong Min</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae%20Kwon%20Ha"> Tae Kwon Ha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With increasing demands for high performance materials, intensive interest on the Ti has been focused. Especially, low cost production process of Ti has been extremely necessitated from wide parts and various industries. Tetrachloride (TiCl₄) is produced by fluidized bed using high TiO₂ feedstock and used as an intermediate product for the production of metal titanium sponge. Reduction of TiCl₄ is usually conducted by Kroll process using magnesium as a reduction reagent, producing metallic Ti in the shape of sponge. The process is batch type and takes very long time including post processes treating sponge. As an alternative reduction reagent, hydrogen in the state of plasma has long been strongly recommended. Experimental confirmation has not been completely reported yet and more strict analysis is required. In the present study, hydrogen plasma reduction process has been thermodynamically analyzed focusing the effects of temperature, pressure and concentration. All thermodynamic calculations were performed using the FactSage® thermodynamical software. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TiCl%E2%82%84" title="TiCl₄">TiCl₄</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium" title=" titanium"> titanium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrogen" title=" hydrogen"> hydrogen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma" title=" plasma"> plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduction" title=" reduction"> reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermodynamic%20calculation" title=" thermodynamic calculation"> thermodynamic calculation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86053/thermodynamic-analysis-of-hydrogen-plasma-reduction-of-ticl4" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86053.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">326</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">134</span> A Viable Approach for Biological Detoxification of Non Edible Oil Seed Cakes and Their Utilization in Food Production Using Aspergillus Niger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kshitij%20Bhardwaj">Kshitij Bhardwaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.K.%20Trivedi"> R.K. Trivedi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shipra%20Dixit"> Shipra Dixit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We used biological detoxification method that converts toxic residue waste of Jatropha curcas oil seeds (non edible oil seed) into industrial bio-products and animal feed material. Present study describes the complete degradation of phorbol esters by Aspergillus Niger strain during solid state fermentation (SSF) of deoiled Jatropha curcas seed cake. Phorbol esters were completely degraded in 15 days under the optimized SSF conditions viz deoiled cake 5.0 gm moistened with 5.0 ml distilled water; inoculum 2 ml of overnight grown Aspergillus niger; incubated at 30◦ C, pH 7.0. This method simultaneously induces the production of Protease enzyme by Aspergillus Niger which has high potential to be used in feedstuffs .The maximum Protease activities obtained were 709.16 mg/ml in Jatropha curcas oil seed cake. The protein isolate had small amounts of phorbol esters, phytic acid, and saponin without any lectin. Its minimum and maximum solubility were at pH 4.0&12.0. Water and oil binding capacities were 3.22 g water/g protein and 1.86 ml oil/g protein respectively.Emulsion activity showed high values in a range of basic pH. We concluded that Jatropha Curcas seed cake has a potential to be used as a novel source of functional protein for food or feed applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20state%20fermentation" title="solid state fermentation">solid state fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jatropha%20curcas" title=" Jatropha curcas"> Jatropha curcas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20seed%20cake" title=" oil seed cake"> oil seed cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phorbol%20ester" title=" phorbol ester"> phorbol ester</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14869/a-viable-approach-for-biological-detoxification-of-non-edible-oil-seed-cakes-and-their-utilization-in-food-production-using-aspergillus-niger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">483</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">133</span> The Effects of Neurospora crassa-Fermented Palm Kernel Cake in the Diet on the Production Performance and Egg-Yolk Quality of Arab Laying-Hens</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yose%20Rizal">Yose Rizal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuraini"> Nuraini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirnawati"> Mirnawati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20Endo%20Mahata"> Maria Endo Mahata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rio%20Darman"> Rio Darman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dendi%20Kurniawan"> Dendi Kurniawan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An experiment had been conducted to determine the effects of several levels of Neurospora crassa- fermented palm kernel cake in the diet on the production performance and egg-yolk quality of Arab