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<span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Bulgaria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Българска култура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Българска култура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Bulgaria" title="Cultura de Bulgaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_la_Bulgarie" title="Culture de la Bulgarie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de la Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_da_Bulg%C3%A1ria" title="Cultura da Bulgária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura da Bulgária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Культура Болгарии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Болгарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Култура Бугарске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Култура Бугарске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_kulttuuri" title="Bulgarian kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bulgarian kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaristan_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Bulgaristan kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulgaristan kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Болгарська культура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Болгарська культура" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bulgarian_Girls_02.jpg/524px-Bulgarian_Girls_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian traditional dance.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#00966e; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;"><small>Culture of </small><br />Bulgaria</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d62612; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Bulgarian_dialect" title="Banat Bulgarian dialect">Banat Bulgarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">race and ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d62612; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Visual_art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_folk_dance" title="Bulgarian folk dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Theatres">Theatre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d62612; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria" title="Public holidays in Bulgaria">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Bulgaria" title="Mass media in Bulgaria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in Bulgaria">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Bulgaria">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bulgaria" title="Television in Bulgaria">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Bulgaria" title="Internet in Bulgaria">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_national_garb" title="Bulgarian national garb">Costumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bulgaria" title="Sport in Bulgaria">Sport</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#d62612; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Bulgaria" title="National symbols of Bulgaria"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Symbols</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bulgaria" title="Flag of Bulgaria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila_Rodino" title="Mila Rodino">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_(heraldry)" title="Lion (heraldry)">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">Adornment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_gaida" title="Kaba gaida">Instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Rila" title="John of Rila">Patron saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bulgaria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/20px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Bulgaria" title="Portal:Bulgaria">Bulgaria portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Culture of Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Culture of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg/250px-Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg/375px-Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Konstantin_Velichkov_-_Florentinetz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption><i>A man from Florence</i>, 1888 Renaissance-style painting by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Velichkov" title="Konstantin Velichkov">Konstantin Velichkov</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of ancient civilizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>), <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> have left their mark on the culture, history and heritage of <b>Bulgaria</b>. Due to this great variety of influences, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> has adopted many unusual traditions. Thracian artifacts include numerous <a href="/wiki/Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples">temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">golden treasures</a> and ancient rites and rituals, while the Bulgars have left traces of their heritage in statehood, early architecture, music and dances. Thracian rituals such as the Tryphon Zarezan which is dedicated to Saint Tryphon of Campsada, <a href="/wiki/Kukeri" title="Kukeri">Kukeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">Martenitsa</a> are to this day kept alive in the modern Bulgarian culture. The oldest treasure of worked <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> in the world, dating back to the 5th millennium BC, comes from the site of the <a href="/wiki/Varna_Necropolis" title="Varna Necropolis">Varna Necropolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kukeri_razlog.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kukeri_razlog.JPG/350px-Kukeri_razlog.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kukeri_razlog.JPG/525px-Kukeri_razlog.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Kukeri_razlog.JPG/700px-Kukeri_razlog.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kukeri" title="Kukeri">Kukeri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Razlog" title="Razlog">Razlog</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bulgaria functioned as a cultural hub of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Europe">Slavic Europe</a> during much of the Middle Ages, exerting considerable literary and cultural influence over the Eastern Orthodox Slavic world by means of the <a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Literary_School" title="Ohrid Literary School">Ohrid Literary Schools</a>. Bulgaria also gave the world the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>, the second most widely used <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> and sixth most-used <a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">writing system</a> in the world, which originated in these two schools in the tenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulgaria's contribution to humanity continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, with individuals such as <a href="/wiki/John_Atanasoff" class="mw-redirect" title="John Atanasoff">John Atanasoff</a> — a United States citizen of Bulgarian and British descent, regarded as the father of the <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computer</a>. A number of noted opera-singers (<a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Ghiaurov" title="Nicolai Ghiaurov">Nicolai Ghiaurov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Christoff" title="Boris Christoff">Boris Christoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raina_Kabaivanska" title="Raina Kabaivanska">Raina Kabaivanska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghena_Dimitrova" title="Ghena Dimitrova">Ghena Dimitrova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Tomowa-Sintow" title="Anna Tomowa-Sintow">Anna Tomowa-Sintow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesselina_Kasarova" title="Vesselina Kasarova">Vesselina Kasarova</a>), pianist <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Weissenberg" title="Alexis Weissenberg">Alexis Weissenberg</a>, and successful artists (<a href="/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude" title="Christo and Jeanne-Claude">Christo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascin">Pascin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dimitrov_-_Maistora" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Dimitrov - Maistora">Vladimir Dimitrov</a>) popularized the culture of Bulgaria abroad. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Music of Bulgaria</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg/150px-Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg/225px-Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg/300px-Gdulka-bow_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gadulka" title="Gadulka">Gadulka</a>, a traditional folk instrument.