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History and physical features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_physical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dead_Sea_Transform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dead_Sea_Transform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dead Sea Transform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dead_Sea_Transform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seismic_risk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_risk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Seismic risk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_risk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="أخدود وادي الأردن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أخدود وادي الأردن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Йорданска рифтова долина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йорданска рифтова долина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-afrikanske_depression" title="Syro-afrikanske depression – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syro-afrikanske depression" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordangraben" title="Jordangraben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jordangraben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_del_valle_del_Jord%C3%A1n" title="Rift del valle del Jordán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rift del valle del Jordán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordana_Rift-Valo" title="Jordana Rift-Valo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jordana Rift-Valo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordango_Rift_Harana" title="Jordango Rift Harana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jordango Rift Harana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_du_rift_du_Jourdain" title="Vallée du rift du Jourdain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vallée du rift du Jourdain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A8%EC%97%B4%EA%B3%A1" title="요르단열곡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요르단열곡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F" title="בקעת הירדן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בקעת הירדן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonde_la_mto_Yordani" title="Bonde la mto Yordani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bonde la mto Yordani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%ADr%E2%80%93Jord%C3%A1n-%C3%A1rok" title="Szír–Jordán-árok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szír–Jordán-árok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%B9" title="وادى الاردن المتصدع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وادى الاردن المتصدع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3%E5%9C%B0%E6%BA%9D%E5%B8%AF" title="ヨルダン地溝帯 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨルダン地溝帯" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depresiunea_tectonic%C4%83_a_Iordanului" title="Depresiunea tectonică a Iordanului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Depresiunea tectonică a Iordanului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Гхор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гхор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanski_tektonski_jarek" title="Jordanski tektonski jarek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jordanski tektonski jarek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Crd%C3%BCn_Rift_Vadisi" title="Ürdün Rift Vadisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ürdün Rift Vadisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Йорданська рифтова долина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йорданська рифтова долина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%91_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اردن دراڑ وادی – Urdu" lang="ur" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jordan_Rift_Valley&params=32_19_02_N_35_34_12_E_source:kolossus-frwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°19′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°34′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.31722°N 35.57000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.31722; 35.57000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographic region in the Levant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geology of the valley. For culture and geography of the valley, see <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yarden_0182.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Yarden_0182.JPG/220px-Yarden_0182.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Yarden_0182.JPG/330px-Yarden_0182.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Yarden_0182.JPG/440px-Yarden_0182.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Bik'at Hayarden</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg/150px-Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg/225px-Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg/300px-Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption>A 2003 satellite image of the region showing the Jordan Rift Valley</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Jordan Rift Valley</b>, also <b>Jordan Valley</b> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בִּקְעָת הַיַרְדֵּן</span> <i>Bīqʿāt haYardēn</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الغور</span> <b>Al-Ghor</b> or <b>Al-Ghawr</b>),</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is an elongated <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic basin</a> located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>. This geographic region includes the entire length of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> – from its sources, through the <a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a>, the Korazim block, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">(Lower) Jordan Valley</a>, all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, the lowest land elevation on Earth – and then continues through the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a> depression, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> whose shorelines it incorporates, until finally reaching the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> proper at the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran" title="Straits of Tiran">Straits of Tiran</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_physical_features">History and physical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Rift_Valley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and physical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greatrift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Greatrift.jpg/220px-Greatrift.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Greatrift.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Northern section of the Great Rift Valley. The <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> is in center and the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> valley above.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jordan Rift Valley was formed many millions of years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> epoch (23.8 – 5.3 Myr ago) when the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a> moved northward and then eastward away from Africa. One million years later, the land between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> and the Jordan Rift Valley rose so that the sea water stopped flooding the area. Alternatively, it was a fall in the sea level that caused the disconnection, or a mix between the two phenomena – researchers have not yet reached a consensus. </p><p>The geological and environmental evolution of the valley since its inception in the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> can be seen in a variety of sedimentary and magmatic rock units, preserved as continuous sequences in the deeper basins. The outcropping formations around the basins represent alternating deposition and erosion phases.