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Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/." /> <meta name="DC.AccessRights" content="open-access" /> <meta name="DC.Description" content="Background Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is necessary to prevent thromboembolic complications after stent-assisted coiling (SAC) or flow-diversion (FD) for cerebral aneurysms, but the optimal antiplatelet regimen remains unclear. Objective To determine the optimal DAPT duration in patients with SAC/FD. Methods This multicenter cohort study enrolled patients who received SAC/FD for cerebral aneurysms at seven Japanese institutions between January 2010 and December 2020. The primary outcome was the time from procedure to the occurrence of a composite of target vessel-related thromboembolic events, procedure-unrelated major bleeding events, or death. The cumulative event-free survival rates were analyzed using a Kaplan–Meier curve, and the differences in each outcome between the groups dichotomized by the duration of DAPT were analyzed using the log-rank test. Results Of 632 patients (median observational period, 646 days), primary outcome occurred in 63 patients (10.0%), most frequently within 30 days after the procedure. The cumulative event-free survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years after the procedure were 93.3% (91.4 to 95.3%), 91.5% (89.3 to 93.7%), and 89.5% (87.0 to 92.0%), respectively. The cumulative event-free survival rates after switching to monotherapy were similar for the >91 and <90 days DAPT groups in the population limited to patients who were switched from DAPT to monotherapy without major clinical events. Conclusions Thromboembolic events rarely occurred beyond 30 days after SAC/FD. The duration of DAPT may be shortened if patients have a periprocedural period without events. Further prospective studies are warranted to determine the optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy. Trial registration number UMIN000044122 :[https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr\_e/ctr\_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384][1]. Data are available upon reasonable request. Data will be made available to other researchers from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. [1]: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Yukiko Enomoto" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Hirofumi Matsubara" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Takuma Ishihara" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kenji Shoda" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Daisuke Mizutani" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Yusuke Egashira" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Akira Ishii" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Makoto Sakamoto" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Kazutaka Sumita" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Ichiro Nakagawa" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Toshio Higashi" /> <meta name="DC.Contributor" content="Shinichi Yoshimura" /> <meta name="article:published_time" content="2024-05-01" /> <meta name="article:section" content="Hemorrhagic stroke" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for stent-assisted coiling or flow diverter placement" /> <meta name="citation_abstract" lang="en" content="<h3>Background</h3> <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is necessary to prevent thromboembolic complications after stent-assisted coiling (SAC) or flow-diversion (FD) for cerebral aneurysms, but the optimal antiplatelet regimen remains unclear.</p><h3>Objective</h3> <p>To determine the optimal DAPT duration in patients with SAC/FD.</p><h3>Methods</h3> <p>This multicenter cohort study enrolled patients who received SAC/FD for cerebral aneurysms at seven Japanese institutions between January 2010 and December 2020. The primary outcome was the time from procedure to the occurrence of a composite of target vessel-related thromboembolic events, procedure-unrelated major bleeding events, or death. The cumulative event-free survival rates were analyzed using a Kaplan–Meier curve, and the differences in each outcome between the groups dichotomized by the duration of DAPT were analyzed using the log-rank test.</p><h3>Results</h3> <p>Of 632 patients (median observational period, 646 days), primary outcome occurred in 63 patients (10.0%), most frequently within 30 days after the procedure. The cumulative event-free survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years after the procedure were 93.3% (91.4 to 95.3%), 91.5% (89.3 to 93.7%), and 89.5% (87.0 to 92.0%), respectively. The cumulative event-free survival rates after switching to monotherapy were similar for the &gt;91 and &lt;90 days DAPT groups in the population limited to patients who were switched from DAPT to monotherapy without major clinical events.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3> <p>Thromboembolic events rarely occurred beyond 30 days after SAC/FD. The duration of DAPT may be shortened if patients have a periprocedural period without events. Further prospective studies are warranted to determine the optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy.</p><h3>Trial registration number</h3> <p>UMIN000044122 :https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384.</p>" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery" /> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="British Medical Journal Publishing Group" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/05/01" /> <meta name="citation_mjid" content="neurintsurg;16/5/491" /> <meta name="citation_id" content="16/5/491" /> <meta name="citation_public_url" content="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/16/5/491" /> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/16/5/491.abstract" /> <meta name="citation_full_html_url" content="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/16/5/491.full" /> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491.full.pdf" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1759-8478" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1759-8486" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1136/jnis-2023-020285" /> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="37344176" /> <meta name="citation_volume" content="16" /> <meta name="citation_issue" content="5" /> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Research Article" /> <meta name="citation_section" content="Hemorrhagic stroke" /> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="491" /> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="498" /> <meta name="citation_access" content="all" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yukiko Enomoto" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Gifu Univeristy Graduate School of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0019-7029" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Hirofumi Matsubara" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Gifu Univeristy Graduate School of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Takuma Ishihara" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Innovative and Clinical Research Promotion Center" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Gifu University Hospital" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kenji Shoda" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Gifu Univeristy Graduate School of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Daisuke Mizutani" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Gifu Univeristy Graduate School of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Yusuke Egashira" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Gifu Univeristy Graduate School of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8143-3531" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Akira Ishii" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-2749" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Makoto Sakamoto" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Tottori University" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kazutaka Sumita" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Endovascular surgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Tokyo Medical and Dental University" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-1099" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Ichiro Nakagawa" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Nara Medical University School of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-3293" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Toshio Higashi" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-295X" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Shinichi Yoshimura" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Neurosurgery" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="Hyogo College of Medicine" /> <meta name="citation_author_orcid" content="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-4842" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=Stroke;citation_author=T. 