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<li id="toc-First_wheat_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_wheat_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First wheat boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_wheat_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interregnum_(1920–1935)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interregnum_(1920–1935)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Interregnum (1920–1935)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interregnum_(1920–1935)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_and_flourishing_(1935–2000)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_and_flourishing_(1935–2000)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Revival and flourishing (1935–2000)</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calls_for_abolition_of_the_CWB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1.4</span> <span>Calls for abolition of the CWB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calls_for_abolition_of_the_CWB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_CWB_to_Foreign_Hands_(2012–2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_CWB_to_Foreign_Hands_(2012–2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Transfer of CWB to Foreign Hands (2012–2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_CWB_to_Foreign_Hands_(2012–2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Canadian Wheat Board</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Commission canadienne du blé</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:433_Main_Street_and_Canadian_Wheat_Board_Building,_Winnipeg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/433_Main_Street_and_Canadian_Wheat_Board_Building%2C_Winnipeg.jpg/200px-433_Main_Street_and_Canadian_Wheat_Board_Building%2C_Winnipeg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/433_Main_Street_and_Canadian_Wheat_Board_Building%2C_Winnipeg.jpg/300px-433_Main_Street_and_Canadian_Wheat_Board_Building%2C_Winnipeg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/433_Main_Street_and_Canadian_Wheat_Board_Building%2C_Winnipeg.jpg/400px-433_Main_Street_and_Canadian_Wheat_Board_Building%2C_Winnipeg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><br />Canadian Wheat Board Building (on right)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1935<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1935</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">2015<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2015</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Marketing_board" title="Marketing board">Marketing board</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg, Manitoba">Winnipeg, Manitoba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_Agri-Food_Canada" title="Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key document</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Canadian Wheat Board Act</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwb.ca/">www<wbr />.cwb<wbr />.ca</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Canadian Wheat Board</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Commission canadienne du blé</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Marketing_board" title="Marketing board">marketing board</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>. Established by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> on 5 July 1935, its operation was governed by the Canadian Wheat Board Act as a mandatory producer marketing system for wheat and barley in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, and a small part of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was illegal for any farmer in areas under the CWB's jurisdiction to sell their wheat and barley through any other channel than the CWB. Although often called a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>, it was actually a <a href="/wiki/Monopsony" title="Monopsony">monopsony</a> since it was the only <i>buyer</i> of wheat and barley. It was a marketing agency acting on behalf of Western Canadian farmers, passing all profits from its operation back to farmers. Its market power over wheat and barley marketing was referred to as the "Single Desk". </p><p>Amid criticism, the Canadian Wheat Board's Single Desk marketing power officially ended on 1 August 2012 as a result of Bill C-18, also known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marketing_Freedom_for_Grain_Farmers_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act (page does not exist)">Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act</a>, which was tabled by the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Stephen_Harper" title="Premiership of Stephen Harper">Harper government</a> and passed in December 2011. The Canadian Wheat Board changed its name to simply CWB, reflecting its changed status. CWB continued to operate as a grain company, although the bill also set a timeline for the eventual <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of CWB. On 15 April 2015, it was announced that a 50.1% majority stake in CWB would be acquired by Global Grain Group, a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/Bunge_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunge Limited">Bunge Limited</a> and the Saudi Agricultural and Livestock Investment Company, for $250 million.<sup id="cite_ref-gandm-cwbsold_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gandm-cwbsold-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CWB was combined with the grain assets of Bunge Canada to form <a href="/wiki/G3_Canada" title="G3 Canada">G3 Canada</a> Limited. </p><p>The third-highest sales year for wheat industry in Canada was 2011–2012 when the CWB "sold $7.2-billion worth of grain to more than 70 countries, $4.9 billion of which was paid back to farmers."<sup id="cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmers_miss_CWB_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_wheat_boards">First wheat boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First wheat boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a>, grain purchasing, transportation and marketing were dominated by large companies headquartered outside the region, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> and the trading companies which dominated the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Grain_Exchange" title="Winnipeg Grain Exchange">Winnipeg Grain Exchange</a>. Producers were deeply suspicious of the business practices of these companies and hostile to their positions of power. Farmers were impressed by the success of state-led marketing as it was practised during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The government created a series of boards in and around the war, each with progressively more power to control the grain trade. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Grain_Commissioners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Grain Commissioners (page does not exist)">Board of Grain Commissioners</a> of 1912 was purely for regulation (to supervise grading, etc.), but by 1915 the government had seized control of all wheat exports to help the war effort, and by 1917 futures trading on the Winnipeg Exchange was banned. In 1917, the new <a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Grain_Supervisors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Grain Supervisors (page does not exist)">Board of Grain Supervisors</a> was given monopoly powers over wheat, and fixed uniform prices across the country. Soon afterwards, the Board took over marketing of other crops as well. Farmers were worried that after the war, prices would crash and various agrarian groups lobbied Ottawa to keep the Board in place. The government relented by creating the Canadian Wheat Board for the 1919 crop only. Farmers got a guaranteed price for that crop, paid immediately, and later a further payment once the Board had completed the year's sales. This system of guaranteed prices and distributed income was extremely popular and when the Board dissolved in 1920, many farmers were livid. It certainly did not help that, "from a peak of $2.85 per bushel in September, 1920 [prices] began a slow and sickening decline to less than a dollar a bushel in late 1923."