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Irulegiko Eskua - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.

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ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&amp;returnto=Irulegiko+Eskua" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&amp;returnto=Irulegiko+Eskua" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&amp;returnto=Irulegiko+Eskua" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Aurkikuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aurkikuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Aurkikuntza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aurkikuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testuingurua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testuingurua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Testuingurua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testuingurua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Testua</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Testua-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Testua azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Testua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Idazkera_sistema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idazkera_sistema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Idazkera sistema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Idazkera_sistema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transkripzioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transkripzioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Transkripzioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transkripzioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hizkuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hizkuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hizkuntza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hizkuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adituen_iritzia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adituen_iritzia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Adituen iritzia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adituen_iritzia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Adituen iritzia azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adituen_iritzia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lehen_begiratu_baikorrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lehen_begiratu_baikorrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Lehen begiratu baikorrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lehen_begiratu_baikorrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikuspegi_zuhurrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuspegi_zuhurrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ikuspegi zuhurrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikuspegi_zuhurrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fontes_Linguæ_Vasconum_aldizkariaren_dosierra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fontes_Linguæ_Vasconum_aldizkariaren_dosierra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span><i>Fontes Linguæ Vasconum</i> aldizkariaren dosierra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fontes_Linguæ_Vasconum_aldizkariaren_dosierra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antzeko_objektuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antzeko_objektuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Antzeko objektuak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Antzeko_objektuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Antzeko objektuak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Antzeko_objektuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beste_esku_batzuk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beste_esku_batzuk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Beste esku batzuk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beste_esku_batzuk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abegi_oneko_teserak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abegi_oneko_teserak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Abegi oneko teserak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abegi_oneko_teserak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aurkikuntzaren_oihartzuna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aurkikuntzaren_oihartzuna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Aurkikuntzaren oihartzuna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aurkikuntzaren_oihartzuna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Aurkikuntzaren oihartzuna azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aurkikuntzaren_oihartzuna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Euskal_Herriko_hedabideetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euskal_Herriko_hedabideetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Euskal Herriko hedabideetan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euskal_Herriko_hedabideetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazioarteko_hedabideetan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazioarteko_hedabideetan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Nazioarteko hedabideetan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazioarteko_hedabideetan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herri_kulturan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herri_kulturan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Herri kulturan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herri_kulturan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dibulgazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dibulgazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dibulgazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dibulgazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argazki_galeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argazki_galeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Argazki galeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argazki_galeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oharrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oharrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Oharrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oharrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Irulegiko Eskua</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 14 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_d%27Irulegi" title="Man