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Henkes;citation_title=Use of a P64 MW flow diverter with hydrophilic polymer coating (HPC) and prasugrel single antiplatelet therapy for the treatment of unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms: safety data and short-term occlusion rates;citation_pages=1364-74;citation_volume=45;citation_year=2022;citation_pmid=35562486;citation_doi=10.1007/s00270-022-03153-8" /> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_journal_title=J NeuroIntervent Surg;citation_author=MH. Mohammaden;citation_author=SW. English;citation_author=CJ. Stapleton;citation_title=Safety and efficacy of ticagrelor as single antiplatelet therapy in prevention of thromboembolic complications associated with the Pipeline embolization device (PED): multicenter experience;citation_volume=12;citation_year=2020;citation_pmid=32471826;citation_doi=10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-015978" /> <meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content="" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for stent-assisted coiling or flow diverter placement" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://jnis.bmj.com/sites/default/files/highwire/neurintsurg/16/5.cover-source.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Background Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is necessary to prevent thromboembolic complications after stent-assisted coiling (SAC) or flow-diversion (FD) for cerebral aneurysms, but the optimal antiplatelet regimen remains unclear. Objective To determine the optimal DAPT duration in patients with SAC/FD. Methods This multicenter cohort study enrolled patients who received SAC/FD for cerebral aneurysms at seven Japanese institutions between January 2010 and December 2020. The primary outcome was the time from procedure to the occurrence of a composite of target vessel-related thromboembolic events, procedure-unrelated major bleeding events, or death. The cumulative event-free survival rates were analyzed using a Kaplan–Meier curve, and the differences in each outcome between the groups dichotomized by the duration of DAPT were analyzed using the log-rank test. Results Of 632 patients (median observational period, 646 days), primary outcome occurred in 63 patients (10.0%), most frequently within 30 days after the procedure. The cumulative event-free survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years after the procedure were 93.3% (91.4 to 95.3%), 91.5% (89.3 to 93.7%), and 89.5% (87.0 to 92.0%), respectively. The cumulative event-free survival rates after switching to monotherapy were similar for the >91 and <90 days DAPT groups in the population limited to patients who were switched from DAPT to monotherapy without major clinical events. Conclusions Thromboembolic events rarely occurred beyond 30 days after SAC/FD. The duration of DAPT may be shortened if patients have a periprocedural period without events. Further prospective studies are warranted to determine the optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy. Trial registration number UMIN000044122 :[https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr\_e/ctr\_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384][1]. Data are available upon reasonable request. Data will be made available to other researchers from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. [1]: https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384" /> <meta name="og-title" property="og:title" content="Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for stent-assisted coiling or flow diverter placement" /> <meta name="og-url" property="og:url" content="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/16/5/491" /> <meta name="og-site-name" property="og:site_name" content="Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery" /> <meta name="og-description" property="og:description" content="Background Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is necessary to prevent thromboembolic complications after stent-assisted coiling (SAC) or flow-diversion (FD) for cerebral aneurysms, but the optimal antiplatelet regimen remains unclear. Objective To determine the optimal DAPT duration in patients with SAC/FD. Methods This multicenter cohort study enrolled patients who received SAC/FD for cerebral aneurysms at seven Japanese institutions between January 2010 and December 2020. The primary outcome was the time from procedure to the occurrence of a composite of target vessel-related thromboembolic events, procedure-unrelated major bleeding events, or death. The cumulative event-free survival rates were analyzed using a Kaplan–Meier curve, and the differences in each outcome between the groups dichotomized by the duration of DAPT were analyzed using the log-rank test. Results Of 632 patients (median observational period, 646 days), primary outcome occurred in 63 patients (10.0%), most frequently within 30 days after the procedure. The cumulative event-free survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years after the procedure were 93.3% (91.4 to 95.3%), 91.5% (89.3 to 93.7%), and 89.5% (87.0 to 92.0%), respectively. The cumulative event-free survival rates after switching to monotherapy were similar for the >91 and <90 days DAPT groups in the population limited to patients who were switched from DAPT to monotherapy without major clinical events. Conclusions Thromboembolic events rarely occurred beyond 30 days after SAC/FD. The duration of DAPT may be shortened if patients have a periprocedural period without events. Further prospective studies are warranted to determine the optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy. Trial registration number UMIN000044122 :[https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr\_e/ctr\_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384][1]. Data are available upon reasonable request. Data will be made available to other researchers from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 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id="node-182125--21019611308" data-pisa="neurintsurg;16/5/491" data-pisa-master="neurintsurg;jnis-2023-020285" data-apath="/neurintsurg/16/5/491.atom"><cite class="highwire-cite highwire-cite-highwire-article highwire-citation-bmjj-title clearfix"> <div class="highwire-cite-title">Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy for stent-assisted coiling or flow diverter placement</div> <span class="highwire-cite-access"><span class="highwire-citation-access"><svg class="icon icon-open-access bmjj-open-access bmjj-access-tag"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-openaccess"></use><svg></svg></svg></span></span> </cite> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-panel-tabs-container col-narrow-12 clear" > <div class="pane-content"> <div data-panels-ajax-tab-preloaded="jnl_template_bmjj_tab_art" id="panels-ajax-tab-container-highwire_article_tabs" class="panels-ajax-tab-container"><div class="panels-ajax-tab-loading" style ="display:none"><img class="loading" src="https://jnis.bmj.com/sites/all/modules/contrib/panels_ajax_tab/images/loading.gif" alt="Loading" title="Loading" /></div><div class="panels-ajax-tab-wrap-jnl_template_bmjj_tab_art"><div class="panel-display panel-1col clearfix" > <div class="panel-panel panel-col"> <div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup author-affiliates col-narrow-12 author-affiliates-corresp article" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="contributors"><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1"><li class="contributor" id="contrib-1"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0019-7029" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0019-7029</a><span class="name">Yukiko Enomoto</span><a id="xref-aff-1-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">1</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-2"><span class="name">Hirofumi Matsubara</span><a id="xref-aff-1-2" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">1</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-3"><span