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bulgaria has a long-standing musical tradition dating to the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. One of the earliest known composers of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoan_Kukuzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoan Kukuzel">Yoan Kukuzel</a> (ca. 1280–1360), became famous for his work <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polieleion_of_the_Bulgarian_Woman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polieleion of the Bulgarian Woman (page does not exist)">Polieleion of the Bulgarian Woman</a></i>. About 90 of his works have survived. Kukuzel also reformed the Byzantine musical writing system, and became known as <i>The Angel-voiced</i> for his singing abilities. </p><p>The tradition of church singing in Bulgaria is more than thousand years old. In the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a> there are two traditions of church singing - Eastern <a href="/wiki/Monodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monodic">monodic</a> (one-voice) singing and choral (<a href="/wiki/Polyphonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphonic">polyphonic</a>). The Eastern monodic singing observes the tradition of Greek and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine music</a> as well as the requirements of the eight-voices polyphonic canon of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. The second tradition is the choral church music, established during the nineteenth century, when in Bulgaria enters the influence of Russian polyphonic choral church music. Many Bulgarian composers (<a href="/wiki/Dobri_Hristov" title="Dobri Hristov">Dobri Hristov</a>, Petar Dinev, etc.) create their works in the spirit of Russian polyphony. Today Orthodox music is alive and is performed both during church worship services and at concerts by secular choirs and soloists. Contemporary Bulgarian worldwide recognized choirs and singers in whose repertoire permanently takes place the orthodox music are: <a href="/wiki/Yoan_Kukuzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoan Kukuzel">Yoan Kukuzel</a> Choir, Plovdiv Boys' Choir 'Stefka Blagoeva', <a href="/wiki/Sofia_boys_choir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia boys choir">Sofia Boys' Choir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(Trecento)" title="Madrigal (Trecento)">Madrigal</a> Sofia Choir, Sofia Orthodox Choir, Sofia Priest Choir, etc., worldwide famous opera singers <a href="/wiki/Boris_Christoff" title="Boris Christoff">Boris Christoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Ghiuselev" title="Nicola Ghiuselev">Nicola Ghiuselev</a>. </p><p>The distinctive sound of Bulgarian folk music comes partly from the asymmetric rhythms, harmony and <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>, such as the use of close intervals like the <a href="/wiki/Major_second" title="Major second">major second</a> and the singing of a drone accompaniment underneath the melody, especially common in songs from the Shopluk region in Western Bulgaria and the <a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a> region. </p><p>Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> is unique in its complex harmonies and highly irregular rhythms. These kinds of rhythms, also called <i>uneven beats</i> or <a href="/wiki/Time_signature#Complex_time_signatures" title="Time signature"><i>asymmetric measures</i></a>, were introduced to musicologists only in 1886 when music teacher Anastas Stoyan published Bulgarian folk melodies for the first time. Examples of such beats are <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>5</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span>, <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>7</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span>, <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span>, <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> and <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>11</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span>, or composite ones like <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>5+7</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span>, <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>15+14</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>8</b></sub></span></span></span></span> and <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>9+5</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>16</b></sub></span></span></span></span>. Each area of Bulgaria has a characteristic music and dance style. Bulgarian folk music inspired and was used by musicians like <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bush" title="Kate Bush">Kate Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a>. </p><p>Bulgarian vocal style has a unique throat quality, while the singers themselves are renowned for their range. Their voices are low and soprano and the children love singing as well as anything artistic. Diatonic scales predominate but in the Rhodope Mountains, for example, pentatonic scales occur, while in Thrace chromatic scales with augmented intervals (similar to the music of Classical Greece). Also, the intonation varies, and is quite different from the modern Western equal temperament. Depending on whether the melody moves up or down, an interval can augment or decrease by a <a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">quarter tone</a>. </p><p>Musical instruments (also characteristic of the whole <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> region) include <i>gaida</i> <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">гайда</span></span> (bagpipe), <i>kaval</i> <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">кавал</span></span> (rim-blown flute), <i>zurna</i> or <i>zurla</i> <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">зурна</span></span> (another woodwind, similar to oboe typical among Roma), <i>tambura</i> <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">тамбура</span></span> (long-necked lute), <i>gadulka</i> <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">гъдулка</span></span> (bowed instrument held upright). </p><p>The gaida of Bulgaria is worthy of its own subsection. In Bulgaria the gaida has been a long symbol of the country and its heritage, and is one of the more well-known instruments of the country. The gaida most widely used is the Thracian gaida. There is in the Rhodope Mountains the deep-sounding kaba gaida. In the north, common of Dobrudzha and the Vlachs there is the dzhura gaida. Also in the Strandzha region near the border with Turkey there is the Strandzha gaida. The bag itself is made of a goat skin turned inside out, and most often the rims of the different parts of the instrument - chanter and drone pipe - have a piece of horn on it. </p><p>Dances have complex steps matching the rhythms, and are often fast. Most are circle-dances or line dances called <i>horo</i>; but some are done singly or in pairs. </p><p>Although traditional music and dance are not popular among Bulgarian city youth, they are often performed at weddings, and generally in countryside festivals. They are also performed in Bulgaria and abroad by amateur and professional performing artists and choirs. </p><p>Regional folk musical styles abound in Bulgaria. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bulgaria" title="Northern Bulgaria">Northern Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shopluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Shopluk">Shopluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strandzha" title="Strandzha">Strandzha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodopes">Rhodopes</a> - all have distinctive sounds. Much of traditional folk music revolved around holidays like <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, New Year's Day, midsummer, and the Feast of <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">St. Lazarus</a>, as well as the Strandzha region's unusual <a href="/wiki/Nestinarstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestinarstvo">Nestinarstvo</a> rites on May 21. </p><p>Several world-renowned troupes perform Bulgarian folk music, including the <a href="/wiki/State_Ensemble_for_Folk_Songs_and_Dances" class="mw-redirect" title="State Ensemble for Folk Songs and Dances">State Ensemble for Folk Songs and Dances</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Koutev" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Koutev">Philip Koutev</a> (1903–1982), <a href="/wiki/Trio_Bulgarka" title="Trio Bulgarka">Trio Bulgarka</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Television_Female_Vocal_Choir" title="Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir">Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir</a>, who are featured, among others, on the anthologies titled <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Myst%C3%A8re_des_Voix_Bulgares_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares (album)">Le Mystère des Voix Bulgares</a></i>, volume 2 of which received a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One internationally known artist, <a href="/wiki/Valya_Balkanska" title="Valya Balkanska">Valya Balkanska</a>, sang the song <i>Izlel e Delyu Haydutin</i>, which was chosen to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> selection of music sent into space in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977. The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_State_Television_Female_Vocal_Choir" title="Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir">Bulgarian State Television Female Vocal Choir</a> also known as <i>Mystery of Bulgarian voices</i> has also attained a considerable degree of fame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs_and_rites">Customs and rites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Customs and rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martenitsa_E2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Martenitsa_E2.jpg/200px-Martenitsa_E2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Martenitsa_E2.jpg/300px-Martenitsa_E2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Martenitsa_E2.jpg/400px-Martenitsa_E2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Usual type of Bulgarian martenitsa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg/220px-Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg/330px-Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg/440px-Bulgarian_folk_costume.