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href="#In_Chinese_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In Chinese folklore</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Chinese_folklore-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Chinese folklore subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Chinese_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luocha_(罗刹,_raksasha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luocha_(罗刹,_raksasha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><span><i>Luocha</i></span> 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mogwai (Chinese culture)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mogwai%22+Chinese+culture">"Mogwai" Chinese culture</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mogwai%22+Chinese+culture+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mogwai%22+Chinese+culture&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mogwai%22+Chinese+culture+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mogwai%22+Chinese+culture">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mogwai%22+Chinese+culture&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word <b>mogwai</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> word <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E9%AC%BC#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:魔鬼">魔鬼</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">mo1 gwai2</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a>: <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><span lang="cmn"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%94%E9%AC%BC" class="extiw" title="zh:魔鬼">魔鬼</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">móguǐ</i></span>) meaning '<a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">monster</a>', 'evil spirit', '<a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>'. The term <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">mo</i></span> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">māra</a></i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">मार</span></span>), meaning 'evil beings' (literally 'death'). Examples include the <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">yecha</i></span> <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">夜叉</span></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span>) and the <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">luocha</i></span> <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">罗刹</span></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">raksasha</i></span>), both derived ultimately from Indian lore through the influence of Buddhsim. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG/200px-%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG/300px-%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG/400px-%E5%A4%9C%E5%8F%89%E9%AC%BC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2106" /></a><figcaption>Chinese carving of a <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">夜叉</span></span>), a kind of nature demon</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_disambiguation">Definition and disambiguation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and disambiguation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">Mogui</i></span> <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">魔鬼</span></span> refers to demons in the religious sense (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">魔鬼: 宗教中指引诱人犯罪的恶鬼</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is therefore used to refer to demons in the sense of both Buddhist and Christian scripture, and to truly evil spiritual entities. </p><p>While <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">魔</span></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">mo</i></span>), <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">妖</span></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">yao</i></span>), <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">鬼</span></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">gui</i></span>), <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">怪</span></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">guai</i></span>) are used loosely and interchangeably to refer to malevolent supernatural beings in literature, it is also clear that the characters have different specific connotations, as follows: </p> <ul><li><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">Mogui</i></span> <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">魔鬼</span></span> (demons) can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Yaoguai" title="Yaoguai">yaoguai</a> <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">妖怪</span></span> (goblins, sprites), which refer to folkoric supernatural beings associated with abnormal phenomena (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">妖怪: 怪异 - 反常的事物与现象</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who are more akin in their nature and quality to the <a href="/wiki/Classifications_of_fairies#Seelie_and_Unseelie_Courts" title="Classifications of fairies">unseelie fae</a> of European folklore.</li> <li><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">Mogui</i></span> <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">魔鬼</span></span> (demons) can be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">gui 鬼</a> (ghosts), which in the usual sense refers primarily to souls of departed beings (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">鬼: 人死后的灵魂</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">Guai</i></span> <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">怪</span></span> refers to any strange phenomenon (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">怪 : 奇异，不平常</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can encompass both <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">mo</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">魔</span></span>) and <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">yao</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">妖</span></span>), in addition to other aberrant beings, including mutants.