class="name">Takuma Ishihara</span><a id="xref-aff-2-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-2">2</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-4"><span class="name">Kenji Shoda</span><a id="xref-aff-1-3" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">1</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-5"><span class="name">Daisuke Mizutani</span><a id="xref-aff-1-4" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">1</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-6"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8143-3531" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8143-3531</a><span class="name">Yusuke Egashira</span><a id="xref-aff-1-5" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-1">1</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-7"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-2749" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4234-2749</a><span class="name">Akira Ishii</span><a id="xref-aff-3-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-3">3</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-8"><span class="name">Makoto Sakamoto</span><a id="xref-aff-4-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-4">4</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-9"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-1099" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1348-1099</a><span class="name">Kazutaka Sumita</span><a id="xref-aff-5-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-5">5</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-10"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-3293" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1340-3293</a><span class="name">Ichiro Nakagawa</span><a id="xref-aff-6-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-6">6</a>, </li><li class="contributor" id="contrib-11"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-295X" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-295X</a><span class="name">Toshio Higashi</span><a id="xref-aff-7-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-7">7</a>, </li><li class="last" id="contrib-12"><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-4842" class="bmjj-markup-orcid-logo" target="_blank">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3600-4842</a><span class="name">Shinichi Yoshimura</span><a id="xref-aff-8-1" class="xref-aff" href="#aff-8">8</a></li></ol><ol class="affiliation-list"><li class="aff"><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1"></a><address><sup>1</sup><span class="institution">Neurosurgery</span>, <span class="institution">Gifu Univeristy Graduate School of Medicine</span>, <span class="addr-line">Gifu</span>, Japan</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2"></a><address><sup>2</sup><span class="institution">Innovative and Clinical Research Promotion Center</span>, <span class="institution">Gifu University Hospital</span>, <span class="addr-line">Gifu</span>, Japan</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3"></a><address><sup>3</sup><span class="institution">Neurosurgery</span>, <span class="institution">Kyoto University, Graduate School of Medicine</span>, <span class="addr-line">Kyoto</span>, Japan</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4"></a><address><sup>4</sup><span class="institution">Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine</span>, <span class="institution">Tottori University</span>, <span class="addr-line">Tottori</span>, Japan</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5"></a><address><sup>5</sup><span class="institution">Endovascular surgery</span>, <span class="institution">Tokyo Medical and Dental University</span>, <span class="addr-line">Bunkyo-ku</span>, Japan</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6"></a><address><sup>6</sup><span class="institution">Neurosurgery</span>, <span class="institution">Nara Medical University School of Medicine</span>, <span class="addr-line">Kashihara</span>, Japan</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7"></a><address><sup>7</sup><span class="institution">Neurosurgery</span>, <span class="institution">Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital</span>, <span class="addr-line">Chikushino</span>, Japan</address></li><li class="aff"><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8"></a><address><sup>8</sup><span class="institution">Neurosurgery</span>, <span class="institution">Hyogo College of Medicine</span>, <span class="addr-line">Nishinomiya</span>, Japan</address></li></ol><ol class="corresp-list"><li class="corresp" id="corresp-1"><span class="corresp-label">Correspondence to</span> Dr Yukiko Enomoto; <span class="em-link"><span class="em-addr">enomoto.yukiko.k1{at}f.gifu-u.ac.jp</span></span></li></ol></div></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup abstract-with-bc" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" id="content-block" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article abstract-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1"><h2>Abstract</h2><div id="sec-1" class="subsection"><p id="p-2"><strong>Background</strong> Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is necessary to prevent thromboembolic complications after stent-assisted coiling (SAC) or flow-diversion (FD) for cerebral aneurysms, but the optimal antiplatelet regimen remains unclear.</p></div><div id="sec-2" class="subsection"><p id="p-3"><strong>Objective</strong> To determine the optimal DAPT duration in patients with SAC/FD.</p></div><div id="sec-3" class="subsection"><p id="p-4"><strong>Methods</strong> This multicenter cohort study enrolled patients who received SAC/FD for cerebral aneurysms at seven Japanese institutions between January 2010 and December 2020. The primary outcome was the time from procedure to the occurrence of a composite of target vessel-related thromboembolic events, procedure-unrelated major bleeding events, or death. The cumulative event-free survival rates were analyzed using a Kaplan–Meier curve, and the differences in each outcome between the groups dichotomized by the duration of DAPT were analyzed using the log-rank test.</p></div><div id="sec-4" class="subsection"><p id="p-5"><strong>Results</strong> Of 632 patients (median observational period, 646 days), primary outcome occurred in 63 patients (10.0%), most frequently within 30 days after the procedure. The cumulative event-free survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years after the procedure were 93.3% (91.4 to 95.3%), 91.5% (89.3 to 93.7%), and 89.5% (87.0 to 92.0%), respectively. The cumulative event-free survival rates after switching to monotherapy were similar for the >91 and <90 days DAPT groups in the population limited to patients who were switched from DAPT to monotherapy without major clinical events.</p></div><div id="sec-5" class="subsection"><p id="p-6"><strong>Conclusions</strong> Thromboembolic events rarely occurred beyond 30 days after SAC/FD. The duration of DAPT may be shortened if patients have a periprocedural period without events. Further prospective studies are warranted to determine the optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy.</p></div><div id="sec-6" class="subsection"><p id="p-7"><strong>Trial registration number</strong> UMIN000044122 :<a href="https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384">https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384</a>.</p></div></div><ul class="kwd-group"><li class="kwd">Aneurysm</li><li class="kwd">Flow Diverter</li><li class="kwd">Stent</li></ul><div class="section data-availability" id="sec-23"><h2 class="">Data availability statement</h2><p id="p-62">Data are available upon reasonable request. Data will be made available to other researchers from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</p></div><div class="license" id="license-1"><span class="ali-license-ref"><a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a></span><p id="p-1">This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" rel="license">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</a>.