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This marked contrast to the stable prices of 1919–1920 Board seemed to confirm farmers' suspicions of market trading. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interregnum_(1920–1935)"><span id="Interregnum_.281920.E2.80.931935.29"></span>Interregnum (1920–1935)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interregnum (1920–1935)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">wheat pools in Canada</a></div> <p>After the dissolution of the early board in 1920, farmers turned to the idea of farmer-owned <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a>. Cooperative grain elevator operators already existed, like <a href="/wiki/United_Grain_Growers" title="United Grain Growers">United Grain Growers</a>, which had already been started in 1917. In 1923 and 1924 the <a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">wheat pools</a> were created to buy Canadian wheat and resell it overseas. The <a href="/wiki/Alberta_Wheat_Pool" title="Alberta Wheat Pool">Alberta Wheat Pool</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Wheat_Pool" title="Saskatchewan Wheat Pool">Saskatchewan Wheat Pool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Pool_Elevators" title="Manitoba Pool Elevators">Manitoba Pool Elevators</a> quickly became giants in the industry and displaced the private traders. However they did not hedge against falling prices (instead relying on provincial government guarantees), and during the price collapse of 1929, they effectively went bankrupt. The majority of farmers did not want the private traders to return, and now it also seemed impossible for them to own their own marketing companies, so the idea of a government marketing board was revived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_and_flourishing_(1935–2000)"><span id="Revival_and_flourishing_.281935.E2.80.932000.29"></span>Revival and flourishing (1935–2000)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revival and flourishing (1935–2000)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canadian Wheat Board was re-created in 1935 with the aim of controlling grain prices, so as to benefit farmers devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the authority of the Board was expanded, and the Board was given the authority to set statutory maximums on wheat, <a href="/wiki/Oats" class="mw-redirect" title="Oats">oats</a>, barley, <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> between December, 1941 until expiry after the war. Membership was made compulsory for Western Canadian farmers in 1943 via the <a href="/wiki/War_Measures_Act" title="War Measures Act">War Measures Act</a>, now with the purpose of aiding the war effort. In April, 1943 the Board was also authorized to buy <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helianthus" title="Helianthus">sunflowers</a>. </p><p>Between 1958 and 1970 the CWB was chaired by <a href="/wiki/William_Craig_McNamara" title="William Craig McNamara">William Craig McNamara</a>, and he managed to perennialise the CWB in 1965, which was until then subject to amendments by Parliament when they periodically extended the Board's duration. McNamara convinced Parliament to end the time limit in the Act, thereby creating a permanent Board. CWB control over interprovincial shipments of feed grains became a public issue during the grains crisis in 1969 to 1972 and was removed. Only non-feed wheat and barley remained controlled by the CWB.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-GMO_stance_of_the_CWB_(2004)"><span id="Anti-GMO_stance_of_the_CWB_.282004.29"></span>Anti-GMO stance of the CWB (2004)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anti-GMO stance of the CWB (2004)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canadian Wheat Board was instrumental in stopping the <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified</a> (GM) wheat of <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> in 2004. As a united voice for wheat farmers, the CWB conducted market research which showed that international markets did not want GM wheat and would reject wheat exports from Canada if GM wheat was approved, because of the risk of contamination. The CWB also surveyed wheat farmers and found many did not want GM wheat. The CWB presented research and the views of wheat farmers to the government.<sup id="cite_ref-GMO_2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMO_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_operations">Late operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Late operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Canadian_Wheat_Board_hopper_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Canadian_Wheat_Board_hopper_car.jpg/220px-The_Canadian_Wheat_Board_hopper_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Canadian_Wheat_Board_hopper_car.jpg/330px-The_Canadian_Wheat_Board_hopper_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/The_Canadian_Wheat_Board_hopper_car.jpg/440px-The_Canadian_Wheat_Board_hopper_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Hopper car with Canadian Wheat Board markings</figcaption></figure> <p>The farmers delivered their wheat and barley to grain elevators throughout the crop year. The Board acted as a single desk marketer of wheat and barley on behalf of prairie <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">farmers</a>. Upon delivery to an elevator, farmers received an initial payment for their grain from the CWB that represented a percentage of the <a href="/wiki/Expected_return" title="Expected return">expected return</a> for that grade from the pool account. After the end of the crop year, July 31, an interim payment and a final payment were paid to farmers, in addition to their initial payment, and so they would have received 100% of the return from the sale of the grain they delivered, less all overhead costs of the CWB. The initial payments were guaranteed by the Government of Canada so that farmers received payment even if there was a deficit in the pool account. Initial payments were set below expectations for the crop year, a risk factor that was built in to guard against the event that price expectations are not met. </p><p>Prior to the December 2011 passage of Bill C-18, <i>An Act to reorganize the Canadian Wheat Board and to make consequential and related amendments to certain Acts</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the CWB was governed by a 15-person Board of Directors, of which: </p> <ol><li>Ten of the directors were elected by grain farmers in the western Canadian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>;</li> <li>Four of the directors were appointed by <a href="/wiki/Governor_in_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor in Council">Governor in Council</a> on the recommendation of the Minister responsible for the Canadian Wheat Board;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One was the President of the CWB, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_in_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor in Council">Governor in Council</a>, on the recommendation of the Minister responsible for the Canadian Wheat Board with certain restrictions including that the CWB Board of Directors must be consulted on the recommended candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Upon the implementation of Bill C-18, the original elected board was removed and was replaced by four directors, appointed by the Governor in Council on the recommendation of the Minister of Agriculture, as well as the president, appointed by the Governor in Council on the recommendation of the Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 15 December 2011, compliance with the wheat board for most farmers and elevators was mandatory<sup id="cite_ref-CWB_section_45_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWB_section_45-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CWB_section_66_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWB_section_66-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CWB_section_20_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWB_section_20-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under threat of punishable by fines and/or imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_Wheat_Board_Act_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Wheat_Board_Act-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers from Eastern Canada and most of British Columbia were not controlled by the Canadian Wheat Board and were able to market all their grain on the open market. The area of British Columbia known as <i>The Peace River District</i> fell under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Wheat Board. Bill C-18, the Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act, reorganized the CWB to market grain through voluntary pooling. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triticum_durum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Triticum_durum.jpg/200px-Triticum_durum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Triticum_durum.jpg/300px-Triticum_durum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Triticum_durum.jpg/400px-Triticum_durum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>Durum wheat</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality_grading_system">Quality grading system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quality grading system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the United States, Canada had a tight grading system established by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Grain_Commission" title="Canadian Grain Commission">Canadian Grain Commission</a> and enforced by the CWB. This enforcement made it "possible to extract premiums for higher quality grain that is not possible in the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-AGECON_1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGECON_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an open market system Western Canadian farmers lose the benefits of a grading system.<sup id="cite_ref-AGECON_1996_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGECON_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganisation_(2006–2012)"><span id="Reorganisation_.282006.E2.80.932012.29"></span>Reorganisation (2006–2012)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reorganisation (2006–2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2006 when the Conservative Party came to power, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Strahl" title="Chuck Strahl">Chuck Strahl</a>, then Minister of Agriculture, worked towards the end of the Wheat Board's Single Desk, including the replacement of government appointees to the Board of Directors in favor of individuals who oppose the board's Single Desk, a <a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">gag order</a> on Wheat Board staff, the firing of the pro-board President, and intervention in the election of farmer elected members of the Board of Directors.<sup id="cite_ref-fired_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fired-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>December 2006 CWB Board of Directors election. Only one of five farmer-elected seats went to opponents of the Canadian Wheat Board's Single Desk power on the selling of Canadian wheat and barley internationally. Since there was only one incumbent farmer-elected board member opposed to the Single Desk, only two out of ten farmer-elected directors were opposed to the Single Desk. Nonetheless, the government appointed five members to the board; supporters of the board's Single Desk would have only an eight to seven majority. Doubts have also been cast by some on the results because Strahl, the Minister of Agriculture, removed upwards of 20,000 farmers from the voters list in the midst of the election. These farmers were disqualified for such reasons as not having delivered any grain to the Wheat Board in the past two years or not having produced enough wheat or malt barley to have generated significant enough income from which to live off.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 19, 2006: Chuck Strahl dismisses CWB president <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Measner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Measner (page does not exist)">Adrian Measner</a>, an outspoken supporter of the Single Desk. This was done by Strahl with the statement "It's a position that [he] serves at [the] pleasure [of the Minister/Government]. And that position was no longer his."<sup id="cite_ref-fired_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fired-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suggested that Measner had gone too far for refusing to remove pro-CWB documents from the Board website and also appearing at press conferences with <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">opposition</a> leader <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Dion" title="Stéphane Dion">Stéphane Dion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the CWB's board of directors opposed the firing of Measner.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 28, 2007: Barley Plebiscite. 62% of farmers vote to end the wheat board's barley Single Desk power.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislation to amend the act dies on <a href="/wiki/Order_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Order paper">order paper</a> when the September 2008 election is called.</li> <li>February 26, 2008: Conservative government loses court battle over unilaterally dismantling the CWB because it was contrary to the Canadian Wheat Board Act.<sup id="cite_ref-WWWYKI_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWWYKI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 7, 2008: Board of Directors elections. Four of five candidates elected support the Single Desk marketing agency.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>January 21, 2010: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> sided with the federal government in its 2006 order barring the board from spending its money on <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 7, 2011: Federal Court judge Douglas Campbell rules the Conservative government broke the law in introducing legislation to end the Wheat Board.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 15, 2011: Bill C-18, the Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act, which ends the CWB Single Desk, receives royal assent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 18, 2012: Federal Court of Appeal upholds Bill C-18.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>August 1, 2012: end of monopsony takes effect</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheat_farmers,_railways_and_CWB"><span id="Wheat_farmers.2C_railways_and_CWB"></span>Wheat farmers, railways and CWB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wheat farmers, railways and CWB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ian Robson, whose great-grandfather helped start the co-operative pool system, argued that a multi-generational small farmer like himself depended on the CWB to balance the power of the railway. Robson claims that, "We're captive to the railways, and you can see how that's turning out. Transport Canada is supposed to safeguard our interests, but they're afraid to antagonize the railways."