laying-hens, and to obtain the appropriate level of this fermented palm kernel cake for reducing the utilization of concentrated feed in the diet. Three hundred Arab laying-hens of 72 weeks old were employed in this experiment, and randomly assigned to four treatments (0, 7.25, 10.15, and 13.05% fermented palm kernel cake in diets) in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Measured variables were production performance (feed consumption, egg-mass production, feed conversion, egg weight and hen-day egg production), and egg-yolk quality (ether extract and cholesterol contents, and egg-yolk color index). Results of experiment indicated that feed consumption, egg-mass production, feed conversion, egg weight, hen-day egg production and egg-yolk color index were not influenced (P>0.05) by diets. However, the ether extract and cholesterol contents of egg-yolk were very significantly reduced (P<0.01) by diets. In conclusion, Neurospora crassa-fermented palm kernel cake could be included up to 13.05% to effectively replace 45% concentrated feed in Arab laying-hens diet without adverse effect on the production performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurospora%20crassa-fermented%20palm%20kernel%20cake" title="neurospora crassa-fermented palm kernel cake">neurospora crassa-fermented palm kernel cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arab%20laying-hens" title=" Arab laying-hens"> Arab laying-hens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production%20performance" title=" production performance"> production performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ether%20extract" title=" ether extract"> ether extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cholesterol" title=" cholesterol"> cholesterol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=egg-yolk%20color%20index" title=" egg-yolk color index"> egg-yolk color index</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16179/the-effects-of-neurospora-crassa-fermented-palm-kernel-cake-in-the-diet-on-the-production-performance-and-egg-yolk-quality-of-arab-laying-hens" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16179.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">740</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">132</span> Cadmium Filter Cake of a Hydrometallurgical Zinc Smelter as a New Source for the Biological Synthesis of CdS Quantum Dots</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehran%20Bakhshi">Mehran Bakhshi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Raouf%20Hosseini"> Mohammad Raouf Hosseini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammadhosein%20Rahimi"> Mohammadhosein Rahimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were synthesized from the nickel-cadmium cake of a hydrometallurgical zinc producing plant and sodium sulfide as Cd<sup>2+</sup> and S<sup>-2</sup> sources, respectively. Also, the synthesis process was performed by using the secretions of <em>Bacillus licheniformis</em> as bio-surfactant. Initially, in order to obtain a cadmium rich solution, two following steps were carried out: 1) Alkaline leaching for the removal of zinc oxide from the cake, and 2) acidic leaching to dissolve cadmium from the remained solid residue. Afterward, the obtained CdSO<sub>4</sub> solution was used for the nanoparticle biosynthesis. Nanoparticles were characterized by the energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the formation of CdS crystals with cubic structure. Also, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to determine the particle sizes which were in 2-10 nm range. Moreover, the presence of the protein containing bio-surfactants was approved by using infrared analysis (FTIR). In addition, the absorbance below 400 nm confirms quantum particles’ size. Finally, it was shown that valuable CdS quantum dots could be obtained from the industrial waste products via environment-friendly biological approaches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosynthesis" title="biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cadmium%20cake" title=" cadmium cake"> cadmium cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cadmium%20sulfide" title=" cadmium sulfide"> cadmium sulfide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanoparticle" title=" nanoparticle"> nanoparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20smelter" title=" zinc smelter"> zinc smelter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57442/cadmium-filter-cake-of-a-hydrometallurgical-zinc-smelter-as-a-new-source-for-the-biological-synthesis-of-cds-quantum-dots" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57442.