</p></div><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-end"></span></div><span class="related-urls"></span></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-dfp-pane oas-ads oas-ads-mid pull-right" > <div class="pane-content"> <div id="dfp-ad-mpu-wrapper" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <div id="dfp-ad-mpu" class="dfp-tag-wrapper"> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("dfp-ad-mpu"); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-3" > <div class="pane-content"> <p><a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2023-020285" target="_new">https://doi.org/10.1136/jnis-2023-020285</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-altmetrics" > <h2 class="pane-title">Statistics from Altmetric.com</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div data-badge-details="right" data-badge-type="medium-donut" data-doi="10.1136/jnis-2023-020285" data-hide-no-mentions="true" class="altmetric-embed"></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-bmjj-jumplinks" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-list-wrapper"><div class="highwire-list"><ul></ul></div></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-custom pane-4 permissions-box" > <h2 class="pane-title">Request Permissions</h2> <div class="pane-content"> <p>If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.</p> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-panels-ajax-pane-content permissions-box pane-highwire-permission-link" id="request-permissions"> <h2 class="pane-title"><span class='panels-ajax-pane-title' data-pid='new-70fd4c70-563e-4b94-ae3b-2a97f3980c13'></span></h2> <div class="pane-content"> <div class='panels-ajax-pane panels-ajax-pane-new-70fd4c70-563e-4b94-ae3b-2a97f3980c13' data-pid='new-70fd4c70-563e-4b94-ae3b-2a97f3980c13'></div> </div> </div> <div class="panel-separator"></div><div class="panel-pane pane-highwire-markup" > <div class="pane-content"> <div class="highwire-markup"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="content-block-markup" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><div class="article fulltext-view "><span class="highwire-journal-article-marker-start"></span><ul class="kwd-group"><li class="kwd"><a href="/keyword/aneurysm" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-aneurysm" rel="nofollow">Aneurysm</a></li><li class="kwd"><a href="/keyword/flow-diverter" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-flow-diverter" rel="nofollow">Flow Diverter</a></li><li class="kwd"><a href="/keyword/stent" class="hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-stent" rel="nofollow">Stent</a></li></ul><div class="boxed-text" id="boxed-text-1"><div id="sec-7" class="subsection"><h4>WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC</h4><ul class="list-unord " id="list-1"><li id="list-item-1"><p id="p-8">Thromboembolic complications after neuroendovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms are higher in patients undergoing stent-assisted coiling (SAC) or flow diversion (FD) than in those undergoing simple coiling. Periprocedural dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is mandatory to prevent these complications; however, the optimal regimen of antiplatelet therapy for SAC/FD remains unknown.</p></li></ul></div><div id="sec-8" class="subsection"><h4>WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS</h4><ul class="list-unord " id="list-2"><li id="list-item-2"><p id="p-9">This large multicenter cohort study that evaluated the relationship between duration of antiplatelet therapy and long-term outcome in patients with cerebral aneurysms treated with SAC/FD showed that thromboembolic events most frequently occurred within 30 days after the procedure and rarely thereafter.</p></li><li id="list-item-3"><p id="p-10">The cumulative event-free survival rate was not different between the long-DAPT (>91 days) and short-DAPT (<90 days) groups in a population limited to patients who completed any DAPT period without major clinical events.</p></li></ul></div><div id="sec-9" class="subsection"><h4>HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE OR POLICY</h4><ul class="list-unord " id="list-3"><li id="list-item-4"><p id="p-11">This study suggests that DAPT duration of less than 90 days after SAC/FD might be sufficient to prevent major clinical events. Lack of multivariate analysis and possible confounding and selection biases are the main limitations of this study, but our study would help to determine DAPT duration in clinical settings and provide robust data for future randomized controlled trials.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section intro" id="sec-10"><h2 class="">Introduction</h2><p id="p-12">Thromboembolic complications are common and cause morbidity after neuroendovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms.<a id="xref-ref-1-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-1">1</a> Antiplatelet therapy is necessary to prevent these complications, even with simple coiling.<a id="xref-ref-2-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-2">2</a> With recent advancements in neuroendovascular technology, the use of intra-arterial devices as endovascular treatment for cerebral aneurysms has gradually increased.<a id="xref-ref-3-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-3">3</a> Intra-arterial devices have a potential risk of thromboembolic complications,<a id="xref-ref-4-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-4">4 5</a> which is higher in patients undergoing stent-assisted coiling (SAC) or flow diversion (FD) than in those undergoing simple coiling<a id="xref-ref-6-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-6">6–8</a>; therefore, SAC/FD necessitates intensive antiplatelet therapy consisting of two agents (dual antiplatelet therapy, DAPT).</p><p id="p-13">Currently, the standard periprocedural antiplatelet therapy for SAC/FD is DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel for at least 6 months, followed by monotherapy for up to 12 months after the procedure.<a id="xref-ref-9-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-9">9 10</a> Although aggressive antiplatelet therapy is effective in preventing ischemic complications, it can lead to bleeding complications. A meta-analysis of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) showed that prolonged DAPT was associated with increased bleeding complications without reducing ischemic complications.<a id="xref-ref-11-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-11">11</a> A meta-analysis comprising five randomized control trials for second-generation, drug-eluting stents showed that DAPT within 3 months was associated with fewer bleeding events and similar ischemic events compared with prolonged DAPT.<a id="xref-ref-12-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-12">12</a> Short-DAPT and de-escalation strategies are now becoming mainstream antiplatelet therapies for PCI.</p><p id="p-14">However, the optimal regimen of antiplatelet therapy for SAC/FD remains unknown because current regimens do not have high-quality evidence to guide them.</p><p id="p-15">Therefore, the optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy for SAC/FD, which can prevent both ischemic events associated with inadequate antiplatelet therapy and bleeding events associated with prolonged DAPT, is required.</p><p id="p-16">In this retrospective, large multicenter cohort study, we evaluated the relationship between the duration of antiplatelet therapy and the occurrence of thromboembolic or bleeding events during long-term observation in patients with cerebral aneurysm treated with SAC/FD.</p></div><div class="section methods" id="sec-11"><h2 class="">Methods</h2><div id="sec-12" class="subsection"><h3>Study population</h3><p id="p-17">The APT-ANswer study (antiplatelet therapy in endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms study; clinical trial registration: unique identifier: UMIN000044122, URL: <a href="https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384">https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000050384</a>) is a retrospective, multicenter cohort study that enrolled consecutive patients who received SAC/FD for cerebral aneurysms in seven Japanese academic institutions between January 2010 and December 2020. The inclusion criteria were patients aged 20 years or older with cerebral aneurysms treated with SAC/FD. Patients who did not receive sufficient preoperative antiplatelet therapy (eg, emergency treatment for symptomatic aneurysm, emergency treatment for ruptured aneurysm less than 2 weeks after onset, and bleeding tendency due to comorbidities) were excluded. The study size was derived from the number of patients who underwent SAC/FD after 2010 when vascular remodeling stents were first approved in Japan and who completed at least 1 year's follow-up.