<sup id="cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmers_miss_CWB_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the CWB was sold by the federal government to foreign investors in 2014, the CWB owned 3,375 CWB railway cars.<sup id="cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmers_miss_CWB_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2014 CP was shaped by CEO <a href="/wiki/E._Hunter_Harrison" title="E. Hunter Harrison">Hunter Harrison</a> and American activist shareholder <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ackman" title="Bill Ackman">Bill Ackman</a>. Americans own 73% of CP shares while Canadians and Americans own 50% of CN.<sup id="cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmers_miss_CWB_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to improve returns for their shareholders, railways cut back on their workforce and downsized the number of locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmers_miss_CWB_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Grain_Elevator_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western Grain Elevator Association (page does not exist)">Western Grain Elevator Association</a>'s director, Wade Sobkowich, argued that railways were increasing profitability by reducing capacity. At a time when grain farmers are competing with crude oil producers for rail cars, they are not succeeding in getting the rail cars they need.<sup id="cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmers_miss_CWB_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, even though CN and CP were threatened by <a href="/wiki/Transport_Canada" title="Transport Canada">Transport Canada</a> with fines for not meeting the "minimum volumes under the Fair Rail for Grain Farmers Act," the monetary penalties were not hefty enough to impact on railways that generate revenues of roughly $200 million per week.<sup id="cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farmers_miss_CWB_2014-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CWB_and_tendering_process">CWB and tendering process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: CWB and tendering process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 the four top grain handling companies in Western Canada—<a href="/wiki/Agricore_United" title="Agricore United">Agricore United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Wheat_Pool" title="Saskatchewan Wheat Pool">Saskatchewan Wheat Pool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richardson_International" title="Richardson International">Pioneer Grain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a> held nearly 50% of the primary storage capacity. According to University of Saskatchewan professor, Murray Fulton, "This level of concentration, along with a lack of excess capacity" gave grain handling firms market power to raise prices above the cost of providing the service.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulton_2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulton_2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2001 the CWB encouraged greater competition among the grain companies by "operated a tendering process for approximately 20 to 25 percent of the grain destined for export." The grain handling companies had to enter competitive bids to the CWB. CWB obtained market power by selecting the best bid as one seller as opposed to a large number of sellers (namely farmers) attempting to negotiate the best price.<sup id="cite_ref-Fulton_2006_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fulton_2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The CWB's mandate was to pay farmers a base price for their grain, identify markets, negotiate the best price, deliver the goods, issue advance cheques and make final payment after the crop was sold. If the wheat market went up, farmers pocketed the profits. If the market went down, the government absorbed the loss. Nothing was subtracted from the farmer's share except the cost of marketing and delivery."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jake_MacDonald" title="Jake MacDonald">Jake MacDonald</a> <i>The Globe and Mail</i> 2014</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_criticism">Modern criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grain_elevator_in_Wrentham_Alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grain_elevator_in_Wrentham_Alberta.jpg/200px-Grain_elevator_in_Wrentham_Alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grain_elevator_in_Wrentham_Alberta.jpg/300px-Grain_elevator_in_Wrentham_Alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Grain_elevator_in_Wrentham_Alberta.jpg/400px-Grain_elevator_in_Wrentham_Alberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Grain elevator in Wrentham, Alberta</figcaption></figure> <p>Arguments in favour of privatization believe that farmers should be allowed to opt out of the board.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_1998_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate_1998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe that they could get a better price for their grain than the board itself and would like to market their own grain.<sup id="cite_ref-senate_1998_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senate_1998-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many Western Canadian farmers, the argument over the CWB Single Desk was about personal freedom<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>—the freedom to market their production of crops in the manner they choose. </p><p>The Single Desk control of price and the ability of farmers to deliver wheat and barley created an interest in other crops, causing a surge in acres of canola and pulse crops—crops with no delivery or price controls. This led to a decline in wheat acres and an increase in other crops. Now, with equal delivery opportunity, relative prices are the driving force in making cropping decisions, leading to an appropriate mix of crops based on relative global demand. </p><p>Some opponents of the board's Single Desk power suggested it should be replaced by a 'dual market' system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was presented as a compromise where board supporters could continue to sell their wheat and barley through the board and board opponents could have the option to sell outside the board. From the standpoint of supporters of the board, however, this was not a viable alternative as a dual market would effectively end the board's Single Desk power and any perceived benefits that it may have given farmers. </p><p>Opponents argue that because the perceived benefits farmers received from the CWB increases their land value, elimination of the CWB Single Desk would lower the value of their land.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Lower land prices would make Canadian farmers more competitive but could also leave many owing more than the value of their reduced land. Retiring farmers selling their land could be faced with a much reduced retirement fund but new entrants into farming would be able to purchase land at lower cost. (This is all based on the theory that the CWB provided a net benefit to farmers, which was never proved.) </p><p>Some CWB opponents have argued that much of the lower quality land is in close proximity to the US border and would be the first to realize the benefits of the US market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Support_for_the_CWB">Support for the CWB</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Support for the CWB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a September 2011 plebiscite (referendum) conducted by Meyers Norris Penny, 62% of CWB farmers voted that they wanted to keep the wheat board and its Single Desk power.