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">131</span> Laboratory Scale Purification of Water from Copper Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mumtaz%20Khan">Mumtaz Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeel%20Shahid"> Adeel Shahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waqas%20Khan"> Waqas Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heavy metals presence in water streams is a big danger for aquatic life and ultimately effects human health. Removal of copper (Cu) by ispaghula husk, maize fibre, and maize oil cake from synthetic solution in batch conditions was studied. Different experimental parameters such as contact time, initial solution pH, agitation rate, initial Cu concentration, biosorbent concentration, and biosorbent particle size has been studied to quantify the Cu biosorption. The rate of adsorption of metal ions was very fast at the beginning and became slow after reaching the saturation point, followed by a slower active metabolic uptake of metal ions into the cells. Up to a certain point, (pH=4, concentration of Cu = ~ 640 mg/l, agitation rate = ~ 400 rpm, biosorbent concentration = ~ 0.5g, 3g, 3g for ispaghula husk, maize fiber and maize oil cake, respectively) increasing the pH, concentration of Cu, agitation rate, and biosorbent concentration, increased the biosorption rate; however the sorption capacity increased by decreasing the particle size. At optimized experimental parameters, the maximum Cu biosorption by ispaghula husk, maize fibre and maize oil cake were 86.7%, 59.6% and 71.3%, respectively. Moreover, the results of the kinetics studies demonstrated that the biosorption of copper on ispaghula husk, maize fibre, and maize oil cake followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The results of adsorption were fitted to both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The Langmuir model represented the sorption process better than Freundlich, and R² value ~ 0.978. Optimizations of physical and environmental parameters revealed, ispaghula husk as more potent copper biosorbent than maize fibre, and maize oil cake. The sorbent is cheap and available easily, so this study can be applied to remove Cu impurities on pilot and industrial scale after certain modifications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosorption" title="biosorption">biosorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper" title=" copper"> copper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ispaghula%20husk" title=" ispaghula husk"> ispaghula husk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maize%20fibre" title=" maize fibre"> maize fibre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maize%20oil%20cake" title=" maize oil cake"> maize oil cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purification" title=" purification"> purification</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78915/laboratory-scale-purification-of-water-from-copper-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">410</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">130</span> Comparative Rumen Degradable and Rumen Undegradable Fractions in Untreated, Formaldehyde and Heat Treated Vegetable Protein Sources of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Illahi%20Bakhsh%20Marghazani">Illahi Bakhsh Marghazani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nasrullah"> Nasrullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masood%20Ul%20Haq%20Kakar"> Masood Ul Haq Kakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdul%20Hameed%20Baloch"> Abdul Hameed Baloch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Nawaz%20Khoso"> Ahmad Nawaz Khoso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behram%20Chacher"> Behram Chacher</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Protein sources are the major part of ration fed to dairy buffaloes in Pakistan however, the limited availability and lack of judicious use of protein resources are further aggravating the conditions to enhance milk and meat production. In order to gain maximum production from limited protein source availability, it is necessary to balance feed for rumen degradable and rumen undegradable protein fractions. This study planned to know the rumen degradable and rumen undegradable fractions in all vegetable protein sources with (formaldehyde and heat treatment) and without treatments. Samples of soybean meal, corn gluten meal 60%, maize gluten feed, guar meal, sunflower meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed cake, canola meal, cottonseed cake, cottonseed meal, coconut cake, coconut meal, palm kernel cake, almond cake and sesame cake were collected from ten different geographical locations of Pakistan. These samples were also subjected to formaldehyde (1% /100g CP of test feed) and heat treatments (1 hr at 15 lb psi/100 g CP of test feed). In situ technique was used to know the ruminal degradability characteristics. Data obtained were fitted to Orskove equation. Results showed that both treatments significantly (P < 0.05) decreased ruminal degradability in all vegetable protein sources than untreated vegetable protein sources, however, of both treatments, heat treatment was more effective than formaldehyde treatment in decreasing ruminal degradability in most of the studied vegetable protein sources. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formaldehyde%20and%20heat%20treatments" title="formaldehyde and heat treatments">formaldehyde and heat treatments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20situ%20technique" title=" in situ technique"> in situ technique</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rumen%20degradable%20and%20rumen%20undegradable%20fractions" title=" rumen degradable and rumen undegradable fractions"> rumen degradable and rumen undegradable fractions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetable%20protein%20sources" title=" vegetable protein sources"> vegetable protein sources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58814/comparative-rumen-degradable-and-rumen-undegradable-fractions-in-untreated-formaldehyde-and-heat-treated-vegetable-protein-sources-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58814.