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lowest point in the Jordan Rift Valley is in the Dead Sea, the lowest spot of which is 790 m (2,590 ft) below sea level.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Jordan_Rift_Valley#Gulf_of_Aqaba:_1,850_m,_so_over_1000_m_deeper." title="Talk:Jordan Rift Valley">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The shore of the Dead Sea is the lowest dry land spot on Earth, at 400 m (1,300 ft) below sea level. With its flanks rising sharply to almost 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level in the west, and similarly in the east, the rift is a significant topographic feature over which a few narrow paved roads and difficult mountain tracks lead.<sup id="cite_ref-Eshel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eshel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The valley north of the Dead Sea has long been a site of agriculture because of water available from the Jordan River and numerous springs located on the valley's flanks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dead_Sea_Transform">Dead Sea Transform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Rift_Valley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dead Sea Transform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Transform" title="Dead Sea Transform">Dead Sea Transform</a></div> <p>The plate boundary that extends through the valley is variously called the Dead Sea Transform (DST) or Dead Sea Rift. The boundary separates the Arabian plate from the <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African plate</a>, connecting the divergent plate boundary in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Rift" title="Red Sea Rift">Red Sea Rift</a>) to the <a href="/wiki/East_Anatolian_Fault" title="East Anatolian Fault">East Anatolian Fault</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DST fault system is generally considered to be a transform fault that has accommodated a 105-kilometre (65 mi) northwards displacement of the Arabian plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Freund70_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freund70-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joffe_&_Garfunkel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joffe_&_Garfunkel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation is based on observation of offset markers, such as river terraces, gullies and archaeological features, giving horizontal slip rates of several mm per year over the last few million years.<sup id="cite_ref-Begin_&_Steinitz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Begin_&_Steinitz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> data give similar rates of present-day movement of the Arabian plate relative to the Africa plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Gomez_2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gomez_2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been proposed that the fault zone is a rift system that is an incipient oceanic spreading center, the northern extension of the Red Sea Rift.<sup id="cite_ref-Mart_et_al_2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mart_et_al_2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1033, the rift valley was struck by a <a href="/wiki/1033_Jordan_Rift_Valley_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake">magnitude 7.3 earthquake</a>, believed to have been produced along the DST fault system.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigoratos20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigoratos20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It caused widespread destruction, a tsunami, and killed 70,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-ngdc_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngdc-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seismic_risk">Seismic risk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Rift_Valley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seismic risk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Jordan_valley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Israel_Jordan_valley.JPG/230px-Israel_Jordan_valley.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Israel_Jordan_valley.JPG/345px-Israel_Jordan_valley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Israel_Jordan_valley.JPG/460px-Israel_Jordan_valley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>View of the Jordan Valley, where the earthquake occurred</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1033 AD event was the last large earthquake on the Jordan Valley Fault. Given the estimated slip rate is 4.9 ± 0.2 mm (0.1929 ± 0.0079 in) per year, approximately 5 m (16 ft) of potential slip has been accumulated. An estimated 3.5–5 m (11–16 ft) of slip could be produced during a future earthquake along a 110 km (68 mi) × 20 km (12 mi) fault area. Such an event would suggest an earthquake of M<sub>w</sub>  7.4, posing a great seismic threat to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferry07_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferry07-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2020, researchers at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> said that an earthquake of magnitude 6.5 is expected to occur in the area, resulting in many fatalities. Researchers also stated that the frequency of large earthquakes in the region is significantly underestimated.<sup id="cite_ref-Winer20_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winer20-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous studies suggested a recurrence interval of 10,000 years for magnitude 7.5 earthquakes, but the researchers said the figure was 1,300 to 1,400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Lu20_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lu20-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Shapira_(judge)" title="Yosef Shapira (judge)">Yosef Shapira</a>, the then <a href="/wiki/State_Comptroller_of_Israel" title="State Comptroller of Israel">State Comptroller of Israel</a>, said that a major earthquake in Israel could kill up to 7,000 people if safety recommendations are not enforced. Reports of the years 2001, 2004 and 2011 found that the Israeli government did not fund any retrofitting works to old construction. Although the government said in 2008 that it would retrofit hospitals and schools, no major changes were made.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Rift_Valley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Dead Sea, Sedom (-390m) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.4<br />(79.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #F10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.5<br />(108.5) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.0<br />(113.0) </td> <td style="background: #BB0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.4<br />(115.5) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td> <td style="background: #D50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.5<br />(112.1) </td> <td style="background: #E20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.6<br />(110.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #B30000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">47.0<br />(116.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1<br />(93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0<br />(102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7<br />(71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.4<br />(86.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7<br />(94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5<br />(94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0<br />(66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.8<br />(80.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br />(42.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(0.31) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br />(0.35) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(0.30) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(0.17) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(0.