<sup id="cite_ref-cwb.ca_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwb.ca-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of maintaining the CWB stated that the collective bargaining power of the wheat board gives farmers a better price than they would have if they were individually marketing to large multi-national corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-CWB_facts_2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWB_facts_2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CWB opponents disagreed, arguing that there was no evidence of better returns for farmers. At this time, farmers already had the ability to market all the crops save wheat and malt barley independently, meaning it is possible to succeed marketing grain without board oversight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This, however, may make farmers more susceptible to fluctuations in the commodity market and to focus more of their time on the business aspect of farming, rather than farming.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Wheat Board attempted to offer producers more options in its latter years—for example, farmers could sell their wheat with binding <a href="/wiki/Forward_contract" title="Forward contract">forward contracts</a> to the Wheat Board that attempted to pay the same price that they would get for their grain in the U.S. </p><p>Supporters of the board and labour unions believed the CWB gave individual farmers increased marketing power in a world market which got them a higher price than they would have otherwise gotten, not only through the efficiencies of scale, but as well by exercising <a href="/wiki/Oligopolistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligopolistic">oligopolistic</a> marketing power on the selling side, especially for <a href="/wiki/Durum" class="mw-redirect" title="Durum">Durum</a> wheat, although the evidence of this is weak or non-existent. A study conducted in the mid 1990s suggested that farmers gained on average a premium of $13.35 a tonne on wheat as a result of the board's Single Desk, although the study and its methodology was widely refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the Single Desk feared that an end to the board would put farmers in a situation like in the early part of the 20th century where farmers effectively competed with each other to sell their grain, effectively putting them at the mercy of big <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> and the railroad monopolies, believing that would reduce farm incomes. The counter-argument is that producers of non-Board crops such as canola do not seem to have this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="American_complaints">American complaints</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: American complaints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Board was reformed to meet free market conditions under the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> Treaty, American producers continually complained. Despite numerous challenges and much posturing by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the World Trade Organization ruled in 2003 that the Wheat Board was a producer marketing body and not a system for government subsidy although the decision has since been overturned. In fact, Canadian producers have almost no government subsidy while their American and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> counterparts are heavily subsidized.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usda.gov_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda.gov-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks on the Wheat Board were, at the time, one of the major irritants in <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Canada_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Canada relations">bilateral relations</a> between Canada and the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Western_alienation">Western alienation</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Western alienation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fact that the Wheat Board primarily marketed crops produced in Western Canada became a source of <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">alienation</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Alberta_separatism" title="Alberta separatism">Alberta separatism</a> for many Western Canadian farmers. Farmers in Eastern Canada (east of Manitoba) and most of British Columbia (non-Peace River) were exempt from the CWB's Single Desk control of non-feed wheat and barley—Ontario has its own marketing board, but it is not compulsory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Calls_for_abolition_of_the_CWB">Calls for abolition of the CWB</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Calls for abolition of the CWB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There had been calls by many groups to abolish the Wheat Board.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many of these groups took their fight to the Internet to spread their message and gain support for their cause.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While many were focused on the Canadian Wheat Board, others concentrated on international wheat boards, the other primary target being the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Wheat_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Wheat Board">Australian Wheat Board</a>, before the AWB itself converted to a private firm, leaving the CWB as the only significant agricultural State Trading Enterprise (STE) exporter worldwide, if one ignores Chinese <a href="/wiki/State-Owned_Enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="State-Owned Enterprises">State-Owned Enterprises</a> (SOE). On 7 December 2008, CWB permit book holders voted in favour of maintaining the wheat board by electing four pro-board candidates with one marketing choice candidate being elected. Stewart Wells, president of the National Farmers Union, said "The message can't be any clearer".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argued that the voter's list was flawed, as it included many small or part-time producers who may not deliver to the Board, as well as non-producers such as landowners whose livelihood might not solely rely on farming.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2008, the draft modalities text of the <a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a> was revised such that upon signing in its revised form, the CWB would lose statutory privileges such as the Single Desk within five years of the signing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_of_CWB_to_Foreign_Hands_(2012–2015)"><span id="Transfer_of_CWB_to_Foreign_Hands_.282012.E2.80.932015.29"></span>Transfer of CWB to Foreign Hands (2012–2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transfer of CWB to Foreign Hands (2012–2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the aims of the Conservative government since coming to power in January 2006 was to end the Single Desk marketing power on Western Canadian wheat and barley. The Conservatives had been unable to get this change approved by Parliament because they held a minority of seats until the <a href="/wiki/2011_Canadian_federal_election" title="2011 Canadian federal election">May 2011 federal election</a> and all opposition parties supported the Single Desk. The Conservatives also lost a court battle to unilaterally dismantle the CWB without an act of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-WWWYKI_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWWYKI-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath, Harper and then Minister of Agriculture Chuck Strahl stated their intent to continue with the removal of the traditional role of the CWB, particularly in regards to barley (which is generally a more corporate crop<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), perhaps through Parliamentary action.