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">334</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">129</span> Repeated Batch Production of Biosurfactant from Pseudomonas mendocina NK41 Using Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Wastes as Substate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natcha%20Ruamyat">Natcha Ruamyat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nichakorn%20Khondee"> Nichakorn Khondee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The potential of an alkaliphilic bacteria isolated from soil in Thailand to utilized agro-industrial and agricultural wastes for the production of biosurfactants was evaluated in this study. Among five isolates, Pseudomonas mendocina NK41 used soapstock as substrate showing a high biosurfactant concentration of 7.10 g/L, oil displacement of 97.8 %, and surface tension reduction to 29.45 mN/m. Various agricultural residues were applied as mixed substrates with soapstock to enhance the synthesis of biosurfactants. The production of biosurfactant and bacterial growth was found to be the highest with coconut oil cake as compared to Sacha inchi shell, coconut kernel cake, and durian shell. The biodegradability of agro-industrial wastes was better than agricultural wastes, which allowed higher bacterial growth. The pretreatment of coconut oil cake by combined alkaline and hydrothermal method increased the production of biosurfactant from 12.69 g/L to 13.82 g/L. The higher microbial accessibility was improved by the swelling of the alkali-hydrothermal pretreated coconut oil cake, which enhanced its porosity and surface area. The pretreated coconut oil cake was reused twice in the repeated batch production, showing higher biosurfactant concentration up to 16.94 g/L from the second cycle. These results demonstrated the capability of using lignocellulosic wastes from agricultural and agro-industrial activities to produce a highly valuable biosurfactant. High biosurfactant yield with low-cost substrate reveals its potential towards further commercialization of biosurfactant on large-scale production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alkaliphilic%20bacteria" title="alkaliphilic bacteria">alkaliphilic bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%2Fagro-industrial%20wastes" title=" agricultural/agro-industrial wastes"> agricultural/agro-industrial wastes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosurfactant" title=" biosurfactant"> biosurfactant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combined%20alkaline-hydrothermal%20pretreatment" title=" combined alkaline-hydrothermal pretreatment"> combined alkaline-hydrothermal pretreatment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131089/repeated-batch-production-of-biosurfactant-from-pseudomonas-mendocina-nk41-using-agricultural-and-agro-industrial-wastes-as-substate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131089.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">128</span> Development of Ornamental Seedlings and Cuttings for Hydroponics Using Different Substrates </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moustafa%20A.%20Fadel">Moustafa A. Fadel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Al%20Shehhi"> Omar Al Shehhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsin%20Al%20Mussabi"> Mohsin Al Mussabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdullah%20Al%20Ameri"> Abdullah Al Ameri </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hydroponics represents an extraordinary promising technique if used efficiently in arid regions where water resources are extremely scarce where a great portion of the used water should be recycled and saved. Available research publications studying the production of seedlings for such purpose are limited. This research paper focuses on investigating the effect of using various substrate materials on the development of seedlings for ornamental plants. Bermuda grass, Petunia (Compacta Enana Rosa) and Epipremnum aureum are used widely in landscape design. Bermuda is used as a turf grass; Petunia is used as a flowering plant and Epipremnum aureum as an indoor ornamental plant in hydroponics. Three substrate materials were used to germinate and propagate the first two and the cuttings of the third one. Synthetic sponge (Polyurethane sponge), Rockwool and sterilized cotton were used as the substrate material in each case where an experimental water-circulating apparatus was designed and installed to execute the test. An experimental setup of closed hydroponic apparatus was developed to carry out the experiment equipped with water recycling circuit and an aeration mechanism pumping air in reservoir in order to increase oxygen levels in the recycled water. Water pumping was programmed in different regimes to allow better aeration for seeds and cuttings under investigation. Results showed that Bermuda grass germinated in Rockwool reached a germination rate of 70% while it did not exceed 50% when sponge and medically treated cotton were used after 15 days. On the other hand the highest germination rate of Petunia was observed when treated cotton was used where it recorded about 30% while it was 22%, and 7% after 20 days where Rockwool