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<li id="toc-Plant_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Plant morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Plant development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Soil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Agricultural practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crop_rotation_and_sowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_rotation_and_sowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Crop rotation and sowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_rotation_and_sowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Harvest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Safflower_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safflower_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Safflower oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safflower_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flowers_for_human_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowers_for_human_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Flowers for human consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowers_for_human_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dye_from_flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dye_from_flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Dye from flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dye_from_flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodegradable_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodegradable_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Biodegradable oil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodegradable_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Safflower</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%8D%8D" title="ሱፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1" title="عصفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عصفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" title="Carthamus tinctorius – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carthamus tinctorius" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyaq_ulaxqanqal%C4%B1" title="Boyaq ulaxqanqalı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Boyaq ulaxqanqalı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesumba" title="Kesumba – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kesumba" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="কুসুম ফুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কুসুম ফুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Сафлор фарбавальны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сафлор фарбавальны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шафранка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шафранка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="གུར་ཀུམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གུར་ཀུམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0rtam" title="Càrtam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càrtam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasabha" title="Kasabha – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kasabha" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btlice_barv%C3%AD%C5%99sk%C3%A1" title="Světlice barvířská – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světlice barvířská" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflwr" title="Safflwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Safflwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rberdistel" title="Färberdistel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Färberdistel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rvisafloor" title="Värvisafloor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värvisafloor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" title="Carthamus tinctorius – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carthamus tinctorius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartamo" title="Kartamo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartamo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گلرنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلرنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthame_des_teinturiers" title="Carthame des teinturiers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carthame des teinturiers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3ch_br%C3%A9ige" title="Cróch bréige – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cróch bréige" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1rtamo" title="Cártamo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cártamo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%87%EA%BD%83" title="잇꽃 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잇꽃" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE" title="कुसुम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कुसुम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbjerska_sw%C4%9Btlica" title="Barbjerska swětlica – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Barbjerska swětlica" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bojadisarski_bodalj" title="Bojadisarski bodalj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bojadisarski bodalj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartamo" title="Kartamo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kartamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesumba" title="Kesumba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesumba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" title="Carthamus tinctorius – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carthamus tinctorius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="חריע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חריע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕುಸುಬಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕುಸುಬಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuba" title="Kasuba – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kasuba" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალისარჩული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალისარჩული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" title="Carthamus tinctorius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carthamus tinctorius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C4%81su_saflors" title="Krāsu saflors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Krāsu saflors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%BEinis_dygminas" title="Dažinis dygminas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dažinis dygminas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1fr%C3%A1nyos_szeklice" title="Sáfrányos szeklice – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sáfrányos szeklice" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="ചെണ്ടൂരകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെണ്ടൂരകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%88" title="करडई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="करडई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1" title="العصفر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="العصفر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesumba" title="Kesumba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesumba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯀꯨꯁꯨꯝꯂꯩ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯨꯁꯨꯝꯂꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဆူးပန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆူးပန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffloer" title="Saffloer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saffloer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF)" title="कुसुम (वनस्पति) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कुसुम (वनस्पति)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A" title="ベニバナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベニバナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D3%80" title="Даьтта доккху баӀ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Даьтта доккху баӀ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safrantistel" title="Safrantistel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Safrantistel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE" title="କୁସୁମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କୁସୁମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxsar" title="Maxsar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maxsar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AD" title="ਕਸੁੰਭ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਸੁੰਭ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A8%DA%BE" title="کسنبھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کسنبھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%81%D9%87" title="ځريځه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ځريځه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokosz_barwierski" title="Krokosz