d&#039;Irulegi – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Man d&#039;Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="يد إيروليغي – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يد إيروليغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_d%27Irulegi" title="Mano d&#039;Irulegi – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mano d&#039;Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorn_Irulegi" title="Dorn Irulegi – bretoiera" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dorn Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0_d%27Irulegi" title="Mà d&#039;Irulegi – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mà d&#039;Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_of_Irulegi" title="Hand of Irulegi – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hand of Irulegi" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_de_Irulegi" title="Mano de Irulegi – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mano de Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_de_Irulegui" title="Mano de Irulegui – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mano de Irulegui" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_d%27Irulegi" title="Main d&#039;Irulegi – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Main d&#039;Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_de_Irulegi" title="Man de Irulegi – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Man de Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangan_Irulegi" title="Tangan Irulegi – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tangan Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82o%C5%84_z_Irulegi" title="Dłoń z Irulegi – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dłoń z Irulegi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%98%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Рука из Ирулеги – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рука из Ирулеги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7_%D0%86%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Рука з Ірулегі – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рука з Ірулегі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q115210199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irulegiko_Eskua" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Irulegiko_Eskua" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Irulegiko_Eskua"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #F5F5DC">Irulegiko Eskua</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskua_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Irulegiko_eskua_1.jpg/285px-Irulegiko_eskua_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Irulegiko_eskua_1.jpg/428px-Irulegiko_eskua_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Irulegiko_eskua_1.jpg/570px-Irulegiko_eskua_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1217" /></a></span><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hand_of_Irulegi" title="c:Category:Hand of Irulegi"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hand_of_Irulegi" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hand of Irulegi">Irudi gehiago</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">Jatorria</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Sorrera-urtea</th><td class="infobox-data">K.a. I. mendea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aurkikuntza lekua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Irulegiko_herrixka" title="Irulegiko herrixka">Irulegiko herrixka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranguren" title="Aranguren">Aranguren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria">Euskal Herria</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aurkikuntza data</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021eko</a> <a href="/wiki/Ekainaren_18" title="Ekainaren 18">ekainaren&#x202f;18a</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aurkezpen data</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022ko</a> <a href="/wiki/Azaroaren_14" title="Azaroaren 14">azaroaren&#x202f;14a</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Aurkitzailea edo asmatzailea</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leire_Malkorra" title="Leire Malkorra">Leire Malkorra</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">Ezaugarriak</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Materiala(k)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brontze" title="Brontze">brontzea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Dimentsioak</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">127,9 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="zabalera"><img alt="zabalera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chess_lrt45.svg/15px-Chess_lrt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chess_lrt45.svg/23px-Chess_lrt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Chess_lrt45.svg/30px-Chess_lrt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span>) ×</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">143,1 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="luzera"><img alt="luzera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chess_urt45.svg/15px-Chess_urt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chess_urt45.svg/23px-Chess_urt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chess_urt45.svg/30px-Chess_urt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></span></span>) ×</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">1,09 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="lodiera"><img alt="lodiera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breezeicons-actions-22-format-align-vertical-center.svg/15px-Breezeicons-actions-22-format-align-vertical-center.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breezeicons-actions-22-format-align-vertical-center.svg/23px-Breezeicons-actions-22-format-align-vertical-center.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Breezeicons-actions-22-format-align-vertical-center.svg/30px-Breezeicons-actions-22-format-align-vertical-center.