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Chinese_folklore">In Chinese folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Chinese folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_supernatural_beings_in_Chinese_folklore" title="List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore">List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of Chinese demons include the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">夜叉</span></span>) and the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">raksasha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">罗刹</span></span>), amongst others. Both the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">raksasha</i></span> are derived from Indian folklore, and in the Chinese version, are violent and ferocious beings with sadistic tendencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luocha_(罗刹,_raksasha)"><span id="Luocha_.28.E7.BD.97.E5.88.B9.2C_raksasha.29"></span><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">Luocha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">罗刹</span></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">raksasha</i></span>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Luocha (罗刹, raksasha)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%9D%E6%AE%BF%E6%AE%BF%E5%86%85%E9%87%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A6%E4%BE%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%88%B9%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E4%BE%A7%E4%BC%8A%E8%88%8D%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%9D%E6%AE%BF%E6%AE%BF%E5%86%85%E9%87%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A6%E4%BE%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%88%B9%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E4%BE%A7%E4%BC%8A%E8%88%8D%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F.jpg/170px-%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%9D%E6%AE%BF%E6%AE%BF%E5%86%85%E9%87%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A6%E4%BE%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%88%B9%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E4%BE%A7%E4%BC%8A%E8%88%8D%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%9D%E6%AE%BF%E6%AE%BF%E5%86%85%E9%87%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A6%E4%BE%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%88%B9%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E4%BE%A7%E4%BC%8A%E8%88%8D%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F.jpg/256px-%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%9D%E6%AE%BF%E6%AE%BF%E5%86%85%E9%87%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A6%E4%BE%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%88%B9%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E4%BE%A7%E4%BC%8A%E8%88%8D%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%9D%E6%AE%BF%E6%AE%BF%E5%86%85%E9%87%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A6%E4%BE%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%88%B9%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E4%BE%A7%E4%BC%8A%E8%88%8D%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F.jpg/340px-%E5%96%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%BA%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%84%E5%AE%9D%E6%AE%BF%E6%AE%BF%E5%86%85%E9%87%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B7%A6%E4%BE%A7%E7%BD%97%E5%88%B9%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%9C%88%E5%A4%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%B3%E4%BE%A7%E4%BC%8A%E8%88%8D%E9%82%A3%E5%A4%A9%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><small><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">Raksasha</i></span> guardians in a temple</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Bloodthirsty malevolent demons with ugly appearances derived from Indian legend and entering China through the influence of Buddhism. They are described as evil man-eaters of large appearance and stature, and capable of swift and terrifying flight. </p><p>In some texts, they are described as jailers in hell tasked with punishing criminals, or as guardians of scripture upon conversion to Buddhism. </p><p>They feature in Pu Song Ling's tale "<a href="/wiki/The_Raksha_Country_and_the_Sea_Market" title="The Raksha Country and the Sea Market">The Raksha Country and the Sea Market</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as hideous beings that possess standards of beauty antithetical to that of the Chinese world, and whose society the protagonist has to cope with. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yecha_(夜叉,_yaksha)"><span id="Yecha_.28.E5.A4.9C.E5.8F.89.2C_yaksha.29"></span><span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">Yecha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">夜叉</span></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yecha (夜叉, yaksha)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%AF%98%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E6%AF%98%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%83%8F.jpg/170px-%E6%AF%98%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E6%AF%98%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%83%8F.jpg/256px-%E6%AF%98%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/%E6%AF%98%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%83%8F.jpg/340px-%E6%AF%98%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><small>Red-skinned</small> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> <small>statue</small></figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese transliteration of the Sanskrit word <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span>. Demons from Indian folklore that entered into Chinese mythology through the influence of Buddhism. They appear in the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">gods and demons fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhiguai_xiaoshuo" title="Zhiguai xiaoshuo">records of the strange</a> genres of literature. These include the 16th-century classic "<a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods" title="Investiture of the Gods">Investiture of the Gods</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Strange_Tales_from_a_Chinese_Studio" title="Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio">Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">yecha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">夜叉</span></span> is commonly employed as a metaphor to describe anyone who is both ferocious and unpleasant. </p><p>There are two categories of <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">夜叉</span></span> – those that fly through the air, and those that travel through the earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air-traversing_yaksha_(空行夜叉)"><span id="Air-traversing_yaksha_.28.E7.A9.BA.E8.A1.8C.E5.A4.9C.E5.8F.89.29"></span>Air-traversing <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">空行夜叉</span></span>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Air-traversing yaksha (空行夜叉)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air-traversing <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">空行夜叉</span></span>) are described as flying through the night with a pair of wings and radiating a strange glowing darkness. They are variously said to have red, blue or yellow complexions and animal heads. They take pleasure in afflicting human beings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earth-traversing_yaksha_(地行夜叉)"><span