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After winning a majority in the May 2011 general election, the Conservative government announced its intention to remove the CWB Single Desk through legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the CWB held plebiscites on whether to keep the Single Desk power on wheat and barley. The results were released on September 12, 2011; 51 percent of barley growers and 62 percent of wheat growers voted to maintain the board's Single Desk.<sup id="cite_ref-cwb.ca_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cwb.ca-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding, the government removed the Single Desk on August 1, 2012 ignoring the plebiscites' results. In defending this policy, Agriculture Minister <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Ritz" title="Gerry Ritz">Gerry Ritz</a> claimed the CWB plebiscites were seriously flawed and that the Conservatives' election victory gave them a mandate to remove the Single Desk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the CWB, the government advanced the timetables to Christmas 2011, prompting them to launch a protest campaign urging Canadians as well as farmers to speak out against the government's decision to end the Single Desk. Meanwhile, the government issued leaflets explaining what would "bring marketing freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marketing_Freedom_for_Grain_Farmers_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act (page does not exist)">Marketing Freedom for Grain Farmers Act</a> instituted a timeline for the eventual <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of CWB, requiring the board to formulate a plan by 2016, to be implemented in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc-cwbprivate_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-cwbprivate-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15, 2015, it was announced that a 50.1% majority stake in CWB would be acquired by Global Grain Group, a joint venture between Bunge Canada—a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Bunge_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunge Limited">Bunge Limited</a>, and SALIC Canada—a subsidiary of the Saudi Agricultural and Livestock Investment Company, for $250 million. The remaining equity of CWB will be held by its member farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-gandm-cwbsold_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gandm-cwbsold-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sale to G3 took place while a "Farmers of North America" led group of Western Canadian farmers attempted to raise funds to purchase the CWB and keep it Canadian farmer owned rather than selling it to foreign corporations. The group was rebuffed despite having a higher offer, ($349 million?)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> on grounds that they had not raised the funds. (the time frame was artificially short for the kind of offer FNA was attempting).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 12 June 2015, the Department of Finance released<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> draft legislation to handle the tax consequence to farmers, and to the Trust which will hold 49.9% of CWB in trust for farmers (proposed section 135.2 of the Income Tax Act). No news release was issued to explain the legislation. An explanation of how the legislation works is included in the 48th edition of Carswell's Practitioner's Income Tax Act <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Carswell's Taxnet Pro.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_McNamara_(Manitoba_Senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McNamara (Manitoba Senator)">William Craig McNamara</a> – President of the Canadian Wheat Board until 1970.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Fisheries_and_Oceans_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada)">Minister of Fisheries and Oceans (Canada)</a>, ministry responsible for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freshwater_Fish_Marketing_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation (page does not exist)">Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation</a> (FFMC), a monopsony for commercial freshwater fishermen in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Quebec_Maple_Syrup_Producers" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers">Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1491">"Canadian Wheat Board"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Canadian+Biography&rft.atitle=Canadian+Wheat+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiographi.ca%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Ftopic-match-list.php%3Fid%3D1491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gandm-cwbsold-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gandm-cwbsold_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gandm-cwbsold_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/us-saudi-firms-to-buy-former-canadian-wheat-board/article23966156/">"U.S., Saudi firms to buy former Canadian Wheat Board"</a>. <i>The Globe and Mail</i>. 15 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=U.S.%2C+Saudi+firms+to+buy+former+Canadian+Wheat+Board&rft.date=2015-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Fus-saudi-firms-to-buy-former-canadian-wheat-board%2Farticle23966156%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farmers_miss_CWB_2014-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farmers_miss_CWB_2014_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJake_MacDonald2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jake_MacDonald" title="Jake MacDonald">Jake MacDonald</a> (27 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-magazine/why-so-many-farmers-miss-the-wheat-board/article21810531/?from=23966156">"Why so many farmers miss the Wheat Board"</a>. The Globe and Mail<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+so+many+farmers+miss+the+Wheat+Board&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.au=Jake+MacDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Frob-magazine%2Fwhy-so-many-farmers-miss-the-wheat-board%2Farticle21810531%2F%3Ffrom%3D23966156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span>Jake MacDonald's special report for the Globe and Mail covers a number of aspects of the CWB in depth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacEwan, Harvest, 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110218042315/http://www.cwb.ca/public/en/about/history/">"cwb.ca: History of CWB"</a>. 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CBC. 2011-05-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Wheat+Board+monopoly+to+end+in+2012%3A+minister&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fmanitoba%2Fwheat-board-monopoly-to-end-in-2012-minister-1.1006743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calgaryherald.com/business/Wheat+board+launches+campaign+against+plan+monopoly/5672812/story.html">"Wheat board launches campaign against plan to end monopoly"</a>. <i>The Calgary Herald</i>. 