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>) mm</span> <br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Pisua</th><td class="infobox-data">35,9 gramo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Hizkuntza</th><td class="infobox-data">ezezaguna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Idazketa-sistema</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ipar-ekialdeko_idazkera_iberikoa" title="Ipar-ekialdeko idazkera iberikoa">ipar-ekialdeko iberiar idazketa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background-color: #F5F5DC">Kokapena</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lekua</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nafarroako_Museoa" title="Nafarroako Museoa">Nafarroako Museoa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><div class="center"></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Irulegiko Eskua</b> brontzezko objektu arkeologikoa da,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nafarroa_Garaia" title="Nafarroa Garaia">Nafarroa Garaiko</a> <a href="/wiki/Aranguren" title="Aranguren">Aranguren</a> udalerrian dagoen <a href="/wiki/Irulegi_(Aranguren)" title="Irulegi (Aranguren)">Irulegi</a> mendiko <a href="/wiki/Burdin_Aroa" title="Burdin Aroa">Burdin Aroko</a> <a href="/wiki/Irulegiko_herrixka" title="Irulegiko herrixka">Irulegiko herrixkan</a> aurkitua,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herria" title="Euskal Herria">Euskal Herrian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baskoien_hizkuntza" title="Baskoien hizkuntza">Baskoien mintzairaren</a> hitzak dituela uste dute hainbat adituk, testuaren lehen hitza <i>sorioneku</i> (edo <i>-ke</i><sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiestaran2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>) gisa interpretatu baitute, <a href="/wiki/Idazkera_baskoniko" class="mw-redirect" title="Idazkera baskoniko">idazkera baskonikoaz</a> idatzia. Ezohikoa da, ez baita inon ere beste esku grabaturik aurkitu. Eskuaren interpretazioa bi eratan egin da: agian testu <a href="/wiki/Apotropaiko" title="Apotropaiko">apotropaiko</a>a da, etxeko sarreran jarrita zorte ona emateko edo agur egiteko, edo gerra <a href="/wiki/Trofeo" title="Trofeo">trofeo</a> bat, eskuin esku moztu bat, eta testua ere gerra giroko esker ematea. </p><p>Irulegiko Eskuaren «garrantzia eta berezitasuna» direla-eta, <a href="/wiki/Nafarroako_Gobernua" title="Nafarroako Gobernua">Nafarroako Gobernuak</a> 2023ko irailaren 4an informatu zuen pieza arkeologikoa <a href="/wiki/Kultura_Intereseko_Ondasun_(Espainia)" title="Kultura Intereseko Ondasun (Espainia)">Interes Kulturaleko Ondasun</a> izendatzeko prozesua hasia zuela.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Halaber, aurkikuntzaren urteurrenean, Gobernuak jakinarazi zuen Irulegiko Eskua <a href="/wiki/Nafarroako_Museoa" title="Nafarroako Museoa">Nafarroako Museoan</a> jarriko dutela ikusgai, ziurrenera 2024ko udan.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aurkikuntza">Aurkikuntza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aurkikuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Aurkikuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mattin_Aiestaran" title="Mattin Aiestaran">Mattin Aiestaran</a> arkeologoaren taldeko <a href="/wiki/Leire_Malkorra" title="Leire Malkorra">Leire Malkorra</a> induskariak aurkitu zuen, 2021eko ekainaren 18an. Artean, esku forma zuela jakin gabe ere, garrantzizkoa izan zitekeelakoan, ingurua kontu handiz garbitu zuten eta prozesua grabaketaz dokumentatu.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Uztailaren 13an, eskua Nafarroako Gobernuko agintarien ardurapean geratu zen, indusketako beste pieza batzuekin batera, idazkunik zuenik inork ez zekiela. </p><p>2022ko urtarrilaren 18an, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmen_Usua&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carmen Usua (sortu gabe)">Carmen Usua</a> zaharberritzaileak garbitzean, idatzita zegoela antzeman zuen:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eskuak azazkal marraztuak zituela-eta, eskuina zela igarri zuen, baina garbiketa eta «irakurketa» prozesua eskua atzamarrak gora zituela egin zuen, eta laneko mahaian zaharberritzailearen eskuen posizio logiko bera errepikatu zuen. Hizkiak ikusi zituzten lehen epigrafistek, ordea, alderantzizko irakurketa zegokiola nabaritu zuten eta, hortaz, eskuak beheranzko posizio naturala zuela.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Usuarekin batera, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berta_Balduz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Berta Balduz (sortu gabe)">Berta Balduz</a> zaharberritzaileak osatu zuen errestaurazio prozesua.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Azaroaren 14an, <a href="/wiki/Nafarroako_Gobernua" title="Nafarroako Gobernua">Nafarroako Gobernuak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Aranzadi_Zientzia_Elkartea" title="Aranzadi Zientzia Elkartea">Aranzadi Zientzia Elkarteak</a> prentsaren aurrean aurkeztu zuten.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testuingurua">Testuingurua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Testuingurua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Testuingurua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_13.jpg/220px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_13.jpg/330px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_13.jpg/440px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2839" /></a><figcaption>Irulegiko Eskua aurkitu zen leku zehatza.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Irulegiko_gaztelua" title="Irulegiko gaztelua">Irulegiko gazteluaren</a> ondoko <a href="/wiki/Burdin_Aroa" title="Burdin Aroa">Burdin Aroko</a> <a href="/wiki/Irulegiko_herrixka" title="Irulegiko herrixka">Irulegiko herrixkan</a> aurkitu zen. Irulegi mendia (893 m) haren gainetik dago, metro batzuk goraxeago. Inguruko herrixka gotortuen adibide nabarietako bat da: kokapen geografiko bikaina du, 360 graduko ikuspegiekin <a href="/wiki/Iru%C3%B1erria" title="Iruñerria">Iruñerriaren</a> gainean eta <a href="/wiki/Nafarroa_Garai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafarroa Garai">Nafarroa Garaiko</a> hegoaldea Pirinioetako haranekin lotzen duten pasabideen gainean. Horrek eman zion defentsarako balio garrantzitsua.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gazteluaren oinarrian dagoen 2,2 hektareako kokapen primitiboa hazten joan zen mendeetan zehar, harik eta <a href="/wiki/K.a._I._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="K.a. I. mende">K.a. I. mendean</a> 14 ha izatera iritsi arte, nekazaritzarako eta abeltzaintzarako espazioak barne. Esparrua harresiz inguratuta zegoen. Biztanle-kopurua kalkulatzea zaila bada ere, 100 eta 200 pertsona artean bizi zitezkeela uste da.