and sponge were utilized respectively. Cuttings propagation of Epipremnum aureum developed the highest number of shoots when treated cotton was used where it gave 10 shoots after 10 days while it gave just 7 shoots when Rockwool and sponge were used as the propagation substrate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroponics" title="hydroponics">hydroponics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=germination" title=" germination"> germination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seedlings" title=" seedlings"> seedlings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cuttings" title=" cuttings"> cuttings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30550/development-of-ornamental-seedlings-and-cuttings-for-hydroponics-using-different-substrates" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30550.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">127</span> Evolution of Nettlespurge Oil Mud for Drilling Mud System: A Comparative Study of Diesel Oil and Nettlespurge Oil as Oil-Based Drilling Mud</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harsh%20Agarwal">Harsh Agarwal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pratikkumar%20Patel"> Pratikkumar Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maharshi%20Pathak"> Maharshi Pathak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently the low prices of Crude oil and increase in strict environmental regulations limit limits the use of diesel based muds as these muds are relatively costlier and toxic, as a result disposal of cuttings into the eco-system is a major issue faced by the drilling industries. To overcome these issues faced by the Oil Industry, an attempt has been made to develop oil-in-water emulsion mud system using nettlespurge oil. Nettlespurge oil could be easily available and its cost is around ₹30/litre which is about half the price of diesel in India. Oil-based mud (OBM) was formulated with Nettlespurge oil extracted from Nettlespurge seeds using the Soxhlet extraction method. The formulated nettlespurge oil mud properties were analysed with diesel oil mud properties. The compared properties were rheological properties, yield point and gel strength, and mud density and filtration loss properties, fluid loss and filter cake. The mud density measurement showed that nettlespurge OBM was slightly higher than diesel OBM with mud density values of 9.175 lb/gal and 8.5 lb/gal, respectively, at barite content of 70 g. Thus it has a higher lubricating property. Additionally, the filtration loss test results showed that nettlespurge mud fluid loss volumes, oil was 11 ml, compared to diesel oil mud volume of 15 ml. The filtration loss test indicated that the nettlespurge oil mud with filter cake thickness of 2.2 mm had a cake characteristic of thin and squashy while the diesel oil mud resulted in filter cake thickness of 2.7 mm with cake characteristic of tenacious, rubbery and resilient. The filtration loss test results showed that nettlespurge oil mud fluid loss volumes was much less than the diesel based oil mud. The filtration loss test indicated that the nettlespurge oil mud filter cake thickness less than the diesel oil mud filter cake thickness. So Low formation damage and the emulsion stability effect was analysed with this experiment. The nettlespurge oil-in-water mud system had lower coefﬁcient of friction than the diesel oil based mud system. All the rheological properties have shown better results relative to the diesel based oil mud. Therefore, with all the above mentioned factors and with the data of the conducted experiment we could conclude that the Nettlespurge oil based mud is economically and well as eco-logically much more feasible than the worn out and shabby diesel-based oil mud in the Drilling Industry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economical%20feasible" title="economical feasible">economical feasible</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecological%20feasible" title=" ecological feasible"> ecological feasible</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emulsion%20stability" title=" emulsion stability"> emulsion stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nettle%20spurge%20oil" title=" nettle spurge oil"> nettle spurge oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheological%20properties" title=" rheological properties"> rheological properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soxhlet%20extraction%20method" title=" soxhlet extraction method"> soxhlet extraction method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64046/evolution-of-nettlespurge-oil-mud-for-drilling-mud-system-a-comparative-study-of-diesel-oil-and-nettlespurge-oil-as-oil-based-drilling-mud" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64046.