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href="#Database_contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Database contents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Database_contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Knowledge structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psycholinguistic_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psycholinguistic_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Psycholinguistic aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psycholinguistic_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_lexical_ontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_lexical_ontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>As a lexical ontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_lexical_ontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Limitations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offensive_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offensive_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Offensive content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offensive_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensed_vs._Open_WordNets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensed_vs._Open_WordNets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Licensed vs. Open WordNets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensed_vs._Open_WordNets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_projects_and_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_projects_and_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related projects and extensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_projects_and_extensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related projects and extensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_projects_and_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_WordNet_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_WordNet_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Global WordNet Association</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_WordNet_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linked_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linked_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Linked data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linked_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Related projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Distributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AA" title="وردنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وردنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ওয়ার্ডনেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়ার্ডনেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AA" title="وردنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وردنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C%EB%84%B7" title="워드넷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="워드넷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordnet" title="Wordnet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wordnet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="เวิร์ดเน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวิร์ดเน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ng_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Mạng từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mạng từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordNet" title="WordNet – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="WordNet" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q533822#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computational lexicon of English</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">WordNet</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WordNet.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/WordNet.PNG/300px-WordNet.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/WordNet.PNG/450px-WordNet.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/WordNet.PNG/600px-WordNet.PNG 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="385" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A snapshot of WordNet's definition of itself</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">mid 1980s</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">3.1 / June 2011<span class="noprint">; 13 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2011-06</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">Prolog</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unix, Linux, Solaris, Windows</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">Size</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16MB (including 155,327 words organized in 175,979 synsets for a total of 207,016 word-sense pairs)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">More than 200 languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lexical_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical database">Lexical database</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">Licence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD-like</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordnet.princeton.edu/">wordnet<wbr />.princeton<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>WordNet</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Lexical_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical database">lexical database</a> of <a href="/wiki/Semantic_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic relation">semantic relations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a> that links <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a> into <a href="/wiki/Semantic_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic relation">semantic relations</a> including <a href="/wiki/Synonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonyms">synonyms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponyms">hyponyms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Meronym">meronyms</a>. The synonyms are grouped into <i><a href="/wiki/Synsets" class="mw-redirect" title="Synsets">synsets</a></i> with short definitions and usage examples. It can thus be seen as a combination and extension of a <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesaurus</a>. While it is accessible to human users via a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WordNet_Search_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WordNet_Search-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its primary use is in automatic <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">text analysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> applications. It was first created in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the English WordNet <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> tools have been released under a <a href="/wiki/BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD style license</a> and are freely available for download from that WordNet website. There are now WordNets in more than 200 languages.