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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5" title="Special:网站矩阵"><img alt="姊妹计划" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/18px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/36px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5" title="Special:网站矩阵">姊妹计划</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85385076" class="extiw" title="d:Q85385076">数据项</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="维基百科" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/24px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> 参阅<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="extiw" title="w:维基百科">维基百科</a>中的:<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE" class="extiw" title="w:诸葛亮">诸葛亮</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="維基大典" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/24px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> 閲文言<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh-classical:%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="w:zh-classical:維基大典">維基大典</a>文:<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh-classical:%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE" class="extiw" title="w:zh-classical:諸葛亮">諸葛亮</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="諸葛亮"><span id=".E8.AB.B8.E8.91.9B.E4.BA.AE"></span>諸葛亮</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B735&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:諸葛亮"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>  諸葛亮字孔明,琅邪陽都人也。漢司隸校尉諸葛豐後也。父圭,字君貢,漢末為太山郡丞。亮早孤,從父玄為袁術所署豫章太守,玄將亮及亮弟均之官。會漢朝更選朱皓代玄。玄素與荊州牧劉表有舊,往依之。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%BB%E5%B8%9D%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="獻帝春秋">獻帝春秋</a>》曰:初,豫章太守周術病卒,劉表上諸葛玄為豫章太守,治南昌。漢朝聞周術死,遣朱皓代玄。皓從揚州刺史劉繇求兵擊玄,玄退屯西城,皓入南昌。<a href="/wiki/Category:197%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:197年 (提及)"><span title="197年">建安二年</span></a>正月,西城民反,殺玄,送首詣繇。此書所云,與本傳不同。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>玄卒,亮躬畊隴畝,好為《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E7%88%B6%E5%90%9F" title="梁父吟">梁父吟</a>》。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%89%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="漢晉春秋">漢晉春秋</a>》曰:亮家于南陽之鄧縣,在襄陽城西二十里,號曰隆中。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>身長八尺,每自比於管仲、樂毅,時人莫之許也。惟博陵崔州平、潁川徐庶元直與亮友善,謂為信然。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>按《崔氏譜》:州平,太尉烈子,均之弟也。《魏略》曰:亮在荊州,以建安初與潁川石廣元、徐元直、汝南孟公威等俱游學,三人務於精熟,而亮獨觀其大略。每晨夜從容,常抱膝長嘯,而謂三人曰:「卿三人仕進可至刺史郡守也。」三人問其所至,亮但笑而不言。後公威思鄉里,欲北歸,亮謂之曰:「中國饒士大夫,遨遊何必故鄉邪!」臣松之以為《魏略》此言,謂諸葛亮為公威計者可也,若謂兼為己言,可謂未達其心矣。老氏稱知人者智,自知者明,凡在賢達之流,固必兼而有焉。以諸葛亮之鑒識,豈不能自審其分乎?夫其高吟俟時,情見乎言,志氣所存,既已定於其始矣。若使游步中華,騁其龍光,豈夫多士所能沈翳哉!委質魏氏,展其器能,誠非陳長文、司馬仲達所能頡頏,而況於餘哉!苟不患功業不就,道之不行,雖志恢宇宙而終不北向者,蓋以權御已移,漢祚將傾,方將翊贊宗傑,以興微繼絕克復為己任故也。豈其區區利在邊鄙而已乎!此相如所謂「鵾鵬已翔於遼廓,而羅者猶視於藪澤」者矣。公威名建,在魏亦貴達。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  時先主屯新野。徐庶見先主,先主器之,謂先主曰:「諸葛孔明者,臥龍也,將軍豈願見之乎?」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《襄陽記》曰:劉備訪世事於司馬德操。德操曰:「儒生俗士,豈識時務?識時務者在乎俊傑。此間自有伏龍、鳳雛。」備問為誰,曰:「諸葛孔明、龐士元也。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>先主曰:「君與俱來。」庶曰:「此人可就見,不可屈致也。將軍宜枉駕顧之。」由是先主遂詣亮,凡三往,乃見。因屏人曰:「漢室傾頹,姦臣竊命,主上蒙塵。