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">203</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">126</span> Establishing the Microbial Diversity of Traditionally Prepared Rice Beer of Northeast India to Impact in Increasing Its Shelf Life</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shreya%20Borthakur">Shreya Borthakur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adhar%20Sharma"> Adhar Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The North-east states of India are well known for their age-old practice of preparing alcoholic beer from rice and millet. They do so in a traditional way by sprinkling starter cake (inoculum) on cooked rice or millet after which the fermentation starts and eventually, forms the beer. This starter cake has a rich composition of different microbes and medicinal herbs along with the powdered rice dough or maize dough with rice bran. The starter cake microbial composition has an important role in determining the microbial succession and metabolic secretions as the fermentation proceeds from the early to its late stage, thus, giving the beer a unique aroma, taste, and other sensory properties of traditionally prepared beer. Here, We have worked on identifying and characterizing the microbial community in the starter cakes prepared by the Monpa and Galo tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 18 microbial strains have been isolated from the starter cake of Monpa tribe, while 10 microbial isolates in that of Galo tribe. A metagenomic approach was applied to enumerate the cultural and non-cultural microbes present in the starter cakes prepared by the Monpa and Galo tribes of Arunachal Pradesh. The findings of the mini-project lays foundation to understand the role of microbes present in the starter cake in the beer’s fermentation process and will aide in future research on re-formulating the starter cakes to prevent the early spoilage of the ready to consume beer as the traditional rice beer has a short shelf-life. The paper concludes with the way forward being controlled CRISPR-Cas9. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title="fermentation">fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20beer" title=" traditional beer"> traditional beer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microbial%20succession" title=" microbial succession"> microbial succession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preservation" title=" preservation"> preservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CRISPR-Cas" title=" CRISPR-Cas"> CRISPR-Cas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20microbiology" title=" food microbiology"> food microbiology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164885/establishing-the-microbial-diversity-of-traditionally-prepared-rice-beer-of-northeast-india-to-impact-in-increasing-its-shelf-life" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164885.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">125</span> Monitoring of Sustainability of Decorated Confectionary Product 'Moskva Cake' in Order to Define the Expiration Date</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radovan%20Cobanovic">Radovan Cobanovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milica%20Rankov-Sicar"> Milica Rankov-Sicar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The fresh cake is in the group of perishable food which cannot be kept a long period of time. The study of sustainability has been done in order to extend the shelf-life of the product which was 10 days. According to the plan of sustainability, it was defined that 5 samples had to be stored for 20 days at max +8°C and analyzed every 5th day from the day of reception until the 20th day. The shelf life of cake has expired during the study of sustainability in the period between 10th and 20th day of analyses. Cake samples were subjected to sensory analysis (appearance, odor, taste, color, aroma) and bacteriological analysis (Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Enterobacteriaceae) according to Serbian state regulation. All analysis were tested according to ISO methodology: sensory analysis ISO 6658, Listeria monocytogenes ISO 11290-1, Salmonella spp ISO 6579, and Enterobacteriaceae ISO 21258-2. Analyses showed that after ten days of storage at a temperature defined by the manufacturers and within the product's shelf life, the cake did not have any noticeable changes in sensory characteristics. Smell and taste are unaffected there was no presence of strange smell or taste. As far as microbiological analyses are concerned, neither one pathogen was detected and number of Enterobacteriaceae was at level less than 102 cfu/g. After expiry of shelf life in a period of 15th and 20th day of storage, the sensory analysis showed the presence of strange sour-milky smell and rancid taste. Concerning microbiological analyses, there still were not positive results for pathogen microorganisms but the number of Enterobacteriaceae was at level more than 103cfu/g. Reviewing the results of sensory analysis indicates that it is not recommended to extend the shelf-life of the product comparing to the already defined shelf-life because occurred changes may adversely affect the consumer desire for the choice of this product. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=confectionary%20product" title="confectionary product">confectionary product</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extension%20of%20shelf%20life" title=" extension of shelf life"> extension of shelf life</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensory%20and%20microbiological%20analyses" title=" sensory and microbiological analyses"> sensory and microbiological analyses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64618/monitoring-of-sustainability-of-decorated-confectionary-product-moskva-cake-in-order-to-define-the-expiration-date" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64618.