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_team_members">History and team members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and team members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WordNet was first created in 1985, in English only, in the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Science">Cognitive Science</a> Laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a>. It was later directed by <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Fellbaum" title="Christiane Fellbaum">Christiane Fellbaum</a>. The project was initially funded by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, and later also by other U.S. government agencies including the <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Technology_Office" title="Disruptive Technology Office">Disruptive Technology Office</a> (formerly the Advanced Research and Development Activity) and REFLEX. George Miller and Christiane Fellbaum received the 2006 Antonio Zampolli Prize for their work with WordNet. </p><p>The Global WordNet Association is a non-commercial organization that provides a platform for discussing, sharing and connecting WordNets for all languages in the world. <a href="/wiki/Christiane_Fellbaum" title="Christiane Fellbaum">Christiane Fellbaum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piek_Vossen" title="Piek Vossen">Piek Th.J.M. Vossen</a> are its co-presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Database_contents">Database contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Database contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburger_WordNet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburger_WordNet.png/220px-Hamburger_WordNet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburger_WordNet.png/330px-Hamburger_WordNet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hamburger_WordNet.png/440px-Hamburger_WordNet.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Example entry "Hamburger" in WordNet</figcaption></figure> <p>The database contains 155,327 words organized in 175,979 <a href="/wiki/Synsets" class="mw-redirect" title="Synsets">synsets</a> for a total of 207,016 word-sense pairs; in <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compressed</a> form, it is about 12 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabytes</a> in size.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It includes the lexical categories <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a> but ignores <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiners</a> and other function words. </p><p>Words from the same lexical category that are roughly synonymous are grouped into <a href="/wiki/Synsets" class="mw-redirect" title="Synsets">synsets</a>, which include simplex words as well as <a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocations</a> like "eat out" and "car pool." The different senses of a <a href="/wiki/Polysemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemous">polysemous</a> word form are assigned to different synsets. A synset's meaning is further clarified with a short defining <i>gloss</i> and one or more usage examples. An example adjective synset is: </p> <dl><dd>good, right, ripe – (most suitable or right for a particular purpose; "a good time to plant tomatoes"; "the right time to act"; "the time is ripe for great sociological changes")</dd></dl> <p>All synsets are connected by means of semantic relations. These relations, which are not all shared by all lexical categories, include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Nouns</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypernym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernym">hypernym</a></i>: <i>Y</i> is a hypernym of <i>X</i> if every <i>X</i> is a (kind of) <i>Y</i> (<i>canine</i> is a hypernym of <i><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponym">hyponym</a></i>: <i>Y</i> is a hyponym of <i>X</i> if every <i>Y</i> is a (kind of) <i>X</i> (<i>dog</i> is a hyponym of <i>canine</i>)</li> <li><i>coordinate term</i>: <i>Y</i> is a coordinate term of <i>X</i> if <i>X</i> and <i>Y</i> share a hypernym (<i>wolf</i> is a coordinate term of <i>dog</i>, and <i>dog</i> is a coordinate term of <i>wolf</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holonymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holonymy">holonym</a></i>: <i>Y</i> is a holonym of <i>X</i> if <i>X</i> is a part of <i>Y</i> (<i>building</i> is a holonym of <i>window</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meronymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Meronymy">meronym</a></i>: <i>Y</i> is a meronym of <i>X</i> if <i>Y</i> is a part of <i>X</i> (<i>window</i> is a meronym of <i>building</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> <ul><li><i>hypernym</i>: the verb <i>Y</i> is a hypernym of the verb <i>X</i> if the activity <i>X</i> is a (kind of) <i>Y</i> (<i>to perceive</i> is an hypernym of <i>to listen</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Troponym">troponym</a></i>: the verb <i>Y</i> is a troponym of the verb <i>X</i> if the activity <i>Y</i> is doing <i>X</i> in some manner (<i>to lisp</i> is a troponym of <i>to talk</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Entailment" class="mw-redirect" title="Entailment">entailment</a></i>: the verb <i>Y</i> is entailed by the verb <i>X</i> if by doing <i>X</i> you must be doing <i>Y</i> (<i>to sleep</i> is entailed by <i>to snore</i>)</li> <li><i>coordinate term</i>: the verb <i>Y</i> is a coordinate term of the verb <i>X</i> if <i>X</i> and <i>Y</i> share a hypernym (<i>to lisp</i> is a coordinate term of <i>to yell</i>, and <i>to yell</i> is a coordinate term of <i>to lisp</i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>These semantic relations hold among all members of the linked synsets. Individual synset members (words) can also be connected with lexical relations. For example, (one sense of) the noun "director" is linked to (one sense of) the verb "direct" from which it is derived via a "morphosemantic" link. </p><p>The morphology functions of the software distributed with the database try to deduce the <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stem_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem (linguistics)">stem</a> form of a <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">word</a> from the user's input. Irregular forms are stored in a list, and looking up "ate" will return "eat," for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knowledge_structure">Knowledge structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Knowledge structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both nouns and verbs are organized into hierarchies, defined by <a href="/wiki/Hypernym" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernym">hypernym</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/Is-a" title="Is-a">IS A</a></i> relationships. For instance, one sense of the word <i>dog</i> is found following hypernym hierarchy; the words at the same level represent synset members. Each set of synonyms has a unique index. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>dog, domestic dog, Canis familiaris <ul><li>canine, canid <ul><li>carnivore <ul><li>placental, placental mammal, eutherian, eutherian mammal <ul><li>mammal <ul><li>vertebrate, craniate <ul><li>chordate <ul><li>animal, animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna <ul><li>...</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>At the top level, these hierarchies are organized into 25 beginner "trees" for nouns and 15 for verbs (called <i>lexicographic files</i> at a maintenance level). All are linked to a unique beginner synset, "entity". Noun hierarchies are far deeper than verb hierarchies. </p><p>Adjectives are not organized into hierarchical trees. Instead, two "central" antonyms such as "hot" and "cold" form binary poles, while 'satellite' synonyms such as "steaming" and "chilly" connect to their respective poles via a "similarity" relations. The adjectives can be visualized in this way as "dumbbells" rather than as "trees". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psycholinguistic_aspects">Psycholinguistic aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Psycholinguistic aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initial goal of the WordNet project was to build a lexical database that would be consistent with theories of human semantic memory developed in the late 1960s. Psychological experiments indicated that speakers organized their knowledge of concepts in an economic, hierarchical fashion. Retrieval time required to access conceptual knowledge seemed to be directly related to the number of hierarchies the speaker needed to "traverse" to access the knowledge. Thus, speakers could more quickly verify that <i>canaries can sing</i> because a canary is a songbird, but required slightly more time to verify that <i>canaries can fly</i> (where they had to access the concept "bird" on the superordinate level) and even more time to verify <i>canaries have skin</i> (requiring look-up across multiple levels of hyponymy, up to "animal").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While such <a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistic</a> experiments and the underlying theories have been subject to criticism, some of WordNet's organization is consistent with experimental evidence. For example, <a href="/wiki/Anomic_aphasia" title="Anomic aphasia">anomic aphasia</a> selectively affects speakers' ability to produce words from a specific semantic category, a WordNet hierarchy. Antonymous adjectives (WordNet's central adjectives in the dumbbell structure) are found to co-occur far more frequently than chance, a fact that has been found to hold for many languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_lexical_ontology">As a lexical ontology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: As a lexical ontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WordNet is sometimes called an ontology, a persistent claim that its creators do not make. The hypernym/hyponym relationships among the noun synsets can be interpreted as specialization relations among conceptual categories. In other words, WordNet can be interpreted and used as a lexical <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> sense. However, such an ontology should be corrected before being used, because it contains hundreds of basic semantic inconsistencies; for example there are, (i) common specializations for exclusive categories and (ii) redundancies in the specialization hierarchy. Furthermore, transforming WordNet into a lexical ontology usable for knowledge representation should normally also involve (i) distinguishing the specialization relations into <i>subtypeOf</i> and <i>instanceOf</i> relations, and (ii) associating intuitive unique identifiers to each category. Although such corrections and transformations have been performed and documented as part of the integration of WordNet 1.7 into the cooperatively updatable knowledge base of WebKB-2,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most projects claiming to reuse WordNet for knowledge-based applications (typically, knowledge-oriented information retrieval) simply reuse it directly. </p><p>WordNet has also been converted to a formal specification, by means of a hybrid bottom-up top-down methodology to automatically extract association relations from it and interpret these associations in terms of a set of conceptual relations, formally defined in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_ontology#DOLCE" title="Upper ontology">DOLCE foundational ontology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most works that claim to have integrated WordNet into ontologies, the content of WordNet has not simply been corrected when it seemed necessary; instead, it has been heavily reinterpreted and updated whenever suitable. This was the case when, for example, the top-level ontology of WordNet was restructured<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the <a href="/wiki/OntoClean" title="OntoClean">OntoClean</a>-based approach, or when it was used as a primary source for constructing the lower classes of the SENSUS ontology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely discussed limitation of WordNet (and related resources like <a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a>) is that some of the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic relation">semantic relations</a> are more suited to concrete concepts than to abstract concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is easy to create hyponyms/hypernym relationships to capture that a "<a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a>" is a type of "<a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a>", a "tree" is a type of "<a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a>", and a "plant" is a type of "<a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>", but it is difficult to classify emotions like "fear" or "happiness" into equally deep and well-defined hyponyms/hypernym relationships. </p><p>Many of the concepts in WordNet are specific to certain languages and the most accurate reported mapping between languages is 94%.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synonyms, hyponyms, meronyms, and antonyms occur in all languages with a WordNet so far, but other semantic relationships are language-specific.