</p><p id="p-18">The institutional review boards approved the protocol in accordance with the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects in Japan (No 2021–013). The requirement for written informed consent from patients was waived in this study because we used clinical information obtained in routine clinical practice.</p><p id="p-19">Demographic and baseline clinical information, as well as postprocedural clinical data, were retrospectively extracted from medical records by each attending physician in participating centers and recorded on a web-based electronic data capture system. The following information was collected: patient demographics, aneurysm characteristics, details of the procedure, the regimen of periprocedural antiplatelet therapy, and the results of platelet function tests and complications. The present study conforms to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.</p></div><div id="sec-13" class="subsection"><h3>Complications and outcomes</h3><p id="p-20">The clinical events that occurred between the day of the procedure and the last follow-up in December 2021 were measured.</p><p id="p-21">Thromboembolic events were identified by both clinical and radiological findings and included the following: target vessel-related thromboembolic events (defined as thrombus formation identified on digital subtraction angiography or thrombotic occlusion of the target vessel), ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack related to the territory of the target vessel (major stroke was defined as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score >4 points or neurological symptoms lasting more than 7 days, and the others were defined as minor stroke), and ipsilateral ocular ischemia (central retinal artery occlusion or amaurosis fugax). Asymptomatic ischemic lesions were defined as newly developed high-intensity areas on magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted images obtained every few months or half yearly as routine follow-up examinations during the observation period. Data on ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack unrelated to the territory of the target vessel and ischemic diseases other than cerebrovascular disease were also extracted.</p><p id="p-22">Bleeding events were identified by clinical or laboratory findings and included the following events: procedure-unrelated major bleeding events according to the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria<a id="xref-ref-13-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-13">13</a> (fatal bleeding, and/or symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ, and/or bleeding causing a fall in hemoglobin level of ≥2 g/dL, or leading to transfusion of two or more units of whole blood or red cells), clinically relevant non-major bleeding requiring additional medical evaluation of clinical findings, laboratory data or radiographic findings, and procedure-related bleeding complications. Procedure-related bleeding complications were defined as those directly related to the procedure itself, such as vessel perforation or puncture-site hematoma requiring intervention by a medical professional. Details of deaths that occurred during the observation period, regardless of cause, were also extracted.</p><p id="p-23">The primary outcome was the time from the day of the procedure to the development of a composite of (1) target vessel-related thromboembolic events, (2) procedure-unrelated major bleeding events, or (3) death. The secondary outcomes were target vessel-related thromboembolic events, procedure-unrelated major bleeding events, and death. The baseline dates were defined as the day of the procedure (day 0). The data of patients who were lost to follow-up or terminated the observation without any events were censored.</p></div><div id="sec-14" class="subsection"><h3>Statistical analysis</h3><p id="p-24">Patient characteristics were summarized using medians and interquartile ranges for continuous variables, whereas counts and proportions were used for categorical variables. We performed a quality check of the dataset and recoded entry errors as missing data; therefore, we did not have any missing values for this analysis. Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted for the overall number of patients, patients who underwent SAC, and those who underwent FD to confirm the association between each clinical outcome and the number of days since the start of the procedure. Using the date at which monotherapy was initiated as the landmark time point, the cumulative non-occurrence rate of each outcome was shown by Kaplan–Meier curves for the two groups (<90 days and >91 days of DAPT; the reason for this cut-off value is described in the Results section) and compared using the log-rank test.</p><p id="p-25">Comparisons of the characteristics of the two groups were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and the Χ<sup>2</sup> test for categorical variables. A two-sided value of P <0.05 was considered significant. All statistical analyses were performed using R 4.2.2 (the R Foundation for Statistical Computing).</p></div></div><div class="section results" id="sec-15"><h2 class="">Results</h2><div id="sec-16" class="subsection"><h3>Baseline demographic characteristics</h3><p id="p-26">In total, 657 patients were registered in the database. Of these, 25 were confirmed to be ineligible by the data manager. The remaining 632 patients were included in the analysis (<a id="xref-fig-1-1" class="xref-fig" href="#F1">figure 1</a>). The median patient age was 64 years, and 77.5% of the patients were female. The total number of treated aneurysms was 661, and 25 patients underwent simultaneous treatment for multiple aneurysms. Most aneurysms (416/661 aneurysm) were located in the internal carotid artery. Among the 632 aneurysms that were the primary target, the median aneurysm size was 8.0 mm, 75% were asymptomatic, and 87.2% were saccular (<a id="xref-table-wrap-1-1" class="xref-table" href="#T1">table 1</a>). The details of previous treatments for the 55 patients with recurrent aneurysms were as follows: simple coiling, 37; SAC, 10; FD, 5; and clipping, 3.</p><div id="F1" class="fig pos-float odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F1.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1" title="Study flow charts. EDC, electronic data capture; FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling." class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-1679567586" data-figure-caption="<div class="highwire-markup">Study flow charts. EDC, electronic data capture; FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling.</div>" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="Figure 1" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F1.medium.gif" width="440" height="246"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure 1" src="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F1.medium.gif" width="440" height="246"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F1.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure 1" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li> <li class="new-tab"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F1.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li> <li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/182148" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li> </ul></div><div class="fig-caption" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><span class="fig-label">Figure 1</span> <p id="p-27" class="first-child">Study flow charts. EDC, electronic data capture; FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling.</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><div id="T1" class="table pos-float"><div class="table-inline table-callout-links"><div class="callout"><span>View this table:</span><ul class="callout-links"><li class="view-inline first"><a href="" class="table-expand-inline" data-table-url="/highwire/markup/182190/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed&table-expand-inline=1" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View inline</a></li> <li class="view-popup last"><a href="/highwire/markup/182190/expansion?width=1000&height=500&iframe=true&postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed" class="colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup" rel="gallery-fragment-tables" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">View popup</a></li> </ul></div></div><div class="table-caption"><span class="table-label">Table 1</span> <p id="p-28" class="first-child">Patients' characteristics and procedural information</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div></div><div id="sec-17" class="subsection"><h3>Treatment characteristics</h3><p id="p-30">In total, 423 (66.9%) patients were treated with SAC, and 209 (33.1%) were treated with FD. Single stents were used in most of the procedures (91.1%), and multiple stents were used in 8.9% of the procedures (<a id="xref-table-wrap-1-2" class="xref-table" href="#T1">table 1</a>). Details of the multiple stenting technique are as follows: T or Y configuration, 9; telescope or overlapping, 44; and different targets, 3. The various types of stents used were Enterprise/Enterprise 2 (Johnson and Johnson, Miami, Florida, USA) in 118, Neuroform EZ/Atlas (Stryker, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA) in 181, LVIS or LVIS Jr (Microvention, Tustin, California, USA) in 161, FRED (Microvention, Tustin, California, USA) in 64, Pipeline Flex (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) in 116, and Pipeline Shield (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland), a more recent generation FD with surface modification, in 61 patients.