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">241</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">124</span> Potentiality of Biohythane Process for the Gaseous Energy Recovery from Organic Wastes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debabrata%20Das">Debabrata Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Preeti%20Mishra"> Preeti Mishra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A two-phase anaerobic process combining biohydrogen followed by biomethane (biohythane technology) serves as an environment-friendly and economically sustainable approach for the improved valorization of organic wastes. Suitability of the pure cultures like Klebsiela pneumonia, C. freundii, B. coagulan, etc. and mixed acidogenic cultures for the biohydrogen production was already studied. The characteristics of organic wastes play a critical role in biohydrogen production. The choice of an appropriate combination of complementary organic wastes can vastly improve the bioenergy generation besides achieving the significant cost reduction. Suitability and economic viability of using the groundnut deoiled cake (GDOC), mustard deoiled cake (MDOC), distillers’ dried grain with soluble (DDGS) and algal biomass (AB) as a co-substrate were studied for a biohythane production. Results show that maximum gaseous energy of 20.7, 9.3, 16.7 and 15.6 % was recovered using GDOC, MDOC, DDGS and AB in the two stage biohythane production, respectively. Both GDOC and DDGS were found to be better co-substrates as compared to MDOC and AB in terms of hythane production, respectively. The maximum cumulative hydrogen and methane production of 150 and 64 mmol/L were achieved using GDOC. Further, 98 % reduction in substrate input cost (SIC) was achieved using the co-supplementation procedure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Biohythane" title="Biohythane">Biohythane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algal%20biomass" title=" algal biomass"> algal biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distillers%E2%80%99%20dried%20grain%20with%20soluble%20%28DDGS%29" title=" distillers’ dried grain with soluble (DDGS)"> distillers’ dried grain with soluble (DDGS)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundnut%20deoiled%20cake%20%28GDOC%29" title=" groundnut deoiled cake (GDOC)"> groundnut deoiled cake (GDOC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mustard%20deoiled%20cake%20%28MDOC%29" title=" mustard deoiled cake (MDOC)"> mustard deoiled cake (MDOC)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71721/potentiality-of-biohythane-process-for-the-gaseous-energy-recovery-from-organic-wastes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71721.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">123</span> Adsorption of Phosphate from Aqueous Solution Using Filter Cake for Urban Wastewater Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Girmaye%20Abebe">Girmaye Abebe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brook%20Lemma"> Brook Lemma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Adsorption of phosphorus (P as PO43-) in filter cake was studied to assess the media's capability in removing phosphorous from wastewaters. The composition of the filter cake that was generated from alum manufacturing process as waste residue has high amount of silicate from the complete silicate analysis of the experiment. Series of batches adsorption experiments were carried out to evaluate parameters that influence the adsorption capacity of PO43-. The factors studied include the effect of contact time, adsorbent dose, thermal pretreatment of the adsorbent, neutralization of the adsorbent, initial PO43- concentration, pH of the solution and effect of co-existing anions. Results showed that adsorption of PO43- is fairly rapid in first 5 min and after that it increases slowly to reach the equilibrium in about 1 h. The treatment efficiency of PO43- was increased with adsorbent extent. About 90% removal efficiency was increased within 1 h at an optimum adsorbent dose of 10 g/L for initial PO43- concentration of 10 mg/L. The amount of PO43- adsorbed increased with increasing initial PO43- concentration. Heat treatment and surface neutralization of the adsorbent did not improve the PO43- removal capacity and efficiency. The percentage of PO43- removal remains nearly constant within the pH range of 3-8. The adsorption data at ambient pH were well fitted to the Langmuir Isotherm and Dubinin–Radushkevick (D–R) isotherm model with a capacity of 25.84 and 157.55 mg/g of the adsorbent respectively. The adsorption kinetic was found to follow a pseudo-second-order rate equation with an average rate constant of 3.76 g.min−1.mg−1. The presence of bicarbonate or carbonate at higher concentrations (10–1000 mg/L) decreased the PO43- removal efficiency slightly while other anions (Cl-, SO42-, and NO3-) have no significant effect within the concentration range tested. The overall result shows that the filter cake is an efficient PO43- removing adsorbent against many parameters. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title="wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=filter%20cake" title=" filter cake"> filter cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adsorption%20capacity" title=" adsorption capacity"> adsorption capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phosphate%20%28PO43-%29" title=" phosphate (PO43-)"> phosphate (PO43-)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52701/adsorption-of-phosphate-from-aqueous-solution-using-filter-cake-for-urban-wastewater-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52701.