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This limits the interoperability across languages. However, it also makes WordNet a resource for highlighting and studying the differences between languages, so it is not necessarily a limitation for all use cases. </p><p>WordNet does not include information about the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> or the pronunciation of words and it contains only limited information about usage. WordNet aims to cover most everyday words and does not include much domain-specific terminology. </p><p>WordNet is the most commonly used computational lexicon of English for <a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">word-sense disambiguation</a> (WSD), a task aimed at assigning the context-appropriate meanings (i.e. synset members) to words in a text.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has been argued that WordNet encodes sense distinctions that are too fine-grained. This issue prevents WSD systems from achieving a level of performance comparable to that of humans, who do not always agree when confronted with the task of selecting a sense from a dictionary that matches a word in a context. The granularity issue has been tackled by proposing <a href="/wiki/Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">clustering</a> methods that automatically group together similar senses of the same word.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offensive_content">Offensive content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Offensive content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WordNet includes words that can be perceived as <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> or offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interpretation of a word can <a href="/wiki/Semantic_change" title="Semantic change">change over time</a> and <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">between social groups</a>, so it is not always possible for WordNet to define a word as "<a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>" or "offensive" in isolation. Therefore, people using WordNet must apply their own methods to identify offensive or pejorative words. </p><p>However, this limitation is true of other lexical resources like <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesauruses</a>, which also contain <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> and offensive words. Some dictionaries indicate words that are <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejoratives</a>, but do not include all the contexts in which words might be acceptable or offensive to different social groups. Therefore, people using dictionaries must apply their own methods to identify all offensive words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensed_vs._Open_WordNets">Licensed vs. Open WordNets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Licensed vs. Open WordNets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some wordnets were subsequently created for other languages. A 2012 survey lists the wordnets and their availability.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to propagate the usage of WordNets, the Global WordNet community had been slowly re-licensing their WordNets to an open domain where researchers and developers can easily access and use WordNets as language resources to provide <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> knowledge in <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural-language processing</a> (NLP) tasks. </p><p>The Open Multilingual WordNet<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides access to <a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">open licensed</a> wordnets in a variety of languages, all linked to the Princeton Wordnet of English (PWN). The goal is to make it easy to use wordnets in multiple languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WordNet has been used for a number of purposes in information systems, including <a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">word-sense disambiguation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Document_classification" title="Document classification">automatic text classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">automatic text summarization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">machine translation</a> and even automatic crossword puzzle generation. </p><p>A common use of WordNet is to determine the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">similarity</a> between words. Various algorithms have been proposed, including measuring the distance among words and synsets in WordNet's graph structure, such as by counting the number of edges among synsets. The intuition is that the closer two words or synsets are, the closer their meaning. A number of WordNet-based word similarity algorithms are implemented in a <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> package called WordNet::Similarity,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> package called <a href="/wiki/NLTK" class="mw-redirect" title="NLTK">NLTK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other more sophisticated WordNet-based similarity techniques include ADW,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose implementation is available in <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. WordNet can also be used to inter-link other vocabularies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interfaces">Interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Princeton maintains a list of related projects<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that includes links to some of the widely used <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> available for accessing WordNet using various programming languages and environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_projects_and_extensions">Related projects and extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Related projects and extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WordNet is connected to several databases of the <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a>. WordNet is also commonly reused via mappings between the WordNet synsets and the categories from ontologies. Most often, only the top-level categories of WordNet are mapped. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_WordNet_Association">Global WordNet Association</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Global WordNet Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Global WordNet Association (GWA)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a public and non-commercial organization that provides a platform for discussing, sharing and connecting wordnets for all languages in the world. The GWA also promotes the standardization of wordnets across languages, to ensure its uniformity in enumerating the synsets in human languages. The GWA keeps a list of wordnets developed around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_WordNet" title="Arabic WordNet">Arabic WordNet</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> WordNet for Arabic language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Ontology" title="Arabic Ontology">Arabic Ontology</a>, a linguistic ontology that has the same structure as wordnet, and mapped to it.