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm/220px--Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1091" data-mwtitle="Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-width="1077" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp9, opus&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cd/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm/Hizkuntza_baskonikozko_idazkunik_zaharrenaren_aurkikuntza.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Aurkikuntzari buruzko bideoa, <a href="/wiki/Berria" title="Berria">Berriak</a> egina.</figcaption></figure> <p>Biztanleek bizitzeko eremu altuak aukeratzen zituzten, demografiaren hazkundea eta klimaren okertzea (euritsuagoa eta apur bat hotza) medio, baliabideak urritu egiten baitziren eta haiengatik lehiatu behar baitzuten. Horren ondorioz, proto-hiri egonkorrak agertu ziren, erraz defendatzeko modukoak eta harresituak; bertan, nekazaritzaz eta abeltzaintzaz bizi ziren eta, aldi berean, gerlariak ere baziren. Irulegi, beste bizpahiru kokagunerekin batera, <a href="/wiki/Iru%C3%B1erria" title="Iruñerria">Iruñerriko</a> populazioa egituratzen zuten kokalekuetako bat izan zen, agian, <a href="/wiki/Erromatar_Inperioa" title="Erromatar Inperioa">erromatarrak</a> iritsi eta <a href="/wiki/Pompaelo" title="Pompaelo">Ponpaelo</a> (gaur egungo <a href="/wiki/Iru%C3%B1ea" title="Iruñea">Iruñea</a>) sortu aurretik, K.a. 74 edo 75 urteetan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herrixka hori <a href="/wiki/K.a._I._mende" class="mw-redirect" title="K.a. I. mende">K.a. I. mendean</a> abandonatu zen <a href="/wiki/Antzinako_Erroma" title="Antzinako Erroma">Antzinako Erromako</a> osteak iritsi zirenean. <a href="/wiki/K.a._82" title="K.a. 82">K.a. 82</a> inguruan <a href="/wiki/Sertorioren_gerra" title="Sertorioren gerra">Sertorioren gerraren</a> eraginez hustu zen herria.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Inguruan aurkitutako material guztia kontuan izanda, biztanleek dena etxean utzita ihes egin behar izan zutela ondorioztatu dute.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ezaugarriak">Ezaugarriak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_17.jpg/220px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_17.jpg/330px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_17.jpg/440px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Eskua aurkitu zeneko argazkia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pieza <a href="/wiki/Brontze" title="Brontze">brontzezkoa</a> da, eta haren patinaren&#160;%&#160;53 <a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu">eztainua</a> da,&#160;%&#160;41 <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kobrea</a> eta&#160;%&#160;2 <a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">beruna</a>, gauza ohikoa antzinako aleazioetan, Aranzadi Elkartekoen esanetan. Eskua 143 mm luze da, 1 mm lodi eta 128 mm zabal; 36 gramoko pisua du.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eskuineko esku baten itxura du, tamaina naturalekoa, gutxi gorabehera. <a href="/wiki/Esku-ahur" title="Esku-ahur">Esku ahurraren</a> eremua laua da, eta <a href="/wiki/Azazkala" class="mw-redirect" title="Azazkala">azazkalak</a> markatuta dauzka, nahiz eta hiru hatzetakoak ez diren ondo kontserbatu: hatz nagikoa, hatz luzekoa eta erakuslekoa. </p><p>Hatzak behera begira ditu, goialdean 6,5 mm-ko diametroko zulo bat baitu, eskumuturrari dagokion inguruan. Zuloaren egoera aztertuta, pieza ez zegoela zintzilik jakin dute, euskarri bigun batean iltzatuta baizik, seguruenik, zurean. Zuloan egon zen <a href="/wiki/Iltze" title="Iltze">iltzea</a> edo dena delakoa <a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">burdinazkoa</a> ez zela ondorioztatu dute eraberritzaileek, <a href="/wiki/Herdoil" title="Herdoil">herdoil</a> aztarnarik ez dagoelako.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testua">Testua</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Testua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Testua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Idazkera_sistema">Idazkera sistema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Idazkera sistema»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Idazkera sistema"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Javier_Velaza" title="Javier Velaza">Javier Velaza</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigrafia" title="Epigrafia">epigrafista</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Bartzelonako_Unibertsitatea" title="Bartzelonako Unibertsitatea">Bartzelonako Unibertsitateko</a> katedradunak ikertu zuen testua, <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Gorrotxategi" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquin Gorrotxategi">Joaquin Gorrotxategi</a> <a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">EHUko</a> hizkuntzalariarekin batera. Haren esanetan, «Irulegiko piezatik abiatuta, esan dezakegu <a href="/wiki/Baskoi" title="Baskoi">baskoierazko</a> berezko sistema grafiko bat bazegoela». </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Baskonikoa </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">&#160; </th> <th>g/k </th> <th>b </th> <th>d/t </th> <th colspan="4">&#160; </th></tr> <tr> <th>a </th> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_a2a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="a201"><img alt="a201" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NE_Iberian_a2a.svg/15px-NE_Iberian_a2a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NE_Iberian_a2a.svg/23px-NE_Iberian_a2a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NE_Iberian_a2a.svg/31px-NE_Iberian_a2a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_ka1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ka1"><img alt="ka1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NE_Iberian_ka1.svg/20px-NE_Iberian_ka1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NE_Iberian_ka1.svg/30px-NE_Iberian_ka1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NE_Iberian_ka1.svg/40px-NE_Iberian_ka1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_ba1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ba1"><img alt="ba1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/NE_Iberian_ba1.svg/7px-NE_Iberian_ba1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/NE_Iberian_ba1.svg/11px-NE_Iberian_ba1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/NE_Iberian_ba1.svg/15px-NE_Iberian_ba1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_ta1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ta1"><img alt="ta1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NE_Iberian_ta1.svg/17px-NE_Iberian_ta1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NE_Iberian_ta1.svg/26px-NE_Iberian_ta1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/NE_Iberian_ta1.svg/35px-NE_Iberian_ta1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="37" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#ededed;"><b>s</b> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_s1b.