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(0.05) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(0.14) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(0.33) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #9797FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41 </td> <td style="background: #8484FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Israel Meteorological Service<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Gilgal (−255m) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0<br />(82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.5<br />(104.9) </td> <td style="background: #D20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.7<br />(112.5) </td> <td style="background: #BA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.5<br />(115.7) </td> <td style="background: #AC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">47.5<br />(117.5) </td> <td style="background: #A40000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48.1<br />(118.6) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.0<br />(120.2) </td> <td style="background: #C50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.7<br />(114.3) </td> <td style="background: #D90000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.2<br />(111.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">49.0<br />(120.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.3<br />(86.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6<br />(96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7<br />(101.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.7<br />(99.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.8<br />(92.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.1<br />(88.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBA75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(58.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3<br />(81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.5<br />(90.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5<br />(76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.2<br />(73.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6<br />(51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Israel Meteorological Service<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Rift_Valley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Geography of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Jordan" title="Geography of Jordan">Geography of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jordan_Rift_Valley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tau.ac.il/~archpubs/projects/horjordanriftvalley.html">The Jordan Rift Valley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125641/http://www.tau.ac.il/~archpubs/projects/horjordanriftvalley.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eshel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Eshel2006" class="citation web cs1">David Eshel (3 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705110711/http://www.defense-update.com/2006/05/increasing-importance-of-jordan-rift.html">"Increasing Importance of the Jordan Rift Buffer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Defense_Update" title="Defense Update">Defense Update</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense-update.com/2006/05/increasing-importance-of-jordan-rift.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Increasing+Importance+of+the+Jordan+Rift+Buffer&rft.pub=Defense+Update&rft.date=2006-05-03&rft.au=David+Eshel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense-update.com%2F2006%2F05%2Fincreasing-importance-of-jordan-rift.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+Rift+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623003339/http://www.gii.co.il/html/ground/GravityNew/DeadSeaStudy.html">"The Geophysical Institute"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Major+earthquake%2C+killing+hundreds%2C+likely+to+hit+Israel+in+coming+years+%E2%80%93+study&rft.date=2020-12-29&rft.aulast=Winer&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fmajor-earthquake-killing-hundreds-likely-to-hit-israel-in-coming-years-study%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+Rift+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lu20-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lu20_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuWetzlerWaldmannAgnon2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, Yin; Wetzler, Nadav; Waldmann, Nicolas; Agnon, Amotz; Biasi, Glenn P.; Marco, Shmuel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7695470">"A 220,000-year-long continuous large earthquake record on a slow-slipping plate boundary"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>6</b> (48). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6.4170L">2020SciA....6.4170L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aba4170">10.1126/sciadv.aba4170</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7695470">7695470</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33246948">33246948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=A+220%2C000-year-long+continuous+large+earthquake+record+on+a+slow-slipping+plate+boundary&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=48&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7695470%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33246948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aba4170&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6.4170L&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Yin&rft.au=Wetzler%2C+Nadav&rft.au=Waldmann%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Agnon%2C+Amotz&rft.au=Biasi%2C+Glenn+P.&rft.au=Marco%2C+Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7695470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+Rift+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOI-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOI_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/state-comptroller-israel-unprepared-for-major-quake-ignoring-warnings/">"State comptroller: Israel unprepared for major quake, ignoring warnings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>. 18 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=State+comptroller%3A+Israel+unprepared+for+major+quake%2C+ignoring+warnings&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fstate-comptroller-israel-unprepared-for-major-quake-ignoring-warnings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+Rift+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914010915/http://www.ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo">"Averages and Records for several places in Israel"</a>. Israel Meteorological Service. June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ims.gov.il/IMS/CLIMATE/LongTermInfo">the original</a> on 14 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Averages+and+Records+for+several+places+in+Israel&rft.pub=Israel+Meteorological+Service&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fims.gov.il%2FIMS%2FCLIMATE%2FLongTermInfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+Rift+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130063638/http://www.ims.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/163FFF5E-ACA3-403F-91AF-5FFA16ED9297/0/TemperatureStation.pdf">"Averages and Records for several places in Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Israel Meteorological Service. January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ims.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/163FFF5E-ACA3-403F-91AF-5FFA16ED9297/0/TemperatureStation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Averages+and+Records+for+several+places+in+Israel&rft.pub=Israel+Meteorological+Service&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ims.gov.il%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F163FFF5E-ACA3-403F-91AF-5FFA16ED9297%2F0%2FTemperatureStation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJordan+Rift+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output 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