孤不度德量力,欲信大義於天下,而智術淺短,遂用猖(獗)〔蹶〕,至于今日。然志猶未已,君謂計將安出?」亮答曰:「自董卓已來,豪傑并起,跨州連郡者不可勝數。曹操比於袁紹,則名微而眾寡,然操遂能克紹,以弱為強者,非惟天時,抑亦人謀也。今操已擁百萬之眾,挾天子而令諸侯,此誠不可與爭鋒。孫權據有江東,已歷三世,國險而民附,賢能為之用,此可以為援而不可圖也。荊州北據漢、沔,利盡南海,東連吳會,西通巴、蜀,此用武之國,而其主不能守,此殆天所以資將軍,將軍豈有意乎?益州險塞,沃野千里,天府之土,高祖因之以成帝業。劉璋闇弱,張魯在北,民殷國富而不知存恤,智能之士思得明君。將軍既帝室之冑,信義著於四海,總攬英雄,思賢如渴,若跨有荊、益,保其巖阻,西和諸戎,南撫夷越,外結好孫權,內修政理;天下有變,則命一上將將荊州之軍以向宛、洛,將軍身率益州之眾出於秦川,百姓孰敢不簞食壺漿以迎將軍者乎?誠如是,則霸業可成,漢室可興矣。」先主曰:「善!」於是與亮情好日密。關羽、張飛等不悅,先主解之曰:「孤之有孔明,猶魚之有水也。願諸君勿復言。」羽、飛乃止。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《魏略》曰:劉備屯於樊城。是時曹公方定河北,亮知荊州次當受敵,而劉表性緩,不曉軍事。亮乃北行見備,備與亮非舊,又以其年少,以諸生意待之。坐集既畢,眾賓皆去,而亮獨留,備亦不問其所欲言。備性好結毦,時適有人以髦牛尾與備者,備因手自結之。亮乃進曰:「明將軍當復有遠志,但結毦而已邪!」備知亮非常人也,乃投毦而答曰:「是何言與!我聊以忘憂耳。」亮遂言曰:「將軍度劉鎮南孰與曹公邪?」備曰:「不及。」亮又曰:「將軍自度何如也?」備曰:「亦不如。」曰:「今皆不及,而將軍之眾不過數千人,以此待敵,得無非計乎!」備曰:「我亦愁之,當若之何?」亮曰:「今荊州非少人也,而著籍者寡,平居發調,則人心不悅;可語鎮南,令國中凡有游戶,皆使自實,因錄以益眾可也。」備從其計,故眾遂強。備由此知亮有英略,乃以上客禮之。九州春秋所言亦如之。臣松之以為亮表云「先帝不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉屈,三顧臣於草廬之中,諮臣以當世之事」,則非亮先詣備,明矣。雖聞見異辭,各生彼此,然乖背至是,亦良為可怪。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  劉表長子琦,亦深器亮。表受後妻之言,愛少子琮,不悅於琦。琦每欲與亮謀自安之術,亮輒拒塞,未與處畫。琦乃將亮游觀後園,共上高樓,飲宴之間,令人去梯,因謂亮曰:「今日上不至天,下不至地,言出子口,入於吾耳,可以言不?」亮答曰:「君不見申生在內而危,重耳在外而安乎?」琦意感悟,陰規出計。會黃祖死,得出,遂為江夏太守。俄而表卒,琮聞曹公來征,遣使請降。先主在樊聞之,率其眾南行,亮與徐庶并從,為曹公所追破,獲庶母。庶辭先主而指其心曰:「本欲與將軍共圖王霸之業者,以此方寸之地也。今已失老母,方寸亂矣,無益於事,請從此別。」遂詣曹公。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《魏略》曰:庶先名福,本單家子,少好任俠擊劍。中平末,嘗為人報讎,白堊突面,被髪而走,為吏所得,問其姓字,閉口不言。吏乃於車上立柱維磔之,擊鼓以令於市鄽,莫敢識者,而其黨伍共篡解之,得脫。於是感激,棄其刀戟,更疏巾單衣,折節學問。始詣精舍,諸生聞其前作賊,不肯與共止。福乃卑躬早起,常獨掃除,動靜先意,聽習經業,義理精熟。遂與同郡石韜相親愛。初平中,中州兵起,乃與韜南客荊州,到,又與諸葛亮特相善。及荊州內附,孔明與劉備相隨去,福與韜俱來北。至黃初中,韜仕歷郡守、典農校尉,福至右中郎將、御史中丞。逮大和中,諸葛亮出隴右,聞元直、廣元仕財如此,嘆曰:「魏殊多士邪!何彼二人不見用乎?」庶後數年病卒,有碑在彭城,今猶存焉。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  先主至於夏口,亮曰:「事急矣,請奉命求救於孫將軍。」時權擁軍在柴桑,觀望成敗,亮說權曰:「海內大亂,將軍起兵據有江東,劉豫州亦收眾漢南,與曹操并爭天下。今操芟夷大難,略已平矣,遂破荊州,威震四海。英雄無所用武,故豫州遁逃至此。將軍量力而處之:若能以吳、越之眾與中國抗衡,不如早與之絕﹔若不能當,何不案兵束甲,北面而事之!今將軍外託服從之名,而內懷猶豫之計,事急而不斷,禍至無日矣!」權曰:「苟如君言,劉豫州何不遂事之乎?」亮曰:「田橫,齊之壯士耳,猶守義不辱,況劉豫州王室之冑,英才蓋世,眾士仰慕,若水之歸海,若事之不濟,此乃天也,安能復為之下乎!」權勃然曰:「吾不能舉全吳之地,十萬之眾,受制於人。吾計決矣!非劉豫州莫可以當曹操者,然豫州新敗之後,安能抗此難乎?」亮曰:「豫州軍雖敗於長阪,今戰士還者及關羽水軍精甲萬人,劉琦合江夏戰士亦不下萬人。曹操之眾,遠來疲弊,聞追豫州,輕騎一日一夜行三百餘里,此所謂『彊弩之末,勢不能穿魯縞』者也。故兵法忌之,曰『必蹶上將軍』。且北方之人,不習水戰﹔又荊州之民附操者,逼兵勢耳,非心服也。今將軍誠能命猛將統兵數萬,與豫州協規同力,破操軍必矣。操軍破,必北還,如此則荊、吳之勢彊,鼎足之形成矣。成敗之機,在於今日。」權大悅,即遣周瑜、程普、魯肅等水軍三萬,隨亮詣先主,并力拒曹公。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>袁子曰:張子布薦亮於孫權,亮不肯留。人問其故,曰:「孫將軍可謂人主,然觀其度,能賢亮而不能盡亮,吾是以不留。」臣松之以為袁孝尼著文立論,甚重諸葛之為人,至如此言則失之殊遠。觀亮君臣相遇,可謂希世一時,終始以分,誰能間之?寧有中違斷金,甫懷擇主,設使權盡其量,便當翻然去就乎?葛生行己,豈其然哉!關羽為曹公所獲,遇之甚厚,可謂能盡其用矣,猶義不背本,曾謂孔明之不若雲長乎!<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>曹公敗於赤壁,引軍歸鄴。先主遂收江南,以亮為軍師中郎將,使督零陵、桂陽、長沙三郡,調其賦稅,以充軍實。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《零陵先賢傳》云:亮時住臨烝。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  <a href="/wiki/Category:211%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:211年 (提及)"><span title="211年">建安十六年</span></a>,益州牧劉璋遣法正迎先主,使擊張魯。亮與關羽鎮荊州。先主自葭萌還攻璋,亮與張飛、趙雲等率眾泝江,分定郡縣,與先主共圍成都。成都平,以亮為軍師將軍,署左將軍府事。先主外出,亮常鎮守成都,足食足兵。二十六年,群下勸先主稱尊號,先主未許,亮說曰:「昔吳漢、耿弇等初勸世祖即帝位,世祖辭讓,前後數四,耿純進言曰:『天下英雄喁喁,冀有所望。如不從議者,士大夫各歸求主,無為從公也。』世祖感純言深至,遂然諾之。今曹氏篡漢,天下無主,大王劉氏苗族,紹世而起,今即帝位,乃其宜也。士大夫隨大王久勤苦者,亦欲望尺寸之功如純言耳。」先主於是即帝位,策亮為丞相曰:「朕遭家不造,奉承大統,兢兢業業,不敢康寧,思靖百姓,懼未能綏。於戲!丞相亮其悉朕意,無怠輔朕之闕,助宣重光,以照明天下,君其勖哉!」亮以丞相錄尚書事,假節。張飛卒後,領司隸校尉。