</p><p id="p-31">The majority of the patients (98.3%) received perioperative antiplatelet therapy as a combination of clopidogrel and aspirin, and the remaining received other combinations (<a id="xref-table-wrap-1-3" class="xref-table" href="#T1">table 1</a>). The usual maintenance dose of antiplatelet agents in Japan is aspirin 100 mg/day, clopidogrel 75 mg/day, cilostazol 200 mg/day, and prasugrel 3.75 mg/day. In some patients, including hyporesponders, loading doses of the antiplatelets were administered (aspirin 200 mg in 37 patients, clopidogrel 300 mg in 15 patients, prasugrel 20 mg in 36 patients). Cilostazol 200 mg/day was administered temporarily as add-on management for clopidogrel hyporesponders, and in four patients it was used in the initial combination of DAPT.</p><p id="p-32">Almost all patients underwent platelet function testing, and management for abnormal responders (the definition was dependent on the discretion of each institution or physician) was performed in 133 (21%) patients before the procedure (escalation for hyporesponders such as dosing up, changing to triple therapy or switching to prasugrel: 115 patients; de-escalation for hyper-responders such as dosing down or omitting: 18 patients) and in 41 (6.5%) after the procedure. The median duration of DAPT including triple therapy was 169 (IQR 100-215) days, and the duration of total antiplatelet therapy including monotherapy was 440 (IQR 306–695) days. The durations were longer in FD patients (DAPT for 198 days, 478 days in total) than in SAC patients (DAPT for 125 days, 413 days in total).</p></div><div id="sec-18" class="subsection"><h3>Clinical outcomes</h3><p id="p-33">The median duration of the observation period was 646 (386–1098) days. During the observation period, primary outcome most frequently occurred within 30 days after the procedure in 63 patients (10.0%; 42 of the 63 patients were receiving DAPT). Details of the events are presented in <a id="xref-supplementary-material-1-1" class="xref-supplementary-material" href="#DC1">online supplemental table 1</a>. Cumulative event-free survival rates at 30 days, 1 year, and 2 years after the procedure were 93.3% (91.4 to 95.3%), 91.5% (89.3 to 93.7%), and 89.5% (87.0 to 92.0%), respectively (<a id="xref-fig-2-1" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figure 2A</a>).</p><div id="DC1" class="supplementary-material"><h3 class="">Supplemental material</h3><div><span class="inline-linked-media-wrapper"><span id="DC1" class="inline-linked-media"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/DC1/embed/inline-supplementary-material-1.pdf?download=true" class="" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="icon-download-alt"></span>[jnis-2023-020285supp001.pdf]</a></span></span></div></div><div id="F2" class="fig pos-float odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F2.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1" title="Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrating the rate of event-free survival in total patients. Primary outcome (A), target vessel-related thromboembolic events (B), procedure-unrelated major bleeding events (C), and death (D). FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling." class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-1679567586" data-figure-caption="<div class="highwire-markup">Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrating the rate of event-free survival in total patients. Primary outcome (A), target vessel-related thromboembolic events (B), procedure-unrelated major bleeding events (C), and death (D). FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling.</div>" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="Figure 2" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F2.medium.gif" width="188" height="440"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure 2" src="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F2.medium.gif" width="188" height="440"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F2.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure 2" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li> <li class="new-tab"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F2.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li> <li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/182171" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li> </ul></div><div class="fig-caption"><span class="fig-label">Figure 2</span> <p id="p-35" class="first-child">Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrating the rate of event-free survival in total patients. Primary outcome (A), target vessel-related thromboembolic events (B), procedure-unrelated major bleeding events (C), and death (D). FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling.</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><p id="p-36">Cumulative thromboembolic or bleeding event-free survival rates showed a similar trend (target vessel-related thromboembolic events, 95.1%, 93.9%, and 93%, <a id="xref-fig-2-2" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figure 2B</a>; procedure-unrelated major bleeding events, 98.3%, 97.4%, and 97.1%, respectively, <a id="xref-fig-2-3" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figure 2C</a>), but not death (99.5%, 99.5%, and 98.8%, respectively; <a id="xref-fig-2-4" class="xref-fig" href="#F2">figure 2D</a>). These results were not significantly different between patients who underwent SAC and FD, or between multiple stent and single stent subgroups (<a id="xref-supplementary-material-1-2" class="xref-supplementary-material" href="#DC1">online supplemental figure 1</a>). The distribution of modified Rankin Scale scores of 0 or 1 at the last observation was 573 (90.7%) patients.</p></div><div id="sec-19" class="subsection"><h3>Optimal duration of DAPT</h3><p id="p-37">Procedure-unrelated major and minor bleeding events were observed continuously during the DAPT period for at least 1 year after the procedure (<a id="xref-supplementary-material-1-3" class="xref-supplementary-material" href="#DC1">online supplemental figure 2</a>). Shortening the DAPT duration was considered necessary to reduce bleeding events, but there was concern about an increase in thromboembolic events associated with early switching to monotherapy. To elucidate the optimal duration of DAPT, the primary outcome after switching to monotherapy was analyzed using the log-rank test in a population limited to patients who were able to complete any DAPT period without any events.</p><p id="p-38">The log-relative hazard of thromboembolic events after switching to monotherapy decreased with the duration of DAPT, reaching zero at approximately 100 days of DAPT (not significant, <a id="xref-supplementary-material-1-4" class="xref-supplementary-material" href="#DC1">online supplemental figure 3</a>). From this result and a previous study on PCI,<a id="xref-ref-12-2" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-12">12</a> we dichotomized these patients depending on the duration of DAPT: >91 days defined as the long-DAPT group and <90 days defined as the short-DAPT group.</p><p id="p-39">The cumulative event-free survival rate did not differ between the short- and long-DAPT groups (log-rank test, P=0<em>.</em>84), and also for target vessel-related thromboembolic events (P=0.28), procedure-unrelated major bleeding events (P=0.29), and death (P=0.16) (<a id="xref-fig-3-1" class="xref-fig" href="#F3">figure 3</a>). In the subgroup analyses between patients who underwent FD and SAC, the cumulative event-free survival rate did not differ between the groups for primary outcome (P=0.18 for FD, P=0.53 for SAC), thromboembolic events (P=0.7 for FD, P=0.34 for SAC), and bleeding events (P=1 for FD, P=0.24 for SAC), except for death in the FD group (P=0.03, higher in the short-DAPT group).