2011-11-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Calgary+Herald&rft.atitle=Wheat+board+launches+campaign+against+plan+to+end+monopoly&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalgaryherald.com%2Fbusiness%2FWheat%2Bboard%2Blaunches%2Bcampaign%2Bagainst%2Bplan%2Bmonopoly%2F5672812%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbc-cwbprivate-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbc-cwbprivate_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canadian-wheat-board-prepares-for-corporate-takeover-1.2853874">"Canadian Wheat Board prepares for corporate takeover"</a>. <i>CBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Canadian+Wheat+Board+prepares+for+corporate+takeover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fcanadian-wheat-board-prepares-for-corporate-takeover-1.2853874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622041824/http://fin.gc.ca/drleg-apl/2015/nwmm-amvm-0615-02-eng.asp">"Notice of Ways and Means Motion to Amend the Income Tax Act"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+of+Ways+and+Means+Motion+to+Amend+the+Income+Tax+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffin.gc.ca%2Fdrleg-apl%2F2015%2Fnwmm-amvm-0615-02-eng.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carswell.com/pita">"Homepage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carswell.com%2Fpita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://signon.thomsonreuters.com/?productid=CRSWTNP&lr=0&culture=en-CA&returnto=https%3a%2f%2fv3.taxnetpro.com%2fCosi%2fSignOn&tracetoken=0403231815480g-lE2d3DEHwp1d33l9EkP37Vf8DIy_r24pMNpnt9w4bvX9bTlViX4Er7pnlozqSq3Vrm4MvJDr-viDPHVovlf_8n_SSvyM9RdN7Seip_EMmevidmvXMgAYsPeG0HaMonWVPainh3ySlvgzhNFa1f0U-_gclOjdTnHwav2oLu6taxv_mdQgyaECY7nm5TXydT91xMdn_QKm8d6LGvERTastNZ-88ydvmbCEnlBwd-MD37kqZphBr5DK8G00hKN5iE9yjjd0bs3OVz5kgk3C27czrNwtu55UI-8fqhi0CVotpnvdHsB_hL8XB7vM3p3vrudykb4hi2f3U2m3VMU0eW7nw3581qCDMe7SqJDakpLqxlQMoRjwEQ3GelihxkqXUa">"Taxnet Pro Signon"</a>. <i>signon.thomsonreuters.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=signon.thomsonreuters.com&rft.atitle=Taxnet+Pro+Signon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsignon.thomsonreuters.com%2F%3Fproductid%3DCRSWTNP%26lr%3D0%26culture%3Den-CA%26returnto%3Dhttps%253a%252f%252fv3.taxnetpro.com%252fCosi%252fSignOn%26tracetoken%3D0403231815480g-lE2d3DEHwp1d33l9EkP37Vf8DIy_r24pMNpnt9w4bvX9bTlViX4Er7pnlozqSq3Vrm4MvJDr-viDPHVovlf_8n_SSvyM9RdN7Seip_EMmevidmvXMgAYsPeG0HaMonWVPainh3ySlvgzhNFa1f0U-_gclOjdTnHwav2oLu6taxv_mdQgyaECY7nm5TXydT91xMdn_QKm8d6LGvERTastNZ-88ydvmbCEnlBwd-MD37kqZphBr5DK8G00hKN5iE9yjjd0bs3OVz5kgk3C27czrNwtu55UI-8fqhi0CVotpnvdHsB_hL8XB7vM3p3vrudykb4hi2f3U2m3VMU0eW7nw3581qCDMe7SqJDakpLqxlQMoRjwEQ3GelihxkqXUa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714001150/http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/04/30/colin-craig-free-the-fishermen/">"Free the fishermen | Full Comment | National Post"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/04/30/colin-craig-free-the-fishermen">the original</a> on 2012-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+the+fishermen+%26%23124%3B+Full+Comment+%26%23124%3B+National+Post&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffullcomment.nationalpost.com%2F2012%2F04%2F30%2Fcolin-craig-free-the-fishermen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACanadian+Wheat+Board" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Wheat_Board&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwb.ca">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/archives/collections/rad/cwb.html">Description of the Canadian Wheat Board's archives at the University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapleleafweb.com/features/canadian-wheat-board">Maple Leaf Web: Examining the Canadian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stopthesteamroller.ca">Stop The Steamroller</a> - The CWB's site protesting the Conservative Government's decision to end the Canadian wheat monopoly</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Winnipeg_Corporations" title="Template:Winnipeg Corporations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winnipeg_Corporations" title="Template talk:Winnipeg Corporations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winnipeg_Corporations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winnipeg Corporations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corporations_based_in_Winnipeg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Corporations_based_in_Winnipeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations based in Winnipeg">Corporations based in Winnipeg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Arts_Council" title="Manitoba Arts Council">Manitoba Arts Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Film_and_Music" title="Manitoba Film and Music">Manitoba Film and Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Public_Insurance" title="Manitoba Public Insurance">Manitoba Public Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Liquor_%26_Lotteries_Corporation" title="Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation">Manitoba Liquor & Lotteries Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Hydro" title="Manitoba Hydro">Manitoba Hydro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centra_Gas_Manitoba" title="Centra Gas Manitoba">Centra Gas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publicly traded corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great-West_Lifeco" title="Great-West Lifeco">Great-West Lifeco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGM_Financial" class="mw-redirect" title="IGM Financial">IGM Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhler_Industries" title="Buhler Industries">Buhler Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_North_West_Company" title="The North West Company">The North West Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFI_Group" title="NFI Group">NFI Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Glacier" title="Arctic Glacier">Arctic Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_Banknote" title="Pollard Banknote">Pollard Banknote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private corporations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_MTS" title="Bell MTS">Bell MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_International" title="Richardson International">Richardson International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargill_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Cargill Ltd.">Cargill Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-tel" title="K-tel">K-tel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterson_GlobalFoods" title="Paterson GlobalFoods">Paterson GlobalFoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canad_Inns" title="Canad Inns">Canad Inns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliser_Furniture" title="Palliser Furniture">Palliser Furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Auto" title="Princess Auto">Princess Auto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_Coach_Industries" title="Motor Coach Industries">Motor Coach Industries</a></li> <li>Rogers West Group</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wheat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wheat" title="Template:Wheat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wheat" title="Template talk:Wheat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wheat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wheat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_wheat" title="Taxonomy of wheat">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Common</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_wheat" title="Marquis wheat">Marquis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USDA_wheat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/120px-USDA_wheat.