</li> <li>The BalkaNet project<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has produced WordNets for six European languages (Bulgarian, Czech, Greek, Romanian, Turkish and Serbian). For this project, a freely available XML-based WordNet editor was developed. This editor – VisDic – is not in active development anymore, but is still used for the creation of various WordNets. Its successor, DEBVisDic, is client-server application and is currently used for the editing of several WordNets (Dutch in Cornetto project, Polish, Hungarian, several African languages, Chinese).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BulNet" title="BulNet">BulNet</a> is a Bulgarian version of the WordNet developed at the Department of Computational Linguistics of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Bulgarian_Language" title="Institute for Bulgarian Language">Institute for Bulgarian Language</a>, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CWN (Chinese Wordnet or 中文詞彙網路) supported by <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University" title="National Taiwan University">National Taiwan University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/EuroWordNet" title="EuroWordNet">EuroWordNet</a> project<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has produced WordNets for several European languages and linked them together; these are not freely available however. The Global Wordnet project attempts to coordinate the production and linking of "wordnets" for all languages.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, the publisher of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, has voiced plans to produce their own online competitor to WordNet.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>FinnWordNet is a Finnish version of the WordNet where all entries of the original English WordNet were translated.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GermaNet" title="GermaNet">GermaNet</a> is a German version of the WordNet developed by the University of Tübingen.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/IndoWordNet" title="IndoWordNet">IndoWordNet</a><sup id="cite_ref-PushpakBhattacharyya_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PushpakBhattacharyya-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a linked lexical knowledge base of wordnets of 18 scheduled languages of India viz., <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangla_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla (language)">Bangla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri), <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.</li> <li>JAWS (Just Another WordNet Subset), another French version of WordNet<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> built using the Wiktionary and semantic spaces</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/Y11-1027.pdf">WordNet Bahasa</a>: WordNet for Malay and Indonesia language, developed by <a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Technological_University" title="Nanyang Technological University">Nanyang University of Technology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_WordNet" title="Malayalam WordNet">Malayalam WordNet</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Cochin_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Cochin University of Science and Technology">Cochin University Of Science and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multilingual Central Repository (MCR) integrates in the same EuroWordNet framework wordnets from Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician and Portuguese liked to English.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The MultiWordNet project,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a multilingual WordNet aimed at producing an Italian WordNet strongly aligned with the Princeton WordNet.</li> <li>OpenDutchWordNet,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Dutch lexical semantic database.</li> <li>OpenWN-PT is a Brazilian Portuguese version of the original WordNet freely available for download under CC-BY-SA license.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlWordNet" title="PlWordNet">plWordNet</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrocław University of Technology">Wrocław University of Technology</a>.</li> <li>PolNet<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Polish-language version of WordNet developed by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz_University_in_Pozna%C5%84" title="Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań">Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań</a> (distributed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 license).</li></ul> <p>Projects such as BalkaNet and EuroWordNet made it feasible to create standalone wordnets linked to the original one. Two such projects were the Russian WordNet, patronized by <a href="/wiki/Petersburg_State_University_of_Means_of_Communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersburg State University of Means of Communication">Petersburg State University of Means of Communication</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led by S.A. Yablonsky,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Russnet,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University" title="Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg State University</a>. </p> <ul><li>UWN is an automatically constructed multilingual lexical knowledge base extending WordNet to cover over a million words in many different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>WOLF (WordNet Libre du Français), a French version of WordNet.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linked_data">Linked data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Linked data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabelNet" title="BabelNet">BabelNet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a very large multilingual <a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">semantic network</a> with millions of concepts obtained by integrating WordNet and Wikipedia using an automatic mapping algorithm.