</p><div id="F3" class="fig pos-float odd"><div class="highwire-figure"><div class="fig-inline-img-wrapper"><div class="fig-inline-img"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F3.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1" title="Comparison of the rate of event-free survival after switching to monotherapy. The analysis was performed in a population limited to patients who switched from DAPT to monotherapy, without major clinical events. All (A), SAC (B), and FD (C) patients. DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling." class="highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load" rel="gallery-fragment-images-1679567586" data-figure-caption="<div class="highwire-markup">Comparison of the rate of event-free survival after switching to monotherapy. The analysis was performed in a population limited to patients who switched from DAPT to monotherapy, without major clinical events. All (A), SAC (B), and FD (C) patients. DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling.</div>" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0"><span class="hw-responsive-img"><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload" alt="Figure 3" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" data-src="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F3.medium.gif" width="212" height="440"/><noscript><img class="highwire-fragment fragment-image" alt="Figure 3" src="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F3.medium.gif" width="212" height="440"/></noscript></span></a></div></div><ul class="highwire-figure-links inline"><li class="download-fig first"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F3.large.jpg?download=true" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download" title="Download Figure 3" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download figure</a></li> <li class="new-tab"><a href="https://jnis.bmj.com/content/neurintsurg/16/5/491/F3.large.jpg" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab" target="_blank" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Open in new tab</a></li> <li class="download-ppt last"><a href="/highwire/powerpoint/182156" class="highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt" data-icon-position="" data-hide-link-title="0">Download powerpoint</a></li> </ul></div><div class="fig-caption"><span class="fig-label">Figure 3</span> <p id="p-40" class="first-child">Comparison of the rate of event-free survival after switching to monotherapy. The analysis was performed in a population limited to patients who switched from DAPT to monotherapy, without major clinical events. All (A), SAC (B), and FD (C) patients. DAPT, dual antiplatelet therapy; FD, flow diverter; SAC, stent-assisted coiling.</p><div class="sb-div caption-clear"></div></div></div><p id="p-41">In univariate analyses, differences in the duration of DAPT were seen in baseline characteristics such as sex, body mass index, aneurysm size, type of stent, and oral anticoagulants (<a id="xref-supplementary-material-1-5" class="xref-supplementary-material" href="#DC1">online supplemental table 2</a>). Multivariable Cox regression analysis was not performed because the number of events was too small to be analyzed with guaranteed reproducibility.</p></div></div><div class="section discussion" id="sec-20"><h2 class="">Discussion</h2><p id="p-42">This large multicenter cohort study evaluated the relationship between the duration of antiplatelet therapy after SAC/FD and clinical outcomes. The median duration of DAPT (mostly in combination with clopidogrel 75 mg and aspirin 100 mg) was 5 months, and subsequent monotherapy was continued for 1 year after the procedure. During the observational period, both thromboembolic and bleeding events mainly occurred within 30 days after the procedure and at approximately 1.5% per year thereafter, and the cumulative events-free survival rate was not different between the long- and short-DAPT groups. Although the duration was managed at the physician’s discretion according to the risk of each patient or procedure, these findings suggest that a DAPT duration of <90 days after SAC/FD may be sufficient to prevent major clinical events.</p><p id="p-43">Aneurysm obliteration requires endothelialization along the stent to be isolated from the systemic circulation. SAC/FD carry the risk of thromboembolic complications until this process is completed because platelets activated by the metal surface lead to in situ thrombosis; therefore, more potent antiplatelet therapy is necessary for patients undergoing FD. The process of aneurysm healing is different between FD and SAC. SAC stents have substantially lower metal coverage than FD stents; hence, SAC needs intrasaccular coiling to promotes rapid intrasaccular thrombosis and subsequent neo-endothelialization of the aneurysm orifice. FD reduces flow inside the aneurysm by covering the aneurysm orifice with a higher metal coverage mesh stent, which acts as a scaffolding for neo-endothelialization of the aneurysm orifice. Complete aneurysm occlusion largely relies on adequate endothelialization in FD; this slow healing process is another reason for the need for longer antiplatelet therapy after FD. In this study, the duration of DAPT and subsequent monotherapy were longer for FD than for SAC, which may be a possible confounder in this study.</p><p id="p-44">P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, such as clopidogrel, play a central role in the prevention of ischemic events in patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases.<a id="xref-ref-14-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-14">14</a> They reduce major cardiovascular events in patients with the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who undergo PCI.<a id="xref-ref-15-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-15">15</a> For patients with cerebral aneurysms who underwent SAC/FD, the duration of postprocedural DAPT<a id="xref-ref-16-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-16">16</a> or discontinuation of clopidogrel<a id="xref-ref-17-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-17">17</a> was associated with ischemic complications.</p><p id="p-45">However, such potent P2Y12 receptor inhibitors also carry the risk of bleeding complications.<a id="xref-ref-18-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-18">18 19</a> Prolonged DAPT may be more hazardous in patients with cerebral aneurysms because they are non-arteriosclerotic. Since antiplatelet therapy for PCI has been changed to a de-escalation strategy, antiplatelet therapy for SAC/FD may also change.</p><p id="p-46">Another important point is that platelet reactivity to antiplatelet agents varies among individuals,<a id="xref-ref-20-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-20">20</a> and the relationship between perioperative ischemic or bleeding complications and platelet reactivity has been recognized. Delgado-Almandoz reported an association between P2Y12 reaction units and periprocedural complications in patients who underwent FD and showed that the optimal range of last recorded P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) values is between 60 and 240.<a id="xref-ref-21-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-21">21</a> In a meta-analysis of FD, hyper-responders were associated with a greater incidence of bleeding events with an increased absolute risk of 12%, and hyporesponders were associated with a greater incidence of thromboembolic events with an absolute risk of 15%.<a id="xref-ref-22-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-22">22</a> Platelet function tests were widely used before the procedure,<a id="xref-ref-23-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-23">23</a> but they are rarely used for long-term monitoring.</p><p id="p-47">In our study, 93.5% of patients underwent a preprocedural platelet function test, and 21.3% of patients received preprocedural management of abnormal responders based on the results. Among the 133 patients who underwent preprocedural management, 115 (85.7%) underwent escalation management as hyporesponders. On the other hand, although only 41 (6.5%) patients received postprocedural management, a majority of them, 26(63.4%), underwent de-escalation management as hyper-responders. Long-term observation of platelet function is also important to detect delayed conversion to hyper-responders.