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s102"><img alt="s102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/12px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/19px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/25px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#ededed;"><b>ś</b> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_%C5%9B1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ś1"><img alt="ś1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/NE_Iberian_%C5%9B1.svg/19px-NE_Iberian_%C5%9B1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/NE_Iberian_%C5%9B1.svg/29px-NE_Iberian_%C5%9B1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/NE_Iberian_%C5%9B1.svg/38px-NE_Iberian_%C5%9B1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_e1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="e1"><img alt="e1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NE_Iberian_e1.svg/12px-NE_Iberian_e1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NE_Iberian_e1.svg/19px-NE_Iberian_e1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NE_Iberian_e1.svg/25px-NE_Iberian_e1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_ke2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ke2"><img alt="ke2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/NE_Iberian_ke2.svg/14px-NE_Iberian_ke2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/NE_Iberian_ke2.svg/22px-NE_Iberian_ke2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/NE_Iberian_ke2.svg/29px-NE_Iberian_ke2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_be1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="be1"><img alt="be1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NE_Iberian_be1.svg/17px-NE_Iberian_be1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NE_Iberian_be1.svg/26px-NE_Iberian_be1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/NE_Iberian_be1.svg/34px-NE_Iberian_be1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span style="display: inline-block; -moz-transform: rotate(135deg); -ms-transform: rotate(135deg); -o-transform: rotate(135deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(135deg); transform: rotate(135deg);"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:PhoenicianH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="te15"><img alt="te15" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PhoenicianH-01.svg/25px-PhoenicianH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PhoenicianH-01.svg/38px-PhoenicianH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/PhoenicianH-01.svg/50px-PhoenicianH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> </span></td> <td style="background-color:#ededed;"><b>ŕ</b> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Koppa_05.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŕ3"><img alt="ŕ3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Koppa_05.svg/20px-Greek_Koppa_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Koppa_05.svg/31px-Greek_Koppa_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Koppa_05.svg/40px-Greek_Koppa_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#ededed;"><b>ř</b> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:2_Pallas_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2_Pallas_symbol.svg/12px-2_Pallas_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2_Pallas_symbol.svg/18px-2_Pallas_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2_Pallas_symbol.svg/24px-2_Pallas_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>i </th> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_i1b.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="i102"><img alt="i102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NE_Iberian_i1b.svg/16px-NE_Iberian_i1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NE_Iberian_i1b.svg/24px-NE_Iberian_i1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NE_Iberian_i1b.svg/32px-NE_Iberian_i1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_ki1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ki1"><img alt="ki1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NE_Iberian_ki1.svg/20px-NE_Iberian_ki1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NE_Iberian_ki1.svg/30px-NE_Iberian_ki1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/NE_Iberian_ki1.svg/40px-NE_Iberian_ki1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Pi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_Pi_03.svg/20px-Greek_Pi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_Pi_03.svg/30px-Greek_Pi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Greek_Pi_03.svg/40px-Greek_Pi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_ti4.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ti4"><img alt="ti4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NE_Iberian_ti4.svg/17px-NE_Iberian_ti4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NE_Iberian_ti4.svg/26px-NE_Iberian_ti4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/NE_Iberian_ti4.svg/34px-NE_Iberian_ti4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#ededed;"><b>l</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Lambda_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="l1"><img alt="l1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/31px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#ededed;"><b>r</b> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_r1a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="r1"><img alt="r1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NE_Iberian_r1a.svg/15px-NE_Iberian_r1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NE_Iberian_r1a.svg/23px-NE_Iberian_r1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NE_Iberian_r1a.svg/31px-NE_Iberian_r1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>o </th> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_o1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o1"><img alt="o1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NE_Iberian_o1.svg/16px-NE_Iberian_o1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NE_Iberian_o1.svg/25px-NE_Iberian_o1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NE_Iberian_o1.svg/33px-NE_Iberian_o1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ko1"><img