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian folk costume</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg/200px-Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg/300px-Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg/400px-Todorovden_Bulgaria_St_Theodore%27s_Day_by_Klearchos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="4290" /></a><figcaption>A decorated horse, prepared for a race. Horseraces take place each year to mark <i>Todorovden</i> (St. Theodore's day).</figcaption></figure> <p>Bulgarians often give each other a <a href="/wiki/Martenitsa" title="Martenitsa">martenitsa</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">мартеница</span></span>) — an adornment made of white and red yarn and worn on the wrist or pinned on the clothes — from March 1 until the end of the month. Alternatively, one can take off the martenitsa earlier if one sees a stork (considered a harbinger of spring). One can then tie the martenitsa to the blossoming branch of a tree. Family-members and friends in Bulgaria customarily exchange martenitsas, which they regard as symbols of health and longevity. The white thread represents peace and tranquility, while the red one stands for the cycles of life. Bulgarians may also refer to the holiday of 1 March as <a href="/wiki/Baba_Marta" title="Baba Marta">Baba Marta</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Баба Марта</span></span>), meaning <i>Grandmother March</i>. It preserves an ancient pagan tradition. Many legends exist regarding the birth of this custom, some of them dating back to the 7th century and the time of <a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Khan Kubrat</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a>. Other tales relate the martenitsa to Thracian and Zoroastrian beliefs. Romania and some parts of Greece also have a similar custom. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> added the cultural practices centered around the martenitsa ritual in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Bulgarian ritual of <a href="/wiki/Kukeri" title="Kukeri">kukeri</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">кукери</span></span>), performed by costumed men, seeks to scare away evil spirits and bring good harvest and health to the community. The costumes, made of animal furs and fleeces, cover the whole of the body. A mask, adorned with horns and decoration, covers the head of each <i>kuker</i>, who also have bells attached to his waist. The kukeri dance, jump and shout in an attempt to banish all evil from the village. Some of the performers impersonate royalty, field-workers and craftsmen. The adornments on the costumes vary from one region to another. In 2015, the ritual was entered in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a> as part of the traditional Surva Folk Fest held annually in <a href="/wiki/Pernik" title="Pernik">Pernik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another characteristic custom called <a href="/wiki/Nestinarstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestinarstvo">Nestinarstvo</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Нестинарство</span></span>), or <i>firedancing</i>, is found in the <a href="/wiki/Strandzha" title="Strandzha">Strandzha</a> region. This ancient custom involves dancing into fire or over live embers. Women dance into the fire with their bare feet without suffering any injury or pain. In 2009, the ritual was entered in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: UNESCO World Heritage Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria">UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria</a></div> <p>Bulgaria has nine UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which are part of the national route tourist map of <a href="/wiki/100_Tourist_Sites_of_Bulgaria" title="100 Tourist Sites of Bulgaria">100 national tourist sites</a> of the Bulgarian Tourist Union: </p> <ul><li>The early medieval large rock relief <a href="/wiki/Madara_Rider" title="Madara Rider">Madara Rider</a></li> <li>Two Thracian tombs (one in <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">Sveshtari</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Kazanlak</a>)</li> <li>Three monuments of medieval Bulgarian culture (the <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rila_Monastery" title="Rila Monastery">Rila Monastery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rock-hewn_Churches_of_Ivanovo" title="Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo">Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo</a>)</li> <li>Two examples of natural beauty: the Fisherman Momerioland the <a href="/wiki/Srebarna_Nature_Reserve" title="Srebarna Nature Reserve">Sreburna Nature Reserve</a></li> <li>The ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Nessebur</a> — a unique combination of European cultural interaction, as well as, historically, one of the most important centres of seaborne trade in the Black Sea</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Surva" title="Surva">Surva</a></i>"- International <a href="/wiki/Kukeri" title="Kukeri">Kukeri</a> Festival in Pernik, Bulgaria. One of the biggest masquerade festival on the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Conducted in the last three days of January. Kukeri or Surva Festival (Mummer's games) in the town of Pernik, is the most spectacular "Kukeri" event in Bulgaria. At the end of January thousands of "kukeri" participants from different regions of Bulgaria, as well as from all around the world gather in Pernik for the three-day event. The festival held in Pernik is the oldest festival of the masquerade games in Bulgaria. The first edition was opened on January 16, 1966. In 1995 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Federation_of_Carnival_Cities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Federation of Carnival Cities (page does not exist)">International Federation of Carnival Cities</a> accepted the town of Pernik as its full member. In 2009 Pernik was proclaimed as the European capital of Surva's and Mummer's. The news that the Kukeri tradition and the Surva Festival in Pernik will be included in <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO's list of protected non-material cultural heritage</a>, was announced before the inaugural ceremony of the 20th edition of the mummery fest in 2015.</li></ul> <p>Local archaeologists assume that the number of archaeological sites is the third-largest in Europe after Italy and Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatres">Theatres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Bulgarian Statistical Institute as of 2005 there were 75 theatres in Bulgaria including <a href="/wiki/National_Opera_and_Ballet_of_Bulgaria" title="National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria">National Opera and Ballet of Bulgaria</a> with around 30,000 seats altogether. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first theatrical events in Bulgaria are related to community centers which were the center of the spiritual and social life of the country in the middle of the 19th century. </p><p>The first theatrical production was presented in Shumen in 1856. This is the comedy Mihal Mouseoed by Sava Dobroplodni, who at that time was a teacher in Shumen. </p><p>The name of Dobri Voynikov means the beginning of the Bulgarian theater. They call it the father of the Bulgarian drama and theater. According to the fact - an inaccurate definition, because the first dramaturgic work in Bulgaria is the comedy of Theodosius Ikonomov, "The Lovecycle Wanderer or Bella of the hunting poet Sahatchiya", published in 1863 but compiled as early as 1857. The first theatrical performances on the Bulgarian stage are also not Soldiers. These are the comedy "Mihal", translated by Greek and adapted for the Bulgarian audience by Sava Dobroplodni, who organized her performance in Shumen, and the dramas "Multitudes Genoveva" and "Belisarius", placed by Krastyu Pishurka in Lom. All three titles were first played in 1856. </p><p>Vazov tells of theater in the 1870s. Until then, dozens of theatrical and pre-theatrical performances have been performed. The first of them began to be organized in the 1940s and 1950s. Even then there are traces of scenographic attempts in our country. </p><p>A more important theatrical fact during the Renaissance was the creation of the Svishtov People's Theater. The Bulgarian performances in the town began in the 1870s, when the two enthusiastic theaters - Dimitar Shishmanov and Nikolay Pavlovich - returned in their home country. The first is a director, the second is a local theater painter. The Svishtov performances are played on a specially built