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《蜀記》曰:晉初扶風王駿鎮關中,司馬高平劉寶、長史滎陽桓隰諸官屬士大夫共論諸葛亮,于時譚者多譏亮託身非所,勞困蜀民,力小謀大,不能度德量力。金城郭沖以為亮權智英略,有踰管、晏,功業未濟,論者惑焉,條亮五事隱沒不聞於世者,寶等亦不能復難。扶風王慨然善沖之言。臣松之以為亮之異美,誠所願聞,然沖之所說,實皆可疑,謹隨事難之如左:其《一事》曰:亮刑法峻急,刻剝百姓,自君子小人咸懷怨歎,法正諫曰:「昔高祖入關,約法三章,秦民知德,今君假借威力,跨據一州,初有其國,未垂惠撫;且客主之義,宜相降下,願緩刑弛禁,以慰其望。」亮答曰;「君知其一,未知其二。秦以無道,政苛民怨,匹夫大呼,天下土崩,高祖因之,可以弘濟。劉璋暗弱,自焉已來有累世之恩,文法羈縻,互相承奉,德政不舉,威刑不肅。蜀土人士,專權自恣,君臣之道,漸以陵替;寵之以位,位極則賤,順之以恩,恩竭則慢。所以致弊,實由於此。吾今威之以法,法行則知恩,限之以爵,爵加則知榮;榮恩並濟,上下有節。為治之要,於斯而著。」◇難曰:案法正在劉主前死,今稱法正諫,則劉主在也。諸葛職為股肱,事歸元首,劉主之世,亮又未領益州,慶賞刑政,不出於己。尋沖所述亮答,專自有其能,有違人臣自處之宜。以亮謙順之體,殆必不然。又云亮刑法峻急,刻剝百姓,未聞善政以刻剝為稱。其《二事》曰:曹公遣刺客見劉備,方得交接,開論伐魏形勢,甚合備計。稍欲親近,刺者尚未得便會,既而亮入,魏客神色失措。亮因而察之,亦知非常人。須臾,客如廁,備謂亮曰;「向得奇士,足以助君補益。」亮問所在,備曰:「起者其人也。」亮徐歎曰:「觀客色動而神懼,視低而忤數,姦形外漏,邪心內藏,必曹氏刺客也。」追之,已越牆而走。◇難曰:凡為刺客,皆暴虎馮河,死而無悔者也。劉主有知人之鑒,而惑於此客,則此客必一時之奇士也。又語諸葛云「足以助君補益」,則亦諸葛之流亞也。凡如諸葛之儔,鮮有為人作刺客者矣,時主亦當惜其器用,必不投之死地也。且此人不死,要應顯達為魏,竟是誰乎?何其寂蔑而無聞!<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  <a href="/wiki/Category:223%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:223年 (提及)"><span title="223年">章武三年</span></a>春,先主於永安病篤,召亮於成都,屬以後事,謂亮曰:「君才十倍曹丕,必能安國,終定大事。若嗣子可輔,輔之;如其不才,君可自取。」亮涕泣曰:「臣敢竭股肱之力,效忠貞之節,繼之以死!」先主又為詔敕後主曰:「汝與丞相從事,事之如父。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>孫盛曰:夫杖道扶義,體存信順,然後能匡主濟功,終定大業。語曰弈者舉釭不定猶不勝其偶,況量君之才否而二三其節,可以摧服強鄰囊括四海者乎?備之命亮,亂孰甚焉!世或有謂備欲以固委付之誠,且以一蜀人之志。君子曰,不然;苟所寄忠賢,則不須若斯之誨,如非其人,不宜啟篡逆之塗。是以古之顧命,必貽話言;詭偽之辭,非託孤之謂。幸值劉禪闇弱,無猜險之性,諸葛威略,足以檢衛異端,故使異同之心無由自起耳。不然,殆生疑隙不逞之釁。謂之為權,不亦惑哉!<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  <a href="/wiki/Category:223%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:223年 (提及)"><span title="223年">建興元年</span></a>,封亮武鄉侯,開府治事。頃之,又領益州牧。政事無巨細,咸決於亮。南中諸郡,并皆叛亂,亮以新遭大喪,故未便加兵,且遣使聘吳,因結和親,遂為與國。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>亮集曰:是歲,魏司徒華歆、司空王朗、尚書令陳群、太史令許芝、謁者僕射諸葛璋各有書與亮,陳天命人事,欲使舉國稱籓。亮遂不報書,作正議曰:「昔在項羽,起不由德,雖處華夏,秉帝者之勢,卒就湯鑊,為後永戒。魏不審鑒,今次之矣;免身為幸,戒在子孫。而二三子各以耆艾之齒,承偽指而進書,有若崇、竦稱莽之功,亦將偪於元禍苟免者邪!昔世祖之創跡舊基,奮羸卒數千,摧莽彊旅四十餘萬於昆陽之郊。夫據道討淫,不在眾寡。及至孟德,以其譎勝之力,舉數十萬之師,救張郃於陽平,勢窮慮悔,僅能自脫,辱其鋒銳之眾,遂喪漢中之地,深知神器不可妄獲,旋還未至,感毒而死。子桓淫逸,繼之以篡。縱使二三子多逞蘇、張詭靡之說,奉進驩兜滔天之辭,欲以誣毀唐帝,諷解禹、稷,所謂徒喪文藻煩勞翰墨者矣。夫大人君子之所不為也。又軍誡曰:『萬人必死,橫行天下。』昔軒轅氏整卒數萬,制四方,定海內,況以數十萬之眾,據正道而臨有罪,可得干擬者哉!」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  三年春,亮率眾南征,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>詔賜亮金鈇鉞一具,曲蓋一,前後羽葆鼓吹各一部,虎賁六十人。事在亮集。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>其秋悉平。軍資所出,國以富饒,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%89%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="漢晉春秋">漢晉春秋</a>》曰:亮至南中,所在戰捷。聞孟獲者,為夷、漢所服,募生致之。既得,使觀於營陳之間,問曰:「此軍何如?」獲對曰:「向者不知虛實,故敗。今蒙賜觀看營陳,若祇如此,即定易勝耳。」亮笑,縱使更戰,七縱七禽,而亮猶遣獲。獲止不去,曰:「公,天威也,南人不復反矣。」遂至滇池。南中平,皆即其渠率而用之。或以諫亮,亮曰:「若留外人,則當留兵,兵留則無所食,一不易也;加夷新傷破,父兄死喪,留外人而無兵者,必成禍患,二不易也;又夷累有廢殺之罪,自嫌釁重,若留外人,終不相信,三不易也;今吾欲使不留兵,不運糧,而綱紀粗定,夷、漢粗安故耳。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>乃治戎講武,以俟大舉。五年,率諸軍北駐漢中,臨發,上疏曰: </p> <blockquote><p>  先帝創業未半而中道崩殂,今天下三分,益州疲弊,此誠危急存亡之秋也。然侍衛之臣不懈於內,忠志之士忘身於外者,蓋追先帝之殊遇,欲報之於陛下也。誠宜開張聖聽,以光先帝遺德,恢弘志士之氣,不宜妄自菲薄,引喻失義,以塞忠諫之路也。宮中府中俱為一體,陟罰臧否,不宜異同。若有作奸犯科及為忠善者,宜付有司論其刑賞,以昭陛下平明之理,不宜偏私,使內外異法也。侍中、侍郎郭攸之、費禕、董允等,此皆良實,志慮忠純,是以先帝簡拔以遺陛下。愚以為宮中之事,事無大小,悉以咨之,然後施行,必能裨補闕漏,有所廣益。將軍向寵,性行淑均,曉暢軍事,試用於昔日,先帝稱之曰能,是以眾議舉寵為督。愚以為營中之事,事無大小,悉以咨之,必能使行陣和睦,優劣得所。親賢臣,遠小人,此先漢所以興隆也﹔親小人,遠賢臣,此後漢所以傾頹也。先帝在時,每與臣論此事,未嘗不嘆息痛恨於桓、靈也。侍中、尚書、長史、參軍,此悉貞良死節之臣,願陛下親之信之,則漢室之隆,可計日而待也。 </p><p>  臣本布衣,躬耕於南陽,苟全性命於亂世,不求聞達於諸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙,猥自枉屈,三顧臣於草廬之中,諮臣以當世之事,由是感激,遂許先帝以驅馳。後值傾覆,受任於敗軍之際,奉命於危難之間,爾來二十有一年矣。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>臣松之案:劉備以建安十三年敗,遣亮使吳,亮以建興五年抗表北伐,自傾覆至此整二十年。然則備始與亮相遇,在敗軍之前一年時也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>先帝知臣謹慎,故臨崩寄臣以大事也。受命以來,夙夜憂歎,恐託付不效,以傷先帝之明,故五月渡瀘,深入不毛。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>漢書地理志曰:瀘惟水出牂牁郡句町县。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>今南方已定,兵甲已足,當獎率三軍,北定中原,庶竭駑鈍,攘除姦凶,興復漢室,還于舊都。此臣所以報先帝,而忠陛下之職分也。 </p><p>   至於斟酌損益,進盡忠言,則攸之、禕、允之任也。願陛下託臣以討賊興復之效﹔不效,則治臣之罪,以告先帝之靈。[若無興德之言,則]責攸之、禕、允等之慢,以彰其咎。陛下亦宜自謀,以諮諏善道,察納雅言,深追先帝遺詔。臣不勝受恩感激,今當遠離,臨表涕零,不知所言。</p></blockquote> <p>  遂行,屯於沔陽。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>郭沖《三事》曰:亮屯于陽平,遣魏延諸軍並兵東下,亮惟留萬人守城。晉宣帝率二十萬眾拒亮,而與延軍錯道,徑至前,當亮六十里所,偵候白宣帝說亮在城中兵少力弱。亮亦知宣帝垂至,已與相偪,欲前赴延軍,相去又遠,回跡反追,勢不相及,將士失色,莫知其計。亮意氣自若,敕軍中皆臥旗息鼓,不得妄出菴幔,又令大開四城門,埽地卻洒。宣帝常謂亮持重,而猥見勢弱,疑其有伏兵,於是引軍北趣山。明日食時,亮謂參佐拊手大笑曰:「司馬懿必謂吾怯,將有彊伏,循山走矣。」候邏還白,如亮所言。宣帝後知,深以為恨。◇難曰:案陽平在漢中。亮初屯陽平,宣帝尚為荊州都督,鎮宛城,至曹真死後,始與亮於關中相抗禦耳。魏嘗遣宣帝自宛由西城伐蜀,值霖雨,不果。此之前後,無復有於陽平交兵事。就如沖言,宣帝既舉二十萬眾,已知亮兵少力弱,若疑其有伏兵,正可設防持重,何至便走乎?案《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B740#魏延" title="三國志/卷40">魏延傳</a>》云:「延每隨亮出,輒欲請精兵萬人,與亮異道會于潼關,亮制而不許;延常謂亮為怯,歎己才用之不盡也。」亮尚不以延為萬人別統,豈得如沖言,頓使將重兵在前,而以輕弱自守乎?且沖與扶風王言,顯彰宣帝之短,對子毀父,理所不容,而云「扶風王慨然善沖之言」,故知此書舉引皆虛。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  六年春,揚聲由斜谷道取眉,使趙雲、鄧芝為疑軍,據箕谷,魏大將軍曹真舉眾拒之。亮身率諸軍攻祁山,戎陳整齊,賞罰肅而號令明,南安、天水、安定三郡叛魏應亮,關中響震。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《魏略》曰:始,國家以蜀中惟有劉備。備既死,數歲寂然無聲,是以略無備預;而卒聞亮出,朝野恐懼,隴右、祁山尤甚,故三郡同時應亮。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>魏明帝西鎮長安,命張郃拒亮,亮使馬謖督諸軍在前,與郃戰于街亭。謖違亮節度,舉動失宜,大為張郃所破。亮拔西縣千余家,還于漢中,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>郭沖《四事》曰:亮出祁山,隴西、南安二郡應時降,圍天水,拔冀城,虜姜維,驅略士女數千人還蜀。人皆賀亮,亮顏色愀然有戚容,謝曰:「普天之下,莫非漢民,國家威力未舉,使百姓困於豺狼之吻。一夫有死,皆亮之罪,以此相賀,能不為愧。」於是蜀人咸知亮有吞魏之志,非惟拓境而已。◇難曰:亮有吞魏之志久矣,不始於此眾人方知也,且於時師出無成,傷缺而反者眾,三郡歸降而不能有。姜維,天水之匹夫耳,獲之則於魏何損?拔西縣千家,不補街亭所喪,以何為功,而蜀人相賀乎?<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>戮謖以謝眾。上疏曰:「臣以弱才,叨竊非據,親秉旄鉞以厲三軍,不能訓章明法,臨事而懼,至有街亭違命之闕,箕谷不戒之失,咎皆在臣授任無方。臣明不知人,恤事多闇,《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="春秋">春秋</a>》責帥,臣職是當。請自貶三等,以督厥咎。」於是以亮為右將軍,行丞相事,所總統如前。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%89%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="漢晉春秋">漢晉春秋</a>》曰:或勸亮更發兵者,亮曰:「大軍在祁山、箕谷,皆多於賊,而不能破賊、為賊所破者,則此病不在兵少也,在一人耳。今欲減兵省將,明罰思過,校變通之道於將來;若不能然者,雖兵多何益!自今已後,諸有忠慮於國,但勤攻吾之闕,則事可定,賊可死,功可蹻足而待矣。」於是考微勞,甄烈壯,引咎責躬,布所失於天下,厲兵講武,以為後圖,戎士簡練,民忘其敗矣。亮聞孫權破曹休,魏兵東下,關中虛弱。十一月,上言曰: </small></p><p><small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)">先帝慮漢、賊不兩立,王業不偏安,故託臣以討賊也。以先帝之明,量臣之才,故知臣伐賊才弱敵強也;然不伐賊,王業亦亡,惟坐待亡,孰與伐之?是故託臣而弗疑也。臣受命之日,寢不安席,食不甘味,思惟北征,宜先入南,故五月渡瀘,深入不毛,並日而食。臣非不自惜也,顧王業不得偏全於蜀都,故冒危難以奉先帝之遺意也,而議者謂為非計。今賊適疲於西,又務於東,兵法乘勞,此進趨之時也。謹陳其事如左:高帝明並日月,謀臣淵深,然涉險被創,危然後安。今陛下未及高帝,謀臣不如良、平,而欲以長計取勝,坐定天下,此臣之未解一也。劉繇、王朗各據州郡,論安言計,動引聖人,群疑滿腹,眾難塞胸,今歲不戰,明年不徵,使孫策坐大,遂並江東,此臣之未解二也。曹操智計殊絕於人,其用兵也,彷彿孫、吳,然困於南陽,險於烏巢,危於祁連,偪於黎陽,幾敗北山,殆死潼關,然後偽定一時耳,況臣才弱,而欲以不危而定之,此臣之未解三也。曹操五攻昌霸不下,四越巢湖不成,任用李服而李服圖之,委夏侯而夏侯敗亡,先帝每稱操為能,猶有此失,況臣駑下,何能必勝?此臣之未解四也。自臣到漢中,中間期年耳,然喪趙雲、陽群、馬玉、閻芝、丁立、白壽、劉郃、鄧銅等及曲長屯將七十餘人,突將無前。賨、叟、青羌散騎、武騎一千餘人,此皆數十年之內所糾合四方之精銳,非一州之所有,若復數年,則損三分之二也,當何以圖敵?此臣之未解五也。今民窮兵疲,而事不可息,事不可息,則住與行勞費正等,而不及今圖之,欲以一州之地與賊持久,此臣之未解六也。夫難平者,事也。昔先帝敗軍於楚,當此時,曹操拊手,謂天下以定。