barwierski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Krokosz barwierski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" title="Carthamus tinctorius – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carthamus tinctorius" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ofr%C4%83nel" title="Șofrănel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șofrănel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Сафлор красильный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сафлор красильный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88" title="کھنبو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کھنبو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AE%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="کاخڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاخڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Шафраника – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шафраника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0afranika" title="Šafranika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šafranika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasumba" title="Kasumba – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kasumba" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4risaflori" title="Värisaflori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Värisaflori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safflor" title="Safflor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Safflor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" title="Carthamus tinctorius – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Carthamus tinctorius" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE" title="కుసుమ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కుసుమ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="คำฝอย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำฝอย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspir" title="Aspir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Aspir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Крокіс фарбувальний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крокіс фарбувальний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گلرنگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلرنگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_hoa" title="Hồng hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hồng hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%8A%B1" title="紅花 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="紅花" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" title="Carthamus tinctorius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carthamus tinctorius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%8A%B1" title="红花 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="红花" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%8A%B1" title="紅花 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅花" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%8A%B1" title="红花 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="红花" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q156625#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of plant</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Safflower </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Safflower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Safflower.jpg/220px-Safflower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Safflower.jpg/330px-Safflower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Safflower.jpg/440px-Safflower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Carthamus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carthamus" title="Carthamus"><i>Carthamus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. tinctorium</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Carthamus tinctorium</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_Carthamus_tinctorius0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Carthamus_tinctorius0.jpg/250px-Illustration_Carthamus_tinctorius0.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Carthamus_tinctorius0.jpg/375px-Illustration_Carthamus_tinctorius0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Illustration_Carthamus_tinctorius0.jpg/500px-Illustration_Carthamus_tinctorius0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2353" /></a><figcaption><i>Carthamus tinctorius</i></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saffloweroutput.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Saffloweroutput.png/300px-Saffloweroutput.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Saffloweroutput.png/450px-Saffloweroutput.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Saffloweroutput.png/600px-Saffloweroutput.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide safflower production</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carthamus_tinctorius_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Carthamus_tinctorius_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.34.jpg/220px-Carthamus_tinctorius_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Carthamus_tinctorius_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.34.jpg/330px-Carthamus_tinctorius_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Carthamus_tinctorius_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.34.jpg/440px-Carthamus_tinctorius_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5375" data-file-height="3583" /></a><figcaption><i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> - <a href="/wiki/MHNT" class="mw-redirect" title="MHNT">MHNT</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Safflower</b> (<i><b>Carthamus tinctorius</b></i>) is a highly branched, <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plant</a> in the family Asteraceae. It is one of the world's oldest crops, and today is commercially cultivated for <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. Plants are 30 to 150 cm (12 to 59 in) tall with globular <a href="/wiki/Flower_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Flower head">flower heads</a> having <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>. Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head. Safflower is native to arid environments having <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">seasonal rain</a>. It grows a deep <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproot</a> which enables it to thrive in such environments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carthamus_tinctorius_Sturm21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Carthamus_tinctorius_Sturm21.jpg/272px-Carthamus_tinctorius_Sturm21.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Carthamus_tinctorius_Sturm21.jpg/408px-Carthamus_tinctorius_Sturm21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Carthamus_tinctorius_Sturm21.jpg/544px-Carthamus_tinctorius_Sturm21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>Safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i>), Illustration</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_morphology">Plant morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plant morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safflower is a fast growing, erect, winter/spring-growing <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual herb</a>, that resembles a <a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">thistle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originating from a leaf <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">rosette</a> emerges a branched central stem (also referred to as terminal stem), when day length and temperature increase. The main shoot reaches heights of 30–150 cm (12–59 in). The plant also develops a strong <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">taproot</a>, growing as deep as 2 m (6 ft 7 in). First lateral branches develop, once the main stem is about 20–40 cm (7.9–15.7 in) high. These lateral branches can then branch again to produce secondary and tertiary branches. The chosen variety as well as growing conditions influence the extent of branching. </p><p>The elongated and <a href="/wiki/Serration" title="Serration">serrated</a> leaves reach lengths of 10–15 cm (3.9–5.9 in) and widths of 2.5–5 cm (0.98–1.97 in) and run down the stem. The upper leaves that form the <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracts</a> are usually short, stiff and ovate, terminating in a spine.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Buds</a> are borne on the ends of branches, and each composite flower head (<a href="/wiki/Capitulum_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitulum (flower)">capitulum</a>) contains 20–180 individual <a href="/wiki/Florets" class="mw-redirect" title="Florets">florets</a>. Depending on variety, crop management and growing conditions, each plant can develop 3–50 or more flower heads of 1.25–4 cm (0.49–1.57 in) diameter. <a href="/wiki/Flowering" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowering">Flowering</a> commences with terminal flower heads (central stem), followed sequentially by primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary branch flower heads. Individual florets usually flower for 3–4 days. Commercial varieties are largely self-pollinated. Flowers are commonly yellow, orange and red, but white and cream coloured forms exist.