stage, whose artistic layout is entrusted to N. Pavlovich. And he probably managed to overcome the level of the then Bulgarian theater. </p><p>During the period 1900–1917, the Bulgarian theater entered a new stage of its development - a stage of real professionalisation of the acting art, the Europeanization of the appearance of the spectacle and the permanent establishment of the National Theater as a nationally representative cultural institution. </p><p>The Bulgarian Theater in the years to 1989 has ideological-party orientation. It is in the service of socialist realism. </p><p>The arts are called "the means of education", and "socialist realism - the only method of artistic creativity". Changes in society, culture, the arts, the theater are ubiquitous. The imposition of socialist realism takes place through the repertoire, the new Bulgarian drama, as well as the staging practice. </p><p>The dynamic development of the Bulgarian theater after 1989 typifies theater phenomena for a long period of nearly 25 years and highlights by them trends, essential characteristics and innovative movements. </p><p>Famous Bulgarian theatrical actors are: <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Kaloyanchev" title="Georgi Kaloyanchev">Georgi Kaloyanchev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stoyanka_Mutafova" title="Stoyanka Mutafova">Stoyanka Mutafova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roza_Popova" title="Roza Popova">Roza Popova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Gendov" title="Vasil Gendov">Vasil Gendov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Partsalev" title="Georgi Partsalev">Georgi Partsalev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velko_Kanev" title="Velko Kanev">Velko Kanev</a>, Pavel Poppandov, Maria Sapundjieva, <a href="/wiki/Iossif_Surchadzhiev" title="Iossif Surchadzhiev">Iossif Surchadzhiev</a> and others. </p><p>Famous Bulgarian playwrights include: <a href="/wiki/Peyo_Yavorov" title="Peyo Yavorov">Peyo Yavorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedyalko_Yordanov" title="Nedyalko Yordanov">Nedyalko Yordanov</a>, Stoslav Stratiev, Rangel Ignatov and others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visual art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desislava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Desislava.jpg/250px-Desislava.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Desislava.jpg/375px-Desislava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Desislava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Fresco, depicting <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_and_Desislava" title="Kaloyan and Desislava">Sebastocratoress Desislava</a> in <a href="/wiki/Boyana_Church" title="Boyana Church">Boyana Church</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Theodor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg/250px-St._Theodor.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/St._Theodor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Stratelates" title="Theodore Stratelates">St. Theodore</a>, made by the <a href="/wiki/Preslav_Literary_School" title="Preslav Literary School">Preslav Literary School</a> in the 10th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Bulgaria has a rich heritage in the visual arts, especially in <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak</a> offers fine examples of excellently preserved ancient Thracian art. Tomb art provides one of the most important sources of information about Thracian <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> and culture. Visual arts in the Bulgarian lands experienced an upsurge during the entire period of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The crypt of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Alexander Nevski cathedral</a> features an exhibition of a large collection of medieval icons. The earliest of those dates from around the 9th century. The <a href="/wiki/Painting_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Tarnovo Artistic School</a>, the mainstream of the Bulgarian fine arts and architecture between 13th and 14th centuries, takes its name from the capital and main cultural center of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Tarnovo</a>. Although it shows the influence of some tendencies of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Art">Palaeologan Renaissance</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, the Tarnovo painting had its own unique features which makes it a separate artistic school.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art historians classify its products into two types: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mural_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mural painting">mural painting</a>: mural decoration of <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>: easel painting</li></ul> <p>The works of the school show some degree of realism, portrait individualism and psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unique and realistic portraits in the Boyana Church class as forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wall piers and the arches often featured medallion-shaped bust images of saints. Magnificent examples of those survive in <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul,_Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Veliko Tarnovo">Church of Saints Peter and Paul Church</a> in Tarnovo. Along with traditional scenes such as "Christ's passions" and "Feast cycle" in the second layer; "Christ Pantokrator" in the dome and the Madonna with the infant <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> in the apse, specific images and scenes also appear. During the period of Ottoman rule (1396–1878) the authorities suppressed Bulgarian art. Many churches suffered destruction, and newly built ones remained somewhat modest. In the end of the 18th century the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> Ottoman Empire began to decay slowly, thus permitting the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival" title="Bulgarian National Revival">Bulgarian National Revival</a> of the 18th and 19th centuries to occur. Bulgaria experienced a revival in every area of culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Following the Liberation in 1878, fine arts rapidly recovered and came under the influence of European artistic currents such as late <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>. </p><p>After 1878 until the middle of the 20th century, there was an extremely intensive process of incorporating the Bulgarian art into the contemporary European artistic culture. The development of Bulgarian art follows the path of the ethnographic and descriptive genre scenes, painted by the artists after the Liberation, such as Ivan Markvichka, Anton Mitov, Ivan Angelov, Yaroslav Veshin in the exquisite landscapes and elegant portraits typical of the beginning of the 20th century by Nikola Petrov, Nikola Marinov, Stefan Ivanov, Elena Karamihailova together with the expressive decoration of the 1920s (Ivan Milev, Ivan Penkov, Pencho Georgiev ... ) to the extremely wealthy creative talents and various plastic quests in the 1930s and 1940s by Vladimir Dimitrov - The Master, Zlatyu Boyadzhiev, Dechko Uzunov, Nenko Balkanski, Sirak Skitnik, Vera Nedkova, Ivan Nenov, Bencho Obreshkov, with many different artists from different parts of the country. </p><p>The cartoon, the illustration and the layout of the book with the three great ones first appear as they are called Alexander Bozhinov, Ilia Beshkov, Raiko Aleksiev, Kiril Buyukliiski, Alexander Zhendov, Stoyan Venev, Sirak Skitnik. The Bulgarian sculpture is also developing: Boris Shaz and Zheko Spiridonov, Andrey Nikolov and Ivan Lazarov, Lyubomir Dalchev, Vaska Emanouilova, Marko Markov, Ivan Funev give it its foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the development of Bulgarian art continues to develop vigorously and independently in our time also.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaratorBg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/TaratorBg.jpg/220px-TaratorBg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/TaratorBg.jpg/330px-TaratorBg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/TaratorBg.jpg/440px-TaratorBg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tarator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarator">Tarator</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meleniko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Meleniko.jpg/220px-Meleniko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Meleniko.jpg/330px-Meleniko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Meleniko.jpg/440px-Meleniko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melnik,_Bulgaria" title="Melnik, Bulgaria">Melnik</a> is a major wine production center since 1346.