id="Earth-traversing_yaksha_.28.E5.9C.B0.E8.A1.8C.E5.A4.9C.E5.8F.89.29"></span>Earth-traversing <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">地行夜叉</span></span>)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Earth-traversing yaksha (地行夜叉)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earth-traversing <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">yaksha</i></span> (<span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">地行夜叉</span></span>) are described as having flaming eyebrows, being several meters in height, and having a strange half-moon formation in between their eyes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rain_demons">Rain demons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rain demons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Chinese tradition, mogwai are certain demons which often inflict harm on humans. They are said to reproduce sexually during <a href="/wiki/Mating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating season">mating seasons</a> triggered by the coming of rain. Supposedly, they take care to breed at these times because rain signifies rich and full times ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mara_(मार)_origin"><span id="Mara_.28.E0.A4.AE.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.29_origin"></span>Mara (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">मार</span></span>) origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mara (मार) origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">mo</i></span> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">māra</a></i></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">मार</span></span>), meaning 'evil beings' (literally 'death'). In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and Buddhism, Mara determines fates of death and desire that tether people to an unending cycle of reincarnation and suffering. He leads people to sin, misdeeds, and self-destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">gwai</i></span> does not necessarily mean 'evil' or demonic spirits. Classically, it simply means deceased spirits or souls of the dead. Nevertheless, in modern Chinese, it has evolved to refer usually to the dead spirits or ghosts of non-family members that may take vengeance on living humans who caused them pain when they were still living. It is common for the living to redress their sins by sacrificing money to <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">gwai</i></span> by burning <a href="/wiki/Hell_money" title="Hell money">(usually fake) paper banknotes</a> so that <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><i lang="yue-Latn">gwai</i></span> can have funds to use in the afterlife. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese mythology in popular culture">Chinese mythology in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremlins" title="Gremlins">Gremlins</a></i>, 1984 American comedy horror film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernatural_beings_in_Chinese_folklore" title="List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore">List of supernatural beings in Chinese folklore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Monster,_Wangmagwi" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Monster, Wangmagwi">Space Monster, Wangmagwi</a></i>, 1967 South Korean <a href="/wiki/Kaij%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaijū">kaijū</a> film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">Vengeful ghost</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zdic.net&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9C%E6%80%AA%E2%80%9D%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A+%7C+%E6%B1%89%E5%85%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdic.net%2Fhans%2F%25E6%2580%25AA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogwai+%28Chinese+culture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPu" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pu, SongLin. 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"12". <i>Investiture of the Gods</i> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12&rft.btitle=Investiture+of+the+Gods&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Chonglin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogwai+%28Chinese+culture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPu" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pu, Songlin. "Yaksha". <i>Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</i> (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yaksha&rft.btitle=Strange+Tales+from+a+Chinese+Studio&rft.aulast=Pu&rft.aufirst=Songlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogwai+%28Chinese+culture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao1989" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Qiguang (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/a741.pdf">"Chinese Mythology in the Context of Hydraulic Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Folklore Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1177919">10.2307/1177919</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1177919">1177919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=Chinese+Mythology+in+the+Context+of+Hydraulic+Society&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1177919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1177919%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Qiguang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasianethnology.org%2Fdownloads%2Fae%2Fpdf%2Fa741.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogwai+%28Chinese+culture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412071816/http://www.angelfire.com/electronic/bodhidharma/mara.html">"MARA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/electronic/bodhidharma/mara.html">the original</a> on 2009-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MARA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Felectronic%2Fbodhidharma%2Fmara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMogwai+%28Chinese+culture%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1271159938">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+style+.asbox,.mw-parser-output :not(p):not(.asbox)+link+.asbox{margin-top:3em}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_black_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stub icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chinese_black_dragon.svg/32px-Chinese_black_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chinese_black_dragon.svg/48px-Chinese_black_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Chinese_black_dragon.svg/64px-Chinese_black_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td><td><p class="asbox-body">This article related to Chinese mythology is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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