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Suggested_Upper_Merged_Ontology" title="Suggested Upper Merged Ontology">SUMO</a> ontology<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a complete manual mapping <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://github.com/ontologyportal/sumo/tree/master/WordNetMappings">[1]</a> <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between all of the WordNet synsets and all of SUMO (including its domain ontologies, when WordNet contains a word sense for a given SUMO term) which is browsable at, for example <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://sigma.ontologyportal.org:8443/sigma/Browse.jsp?kb=SUMO&lang=EnglishLanguage&flang=SUO-KIF&term=Object">[2]</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCyc" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenCyc">OpenCyc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an open <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a> of everyday common sense knowledge, has 12,000 terms linked to WordNet synonym sets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_Ontology_for_Linguistic_and_Cognitive_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering">DOLCE</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the first module of the WonderWeb Foundational Ontologies Library (WFOL). This upper-ontology has been developed in light of rigorous ontological principles inspired by the philosophical tradition, with a clear orientation toward language and cognition. OntoWordNet<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the result of an experimental alignment of WordNet's upper level with DOLCE. It is suggested that such alignment could lead to an "ontologically sweetened" WordNet, meant to be conceptually more rigorous, cognitively transparent, and efficiently exploitable in several applications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a database of structured information, is linked to WordNet.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=EXtended_WordNet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EXtended WordNet (page does not exist)">eXtended WordNet</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Dallas" title="University of Texas at Dallas">University of Texas at Dallas</a> which aims to improve WordNet by semantically parsing the glosses, thus making the information contained in these definitions available for automatic knowledge processing systems. It is freely available under a license similar to WordNet's.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/GCIDE" title="GCIDE">GCIDE</a> project produced a dictionary by combining a <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's Dictionary</a></i> from 1913 with some WordNet definitions and material provided by volunteers. It was released under the <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> license <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImageNet" title="ImageNet">ImageNet</a> is an image database organized according to the WordNet hierarchy (currently only the nouns), in which each node of the hierarchy is depicted by millions of images.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, it has over 500 images per node on average.</li> <li>BioWordnet, a biomedical extension of wordnet was abandoned due to issues about stability over versions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>WikiTax2WordNet, a mapping between WordNet synsets and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Wikipedia categories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>WordNet++, a resource including over millions of semantic edges harvested from Wikipedia and connecting pairs of WordNet synsets.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SentiWordNet, a resource for supporting opinion mining applications obtained by tagging all the WordNet 3.0 synsets according to their estimated degrees of positivity, negativity, and neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ColorDict, is an Android application to mobiles phones that use Wordnet database and others, like Wikipedia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBY-LMF" title="UBY-LMF">UBY-LMF</a> a database of 10 resources including WordNet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_projects">Related projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Related projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FrameNet" title="FrameNet">FrameNet</a> is a lexical database that shares some similarities with, and refers to, WordNet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_markup_framework" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical markup framework">Lexical markup framework</a> (LMF) is an ISO standard specified within <a href="/wiki/ISO/TC37" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/TC37">ISO/TC37</a> in order to define a common standardized framework for the construction of lexicons, including WordNet. The subset of LMF for Wordnet is called Wordnet-LMF. An instantiation has been made within the KYOTO project.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Networking_Language" title="Universal Networking Language">UNL Programme</a> is a project under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UNO</a> aimed to consolidate lexicosemantic data of many languages to be used in machine translation and <a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">information extraction</a> systems.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meaningmonkey.org/">Meaning Monkey</a> is a free online dictionary based on the WordNet database.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.video/">Dictionary.video</a> is a video dictionary focusing on pronunciations. Its text part is extended from WordNet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distributions">Distributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Distributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WordNet Database is distributed as a dictionary package (usually a single file) for the following software: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylon_(software)" title="Babylon (software)">Babylon</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GoldenDict<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingoes_(program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingoes (program)">Lingoes</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lexsemantic.com">LexSemantic</a> : Digital Platform for publishing reference works (dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc.). Includes WordnetPlus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">Lexical Markup Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synonym_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Synonym Ring">Synonym Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">Taxonomy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lingoes+WordNet&rft.pub=Lingoes.net&rft.date=2007-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingoes.net%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Fdict_down.php%3Fid%3D12D98EC3940843498672A92149455292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWordNet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WordNet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnet.princeton.edu/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://malayalamwordnet.cusat.ac.in/">"Malayalam WordNet"</a>. <i>Computer Science</i>. Cochin University of Science & Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Malayalam+WordNet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmalayalamwordnet.cusat.ac.in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWordNet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilato" class="citation web cs1">Pilato, Maria. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ainthesaurus.it">"Adjectives, Intensifiers, Negations (AIN) Thesaurus"</a></span>. <i>Italian Sentiment</i>.</cite><span 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexicography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_book" title="Phrase book">Phrase book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Advanced learner's dictionary">Advanced learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagram_dictionary" title="Anagram dictionary">Anagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_dictionary" title="Conceptual dictionary">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defining_vocabulary" title="Defining vocabulary">Defining vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dictionary" title="Electronic dictionary">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_dictionary" title="Encyclopedic dictionary">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymological_dictionary" title="Etymological dictionary">Etymological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_dictionary" title="Explanatory dictionary">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dictionary" title="Historical dictionary">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_dictionary" title="Idiom dictionary">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language-for-specific-purposes_dictionary" title="Language-for-specific-purposes dictionary">Language-for-specific-purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_dictionary" title="Medical dictionary">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolingual_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Monolingual learner's dictionary">Monolingual learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-field_dictionary" title="Multi-field dictionary">Multi-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_dictionary" title="Picture dictionary">Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_dictionary" title="Reverse dictionary">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyming_dictionary" title="Rhyming dictionary">Rhyming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">Rime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-field_dictionary" title="Single-field dictionary">Single-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_dictionary" title="Specialized dictionary">Specialized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling#Standards_and_conventions" title="Spelling">Spelling dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-field_dictionary" title="Sub-field dictionary">Sub-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_dictionary" title="Visual dictionary">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lexicographers" title="List of lexicographers">List of lexicographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_dictionaries" title="List of online dictionaries">List of online dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_language_processing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_language_processing" title="Template:Natural language processing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_language_processing" title="Template talk:Natural language processing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_language_processing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural language processing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_language_processing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI-complete" title="AI-complete">AI-complete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-of-words_model" title="Bag-of-words model">Bag-of-words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram">n-gram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigram" title="Bigram">Bigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigram" title="Trigram">Trigram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_understanding" title="Natural language understanding">Natural language understanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_word" title="Stop word">Stop words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_processing" title="Text processing">Text processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text analysis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_mining" title="Argument mining">Argument mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collocation_extraction" title="Collocation extraction">Collocation extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concept_mining" title="Concept mining">Concept mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coreference#Coreference_resolution" title="Coreference">Coreference resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_linguistic_processing" title="Deep linguistic processing">Deep linguistic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distant_reading" title="Distant reading">Distant reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_extraction" title="Information extraction">Information extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Named-entity_recognition" title="Named-entity recognition">Named-entity recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_learning" title="Ontology learning">Ontology learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">Parsing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_parsing" title="Semantic parsing">Semantic parsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)" title="Syntactic parsing (computational linguistics)">Syntactic parsing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging" title="Part-of-speech tagging">Part-of-speech tagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analysis_(machine_learning)" title="Semantic analysis (machine learning)">Semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_role_labeling" title="Semantic role labeling">Semantic role labeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_decomposition_(natural_language_processing)" title="Semantic decomposition (natural language processing)">Semantic decomposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_similarity" title="Semantic similarity">Semantic similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_extraction" title="Terminology extraction">Terminology extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">Text mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_entailment" title="Textual entailment">Textual entailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truecasing" title="Truecasing">Truecasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_disambiguation" title="Word-sense disambiguation">Word-sense disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-sense_induction" title="Word-sense induction">Word-sense induction</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Text_segmentation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Text_segmentation" title="Text segmentation">Text segmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound-term_processing" title="Compound-term