</figcaption></figure> <p>The relatively warm climate and diverse geography afford excellent growing conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits, Bulgarian cuisine (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">българска кухня</span></span>, <i>bulgarska kuhnya</i>) offers great diversity. </p><p>Famous for its rich salads required at every meal, Bulgarian cuisine also features diverse quality dairy products and a variety of wines and local alcoholic drinks such as <a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">rakia</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ракия</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Mastika" title="Mastika">mastika</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">мастика</span></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Menta_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menta (drink)">menta</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">мента</span></span>). Bulgarian cuisine also features a variety of hot and cold soups, for example <a href="/wiki/Tarator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarator">tarator</a>. Many different Bulgarian pastries exist as well, such as <a href="/wiki/Banitsa" title="Banitsa">banitsa</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Pastry" title="Pastry">pastry</a> prepared by layering a mixture of whisked <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a> and pieces of <a href="/wiki/Sirene" title="Sirene">Bulgarian cheese</a> with <a href="/wiki/Filo_pastry" class="mw-redirect" title="Filo pastry">filo pastry</a> and then baking it in an oven. </p><p>Traditionally, Bulgarian cooks put lucky charms into their pastry on certain occasions, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>, the first day of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, or <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a>. Such charms may include coins or small symbolic objects (such as a small piece of a <a href="/wiki/Dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwood">dogwood</a> branch with a bud, symbolizing health or longevity). More recently<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, people have started writing happy wishes on small pieces of paper and wrapping them in tin foil. Messages may include wishes for happiness, health, long life or success throughout the new year. </p><p>Bulgarians eat banitsa — hot or cold — for <a href="/wiki/Breakfast" title="Breakfast">breakfast</a> with plain <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">ayran</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Boza" title="Boza">boza</a>. Some varieties include banitsa with <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">спаначена баница</span></span>, <i>spanachena banitsa</i>) or the sweet version, banitsa with <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">млечна баница</span></span>, <i>mlechna banitsa</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkin</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">тиквеник</span></span>, <i>tikvenik</i>). </p><p>The Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Ljutenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljutenica">lyutenitsa</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">лютеница</span></span>) is a spicy mixture of mashed and cooked tomatoes, aubergines, garlic, hot peppers and vegetable oil, seasoned with salt, pepper and parsley. Variations of lyutenitsa exist in the national cuisines of most <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> states. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shkembe_chorba" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkembe chorba">Tripe soup</a> (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">шкембе чорба</span></span>, <i>skhembe chorba</i>) takes as its basis the thick lining of the cleaned stomach of cattle, prepared with milk and seasoned with vinegar, garlic and hot peppers. Under Ottoman rule, the sultans allegedly preferred tripe soup made by Bulgarian cooks, whose mastery in preparing the dish remained unmatched in the Balkans. In addition, Bulgaria is included in the Michelin catalog because of its rich cuisine and traditional dishes. <sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exports of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgarian wine</a> go worldwide; and until 1990 the country exported the world's second-largest total of bottled wine. The rich soil, perfect climate and the millennia-old tradition of wine-making, which dates back to the time of the <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, contribute to the wide variety of fine Bulgarian wines. As of 2007, Bulgaria produced 200,000 tonnes of wine annually,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranking 20th in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Bulgaria">Media of Bulgaria</a></div> <p>Bulgaria's media are generally deemed unbiased, although the state still dominates the field through the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a> (BNT), the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">Bulgarian National Radio</a> (BNR), and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Telegraph_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Telegraph Agency">Bulgarian Telegraph Agency</a>. Bulgarian media have a record of unbiased reporting, although they are deemed potentially at risk of political influence due to the lack of legislation to protect them.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The written media have no legal restrictions and newspaper publishing is entirely liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-landscape_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landscape-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extensive freedom of the press means that no exact number of publications can be established, although some research put an estimate of around 900 print media outlets for 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-landscape_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landscape-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest-circulation daily newspapers include <i><a href="/wiki/Dneven_Trud" class="mw-redirect" title="Dneven Trud">Dneven Trud</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/24_Chasa" title="24 Chasa">24 Chasa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-landscape_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landscape-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-printed media sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, are overseen by the Council for Electronic Media (CEM), an independent body with the authority to issue broadcasting licenses. Apart from a state-operated <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">national television channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">radio station</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_News_Agency" title="Bulgarian News Agency">Bulgarian News Agency</a>, a large number of private television and radio stations exist. However, most Bulgarian media experience a number of negative trends, such as general degradation of media products, self-censorship and economic or political pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-media_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Slavi%27s_Show" title="Slavi's Show">Slavi's Show</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Gospodari_Na_Efira" title="Gospodari Na Efira">Gospodari Na Efira</a></i> are among the most popular TV programs, both having more than 1,000,000 views per show.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internet media are growing in popularity due to the wide range of available opinions and viewpoints, lack of censorship and diverse content.<sup id="cite_ref-media_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-media-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Religion in Bulgaria</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg/160px-Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg/240px-Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg/320px-Aleksandar-nevski15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia">Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, one of the largest Orthodox churches in the world</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bulgaria is officially a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular nation</a> and the Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion but designates Orthodoxy as a "traditional" religion. In the 2001 census, 82.6% Bulgarians declared themselves <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a>, 12.2% Muslim, 1.2% other Christian denominations, 4% other religions (<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>) and zero percent atheists. Most citizens of Bulgaria have associations — at least nominally — with the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a>. Founded in 870 AD under the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> (from which it obtained its first <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate</a>, its clergy and theological texts), the Bulgarian Orthodox Church had <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> status since 927 AD. The Church became subordinate within the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>, twice during the periods of Byzantine (1018 – 1185) and Ottoman (1396 – 1878) domination. It was re-established first in 1870 in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a>, and then in the 1950s as the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Patriarchate">Bulgarian Patriarchate</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg/160px-Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg/240px-Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg/320px-Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a>. The Jewish community in the country numbers less than 2,000 people.