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">dicarpelled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigynous">epigynous</a> ovary forms the <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a>. The safflower plant then produces <a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">achenes</a>. Each flower head commonly contains 15–50 seeds; however, the number can exceed 100. The shell content of the seeds varies between 30 and 60%, the oil content of the seeds varies between 20 and 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_development">Plant development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plant development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Safflower##" title="Talk:Safflower">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Safflower%22">"Safflower"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Safflower%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Safflower%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Safflower%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Safflower%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Safflower%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Safflower usually emerges 1–3 weeks after sowing and grows slower under low temperatures. Germination of safflower is <a href="/wiki/Epigeal" title="Epigeal">epigeal</a>. The first true leaves emerging form a <a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">rosette</a>. This stage occurs in winter with short daylength and cold temperature, as the safflower can tolerate frosts up to −7 °C (19 °F) during the rosette stage. </p><p>When temperature and daylength start to increase, the central stem begins to elongate and branch, growing more rapidly. Early sowing allows more time for developing a large rosette and more extensive branching, which results in a higher yield. </p><p>Flowering is mainly influenced by daylength. The period from the end of flowering to maturity is usually 4 weeks. The total period from sowing to harvest maturity varies with variety, location, sowing time and growing conditions; for June or July sowings, it may be about 26–31 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both wild and cultivated forms have a diploid set of 2n = 24 chromosomes. Crossings with <i>Carthamus palaestinus</i>, <i>Carthamus oxyacanthus</i> and <i>Carthamus persicus</i> can produce fertile offspring.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safflower is one of humanity's oldest crops. It was first cultivated in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, with archaeological traces possibly dating as early as 2500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chemical analysis of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> textiles dated to the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_dynasty_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty</a> (1991–1802 BC) identified dyes made from safflower, and garlands made from safflowers were found in the tomb of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary-211_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-211-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Chadwick" title="John Chadwick">John Chadwick</a> reports that the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> name for safflower (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kárthamos</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κάρθαμος</span></span>) occurs many times in <a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a> tablets, distinguished into two kinds: a white safflower (ka-na-ko re-u-ka, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">knākos leukā</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κνάκος λευκά</span></span>), which was measured, and red (ka-na-ko e-ru-ta-ra, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">knākos eruthrā</i></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κνάκος ερυθρά</span></span>) which was weighed. "The explanation is that there are two parts of the plant which can be used; the pale seeds and the red <a href="/wiki/Floret" class="mw-redirect" title="Floret">florets</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early Spanish colonies along the Rio Grande in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> used safflower as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> in traditional recipes. An heirloom variety originating in <a href="/wiki/Corrales,_New_Mexico" title="Corrales, New Mexico">Corrales, New Mexico</a>, called "Corrales Azafran", is still cultivated and used as a saffron substitute in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nss_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nss-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safflower prefers high temperatures and grows best at 28–35 °C (82–95 °F). It tolerates 40 °C (104 °F), but there are also some varieties which grow under very low temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Safflower is cultivated in different seasons: as a winter crop in south central India, as an early summer crop in California and as a mid-summer crop in the Northern Great Plains of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minimum length of the growing season is 120 and 200 days for summer and winter cultivars, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plant performance is highly dependent on the different planting dates in terms of temperature and day length.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winter hard varieties only form a rosette in late fall and elongates in spring.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early stages, safflower tolerates humidity but after bud stage the danger of a Botrytis blight infestation increases<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Safflower is drought tolerant.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tap root makes moisture from deep soil layers available.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, this tolerance can also be explained by the higher water use efficiency compared to other oil crops such as linseed and mustard.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before and during maximum flowering water requirements are the highest.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beside drought tolerance, all parts of the plant are sensitive to moisture in terms of diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of excessive water supply, it is susceptible to root rot.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, many varieties are not suitable in irrigated agriculture especially on soils with danger of waterlogging.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Safflower tolerates wind and hail better than cereals.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It stays erect and can retain the seeds in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil">Soil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safflower prefers well-drained, neutral, fertile and deep soils.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can adapt well to soil pH (pH 5–8) and tolerates salinity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Safflower can be well grown on different soil types, with water supply as its main driving factor for suitability, depending on climate and irrigation, and the resulting different water regimes of the different soil types.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, cultivation on shallow soils and especially on soils with danger of waterlogging is not suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deep rooting promotes water and air movement and improves the <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil quality</a> for subsequent crops in a rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nutrient requirements can be compared to wheat and barley, except nitrogen amendment should be increased by 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, soils with an adequate nitrogen supply are favorable.