然後先帝東連吳、越,西取巴、蜀,舉兵北征,夏侯授首,此操之失計而漢事將成也。然後吳更違盟,關羽毀敗,秭歸蹉跌,曹丕稱帝。凡事如是,難可逆見。臣鞠躬儘力,死而後已,至於成敗利鈍,非臣之明所能逆睹也。 </small></p><p><small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)">於是有散關之役。此表,亮集所無,出張儼《默記》。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  冬,亮復出散關,圍陳倉,曹真拒之,亮糧盡而還。魏將軍王雙率騎追亮,亮與戰,破之,斬雙。七年,亮遣陳式攻武都、陰平。魏雍州剌史郭淮率眾欲擊式,亮自出至建威,淮退還,遂平二郡。詔策亮曰:「街亭之役,咎由馬謖,而君引愆,深自貶抑,重違君意,聽順所守。前年耀師,馘斬王雙﹔今歲爰征,郭淮遁走﹔降集氐、羌,興復二郡,威鎮凶暴,功勳顯然。方今天下騷擾,元惡未梟,君受大任,幹國之重,而久自挹損,非所以光揚洪烈矣。今復君丞相,君其勿辭。」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%89%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="漢晉春秋">漢晉春秋</a>》曰:是歲,孫權稱尊號,其群臣以並尊二帝來告。議者咸以為交之無益,而名體弗順,宜顯明正義,絕其盟好。亮曰:「權有僭逆之心久矣,國家所以略其釁情者,求掎角之援也。今若加顯絕,讎我必深,便當移兵東(戍),與之角力,須並其土,乃議中原。彼賢才尚多,將相緝穆,未可一朝定也。頓兵相持,坐而須老,使北賊得計,非算之上者。昔孝文卑辭匈奴,先帝優與吳盟,皆應權通變,弘思遠益,非匹夫之為(分)者也。今議者咸以權利在鼎足,不能並力,且志望以滿,無上岸之情,推此,皆似是而非也。何者?其智力不侔,故限江自保;權之不能越江,猶魏賊之不能渡漢,非力有餘而利不取也。若大軍致討,彼高當分裂其地以為後規,下當略民廣境,示武於內,非端坐者也。若就其不動而睦於我,我之北伐,無東顧之憂,河南之眾不得盡西,此之為利,亦已深矣。權僭之罪,未宜明也。」乃遣衛尉陳震慶權正號。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  九年,亮復出祁山,以木牛運,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《漢晉春秋》曰:亮圍祁山,招鮮卑軻比能,比能等至故北地石城以應亮。於是魏大司馬曹真有疾,司馬宣王自荊州入朝,魏明帝曰:「西方事重,非君莫可付者。」乃使西屯長安,督張郃、費曜、戴陵、郭淮等。宣王使曜、陵留精兵四千守上邽,餘眾悉出,西救祁山。郃欲分兵駐雍、郿,宣王曰:「料前軍能獨當之者,將軍言是也;若不能當而分為前後,此楚之三軍所以為黥布禽也。」遂進。亮分兵留攻,自逆宣王於上邽。郭淮、費曜等徼亮,亮破之,因大芟刈其麥,與宣王遇於上邽之東,斂兵依險,軍不得交,亮引而還。宣王尋亮至於鹵城。張郃曰:「彼遠來逆我,請戰不得,謂我利在不戰,欲以長計制之也。且祁山知大軍以在近,人情自固,可止屯於此,分為奇兵,示出其後,不宜進前而不敢偪,坐失民望也。今亮縣軍食少,亦行去矣。」宣王不從,故尋亮。既至,又登山掘營,不肯戰。賈栩、魏平數請戰,因曰:「公畏蜀如虎,奈天下笑何!」宣王病之。諸將咸請戰。五月辛巳,乃使張郃攻無當監何平於南圍,自案中道向亮。亮使魏延、高翔、吳班赴拒,大破之,獲甲首三千級,玄鎧五千領,角弩三千一百張,宣王還保營。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>糧盡退軍,與魏將張郃交戰,射殺郃。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>郭沖《五事》曰:魏明帝自徵蜀,幸長安,遣宣王督張郃諸軍,雍、涼勁卒三十餘萬,潛軍密進,規向劍閣。亮時在祁山,旌旗利器,守在險要,十二更下,在者八萬。時魏軍始陳,幡兵適交,參佐咸以賊眾強盛,非力不制,宜權停下兵一月,以並聲勢。亮曰:「吾統武行師,以大信為本,得原失信,古人所惜;去者束裝以待期,妻子鶴望而計日,雖臨徵難,義所不廢。」皆催遣令去。於是去者感悅,原留一戰,住者憤踴,思致死命。相謂曰:「諸葛公之恩,死猶不報也。」臨戰之日,莫不拔刃爭先,以一當十,殺張郃,卻宣王,一戰大剋,此信之由也。◇難曰:臣松之案:亮前出祁山,魏明帝身至長安耳,此年不復自來。且亮大軍在關、隴,魏人何由得越亮徑向劍閣?亮既在戰場,本無久住之規,而方休兵還蜀,皆非經通之言。孫盛、習鑿齒搜求異同,罔有所遺,而並不載沖言,知其乖剌多矣。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  十二年春,亮悉大眾由斜谷出,以流馬運,據武功五丈原,與司馬宣王對於渭南。亮每患糧不繼,使己志不申,是以分兵屯田,為久駐之基。耕者雜於渭濱居民之間,而百姓安堵,軍無私焉。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%89%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="漢晉春秋">漢晉春秋</a>》曰:亮自至,數挑戰。宣王亦表固請戰。使衛尉辛毗持節以制之。姜維謂亮曰:「辛佐治仗節而到,賊不復出矣。」亮曰:「彼本無戰情,所以固請戰者,以示武於其眾耳。將在軍,君命有所不受,苟能制吾,豈千里而請戰邪!」《魏氏春秋》曰:亮使至,問其寢食及其事之煩簡,不問戎事。使對曰:「諸葛公夙興夜寐,罰二十以上,皆親攬焉;所啖食不至數升。」宣王曰:「亮將死矣。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>相持百餘日。其年八月,亮疾病,卒于軍,時年五十四。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《魏書》曰:亮糧盡勢窮,憂恚歐血,一夕燒營遁走,入谷,道發病卒。漢晉春秋曰:亮卒于郭氏塢。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E9%99%BD%E7%A7%8B" title="晉陽秋">晉陽秋</a>》曰:有星赤而芒角,自東北西南流,投于亮營,三投再還,往大還小。俄而亮卒。臣松之以為亮在渭濱,魏人躡跡,勝負之形,未可測量,而云歐血,蓋因亮自亡而自誇大也。夫以孔明之略,豈為仲達歐血乎?及至劉琨喪師,與晉元帝箋亦云「亮軍敗歐血」,此則引虛記以為言也。其云入谷而卒,緣蜀人入谷發喪故也。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>及軍退,宣王案行其營壘處所,曰:「天下奇才也!」<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《漢晉春秋》曰:楊儀等整軍而出,百姓奔告宣王,宣王追焉。姜維令儀反旗鳴鼓,若將向宣王者,宣王乃退,不敢偪。於是儀結陳而去,入谷然後發喪。宣王之退也,百姓為之諺曰:「死諸葛走生仲達。」或以告宣王,宣王曰:「吾能料生,不便料死也。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>  亮遺命葬漢中定軍山,因山為墳,塚足容棺,斂以時服,不須器物。詔策曰: </p><p>  惟君體資文武,明叡篤誠,受遺託孤,匡輔朕躬,繼絕興微,志存靖亂﹔爰整六師,無歲不征,神武赫然,威震八荒,將建殊功於季漢,參伊、周之巨勳。