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Islam</a> came to Bulgaria at the end of the fourteenth century after the conquest of the country by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a>. It gradually gained ground throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries through the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkish</a> colonists. One Islamic sect, <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a>, faces problems in Bulgaria. Some officials have moved against Ahmadis<sup id="cite_ref-corley_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corley-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the grounds<sup id="cite_ref-corley_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corley-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that other countries also attack the religious rights of Ahmadis, who many<sup id="cite_ref-corley_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corley-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims regard as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a>. </p><p>In the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, missionaries from Rome converted Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulicians</a> in the districts of <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svishtov" title="Svishtov">Svishtov</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>. Today<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> their descendants form the bulk of Bulgarian Catholics, whose number stood at 44,000 in 2001. Missionaries from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> into Bulgarian territory in 1857. Missionary work continued throughout the second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. In 2001 Bulgaria had some 42,000 <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> became popular among Bulgarians in the time of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> and especially after the fall of communist regime<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are usually a co-religion or co-belief to Bulgarians who otherwise are Christians (Roman Catholicism or Orthodoxy). Among these Eastern (Asian) religions Buddhist centres are officially registered in Bulgaria as religious denominations. The number of followers of Buddhism has increased gradually in recent years also due to the influx of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> citizens (predominantly Buddhist) to Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the most recent Eurostat "Eurobarometer" poll, in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 40% of Bulgarian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 40% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", 13% that "they do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force", and 6% did not answer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clothing">Clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_national_garb" title="Bulgarian national garb">Bulgarian national garb</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg/200px-Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg/300px-Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg/400px-Bulgarian_Children_in_National_Costumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian children in national costumes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bulgarian traditional clothing is diverse, and every ethnographic area in Bulgaria has its distinct styles. Bulgarians call their traditional clothing 'носия' (nosiya). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_medieval_Bulgarian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture">Golden Age of medieval Bulgarian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_School_of_Tarnovo" title="Art School of Tarnovo">Art School of Tarnovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnovo_Literary_School" title="Tarnovo Literary School">Tarnovo Literary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Tarnovo_Artistic_School" title="Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School">Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria" title="Public holidays in Bulgaria">Public holidays in Bulgaria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.articlearchives.com/reports-reviews-sections/chronologies/545649-1.html">New perspectives on the Varna cemetery (Bulgaria)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512003512/http://www.articlearchives.com/reports-reviews-sections/chronologies/545649-1.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, By: Higham, Tom; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcitysightseeing.bg%2Fblgarskiyat-teatr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sofiatheatre.eu">"Театър София"</a>. <i>sofiatheatre.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sofiatheatre.eu&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsofiatheatre.eu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtp.bg/en/">"Plovdiv Drama Theater - Official Website"</a>. <i>Plovdiv Drama Theater</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plovdiv+Drama+Theater&rft.atitle=Plovdiv+Drama+Theater+-+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtp.bg%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dramavarna.com">"ЗА ТЕАТЪРА"</a>. <i>www.dramavarna.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dramavarna.com&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D0%90+%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%AA%D0%A0%D0%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dramavarna.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teatarvtarnovo.com/index.php?option=com_eventlist&view=categoriesdetailed&Itemid=12">"Програма - МДТ Константин Кисимов"</a>. <i>www.teatarvtarnovo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.teatarvtarnovo.com&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0+-+%D0%9C%D0%94%D0%A2+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teatarvtarnovo.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_eventlist%26view%3Dcategoriesdetailed%26Itemid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opoznai.bg/teatri">"Театри в цяла България - Опознай.bg"</a>. <i>opoznai.bg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opoznai.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+-+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9.bg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopoznai.bg%2Fteatri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Graba, A. <i>La peinture religiouse en Bulgarie</i>, Paris, 1928, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Цончева, М. За Търновската живописна школа. - В: <i>Търновска книжовна школа. 1371-1971</i>, С., 1974, с. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Старобългарско изкуство", Том ІІ - Никола Мавродинов, издателство "Наука и изкуство", София, 1959 г.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFТихомир_Църов2018" class="citation web cs1">Тихомир Църов (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dariknews.bg/regioni/gabrovo/izkustvoto-vinagi-nadzhiviava-propagandata-snimki-2085832">"Изкуството винаги надживява пропагандата (СНИМКИ) - Габрово"</a>. DarikNews.bg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%28%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%9A%D0%98%29+-+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.pub=DarikNews.bg&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.au=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%A6%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdariknews.bg%2Fregioni%2Fgabrovo%2Fizkustvoto-vinagi-nadzhiviava-propagandata-snimki-2085832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFКатерина_Павлова2013" class="citation web cs1">Катерина Павлова (29 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liternet.bg/publish29/katerina-pavlova/karikaturi.htm">"Образът на Бай Ганьо в карикатурите от българския хумористично-сатиричен периодичен печат (1895-1944)"</a>. Електронно списание LiterNet, № 12 (169).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82+%281895-1944%29&rft.pub=%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+LiterNet%2C+%E2%84%96+12+%28169%29&rft.date=2013-12-29&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliternet.bg%2Fpublish29%2Fkaterina-pavlova%2Fkarikaturi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLITERNET2015" class="citation web cs1">LITERNET (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kulturni-novini.info/news.php?page=news_show&nid=20979&sid=2">"Българска карикатура – класици и съвременници. 20.-21.век"</a>. <i>kulturni-novini.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kulturni-novini.info&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8.+20.-21.%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.au=LITERNET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkulturni-novini.info%2Fnews.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_show%26nid%3D20979%26sid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFПетров" class="citation web cs1">Петров, Калин. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bg-istoria.com/2013/09/9-xx.html">"9. Българското изкуство от началото на XX век - движението "родно изкуство". Иван Милев, Сирак Скитник, Владимир Димитров - майстора"</a>. <i>www.bg-istoria.