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_practice">Agricultural practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agricultural practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crop_rotation_and_sowing">Crop rotation and sowing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Crop rotation and sowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safflower is frequently grown in <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> with small <a href="/wiki/Grains" class="mw-redirect" title="Grains">grains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallow" title="Fallow">fallow</a> and annual <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Close rotation with crops susceptible to <i><a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia_sclerotiorum" title="Sclerotinia sclerotiorum">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</a></i> should be avoided (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunflower">sunflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">canola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a>). A four-year rotation is recommended to reduce disease pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeds should be sown in spring as early as 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) soil temperature is exceeded, to take advantage of the full growing season. If wireworms were a problem in the field in previous seasons, a respective <a href="/wiki/Seed_treatment" title="Seed treatment">seed treatment</a> is recommended. A planting depth between 2.5–3.5 cm (0.98–1.38 in) is optimal. Shallow seeding promotes uniform emergence resulting in a better stand. </p><p>Seeding rate recommendations are around 17–33.5 kg/ha (15.2–29.9 lb/acre) of live seed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where lower seeding rates promote branching, a longer flowering period and later maturity and higher rates promote thicker stands with a higher disease incidence. Sufficient moisture is necessary for germination. Usually, row spacing between 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) are chosen using similar drill settings as recommended for <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Management">Management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total N recommendation is 90 kg/ha (80 lb/acre). This should include credits based on previous crops and soil available N. For the latter, deeper positioned nutrients need to be taken into account as safflower will root deeper than small grains and therefore access nutrients unavailable to them.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Safflower growing in soils low in phosphorus need to be fertilized. Up to 39 kg/ha (35 lb/acre) of phosphate can be drill-applied safely. </p><p>A weed control program is essential when growing safflower as it is a poor competitor with weeds during the rosette stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivation on fields with heavy infestation of perennial weeds is not recommended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harvest">Harvest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Harvest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Safflower is mature when most leaves have turned brown approximately 30 days after flowering.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeds should fall from the head when rubbed. Rain and high humidity after maturity may cause the seeds to sprout on the head.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harvesting is usually done using a small-grain <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moisture in seeds should not exceed 8% to allow for a safe, long-term storage. Drying can be done similar to sunflower. Temperatures must not exceed 43 °C (109 °F) to prevent damage to the seed and ensure quality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gram pod borer/capsule borer: <i><a href="/wiki/Helicoverpa_armigera" title="Helicoverpa armigera">Helicoverpa armigera</a></i></li> <li>Safflower caterpillar: <i><a href="/wiki/Condica_capensis" title="Condica capensis">Perigaea capensis</a></i></li> <li>Safflower aphid: <i><a href="/wiki/Uroleucon" title="Uroleucon">Uroleucon</a> carthami</i></li> <li>Capsule fly/safflower bud fly: <i><a href="/wiki/Acanthiophilus" title="Acanthiophilus">Acanthiophilus</a> helianthi</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_carthami" title="Alternaria carthami"><i>Alternaria</i></a> spp. present one of the most prevalent diseases causing losses as high as 50% in India.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a field trial in Switzerland, <i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i> was the most prevalent disease.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Summary of plant diseases occurring on safflower without consideration of the geographical distribution and importance<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Disease </th> <th>Cause </th> <th>Symptoms </th> <th>Control </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Bacterial diseases </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bacterial blight </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae" title="Pseudomonas syringae">Pseudomonas syringae</a></i> </td> <td>Dark, water soaked lesions on stems, leaf petioles and leaves. Red-brown necrotic spots on leaves. Severely infected plants die. </td> <td>No control reported. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stem soft rot </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pectobacterium_carotovorum" title="Pectobacterium carotovorum">Erwinia carotovora</a></i> </td> <td>Wilting. Stems have a soft internal rot. </td> <td>No control reported. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Fungal diseases </th></tr> <tr> <td>Alternia leaf spot </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_carthami" title="Alternaria carthami">Alternaria carthami</a></i> </td> <td>Seeds may rot or seedlings damp off. Brown spots on the cotyldedones. If stem is infected plant collapses. </td> <td>Disease free seeds, fungicide treatment of seeds, resistant cultivar, hot water treatment of the seeds. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Botrytis head rot </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i> </td> <td>Seed heads change color from a dark to light green followed by complete browning. Infected floral parts will be covered with a gray mold. </td> <td>No control reported. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cercospora leaf spot </td> <td><i>Cercospora carthami</i> </td> <td>At any stage of growth. Commonly round spots on lower leaves. </td> <td>No control necessary. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colletrichum stem rot </td> <td><i>Colletrichum orbiculare</i> </td> <td>Brown lesions, which can become necrotic occurring on the base of stems. Plant may die. </td> <td>No control necessary. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fusarium wilt </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum" title="Fusarium oxysporum">Fusarium oxysporum</a></i> </td> <td>Yellowing leaves at one side of the plant beginning on the lower leaves followed by wilting. Young plants may die. </td> <td>Don't plant seeds from affected plants, fungicide treatment of seeds, rotation, resistant cultivar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phytophtora root rot </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cryptogea" title="Phytophthora cryptogea">Phytophtora cryptogea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_drechsleri" title="Phytophthora drechsleri">P. drechsleri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cactorum" title="Phytophthora cactorum">P. cactorum</a></i> </td> <td>At any stage of growth. Lower stems of seedlings collapse. On older plants leaves turn light green or yellow, then wild and die. </td> <td>Resistant cultivar, provide good drainage, avoid ponding of water </td></tr> <tr> <td>Powdery mildew </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Erysiphe_cichoracearum" title="Erysiphe cichoracearum">Erysiphe cichoracearum</a></i> </td> <td>Gray powdery mass of conidia on leaf surfaces </td> <td>No control reported. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pythium root rot </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Pythium_splendens" title="Pythium splendens">Pythium spp.</a></i> </td> <td>Hypocotyl and first internode become water-soaked and soft with light brown discoloration. Later plant collapses </td> <td>Fungicide treatment of seeds, avoid irrigation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramularia leaf spot </td> <td><i>Ramularia carthani</i> </td> <td>Round and regular spots in both sides of leaves. Yield and seed quality is affected. </td> <td>Rotation </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhizocotina blight </td> <td><i>Rhizocotina solani</i> </td> <td>Dark cortical lesions in the seedling stem. In advanced stages disease lesions extend up the stem. Root development is reduced </td> <td>Resistant cultivar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rust </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Puccinia_carthami" title="Puccinia carthami">Puccinia carthami</a></i> </td> <td>Can occur at seedling phase or at foliage phase. </td> <td>Fungicide treatment of seeds, rotation, plow under residue, resistant cultivar </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sclerotinia stem rot </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia_sclerotiorum" title="Sclerotinia sclerotiorum">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</a></i> </td> <td>Leaves turn yellow, wilt, turn brown and shrivel. White cottony growth on the stem. Can also affect heads. Plant may die. </td> <td>Don't plant safflower with other plants susceptible to <i>S. sclerotiorum.