<a id="xref-ref-24-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-24">24</a> A recent meta-analysis showed racial differences in the ischemia–bleeding trade-off during antiplatelet therapy for PCI.<a id="xref-ref-25-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-25">25</a> Especially for East Asians, long-term DAPT showed no benefit in reducing ischemic events, but increased bleeding events. We should take care of platelet function in antiplatelet therapy before the procedure and also in the long term.</p><p id="p-48">Recently developed surface-modification techniques, such as phosphatidylcholine coating,<a id="xref-ref-26-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-26">26</a> glycan-based polymer coating,<a id="xref-ref-27-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-27">27</a>and fibrin-based nano-coating,<a id="xref-ref-28-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-28">28</a> have been developed to reduce the thrombogenicity of FD. Although it is not yet a common procedure and indications should be restricted, these surface modifications may reduce the need for antiplatelet therapy. Clinical studies on surface-medicated FD implantation under single antiplatelet therapy with potent P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, such as prasugrel<a id="xref-ref-29-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-29">29</a> or ticagrelor,<a id="xref-ref-30-1" class="xref-bibr" href="#ref-30">30</a> have begun to demonstrate its efficacy and safety. These results suggest that the duration of P2Y12 receptor inhibitor administration may be more important than the duration of DAPT, but further investigation is necessary.</p><div id="sec-21" class="subsection"><h3>Limitations</h3><p id="p-49">This study had a few limitations. First, it had a retrospective design, and the selection of endovascular procedures and antiplatelet therapy depended on each physician’s discretion, based on the characteristics of the aneurysm and the individual patient’s potential risk of both thrombosis and bleeding. Second, most patients underwent preprocedural platelet function tests, and subsequent drug management was performed in 21.3% of the patients with abnormal responses. Appropriate management can influence clinical outcomes. Third, comparisons between the long- and short-DAPT groups were limited to patients who survived and completed the DAPT period without events because of inevitable confounding and selection biases, such as a longer duration of DAPT for patients with thromboembolic events and a shorter duration for patients with major bleeding. The impact on these excluded patients with events during DAPT is unknown. Fourth, multivariable Cox regression analysis was not performed to adjust for confounding factors in the comparison between the groups, but the small number of events in this study precluded analysis with guaranteed reproducibility. Fifth, the only available recent generation FD with surface modification in Japan is Pipeline Shield (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland), which was used in only 30% of patients in the FD group. Intrasaccular flow disruptors such as the Woven EndoBridge (Microvention, Tustin, California, USA), a new alternative device minimizing parent vessel metal coverage and the risk of thromboembolic events, were not included in this study. The results might have been different if more patients with these newer devices had been included.</p><p id="p-50">Finally, we systematically registered patients with cerebral aneurysms who underwent SAC/FD at the seven centers, and this study is the largest study to date. However, the sample size was not sufficiently large for deductive conclusions to be drawn, and there was no racial diversity. Prospective randomized studies are warranted to determine the optimal duration of DAPT. This study provides a statistical basis for further studies.</p></div></div><div class="section conclusions" id="sec-22"><h2 class="">Conclusions</h2><p id="p-51">This large multicenter cohort study evaluated the duration of antiplatelet therapy in patients with cerebral aneurysms treated with SAC/FD and long-term clinical outcomes. Thromboembolic events rarely occurred more than 30 days after SAC or FD, but bleeding events were observed throughout the DAPT period.</p><p id="p-52">The incidence of thromboembolic events after switching to monotherapy was similar for the >91 days and <90 days DAPT groups in a univariate analysis. Although a lack of multivariate analysis and possible confounding and selection biases are major limitations, our study suggests that the duration of DAPT could be shortened to 90 days or less.</p><p id="p-53">Further prospective studies such as randomized controlled trials of short versus long DAPT are warranted to determine the optimal duration of antiplatelet therapy.</p><p id="p-54">The benefit of antiplatelet therapy to reduce thromboembolic events must be balanced with the corresponding risk of bleeding complications.</p></div><div class="section data-availability" id="sec-23"><h2 class="">Data availability statement</h2><p id="p-62">Data are available upon reasonable request. Data will be made available to other researchers from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.</p></div><div class="section ethics-statement" id="sec-24"><h2 class="">Ethics statements</h2><div class="section" id="sec-25"><h3>Patient consent for publication</h3><p id="p-63" class="ethics-consent-to-publish">Not applicable.</p></div></div><div class="section ack" id="ack-1"><h2>Acknowledgments</h2><p id="p-55">This study was assisted by the Japanese Society for Neuroendovascular Therapy (Research NO.2020-C3). 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xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="section fn-group" id="fn-group-1"><h2>Footnotes</h2><ul><li class="fn-other" id="fn-2"><p id="p-56"><span class="fn-label">Correction notice</span> Since this paper was first published online, data in supplementary table 1 has been updated.</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-3"><p id="p-57"><span class="fn-label">Contributors</span> YEn and TI are responsible for the overall contents as guarantors. YEn, KSh, and DM contributed to the study concept and design. HM, YEg, AI, MS, KSu, IN, TH, and SY contributed to the acquisition of the data. TI contributed to the analysis and interpretation of data for the work. YEn, KSh, and TI contributed to drafting the text and revising it critically for important intellectual content. HM, DM, YEg, AI, MS, KSu, IN, TH, and SY contributed to review and supervision.All authors have read the final manuscript and approved its submission for publication.</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-4"><p id="p-58"><span class="fn-label">Funding</span> This study was supported by a grant-in-aid for researchers from Gifu University, Stryker, Medtronic, Kaneka Medics, and Medico’s Hirata. Funding sources were not involved in any part of the study.</p></li><li class="fn-conflict" id="fn-5"><p id="p-59"><span class="fn-label">Competing interests</span> YEn received a research grant from Sysmex; a lecture fee from Stryker, Medtronic, Johnson and Johnson, Daiichi-Sankyo and Otsuka Pharmaceutical. AI received a lecture fee feom Medtronic, Stryker, Terumo, Johnson and Johnson, Medico's Hirata, Kaneka, Daiichi-Sankyo and Otsuka Pharmaceutical; a research glant from Fuji film. MS received a lecture fee from Medtronic. KSu received a lecture fee from Stryker and Daiichi-Sankyo. IN received a lecture fee from Terumo, Kaneka and Daiichi-Sankyo. TH received a lecture fee from Stryker, Medtronic, Johnson and Johnson, Daiichi-Sankyo and Abbott; a research grant from Stryker, Medtronic, Asahi Intec, Kaneka, Medico's Hirata, Boehringer Ingelheim and Eisai. SY recieved a research grant from Asahi Intec, Biomedical Solution, Medico's Hirata, Medtronic, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Stryker and Terumo; a lecture fee from Stryker, Medtronic, Johnson and Johnson, Kaneka, Daiichi-Sankyo, Bayer and Bristol-Meyers Squibb.</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-6"><p id="p-60"><span class="fn-label">Provenance and peer review</span> Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.</p></li><li class="fn-other" id="fn-7"><p id="p-61"><span class="fn-label">Supplemental material</span> This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. 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