如何不弔,事臨垂克,遘疾隕喪!朕用傷悼,肝心若裂。夫崇德序功,紀行命謚,所以光昭將來,刊載不朽。令使使持節左中郎將杜瓊,贈君丞相武鄉侯印綬,謚君為忠武侯。魂而有靈,嘉茲寵榮。嗚呼哀哉!嗚呼哀哉! </p><p>  初,亮自表後主曰:「成都有桑八百株,薄田十五頃,子弟衣食,自有餘饒。至於臣在外任,無別調度,隨身衣食,悉仰於官,不別治生,以長尺寸。若臣死之日,不使內有餘帛,外有贏財,以負陛下。」及卒,如其所言。 </p><p>  亮性長於巧思,損益連弩,木牛流馬,皆出其意﹔推演兵法,作八陣圖,咸得其要云。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《魏氏春秋》曰:亮作八務、七戒、六恐、五懼,皆有條章,以訓厲臣子。又損益連弩,謂之元戎,以鐵為矢,矢長八寸,一弩十矢俱發。《亮集》載作木牛流馬法曰:「木牛者,方腹曲頭,一腳四足,頭入領中,舌著於腹。載多而行少,宜可大用,不可小使;特行者數十里,群行者二十里也。曲者為牛頭,雙者為牛腳,橫者為牛領,轉者為牛足,覆者為牛背,方者為牛腹,垂者為牛舌,曲者為牛肋,刻者為牛齒,立者為牛角,細者為牛鞅,攝者為牛鞦軸。牛仰雙轅,人行六尺,牛行四步。載一歲糧,日行二十里,而人不大勞。流馬尺寸之數,肋長三尺五寸,廣三寸,厚二寸二分,左右同。前軸孔分墨去頭四寸,徑中二寸。前腳孔分墨二寸,去前軸孔四寸五分,廣一寸。前杠孔去前腳孔分墨二寸七分,孔長二寸,廣一寸。後軸孔去前杠分墨一尺五分,大小與前同。後腳孔分墨去後軸孔三寸五分,大小與前同。後杠孔去後腳孔分墨二寸七分,後載剋去後杠孔分墨四寸五分。前杠長一尺八寸,廣二寸,厚一寸五分。後杠與等版方囊二枚,厚八分,長二尺七寸,高一尺六寸五分,廣一尺六寸,每枚受米二斛三斗。從上杠孔去肋下七寸,前後同。上杠孔去下杠孔分墨一尺三寸,孔長一寸五分,廣七分,八孔同。前後四腳,廣二寸,厚一寸五分。形制如象,靬長四寸,徑面四寸三分。孔徑中三腳杠,長二尺一寸,廣一寸五分,厚一寸四分,同杠耳。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>亮言教書奏多可觀,別為一集。 </p><p>  <a href="/wiki/Category:263%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:263年 (提及)"><span title="263年">景耀六年</span></a>春,詔為亮立廟於沔陽。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《襄陽記》曰:亮初亡,所在各求為立廟,朝議以禮秩不聽,百姓遂因時節私祭之於道陌上。言事者或以為可聽立廟於成都者,後主不從。步兵校尉習隆、中書郎向充等共上表曰:「臣聞周人懷召伯之德,甘棠為之不伐;越王思范蠡之功,鑄金以存其像。自漢興以來,小善小德而圖形立廟者多矣。況亮德范遐邇,勛蓋季世,王室之不壞,實斯人是賴,而蒸嘗止於私門,廟像闕而莫立,使百姓巷祭,戎夷野祀,非所以存德念功,述追在昔者也。今若盡順民心,則瀆而無典,建之京師,又偪宗廟,此聖懷所以惟疑也。臣愚以為宜因近其墓,立之於沔陽,使所親屬以時賜祭,凡其臣故吏欲奉祠者,皆限至廟。斷其私祀,以崇正禮。」於是始從之。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>秋,魏鎮西將軍鐘會征蜀,至漢川,祭亮之廟,令軍士不得於亮墓所左右芻牧樵採。亮弟均,官至長水校尉。亮子瞻,嗣爵。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《襄陽記》曰:黃承彥者,高爽開列,為沔南名士,謂諸葛孔明曰:「聞君擇婦;身有醜女,黃頭黑色,而才堪相配。」孔明許,即載送之。時人以為笑樂,鄉里為之諺曰:「莫作孔明擇婦,正得阿承醜女。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p>        諸葛氏集目錄 </p><p>開府作牧第一  權制第二    南征第三 </p><p>北出第四    計算第五    訓厲第六 </p><p>綜覈上第七   綜覈下第八   雜言上第九 </p><p>雜言第十    貴和第十一   兵要第十二 </p><p>傳運第十三   與孫權書第十四 與諸葛謹書第十五 </p><p>與孟達書第十六 廢李平第十七  法檢上第十八 </p><p>法檢下第十九  科令上第二十  科令下第二十一 </p><p>軍令上第二十二 軍令中第二十三 軍令下第二十四 </p><p>  右二十四篇,凡十萬四千一百一十二字。 </p><p>  臣壽等言:臣前在著作郎,侍中領中書監濟北侯臣荀勖、中書令關內侯臣和嶠奏:使臣定故蜀丞相諸葛亮故事。亮毗佐危國,負阻不賓,然猶存錄其言,恥善有遺,誠是大晉光明至德,澤被無疆,自古以來,未有之倫也。輒刪除複重,隨類相從,凡為二十四篇。篇名如右。 </p><p>  亮少有逸眾之才,英霸之器,身長八尺,容貌甚偉,時人異焉。造漢末亂,隨叔父玄避難荊州,躬耕于野,不求聞達。時左將軍劉備以亮有殊量,乃三顧亮於草廬之中﹔亮深謂備雄姿傑出,遂解帶寫誠,厚相結納。及魏武帝南征荊州,劉琮舉州委質,而備失勢眾寡,無立錐之地。亮時年二十七,乃建奇策,身使孫權,求援吳會。權既宿服仰備,又觀亮奇雅,甚敬重之,即遣兵三萬以助備。備得用與武帝交戰,大破其軍,乘勝克捷,江南悉平。後備又西取益州。益州既定,以亮為軍師將軍。備稱尊號,拜亮為丞相,錄尚書事。及備殂沒,嗣子幼弱,事無巨細,亮皆專之。於是外連東吳,內平南越,立法施度,整理戎旅,工械技巧,物究其極,科教嚴明,賞罰必信,無惡不懲,無善不顯,至於吏不容奸,人懷自厲,道不拾遺,彊不侵弱,風化肅然也。 </p><p>  當此之時,亮之素志,進欲龍驤虎視,包括四海,退欲跨陵邊疆,震蕩宇內。又自以為無身之日,則未有能蹈涉中原、抗衡上國者,是以用兵不戢,屢耀其武。然亮才,於治戎為長,奇謀為短,理民之干,優於將略。而所與對敵,或值人傑,加眾寡不侔,攻守異體,故雖連年動眾,未能有克。昔蕭何荐韓信,管仲舉王子城父,皆忖己之長,未能兼有故也。亮之器能政理,抑亦管、蕭之亞匹也,而時之名將無城父、韓信,故使功業陵遲,大義不及邪?蓋天命有歸,不可以智力爭也。 </p><p>  青龍二年春,亮帥眾出武功,分兵屯田,為久駐之基。其秋病卒,黎庶追思,以為口實。至今梁、益之民,咨述亮者,言猶在耳,雖甘棠之詠召公,鄭人之歌子產,無以遠譬也。孟軻有云:「以逸道使民,雖勞不怨﹔以生道殺人,雖死不忿。」信矣!論者或怪亮文彩不艷,而過於丁寧周至。臣愚以為咎繇大賢也,周公聖人也,考之尚書,咎繇之謨略而雅,周公之誥煩而悉。何則?咎繇與舜、禹共談,周公與群下矢誓故也。亮所與言,盡眾人凡士,故其文指不得及遠也。然其聲教遺言,皆經事綜物,公誠之心,形於文墨,足以知其人之意理,而有補於當世。 </p><p>  伏惟陛下邁蹤古聖,蕩然無忌,故雖敵國誹謗之言,咸肆其辭而無所革諱,所以明大通之道也。謹錄寫上詣著作。臣壽誠惶誠恐,頓首頓首,死罪死罪。泰始十年二月一日癸巳,平陽侯相臣陳壽上。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="諸葛喬"><span id=".E8.AB.B8.E8.91.9B.E5.96.AC"></span>諸葛喬</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B735&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:諸葛喬"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>  喬字伯松,亮兄<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B752#諸葛瑾" title="三國志/卷52">瑾</a>之第二子也,本字仲慎。