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Verticillum wilt </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Verticillium_wilt" title="Verticillium wilt">Verticillum wilt</a></i> </td> <td>At any stage of growth. Leaves turn darker green than those of healthy plants. In older plants on lower leaves first. Unilateral leaf growth. Chlorotic areas on leaves. </td> <td>Normally minor disease. Do not rotate with cotton, peanuts and other susceptible crops. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Mycoplasmal diseases </th></tr> <tr> <td>Safflower phyllody </td> <td>Safflower phyllody mycoplasma </td> <td>Abnormal axillary budding. </td> <td>Keep safflower fields free of the weed Carthamus tenuis L. because the leafhopper (vector) breeds in this weed </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Viral diseases </th></tr> <tr> <td>Chilli mosaic </td> <td>Chilli mosaic virus CMV </td> <td>Light and dark green patches are scattered over leaves </td> <td>No control reported. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cucumber mosaic </td> <td> </td> <td>Light and dark green mosaic pattern primarily on upper leaves </td> <td>No control reported. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Severe mosaic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turnip_mosaic_virus" title="Turnip mosaic virus">Turnip mosaic virus</a> (TuMV) </td> <td>Stunted plants with reduced leaf and seed head size. Seed ovules rot. </td> <td>No control reported. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tobacco mosaic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus" title="Tobacco mosaic virus">Tobacco mosaic virus</a> (TMV) </td> <td>Blotchy light and dark green mosaic patterns on leaves. </td> <td>No control reported. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, global production of safflower seeds was 653,030 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> with 35% of the world total (table). Other significant producers were Russia and Mexico, with 28% of world production combined. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:17em; text-align:center;"> <caption>Safflower production, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Seeds in <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>226,739 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>96,636 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> </td> <td>86,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>67,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>44,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>653,030</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the crop was grown for its seeds, and used for coloring and flavoring foods, in medicines, and making red (<a href="/wiki/Carthamin" title="Carthamin">carthamin</a>) and yellow dyes, especially before cheaper <a href="/wiki/Aniline" title="Aniline">aniline</a> <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> became available.<sup id="cite_ref-Zohary-211_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zohary-211-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safflower_oil">Safflower oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Safflower oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the last fifty years or so,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the plant has been cultivated mainly for the <a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">vegetable oil</a> extracted from its seeds. Safflower seed oil is flavorless and colorless. It is used mainly in cosmetics and as a <a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">cooking oil</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Salad_dressing" title="Salad dressing">salad dressing</a>, and for the production of <a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">margarine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/INCI" class="mw-redirect" title="INCI">INCI</a> nomenclature is <i>Carthamus tinctorius</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are two types of safflower that produce different kinds of oil: one high in <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Monounsaturated">monounsaturated</a> fatty acid (<a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a>) and the other high in <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyunsaturated">polyunsaturated</a> fatty acid (<a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a>). Currently the predominant edible oil market is for the former, which is lower in <a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">saturated fats</a> than olive oil. The latter is used in <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">painting</a> in the place of <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a>, particularly with white paints, as it does not have the yellow tint which linseed oil possesses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In one review of small <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>, safflower oil consumption reduced blood <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoprotein</a> levels – a <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factor</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a> – more than those seen from <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">lard</a> consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Nutrient value per 100g<br />of high-linoleic safflower seed oil<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Min </th> <th>Max </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Saturated fatty acids </td> <td>Myristic C14:0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palmitic C16:0 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>8.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stearic C18:0 </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Monounsaturated fatty acids </td> <td>Oleic C18:1 </td> <td>8.1 </td> <td>18.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eicosenoic C20:1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Polyunsaturated fatty acids </td> <td>Linoleic C18:2 </td> <td>71.6 </td> <td>83.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachidonic">Arachidonic</a> C20:4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Linolenic C18:3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Fatty acid composition of high-oleic safflower seed oil <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Saturated fatty acids </td> <td>Palmitic C16:0 </td> <td>~5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stearic C18:0 </td> <td>~2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Monounsaturated fatty acids </td> <td>Oleic C18:1 </td> <td>~78 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Polyunsaturated fatty acids </td> <td>Linoleic C18:2 </td> <td>~13 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowers_for_human_consumption">Flowers for human consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flowers for human consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuerkischer_safran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tuerkischer_safran.jpg/220px-Tuerkischer_safran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tuerkischer_safran.jpg/330px-Tuerkischer_safran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Tuerkischer_safran.jpg/440px-Tuerkischer_safran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Safflower at a market</figcaption></figure> <p>Safflower flowers are occasionally used in cooking as a cheaper substitute for <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, sometimes referred to as "bastard saffron".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dried safflower petals are also used as a <a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">herbal tea</a> variety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dye_from_flowers">Dye from flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Dye from flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safflower_oil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Safflower_oil.jpg/220px-Safflower_oil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Safflower_oil.jpg/330px-Safflower_oil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Safflower_oil.jpg/440px-Safflower_oil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Safflower oil as a medium for <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil colours</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Safflower petals contain one red and two yellow dyes. In coloring <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, dried safflower flowers are used as a natural <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> source for the orange-red pigment <a href="/wiki/Carthamin" title="Carthamin">carthamin</a>. Carthamin is also known, in the dye industry, as Carthamus Red or Natural Red 26.