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/180px-USDA_wheat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/USDA_wheat.jpg/240px-USDA_wheat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="3151" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Agronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_diseases" title="Wheat diseases">Wheat diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wheat_diseases" title="List of wheat diseases">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_mildew" title="Wheat mildew">Wheat mildew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fly" title="Hessian fly">Hessian fly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AWB_Limited" title="AWB Limited">Australian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">Corn exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Grains_Council" title="International Grains Council">International Wheat Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_wheat_production_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="International wheat production statistics">Production statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_premium" title="Protein premium">Protein premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Plant parts and their uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stalk</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">Germ</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">Chaff</a> (husk)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Germinated_wheat" title="Germinated wheat">Sprouts</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Basic preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>None</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_berry" title="Wheat berry">Berries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Groats" class="mw-redirect" title="Groats">groats</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Farina_(food)" title="Farina (food)">Farina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">Flour</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wheat_middlings" title="Wheat middlings">Middlings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">Semolina</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">As an ingredient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cracker_(food)" title="Cracker (food)">Cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">Flatbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">Pasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_beer" title="Wheat beer">Wheat beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_germ_oil" title="Wheat germ oil">Wheat germ oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Wheat gluten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Associated human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: wheat;width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Bread riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_grains" title="Refined grains">Refined grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatpaste" title="Wheatpaste">Wheatpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">Shattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: wheat"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wheat" title="Category:Wheat">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barley" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barley" title="Template:Barley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barley" title="Template talk:Barley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barley" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Barley.jpg/100px-Barley.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Barley.jpg/150px-Barley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Barley.jpg/200px-Barley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of barley</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genus: <i><a href="/wiki/Hordeum" title="Hordeum">Hordeum</a></i></li> <li>Cultivars: <a href="/wiki/Bere_(grain)" title="Bere (grain)">Bere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Promise" title="Golden Promise">Golden Promise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barley_diseases" title="List of barley diseases">Barley diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">Trade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABB_Grain" title="ABB Grain">Australian Barley Board</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canadian Wheat Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_exchange" title="Corn exchange">Corn exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_barley_production" title="List of countries by barley production">Production by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pools in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Parts of the plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">Germ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">Husk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">Gluten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_preparation" class="mw-redirect" title="Food preparation">Basic preparations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">Milling</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">Flour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Flour" title="Category:Flour">types</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groat_(grain)" title="Groat (grain)">Groats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlings_purifier" title="Middlings purifier">Middlings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiling" title="Parboiling">Parboiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As an <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_barley-based_drinks" title="List of barley-based drinks">List of barley-based drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_bread" title="Barley bread">Barley bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_honey" title="Barley honey">Barley honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Barley tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_water" title="Barley water">Barley water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_d%27orzo" title="Caffè d'orzo">Caffè d'orzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_whisky" title="Japanese whisky">Japanese whisky</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1chica" title="Máchica">Máchica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_(soft_drink)" title="Malta (soft drink)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbina" title="Talbina">Talbina</a></li> <li>see also: <i><a href="/wiki/Category:Barley-based_drinks" title="Category:Barley-based drinks">Category:Barley-based drinks</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated human diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluten-related_disorders" title="Gluten-related disorders">Gluten-related disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">Non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis" title="Dermatitis herpetiformis">Dermatitis herpetiformis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluten_ataxia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluten ataxia">Gluten ataxia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_riot" title="Food riot">Bread riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_feeding" title="Cattle feeding">Cattle feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">Plant breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_grains" title="Refined grains">Refined grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">Staple food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_grain" title="Whole grain">Whole grain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Barley" title="Category:Barley">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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