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bg-istoria.com&rft.atitle=9.+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0+XX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+-+%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%22%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%22.+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%2C+%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80+%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+-+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bg-istoria.com%2F2013%2F09%2F9-xx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFЕмил_Георгиев2016" class="citation web cs1">Емил Георгиев (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ploshtadslaveikov.com/kak-balgarskite-hudozhnitsi-se-opitaha-da-nastignat-evropa/">"Как българските художници се опитаха да настигнат Европа - Площад Славейков"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0+-+%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.au=%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ploshtadslaveikov.com%2Fkak-balgarskite-hudozhnitsi-se-opitaha-da-nastignat-evropa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://young-bulgarian-artists.org/bg">"Млади български художници"</a>. <i>Young Bulgarian Artists</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Young+Bulgarian+Artists&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyoung-bulgarian-artists.org%2Fbg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ica-sofia.org/en/">"Welcome to the official site - ICA-Sofia"</a>. <i>ica-sofia.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ica-sofia.org&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+the+official+site+-+ICA-Sofia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fica-sofia.org%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arttoday.org/site/bg/news-bg.php">"Art Today Association / Center for Contemporary Art - Plovdiv"</a>. <i>www.arttoday.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arttoday.org&rft.atitle=Art+Today+Association+%2F+Center+for+Contemporary+Art+-+Plovdiv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arttoday.org%2Fsite%2Fbg%2Fnews-bg.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contemporaryspace.bg">"Contemporary Space - Художествена галерия"</a>. <i>Contemporary Space</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Space&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Space+-+%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contemporaryspace.bg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artandculture.today/koi-sme-nie">"Съвременно изкуство - Art and Culture Today"</a>. <i>Съвременно изкуство - Art and Culture Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+Art+and+Culture+Today&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+-+Art+and+Culture+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artandculture.today%2Fkoi-sme-nie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebGravity" class="citation web cs1">WebGravity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulgariainside.com/bg/articles/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9,-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE/1731/index.html">"BulgariaInside: портал за туризъм и пътешествия"</a>. <i>www.bulgariainside.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bulgariainside.com&rft.atitle=BulgariaInside%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.au=WebGravity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulgariainside.com%2Fbg%2Farticles%2F%25D0%259C%25D1%2583%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9-%25D0%25A1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9%2C-%25D0%2592%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE-%25D0%25A2%25D1%258A%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%2F1731%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLifestyle2012" class="citation book cs1">Lifestyle, Michelin Travel (16 March 2012). <i>Michelin Bulgaria / Michelin Bulgarie</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2067174023" title="Special:BookSources/978-2067174023"><bdi>978-2067174023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michelin+Bulgaria+%2F+Michelin+Bulgarie&rft.date=2012-03-16&rft.isbn=978-2067174023&rft.aulast=Lifestyle&rft.aufirst=Michelin+Travel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investor.bg/?cat=5&id=60913">"Руснаците купиха 81 милиона литра българско вино"</a>. Investor.bg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0+81+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.pub=Investor.bg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investor.bg%2F%3Fcat%3D5%26id%3D60913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">List of wine-producing countries</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress_–_Federal_Research_Division2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Library of Congress – Federal Research Division</a> (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Bulgaria.pdf">"Country Profile: Bulgaria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Library of Congress. pp. 18, <b>23</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2009</span>. <q>Mass Media: In 2006 Bulgaria's print and broadcast media generally were considered unbiased, although the government dominated broadcasting through the state-owned Bulgarian National Television (BNT) and Bulgarian National Radio (BNR) and print news dissemination through the largest press agency, the Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. [...]Human Rights: In the early 2000s, Bulgaria generally has been rated highly on the issue of human rights. However, some exceptions exist. Although the media have a record of unbiased reporting, Bulgaria's lack of specific legislation protecting the media from state interference is a theoretical weakness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+Bulgaria&rft.pages=18%2C+%27%27%2723%27%27%27&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2006-10&rft.au=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FBulgaria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-landscape-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-landscape_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landscape_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-landscape_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/bulgaria/">Media Landscape – Bulgaria</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722014211/http://www.ejc.net/media_landscape/article/bulgaria/">Archived</a> July 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, European Journalism Centre</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-media-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-media_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-media_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soros.org/initiatives/media/articles_publications/publications/financial-crisis-media-20091201/bulgaria-20091201.pdf">Footprint of Financial Crisis in the Media, Bulgaria Country Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503185125/http://www.soros.org/initiatives/media/articles_publications/publications/financial-crisis-media-20091201/bulgaria-20091201.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Open Society Institute, December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slusham.com/20-te-nay-gledani-predavaniya-sa-po-btv-bez-i.html">20-те най-гледани предавания са по bTV, без изключение!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120628220950/http://www.slusham.com/20-te-nay-gledani-predavaniya-sa-po-btv-bez-i.html">Archived</a> 2012-06-28 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, slusham.com, January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corley-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corley_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corley_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corley_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorley" class="citation news cs1">Corley, Felix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=874">"Ahmadis barred "because it is against the religions that people follow here"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Forum 18</i>. Oslo: Forum 18 News Service. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-01</span></span>. <q>Bulgaria's small Ahmadi Muslim community is concerned by persistent attempts by a local prosecutor and the national state Religious Affairs Directorate to strip it of its legal status</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+18&rft.atitle=Ahmadis+barred+%22because+it+is+against+the+religions+that+people+follow+here%22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.aulast=Corley&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forum18.org%2FArchive.php%3Farticle_id%3D874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405094023/http://shechen-bg.org/Bulgarian_Dharma_Center_History">"Историята на центъра ни | Тибетски будизъм - Будистки център Шечен България"</a>. Shechen-bg.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shechen-bg.org/Bulgarian_Dharma_Center_History">the original</a> on 2010-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B8+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC+-+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80+%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Shechen-bg.