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellow dye from safflower is known as Carthamus yellow or Natural Yellow 5.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the yellow pigments is fugitive and will wash away in cold water. The dye is suitable for <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, which takes up the red dye, and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, which takes up the yellow and red color yielding orange. No <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> is required.<sup id="cite_ref-WFCOUK_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WFCOUK-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, dyers have long utilised a technique of producing a bright red to orange-red dye (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Carthamin" title="Carthamin">carthamin</a></i>) from the dried florets of safflower (<i><a href="/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthamus tinctorius">Carthamus tinctorius</a></i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Darker shades are achieved by repeating the dyeing process several times, having the fabric dry, and redyed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Due to the expensive nature of the dye, safflower dye was sometimes diluted with other dyestuffs, such as <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesalpinia_sappan_L." class="mw-redirect" title="Caesalpinia sappan L.">sappan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beni_itajime_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beni_itajime-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodegradable_oil">Biodegradable oil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Biodegradable oil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia in 2005, <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grains_Research_and_Development_Corporation" title="Grains Research and Development Corporation">Grains Research and Development Corporation</a> launched the Crop Biofactories initiative to produce 93% oleic oil for use as a <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a> oil for <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">hydraulic fluids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transformer_oil" title="Transformer oil">transformer oils</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Feedstock" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedstock">feedstock</a> for <a href="/wiki/Biopolymer" title="Biopolymer">biopolymers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_linoleic_acid" title="Conjugated linoleic acid">Conjugated linoleic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetsumuhana" title="Suetsumuhana">Suetsumuhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsheringma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsheringma">Tsheringma</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tropicos.org/Name/2700365">"Tropicos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO. 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropicos&rft.pub=Missouri+Botanical+Garden%2C+St.+Louis%2C+MO&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tropicos.org%2FName%2F2700365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrain_research_&_development_corporation2020" class="citation web cs1">Grain research & development corporation (2020-11-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grdc.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/370580/GrowNote-Safflower-North-04-Physiology.pdf">"Safflower plant growth and physiology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safflower+plant+growth+and+physiology&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft.au=Grain+research+%26+development+corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrdc.com.au%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0023%2F370580%2FGrowNote-Safflower-North-04-Physiology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearman2005" class="citation book cs1">Pearman, Georgina (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). <i>The Cultural History of Plants</i>. Routledge. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415927463" title="Special:BookSources/0415927463"><bdi>0415927463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+History+of+Plants&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415927463&rft.aulast=Pearman&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zohary-211-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary-211_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zohary-211_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHSYoqY-AwC&pg=PA168">Safflower</a></i>, p. 168, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoharyWeissHopf2012" class="citation book cs1">Zohary, Daniel; Weiss, Ehud; Hopf, Maria (2012). "Dye crops". <i>Domestication of Plants in the Old World</i>. pp. 166–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199549061.003.0009">10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199549061.003.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954906-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954906-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954906-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dye+crops&rft.btitle=Domestication+of+Plants+in+the+Old+World&rft.pages=166-168&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aosobl%2F9780199549061.003.0009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954906-1&rft.aulast=Zohary&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Ehud&rft.au=Hopf%2C+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Chadwick, <i>The Mycenaean World</i> (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nss-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nss_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.nativeseeds.org/collections/herbs/products/hb014">"Corrales Azafrán - Native-Seeds-Search"</a>. <i>shop.nativeseeds.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shop.nativeseeds.org&rft.atitle=Corrales+Azafr%C3%A1n+-+Native-Seeds-Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.nativeseeds.org%2Fcollections%2Fherbs%2Fproducts%2Fhb014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNwokoloSmartt1996" class="citation book cs1">Nwokolo, E; Smartt, J, eds. (1996). <i>Food and Feed from Legumes and Oilseeds</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0433-3">10.1007/978-1-4613-0433-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-8050-4"><bdi>978-1-4613-8050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+and+Feed+from+Legumes+and+Oilseeds&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4613-0433-3&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-8050-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles2015" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, P. F. (2015). "Safflower". <i>Hybridization of Crop Plants</i>. pp. 535–548. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2135%2F1980.hybridizationofcrops.c38">10.2135/1980.hybridizationofcrops.c38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780891185666" title="Special:BookSources/9780891185666"><bdi>9780891185666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Safflower&rft.btitle=Hybridization+of+Crop+Plants&rft.pages=535-548&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2135%2F1980.hybridizationofcrops.c38&rft.isbn=9780891185666&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=P.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1955" class="citation journal cs1">Knowles, P. 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"Biochemical characterisation of the seed oils of four safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius ) varieties grown in north-eastern of Morocco". <i>International Journal of Food Science & Technology</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 804–810. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fijfs.12714">10.1111/ijfs.12714</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2268%2F175051">2268/175051</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Food+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Biochemical+characterisation+of+the+seed+oils+of+four+safflower+%28+Carthamus+tinctorius+%29+varieties+grown+in+north-eastern+of+Morocco&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=804-810&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2268%2F175051&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fijfs.12714&rft.aulast=Ben+Moumen&rft.aufirst=Abdessamad&rft.au=Mansouri%2C+Farid&rft.au=Richard%2C+Gaetan&rft.au=Abid%2C+Malika&rft.au=Fauconnier%2C+Marie-Laure&rft.au=Sindic%2C+Marianne&rft.au=El+Amrani%2C+Ahmed&rft.au=Serghini+Caid%2C+Hana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoşgeGürbüzKiralan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Coşge, Belgin; Gürbüz, Bilal; Kiralan, Mustafa (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijnes.org/index.php/ijnes/article/view/374">"Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Some Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Varieties Sown in Spring and Winter"</a>. <i>International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 11–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Natural+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Oil+Content+and+Fatty+Acid+Composition+of+Some+Safflower+%28Carthamus+tinctorius+L.