alt="ko1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/20px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/31px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/40px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_bo2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="bo2"><img alt="bo2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/NE_Iberian_bo2.svg/17px-NE_Iberian_bo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/NE_Iberian_bo2.svg/26px-NE_Iberian_bo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/NE_Iberian_bo2.svg/35px-NE_Iberian_bo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="37" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_to2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="to2"><img alt="to2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NE_Iberian_to2.svg/23px-NE_Iberian_to2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NE_Iberian_to2.svg/34px-NE_Iberian_to2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NE_Iberian_to2.svg/45px-NE_Iberian_to2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ededed;">&#160; </td> <td style="background-color:#ededed;"><b>n</b> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Nu_05.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="n102"><img alt="n102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/20px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/31px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/40px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>u </th> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_u1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="u1"><img alt="u1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NE_Iberian_u1.svg/19px-NE_Iberian_u1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NE_Iberian_u1.svg/29px-NE_Iberian_u1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NE_Iberian_u1.svg/38px-NE_Iberian_u1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Theta_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ku1"><img alt="ku1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Greek_Theta_01.svg/20px-Greek_Theta_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Greek_Theta_01.svg/31px-Greek_Theta_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Greek_Theta_01.svg/40px-Greek_Theta_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_bu1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="bu1"><img alt="bu1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NE_Iberian_bu1.svg/16px-NE_Iberian_bu1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NE_Iberian_bu1.svg/25px-NE_Iberian_bu1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/NE_Iberian_bu1.svg/33px-NE_Iberian_bu1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="background-color:#fbd9d3;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_tu1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="tu1"><img alt="tu1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NE_Iberian_tu1.svg/20px-NE_Iberian_tu1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NE_Iberian_tu1.svg/30px-NE_Iberian_tu1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/NE_Iberian_tu1.svg/40px-NE_Iberian_tu1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ededed;">&#160; </td> <td style="background-color:#ededed;"><b>ń?</b> </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ḿ5"><img alt="ḿ5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/31px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrer2023-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>oh 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Idazkera_baskoniko" class="mw-redirect" title="Idazkera baskoniko">Idazkera baskonikoz</a> idatzita dago, <a href="/wiki/Idazkera_iberiko" title="Idazkera iberiko">idazkera iberikoaren</a> Iberiako ipar-ekialdeko aldaeraren antzekoa dena,<sup id="cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiestaran2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> baina badu hizki bat baskoiek soilik beren hizkuntzaren soinuak jasotzeko egina bide zena, garaiko bi txanponetan agerturiko «T» itxurako bat; horregatik, euskal aldaera propio batez ari garela diote adituek, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Velaza" title="Javier Velaza">Javier Velazak</a>, adibidez. Grafema bakar horren berezitasunak idazkera propio bat definitzeko balio ote duen zalantza erakutsi dute batzuek, ordea, <a href="/wiki/Ander_Ros" title="Ander Ros">Ander Ros</a> hizkuntzalariak, esate baterako.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transkripzioa">Transkripzioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Transkripzioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Transkripzioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_28.jpg/220px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_28.jpg/330px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_28.jpg/440px-Irulegiko_eskua_-_Nafarroako_Gobernuaren_irudi_galeria_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2643" /></a><figcaption>Testuaren lehen erreprodukzioa eta transkripzioa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskuko_inskripzioa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Irulegiko_eskuko_inskripzioa.png/220px-Irulegiko_eskuko_inskripzioa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Irulegiko_eskuko_inskripzioa.png/330px-Irulegiko_eskuko_inskripzioa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Irulegiko_eskuko_inskripzioa.png/440px-Irulegiko_eskuko_inskripzioa.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Honelako itxura du testuak</figcaption></figure> <p>Testua marraz idatzi zen, eta gero, marren gainetik puntuz berridatzi. Bi idatzi horien artean badira alde batzuk. Marrekin egindakoa honela interpretatu da:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="poem"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_s1b.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s102"><img alt="s102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/10px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/15px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/20px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Heta_07.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o3"><img alt="o3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Heta_07.svg/16px-Greek_Heta_07.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Heta_07.svg/24px-Greek_Heta_07.