processing">Compound-term processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemmatisation">Lemmatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_analysis" title="Lexical analysis">Lexical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_parsing" title="Shallow parsing">Text chunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemming" title="Stemming">Stemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_boundary_disambiguation" title="Sentence boundary disambiguation">Sentence segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word#Word_boundaries" title="Word">Word segmentation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_summarization" title="Automatic summarization">Automatic summarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-document_summarization" title="Multi-document summarization">Multi-document summarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_extraction" title="Sentence extraction">Sentence extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_simplification" title="Text simplification">Text simplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">Computer-assisted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Example-based_machine_translation" title="Example-based machine translation">Example-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_machine_translation" title="Rule-based machine translation">Rule-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_machine_translation" title="Statistical machine translation">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer-based_machine_translation" title="Transfer-based machine translation">Transfer-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_machine_translation" title="Neural machine translation">Neural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distributional_semantics" title="Distributional semantics">Distributional semantics</a> models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document-term_matrix" title="Document-term matrix">Document-term matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explicit_semantic_analysis" title="Explicit semantic analysis">Explicit semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastText" title="FastText">fastText</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GloVe" title="GloVe">GloVe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_model" title="Language model">Language model</a> (<a href="/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_semantic_analysis" title="Latent semantic analysis">Latent semantic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seq2seq" title="Seq2seq">Seq2seq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_embedding" title="Word embedding">Word embedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word2vec" title="Word2vec">Word2vec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_resource" title="Language resource">Language resources</a>,<br />datasets and corpora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_resource" title="Lexical resource">Lexical resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Linked_Open_Data" title="Linguistic Linked Open Data">Linguistic Linked Open Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_text" title="Parallel text">Parallel text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PropBank" title="PropBank">PropBank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">Simple Knowledge Organization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_corpus" title="Speech corpus">Speech corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">Text corpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">Thesaurus (information retrieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treebank" title="Treebank">Treebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Dependencies" title="Universal Dependencies">Universal Dependencies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BabelNet" title="BabelNet">BabelNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_English" title="Bank of English">Bank of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrameNet" title="FrameNet">FrameNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBY" title="UBY">UBY</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">WordNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification<br />and data capture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_segmentation" title="Speech segmentation">Speech segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">Speech synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_generation" title="Natural language generation">Natural language generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_character_recognition" title="Optical character recognition">Optical character recognition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Topic_model" title="Topic model">Topic model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Document_classification" title="Document classification">Document classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_Dirichlet_allocation" title="Latent Dirichlet allocation">Latent Dirichlet allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachinko_allocation" title="Pachinko allocation">Pachinko allocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_reviewing" title="Computer-assisted reviewing">Computer-assisted<br />reviewing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_essay_scoring" title="Automated essay scoring">Automated essay scoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordancer" title="Concordancer">Concordancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_checker" title="Grammar checker">Grammar checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictive_text" title="Predictive text">Predictive text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_assessment" title="Pronunciation assessment">Pronunciation assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spell_checker" title="Spell checker">Spell checker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">Natural language<br />user interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a> (c.f. <a href="/wiki/Syntax_guessing" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax guessing">Syntax guessing</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_answering" title="Question answering">Question answering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_semantics_(natural_language)" title="Formal semantics (natural language)">Formal semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination_(artificial_intelligence)" title="Hallucination (artificial intelligence)">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Language_Toolkit" title="Natural Language Toolkit">Natural Language Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaCy" title="SpaCy">spaCy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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