%29+Varieties+Sown+in+Spring+and+Winter&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=11-15&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Co%C5%9Fge&rft.aufirst=Belgin&rft.au=G%C3%BCrb%C3%BCz%2C+Bilal&rft.au=Kiralan%2C+Mustafa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fijnes.org%2Findex.php%2Fijnes%2Farticle%2Fview%2F374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salaberría, F., Constenla, D., Carelli, A.A. et al. Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of High Oleic Safflower Oils (Carthamus tinctorius, Var. CW88-OL and CW99-OL). J Am Oil Chem Soc 93, 1383–1391 (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2886-6">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-016-2886-6</a> |url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11746-016-2886-6">https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11746-016-2886-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. "safflower" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=safflower&use1828=on"><i>Webster's Dictionary</i>, year 1828</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508100436/http://machaut.uchicago.edu/?resource=Webster%27s&word=safflower&use1828=on">Archived</a> 2013-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. E.g. "bastard saffron" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000817749#page/1006/mode/1up"><i>The Herball, or General Historie of Plantes</i></a>, by John Gerarde, year 1597, pages 1006-1007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w6355e/w6355e0a.htm">"Carthamus red; In: Compendium of Food Additive Specifications. Addendum 5. (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper - 52 Add. 5)"</a>. FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carthamus+red%3B+In%3A+Compendium+of+Food+Additive+Specifications.+Addendum+5.+%28FAO+Food+and+Nutrition+Paper+-+52+Add.+5%29&rft.pub=FAO%2FWHO+Expert+Committee+on+Food+Additives&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2Fw6355e%2Fw6355e0a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/w6355e/w6355e0b.htm">"Carthamus yellow; In: Compendium of Food Additive Specifications. (FAO Food and Nutrition Paper - 52 Add. 5)"</a>. FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carthamus+yellow%3B+In%3A+Compendium+of+Food+Additive+Specifications.+%28FAO+Food+and+Nutrition+Paper+-+52+Add.+5%29&rft.pub=FAO%2FWHO+Expert+Committee+on+Food+Additives&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fw6355e%2Fw6355e0b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WFCOUK-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WFCOUK_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildcolours.co.uk/html/safflower.html">"Dyeing with Safflower"</a>. <i>wildcolours.co.uk</i>. 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wildcolours.co.uk&rft.atitle=Dyeing+with+Safflower&rft.date=2021-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildcolours.co.uk%2Fhtml%2Fsafflower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beni_itajime-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beni_itajime_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAraiIwamoto_Wada2010" class="citation journal cs1">Arai, Masanao; Iwamoto Wada, Yoshiko (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=tsaconf">"BENI ITAJIME: CARVED BOARD CLAMP RESIST DYEING IN RED"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings</i>. University of Nebraska - Lincoln. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102105415/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=tsaconf">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Textile+Society+of+America+Symposium+Proceedings&rft.atitle=BENI+ITAJIME%3A+CARVED+BOARD+CLAMP+RESIST+DYEING+IN+RED&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Arai&rft.aufirst=Masanao&rft.au=Iwamoto+Wada%2C+Yoshiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1004%26context%3Dtsaconf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2020" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Tim (7 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-07/safflower-oil-new-biofuel-to-replace-petroleum/12321028">"Safflower oil hailed by scientists as possible recyclable, biodegradable replacement for petroleum"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Landline. Australian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Safflower+oil+hailed+by+scientists+as+possible+recyclable%2C+biodegradable+replacement+for+petroleum&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-06-07%2Fsafflower-oil-new-biofuel-to-replace-petroleum%2F12321028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Safflower&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/safflower" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/safflower">safflower</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carthamus_tinctorius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carthamus tinctorius">Carthamus tinctorius</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/safflower.html">Safflower field crops manual, University of Wisconsin, 1992</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuireDamaniaQualset2012" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, Patrick E.; Damania, Ardeshir B.; Qualset, Calvin O., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucanr.org/sites/plantbreeding/files/151269.pdf"><i>Safflower in California</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Safflower+in+California&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucanr.org%2Fsites%2Fplantbreeding%2Ffiles%2F151269.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewinJoelPeterLützow2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lewin, Geertje; Joel, Madeleine; Peter, Birgit; Lützow, Manfred (September 2021). "Food grade safflower concentrate: No evidence for reproduction and early developmental toxicity". <i>Reproductive Toxicology</i>. <b>104</b>: 155–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.reprotox.2021.01.009">10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.01.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33515695">33515695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproductive+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Food+grade+safflower+concentrate%3A+No+evidence+for+reproduction+and+early+developmental+toxicity&rft.volume=104&rft.pages=155-165&rft.date=2021-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.reprotox.2021.01.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33515695&rft.aulast=Lewin&rft.aufirst=Geertje&rft.au=Joel%2C+Madeleine&rft.au=Peter%2C+Birgit&rft.au=L%C3%BCtzow%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASafflower" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fats_and_oils" title="Template talk:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fats_and_oils" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fats and oils"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_fats_and_oils" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible fats and oils</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pork_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork fat">Pork fats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatback" title="Fatback">Fatback</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lardo" title="Lardo">Lardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_(food)" title="Salo (food)">Salo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lard" title="Lard">Lard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardon" title="Lardon">Lardon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutton">Mutton</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dripping" title="Dripping">Dripping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet" title="Suet">Suet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tail_fat" title="Tail fat">Tail fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallow" title="Tallow">Tallow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarified_butter" title="Clarified butter">Clarified butter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">Ghee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manteiga-da-terra" title="Manteiga-da-terra">Manteiga-da-terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niter_kibbeh" title="Niter kibbeh">Niter kibbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smen" title="Smen">Smen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfa_butter" title="Urfa