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Heta_07.svg/32px-Greek_Heta_07.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_r1a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="r1"><img alt="r1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NE_Iberian_r1a.svg/12px-NE_Iberian_r1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NE_Iberian_r1a.svg/18px-NE_Iberian_r1a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NE_Iberian_r1a.svg/25px-NE_Iberian_r1a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_i1b.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="i102"><img alt="i102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NE_Iberian_i1b.svg/13px-NE_Iberian_i1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NE_Iberian_i1b.svg/19px-NE_Iberian_i1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/NE_Iberian_i1b.svg/25px-NE_Iberian_i1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_o1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o1"><img alt="o1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NE_Iberian_o1.svg/13px-NE_Iberian_o1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" 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data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span>&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Nu_05.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="n102"><img alt="n102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/16px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/24px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/32px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span><br /> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Theta_01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ku1"><img alt="ku1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Greek_Theta_01.svg/16px-Greek_Theta_01.svg.png" decoding="async" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Koppa_05.svg/24px-Greek_Koppa_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Koppa_05.svg/32px-Greek_Koppa_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_a2a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="a2"><img alt="a2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NE_Iberian_a2a.svg/12px-NE_Iberian_a2a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NE_Iberian_a2a.svg/18px-NE_Iberian_a2a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NE_Iberian_a2a.svg/25px-NE_Iberian_a2a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="33" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_u1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="u1"><img alt="u1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NE_Iberian_u1.svg/15px-NE_Iberian_u1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NE_Iberian_u1.svg/23px-NE_Iberian_u1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/NE_Iberian_u1.svg/30px-NE_Iberian_u1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ko1"><img alt="ko1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/16px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg/24px-Greek_Epsilon_X-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, 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soinu jakinik adierazten: grafema ezezaguna da, eta idazkunean T larri baten forma duenez, horrela transkribatu da. <a href="/wiki/T_baskonikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="T baskonikoa">T baskonikoa</a> deitu izan zaio. </p><p>Bada beste grafema ezezagun bat, ř letrarekin transkribatu dena: <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Koppa_05.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŕ3"><img alt="ŕ3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Koppa_05.svg/16px-Greek_Koppa_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Koppa_05.svg/24px-Greek_Koppa_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Koppa_05.svg/32px-Greek_Koppa_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> bezalakoa da, baina marra horizontal bat du erdian. <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ŕ7"><img alt="ŕ7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg/16px-Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg/24px-Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg/32px-Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> grafemaren aldaeratzat hartu izan da<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrer2023-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Erreprodukzio honetan <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:2_Pallas_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="2 Palas"><img alt="2 Palas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2_Pallas_symbol.svg/10px-2_Pallas_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2_Pallas_symbol.svg/15px-2_Pallas_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/2_Pallas_symbol.svg/20px-2_Pallas_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="134" data-file-height="204" /></a></span> gisan irudikatu da. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Ferrer_i_Jan%C3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Ferrer i Jané (sortu gabe)">Joan Ferrer i Jané</a> ikerlariak beste era batera interpretatzen du testua,<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrer2023-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> kontuan hartuz <i>T</i> grafema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Can_Rodon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Can Rodon (sortu gabe)">Can Rodoneko</a> alfabetoan agertu zela: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="poem"> <p><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_s1b.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="s102"><img alt="s102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/10px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/15px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/NE_Iberian_s1b.svg/20px-NE_Iberian_s1b.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Heta_07.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="o3"><img alt="o3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Heta_07.svg/16px-Greek_Heta_07.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Heta_07.svg/24px-Greek_Heta_07.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Heta_07.svg/32px-Greek_Heta_07.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_r1a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="r1"><img alt="r1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NE_Iberian_r1a.svg/12px-NE_Iberian_r1a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NE_Iberian_r1a.svg/18px-NE_Iberian_r1a.