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">122</span> Effects of SRT and HRT on Treatment Performance of MBR and Membrane Fouling </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20I.%20Aida%20Isma">M. I. Aida Isma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Azni%20Idris"> Azni Idris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rozita%20Omar"> Rozita Omar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20R.%20Putri%20Razreena"> A. R. Putri Razreena </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 40L of hollow fiber membrane bioreactor with solids retention times (SRT) of 30, 15 and 4 days were setup for treating synthetic wastewater at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 12, 8 and 4 hours. The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of SRT and HRT on membrane fouling. A comparative analysis was carried out for physiochemical quality parameters (turbidity, suspended solids, COD, NH3-N and PO43-). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy diffusive X-ray (EDX) analyzer and particle size distribution (PSD) were used to characterize the membrane fouling properties. The influence of SRT on the quality of effluent, activated sludge quality, and membrane fouling were also correlated. Lower membrane fouling and slower rise in trans-membrane pressure (TMP) were noticed at the longest SRT and HRT of 30d and 12h, respectively. Increasing SRT results in noticeable reduction of dissolved organic matters. The best removal efficiencies of COD, TSS, NH3-N and PO43- were 93%, 98%, 80% and 30% respectively. The high HRT with shorter SRT induced faster fouling rate. The main fouling resistance was cake layer. The most severe membrane fouling was observed at SRT and HRT of 4 and 12, respectively with thickness cake layer of 17 μm as reflected by higher TMP, lower effluent removal and thick sludge cake layer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20bioreactor" title="membrane bioreactor">membrane bioreactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRT" title=" SRT"> SRT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HRT" title=" HRT"> HRT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fouling" title=" fouling"> fouling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6152/effects-of-srt-and-hrt-on-treatment-performance-of-mbr-and-membrane-fouling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6152.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">525</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">121</span> Autohydrolysis Treatment of Olive Cake to Extract Fructose and Sucrose</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Bl%C3%A1zquez">G. Blázquez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20G%C3%A1lvez-P%C3%A9rez"> A. Gálvez-Pérez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Calero"> M. Calero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20I%C3%A1%C3%B1ez-Rodr%C3%ADguez"> I. Iáñez-Rodríguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Mart%C3%ADn-Lara"> M. A. Martín-Lara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20P%C3%A9rez"> A. Pérez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The production of olive oil is considered as one of the most important agri-food industries. However, some of the by-products generated in the process are potential pollutants and cause environmental problems. Consequently, the management of these by-products is currently considered as a challenge for the olive oil industry. In this context, several technologies have been developed and tested. In this sense, the autohydrolysis of these by-products could be considered as a promising technique. Therefore, this study focused on autohydrolysis treatments of a solid residue from the olive oil industry denominated olive cake. This one comes from the olive pomace extraction with hexane. Firstly, a water washing was carried out to eliminate the water soluble compounds. Then, an experimental design was developed for the autohydrolysis experiments carried out in the hydrothermal pressure reactor. The studied variables were temperature (30, 60 and 90 ºC) and time (30, 60, 90 min). On the other hand, aliquots of liquid obtained fractions were analysed by HPLC to determine the fructose and sucrose contents present in the liquid fraction. Finally, the obtained results of sugars contents and the yields of the different experiments were fitted to a neuro-fuzzy and to a polynomial model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ANFIS" title="ANFIS">ANFIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=olive%20cake" title=" olive cake"> olive cake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyols" title=" polyols"> polyols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saccharides" title=" saccharides"> saccharides</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98419/autohydrolysis-treatment-of-olive-cake-to-extract-fructose-and-sucrose" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98419.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge 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