butter">Urfa butter</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a> fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_fat" title="Chicken fat">Chicken fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duck fat">Duck fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose fat">Goose fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmaltz" title="Schmaltz">Schmaltz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animal fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blubber#Human_influences" title="Blubber">Blubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktuk" title="Muktuk">Muktuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">Whale oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vegetable fats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_tallow" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo tallow">Borneo tallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_butter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango butter">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarine" title="Margarine">Margarine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">Palm kernel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_shortening" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable shortening">Vegetable shortening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Marine oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_oil" title="Seaweed oil">Seaweed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable <br /> oils</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetable_oils" title="List of vegetable oils">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">Fruit</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avocado_oil" title="Avocado oil">Avocado oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nut (food)">Nut</a> oils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Almond oil">Almond oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argan_oil" title="Argan oil">Argan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew oil">Cashew oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazelnut oil">Hazelnut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_oil" title="Macadamia oil">Macadamia oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marula_oil" title="Marula oil">Marula oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo#Traditional_uses" title="Mongongo">Mongongo nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">Pecan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut_oil" title="Pine nut oil">Pine nut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio_oil" title="Pistachio oil">Pistachio oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_oil" title="Walnut oil">Walnut oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed oil">Seed oils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambadi_seed_oil" title="Ambadi seed oil">Ambadi seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_seed_oil" title="Apple seed oil">Apple seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">Castor oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_oil" title="Corn oil">Corn oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottonseed_oil" title="Cottonseed oil">Cottonseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_oil" title="Grape seed oil">Grape seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">Hemp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed (flaxseed) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">Mustard oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_oil" title="Peanut oil">Peanut oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequi_oil" title="Pequi oil">Pequi oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_oil" title="Perilla oil">Perilla oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppyseed_oil" title="Poppyseed oil">Poppyseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed_oil" title="Pumpkin seed oil">Pumpkin seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed_oil" title="Rapeseed oil">Rapeseed (canola) oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_bran_oil" title="Rice bran oil">Rice bran oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safflower_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safflower oil">Safflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">Sesame oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean_oil" title="Soybean oil">Soybean oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower_oil" title="Sunflower oil">Sunflower oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea seed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watermelon_seed_oil" title="Watermelon seed oil">Watermelon seed oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Types_of_plant_oils" title="Types of plant oils">Plant oil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">Essential oil</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Carthamus tinctorius</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156625" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q156625">Q156625</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carthamus_tinctorius" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Carthamus tinctorius">Carthamus tinctorius</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=618">618</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/99879">99879</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/113175">113175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/carthamus-tinctorius/">carthamus-tinctorius</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id41484">41484</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=1664">1664</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/RH96">RH96</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2514">2514</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/488433">488433</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CAUTI">CAUTI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/153822">153822</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/7913">7913</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200023631">200023631</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Carthamus%20tinctorius">Carthamus tinctorius</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023631">200023631</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3138327">3138327</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=9243">9243</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/76135">76135</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">IPA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=16814">16814</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/324467-2">324467-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10457136">10457136</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=501305">501305</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">MichiganFlora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=268">268</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.137575/">2.137575</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000014665">NBNSYS0000014665</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4222">4222</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Carthamus~tinctorius">Carthamus~tinctorius</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraNT" title="FloraNT">NTFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eflora.nt.gov.au/factsheet?id=508">508</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b63908d0-028f-43e3-b0bc-ece95a777141">b63908d0-028f-43e3-b0bc-ece95a777141</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Plant_Conservation_Network" title="New Zealand Plant Conservation Network">NZPCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=4518">4518</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/6563/">6563</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1061541">1061541</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PFI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=6103">6103</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/gcc-123195">gcc-123195</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CATI">CATI</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A324467-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:324467-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/28835/wd/Details">28835</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/2700365">2700365</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/2960">2960</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/f1fbe15a-dbdd-49c1-8146-afd0cda8b3be">f1fbe15a-dbdd-49c1-8146-afd0cda8b3be</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000024004">wfo-0000024004</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1109057">1109057</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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