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shechen-bg.org%2FBulgarian_Dharma_Center_History&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bgben.co.uk/newsdetails.asp?nw=4738">Виетнамците се завръщат у нас</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, BGBen.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060524004644/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">"Social values, science and technology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurobarometer&rft.atitle=Social+values%2C+science+and+technology&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_225_report_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlingemann2006" class="citation book cs1">Klingemann, Hans-Dieter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bpxt4uaMi_YC&q=bulgaria+tolerant+society&pg=PA351"><i>Democracy and Political Culture in Eastern Europe</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">336–</span>353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-38602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-38602-0"><bdi>0-415-38602-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Political+Culture+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E353&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-38602-0&rft.aulast=Klingemann&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbpxt4uaMi_YC%26q%3Dbulgaria%2Btolerant%2Bsociety%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Montiglio, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreigner.bg/skritite-simvoli-v-bulgarskite-shevitsi/">Скритите символи в българските шевици</a></li> <li>Petkova-Campbell, Gabriela,(2013). "The tsars of Bulgaria: collections and relics." <i>Journal of the History of Collections.</i> V. 25 (July): 217–226.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctmd.org/">Center for Traditional Music and Dance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/924341/Nikolov_A._The_Perception_of_the_Bulgarian_Past_in_the_Court_of_Preslav_around_900_AD._-_In_State_and_Church_Studies_in_Medieval_Bulgaria_and_Byzantium._Ed._by_V._Gjuzelev_and_K._Petkov._American_Research_Center_in_Sofia_Sofia_2011_157-171">Nikolov, A. The Perception of the Bulgarian Past in the Court of Preslav around 900 AD. - In: State and Church: Studies in Medieval Bulgaria and Byzantium. Ed. by V. Gjuzelev and K. Petkov. American Research Center in Sofia: Sofia, 2011, 157-171</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belgium" title="Culture of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Culture of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia" title="Culture of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Finland" title="Culture of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iceland" title="Culture of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Latvia" title="Culture of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lithuania" title="Culture of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Luxembourg" title="Culture of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malta" title="Culture of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Moldova" title="Culture of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Netherlands" title="Culture of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Macedonia" title="Culture of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Romania" title="Culture of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovakia" title="Culture of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Spain" title="Culture of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sweden" title="Culture of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Switzerland" title="Culture of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ukraine" title="Culture of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Transnistria" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_%C3%85land" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Culture of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guernsey" title="Culture of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jersey" title="Culture of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Svalbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policies_of_the_European_Union" title="Cultural policies of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bulgaria_articles423" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bulgaria_topics" title="Template:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bulgaria_topics" title="Template talk:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bulgaria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bulgaria_articles423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">3rd Tsardom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1990">Bulgaria since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bulgaria" title="Geography of Bulgaria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Black_Sea_Coast" title="Bulgarian Black Sea Coast">Black Sea coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Bulgaria" title="List of cities and towns in Bulgaria">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Bulgaria" title="List of earthquakes in Bulgaria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bulgaria" title="List of islands of Bulgaria">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bulgaria" title="Provinces of Bulgaria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Bulgaria" title="List of rivers of Bulgaria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredna_Gora" title="Sredna Gora">Sredna Gora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Bulgaria" title="List of villages in Bulgaria">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bulgaria" title="Politics of Bulgaria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitution of Bulgaria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Bulgaria" title="Foreign relations of Bulgaria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bulgaria" title="Government of Bulgaria">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bulgaria" title="Human rights in Bulgaria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bulgaria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bulgaria" title="Law of Bulgaria">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Bulgaria" title="Law enforcement in Bulgaria">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Armed_Forces" title="Bulgarian Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_(Bulgaria)" title="Chief of the Defence (Bulgaria)">Chief of the Defence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria" title="Chairperson of the National Assembly of Bulgaria">Chairperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bulgaria" title="List of political parties in Bulgaria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Bulgaria" title="President of Bulgaria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bulgaria" title="Prime Minister of Bulgaria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Bulgaria" title="Agriculture in Bulgaria">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_about_the_economy_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistics about the economy of Bulgaria">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Bulgaria" title="Industry of Bulgaria">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">Lev <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Bank" title="Bulgarian National Bank">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Bulgaria" title="Science and technology in Bulgaria">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Stock_Exchange_%E2%80%93_Sofia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Stock Exchange – Sofia">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bulgaria" title="Tourism in Bulgaria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Transport in Bulgaria">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Bulgaria" title="Rail transport in Bulgaria">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bulgaria" title="Category:Society of Bulgaria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Bulgaria" title="Crime in Bulgaria">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bulgaria" title="Education in Bulgaria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Bulgaria" title="Health in Bulgaria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bulgaria" title="Languages of Bulgaria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bulgaria" title="Demographics of Bulgaria">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Bulgaria" title="Mass media in Bulgaria">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bulgaria" title="Cinema of Bulgaria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria" title="Coat of arms of Bulgaria">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_customs" title="Bulgarian customs">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bulgaria" title="Public holidays in Bulgaria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Bulgaria" title="Sport in Bulgaria">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bulgaria" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Bulgaria">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" 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