與兄元遜俱有名於時,論者以為喬才不及兄,而性業過之。初,亮未有子,求喬為嗣,瑾啟孫權遣喬來西,亮以喬為己適子,故易其字焉。拜為駙馬都尉,隨亮至漢中。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>亮與兄瑾書曰:「喬本當還成都,今諸將子弟皆得傳運,思惟宜同榮辱。今使喬督五六百兵,與諸子弟傳於谷中。」書在亮集。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>年二十五,建興(元)[六]年卒。子攀,官至行護軍翊武將軍,亦早卒。諸葛恪見誅於吳,子孫皆盡,而亮自有冑裔,故攀还復為瑾後。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="諸葛瞻"><span id=".E8.AB.B8.E8.91.9B.E7.9E.BB"></span>諸葛瞻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B735&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:諸葛瞻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>  瞻字思遠。<a href="/wiki/Category:234%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:234年 (提及)"><span title="234年">建興十二年</span></a>,亮出武功,與瑾書曰:「瞻今已八歲,聰慧可愛,嫌其早成,恐不為重器耳。」年十七,尚公主,拜騎都尉。其明年為羽林中郎將,屢遷射聲校尉、侍中、尚書僕射,加軍師將軍。瞻工書畫,強識念,蜀人追思亮,咸愛其才敏。每朝廷有一善政佳事,雖非瞻所建倡,百姓皆傳相告曰:「葛侯之所為也。」是以美聲溢譽,有過其實。<a href="/wiki/Category:261%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:261年 (提及)"><span title="261年">景耀四年</span></a>,為行都護衛將軍,與輔國大將軍南鄉侯董厥并平尚書事。六年冬,魏征西將軍鄧艾伐蜀,自陰平由景谷道旁入。瞻督諸軍至涪停住,前鋒破,退還,住綿竹。艾遣書誘瞻曰:「若降者,必表為琅邪王。」瞻怒,斬艾使。遂戰,大敗,臨陣死,時年三十七。眾皆離散,艾長驅至成都。瞻長子尚,與瞻俱沒。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>干寶曰:瞻雖智不足以扶危,勇不足以拒敵,而能外不負國,內不改父之志,忠孝存焉。《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E9%99%BD%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97" title="華陽國志">華陽國志</a>》曰:尚嘆曰:「父子荷國重恩,不早斬黃皓,以致傾敗,用生何為!」乃馳赴魏軍而死。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>次子京及攀子顯等,<a href="/wiki/Category:264%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:264年 (提及)"><span title="264年">咸熙元年</span></a>內移河東。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>案《諸葛氏譜》云:京字行宗。《晉泰始起居注》載詔曰:「諸葛亮在蜀,盡其心力,其子瞻臨難而死義,天下之善一也。」其孫京,隨才署吏,後為郿令。尚書僕射山濤《啟事》曰:「郿令諸葛京,祖父亮,遇漢亂分隔,父子在蜀,雖不達天命,要為盡心所事。京治郿自復有稱,臣以為宜以補東宮舍人,以明事人之理,副梁、益之論。」京位至江州刺史。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="董厥"><span id=".E8.91.A3.E5.8E.A5"></span>董厥</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B735&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:董厥"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>  董厥者,丞相亮時為府令史,亮稱之曰:「董令史,良士也。吾每與之言,思慎宜適。」徙為主薄。亮卒後,稍遷至尚書仆射,代陳祗為尚書令,遷大將軍,平台事,而義陽樊建代焉。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>案《晉百官表》:董厥字龔襲,亦義陽人。建字長元。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>延熙(二)十四年,以校尉使吳,值孫權病篤,不自見建。權問諸葛恪曰:「樊建何如宗預也?」恪對曰:「才識不及預,而雅性過之。」後為侍中,守中書令。自瞻、厥、建統事,姜維常徵伐在外,宦人黃皓竊弄機柄,咸共將護,無能匡矯,<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>孫盛《異同記》曰:瞻、厥等以維好戰無功,國內疲弊,宜表後主,召還為益州刺史,奪其兵權;蜀長老猶有瞻表以閻宇代維故事。晉<a href="/wiki/Category:347%E5%B9%B4_(%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A)" title="Category:347年 (提及)"><span title="347年">永和三年</span></a>,蜀史常璩說蜀長老云:「陳壽嘗為瞻吏,為瞻所辱,故因此事歸惡黃皓,而云瞻不能匡矯也。」<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>然建特不與皓好往來。蜀破之明年春,厥、建俱詣京都,同為相國參軍,其秋并兼散騎常侍,使蜀使慰勞。<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%99%89%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B" title="漢晉春秋">漢晉春秋</a>》曰:樊建為給事中,晉武帝問諸葛亮之治國,建對曰:「聞惡必改,而不矜過,賞罰之信,足感神明。」帝曰:「善哉!使我得此人以自輔,豈有今日之勞乎!」建稽首曰:「臣竊聞天下之論,皆謂鄧艾見枉,陛下知而不理,此豈馮唐之所謂『雖得頗、牧而不能用』者乎!」帝笑曰:「吾方欲明之,卿言起我意。」於是發詔治艾焉。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="評"><span id=".E8.A9.95"></span>評</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97/%E5%8D%B735&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:評"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>  評曰:諸葛亮之為相國也,撫百姓,示儀軌,約官職,從權制,開誠心,布公道﹔盡忠益時者雖讎必賞,犯法怠慢者雖親必罰,服罪輸情者雖重必釋,游辭巧飾者雖輕必戮﹔善無微而不賞,惡無纖而不貶﹔庶事精練,物理其本,循名責實,虛偽不齒﹔終於邦域之內,咸畏而愛之,刑政雖峻而無怨者,以其用心平而勸戒明也。可謂識治之良才,管、蕭之亞匹矣。然連年動眾,未能成功,蓋應變將略,非其所長歟! </p><p><small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A2%81%E5%AD%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="袁子(页面不存在)">袁子</a>》曰:或問諸葛亮何如人也,袁子曰:張飛、關羽與劉備俱起,爪牙腹心之臣,而武人也。晚得諸葛亮,因以為佐相,而群臣悅服,劉備足信、亮足重故也。及其受六尺之孤,攝一國之政,事凡庸之君,專權而不失禮,行君事而國人不疑,如此即以為君臣百姓之心欣戴之矣。行法嚴而國人悅服,用民盡其力而下不怨。及其兵出入如賓,行不寇,芻蕘者不獵,如在國中。其用兵也,止如山,進退如風,兵出之日,天下震動,而人心不憂。亮死至今數十年,國人歌思,如周人之思召公也,孔子曰「雍也可使南面」,諸葛亮有焉。又問諸葛亮始出隴右,南安、天水、安定三郡人反應之,若亮速進,則三郡非中國之有也,而亮徐行不進;既而官兵上隴,三郡復,亮無尺寸之功,失此機,何也?袁子曰:蜀兵輕銳,良將少,亮始出,未知中國彊弱,是以疑而嘗之;且大會者不求近功,所以不進也。曰:何以知其疑也?袁子曰:初出遲重,屯營重複,後轉降未進兵欲戰,亮勇而能鬥,三郡反而不速應,此其疑徵也。曰:何以知其勇而能鬥也?袁子曰:亮之在街亭也,前軍大破,亮屯去數里,不救;官兵相接,又徐行,此其勇也。亮之行軍,安靜而堅重;安靜則易動,堅重則可以進退。亮法令明,賞罰信,士卒用命,赴險而不顧,此所以能鬥也。曰:亮率數萬之眾,其所興造,若數十萬之功,是其奇者也。所至營壘、井竈、圊溷、籓籬、障塞皆應繩墨,一月之行,去之如始至,勞費而徒為飾好,何也?袁子曰:蜀人輕脫,亮故堅用之。曰:何以知其然也?袁子曰:亮治實而不治名,志大而所欲遠,非求近速者也。曰:亮好治官府、次舍、橋梁、道路,此非急務,何也?袁子曰:小國賢才少,故欲其尊嚴也。亮之治蜀,田疇辟,倉廩實,器械利,蓄積饒,朝會不華,路無醉人。夫本立故末治,有餘力而後及小事,此所以勸其功也。曰:子之論諸葛亮,則有證也。以亮之才而少其功,何也?袁子曰:亮,持本者也,其於應變,則非所長也,故不敢用其短。曰:然則吾子美之,何也?袁子曰:此固賢者之遠矣,安可以備體責也。夫能知所短而不用,此賢者之大也;知所短則知所長矣。夫前識與言而不中,亮之所不用也,此吾之所謂可也。吳大鴻臚張儼作默記,其述佐篇論亮與司馬宣王書曰:漢朝傾覆,天下崩壞,豪傑之士,競希神器。魏氏跨中土,劉氏據益州,並稱兵海內,為世霸主。諸葛、司馬二相,遭值際會,託身明主,或收功於蜀、漢,或冊名於伊、洛。丕、備既沒,後嗣繼統,各受保阿之任,輔翼幼主,不負然諾之誠,亦一國之宗臣,霸王之賢佐也。歷前世以觀近事,二相優劣,可得而詳也。孔明起巴、蜀之地,蹈一州之土,方之大國,其戰士人民,蓋有九分之一也,而以貢贄大吳,抗對北敵,至使耕戰有伍,刑法整齊,提步卒數萬,長驅祁山,慨然有飲馬河、洛之志。仲達據天下十倍之地,仗兼并之眾,據牢城,擁精銳,無禽敵之意,務自保全而已,使彼孔明自來自去。若此人不亡,終其志意,連年運思,刻日興謀,則涼、雍不解甲,中國不釋鞍,勝負之勢,亦已決矣。昔子產治鄭,諸侯不敢加兵,蜀相其近之矣。方之司馬,不亦優乎!或曰,兵者兇器,戰者危事也,有國者不務保安境內,綏靜百姓,而好開闢土地,征伐天下,未為得計也。諸葛丞相誠有匡佐之才,然處孤絕之地,戰士不滿五萬,自可閉關守險,君臣無事。空勞師旅,無歲不征,未能進咫尺之地,開帝王之基,而使國內受其荒殘,西土苦其役調。魏司馬懿才用兵眾,未易可輕,量敵而進,兵家所慎;若丞相必有以策之,則未見坦然之勳,若無策以裁之,則非明哲之謂,海內歸向之意也,余竊疑焉,請聞其說。答曰:蓋聞湯以七十里、文王以百里之地而有天下,皆用征伐而定之。揖讓而登王位者,惟舜、禹而已。今蜀、魏為敵戰之國,勢不俱王,自操、備時,彊弱縣殊,而備猶出兵陽平,禽夏侯淵。羽圍襄陽,將降曹仁,生獲于禁,當時北邊大小憂懼,孟德身出南陽,樂進、徐晃等為救,圍不即解,故蔣子通言彼時有徙許渡河之計,會國家襲取南郡,羽乃解軍。玄德與操,智力多少,士眾眾寡,用兵行軍之道,不可同年而語,猶能暫以取勝,是時又無大吳掎角之勢也。今仲達之才,減於孔明,當時之勢,異於曩日,玄德尚與抗衡,孔明何以不可出軍而圖敵邪?昔樂毅以弱燕之眾,兼從五國之兵,長驅彊齊,下七十餘城。今蜀漢之卒,不少燕軍,君臣之接,信於樂毅,加以國家為脣齒之援,東西相應,首尾如蛇,形勢重大,不比於五國之兵也,何憚於彼而不可哉?夫兵以奇勝,制敵以智,土地廣狹,人馬多少,未可偏恃也。余觀彼治國之體,當時既肅整,遺教在後,及其辭意懇切,陳進取之圖,忠謀謇謇,義形於主,雖古之管、晏,何以加之乎?<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p><p><small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>《蜀記》曰:晉永興中,鎮南將軍劉弘至隆中,觀亮故宅,立碣表閭,命太傅掾犍為李興為文曰:「天子命我,于沔之陽,聽鼓鼙而永思,庶先哲之遺光,登隆山以遠望,軾諸葛之故鄉。蓋神物應機,大器無方,通人靡滯,大德不常。故谷風發而騶虞嘯,雲雷升而潛鱗驤;摯解褐於三聘,尼得招而褰裳,管豹變於受命,貢感激以回莊,異徐生之摘寶,釋臥龍於深藏,偉劉氏之傾蓋,嘉吾子之周行。夫有知己之主,則有竭命之良,固所以三分我漢鼎,跨帶我邊荒,抗衡我北面,馳騁我魏疆者也。英哉吾子,獨含天靈。豈神之祗,豈人之精?何思之深,何德之清!異世通夢,恨不同生。推子八陳,不在孫、吳,木牛之奇,則非般模,神弩之功,一何微妙!千井齊甃,又何祕要!昔在顛、夭,有名無跡,孰若吾儕,良籌妙畫?臧文既沒,以言見稱,又未若子,言行並徵。夷吾反坫,樂毅不終,奚比於爾,明哲守沖。臨終受寄,讓過許由,負扆蒞事,民言不流。刑中於鄭,教美於魯,蜀民知恥,河、渭安堵。匪皋則伊,寧彼管、晏,豈徒聖宣,慷慨屢歎!昔爾之隱,卜惟此宅,仁智所處,能無規廓。日居月諸,時殞其夕,誰能不歿,貴有遺格。惟子之勳,移風來世,詠歌餘典,懦夫將厲。遐哉邈矣,厥規卓矣,凡若吾子,難可究已。疇昔之乖,萬里殊塗;今我來思,覿爾故墟。漢高歸魂於豐、沛,太公五世而反周,想罔兩以髣髴,冀影響之有餘。魂而有靈,豈其識諸!」王隱《晉書》云:李興,密之子;一名安。<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2435851">.mw-parser-output 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