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NE_Iberian_o1.svg/20px-NE_Iberian_o1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/NE_Iberian_o1.svg/26px-NE_Iberian_o1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Greek_Nu_05.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="n102"><img alt="n102" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/16px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/24px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/32px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_e1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="e1"><img alt="e1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NE_Iberian_e1.svg/10px-NE_Iberian_e1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NE_Iberian_e1.svg/15px-NE_Iberian_e1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/NE_Iberian_e1.svg/20px-NE_Iberian_e1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="53" /></a></span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:NE_Iberian_ke2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="ke2"><img alt="ke2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/NE_Iberian_ke2.svg/11px-NE_Iberian_ke2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/NE_Iberian_ke2.svg/17px-NE_Iberian_ke2.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="6" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/NE_Iberian_pun3.svg/9px-NE_Iberian_pun3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/NE_Iberian_pun3.svg/12px-NE_Iberian_pun3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="53" /></a></span></span> </p> </div> </td> <td>&#160;&#160; </td> <td> <div class="poem"> <p>sorioneku ·<br /> kunekebeekiŕateŕe//n<br /> oTiŕtan · eseakaŕi<br /> eŕaukon · </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Brontzearen garbiketaren ostean, Aiestaranek eta bere taldeak proposatu dute hasierako bigarren lerroko <i>tenekebee</i> izan beharrean, <i>kunekebee</i> (edo <i>kunekeře</i>) irakurri beharko litzatekeela. Horrela, hasierako <i>te-</i> horrek zituen hainbat arazo baztertuko lirateke.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hizkuntza">Hizkuntza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hizkuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hizkuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Idazkera-paleohispanikoak-Ferrer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Idazkera-paleohispanikoak-Ferrer.svg/325px-Idazkera-paleohispanikoak-Ferrer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="325" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Idazkera-paleohispanikoak-Ferrer.svg/488px-Idazkera-paleohispanikoak-Ferrer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Idazkera-paleohispanikoak-Ferrer.svg/650px-Idazkera-paleohispanikoak-Ferrer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Ipar-ekialdeko idazkera ez identifikatua baskoien hizkuntzari dagokio. Joan Ferrer i Jané (2020).</figcaption></figure> <p>Irulegiko Eskua baskoien lurretan aurkitu da eta horren hizkuntzari baskoniko izena eman zaio, nahiz eta hizkuntza bera ez dugun ongi ezagutzen.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiestaran2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> K.a. lehen mendean baskoien inguruan bi hizkuntza lekukotu dira: <a href="/wiki/Zeltiberiera" title="Zeltiberiera">zeltiberiera</a>, batez ere <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> ibaiaren hegoaldean, eta <a href="/wiki/Iberiera" title="Iberiera">iberiera</a>, batez ere <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1llego_(ibaia)" title="Gállego (ibaia)">Gállego</a> ibaiaren ekialdean. </p><p>Zeltiberiera <a href="/wiki/Hizkuntza_indoeuropar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizkuntza indoeuropar">hizkuntza indoeuroparra</a> da, eta <a href="/wiki/Zeltiberiera#Morfologia" title="Zeltiberiera">horren deklinabidea</a> ongi ezagutzen dugu, hala nola hitz asko eta aditzak. Hala ere, Eskuan ez da aurkitu zeltiberieraren trazarik.<sup id="cite_ref-Igartua2023_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Igartua2023-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Gainera, zeltiberierak <i>r</i> bakarra du, baina Irulegiko Eskuan bi edo hiru <i>r</i> desberdin daude.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiestaran2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iberiera ez da ongi ezagutzen, 2500 inskripzio aurkitu badira ere.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiestaran2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kasu horretan, letra multzoak konparatzea baino ezin da egin, eta bide horretatik, Irulegiko Eskuarekin ez da lotura argirik aurkitu.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrer2023-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handik bi mendera, baskoien lurraldean beste testigantza batzuk aurkitu dira, kasu horretan jainko eta pertsona izenak latinezko testuetan: <i>ummesahar, belteso, sesenco</i>, eta abar. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antroponimo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Antroponimo (sortu gabe)">Antroponimo</a> horiek <a href="/wiki/Euskara" title="Euskara">euskararekin</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Akitaniera" title="Akitaniera">antzineko Akitaniako</a> izenekin lotura dutela ematen du, eta horiei ere baskoniko izendapena eman zaie, baina Irulegiko Eskuan ez da antroponimorik identifikatu.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>K.a. lehen mendeko eta K.o. lehen mendeko hizkuntza baskonikoen artean ez da loturarik egin, testu gutxiegi baitago.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuloaga2023_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuloaga2023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dena den, euskararekin harremana izan lezakeela uste dute aditu batzuek: lehendabiziko hitza <i>sorion</i> euskarazko <i>zori on</i> hitzekin lotu da, <i>eŕaukon</i> formak <i>zeraukon</i> (= <i>zion</i>) aditza gogorarazten du, eta <i>oTiŕtan</i> hitzean euskal leku desinentzia <i>-n</i> ikusi izan da.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiestaran2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aditu talde horrek dioenez, «identifikatutako gainerako hitzen artean, <i>eŕaukon</i> da aditz-forma izateko probabilitaterik handiena duena, bai formagatik, bai azken posizioagatik. Haren formak gogora ekartzen du <i>zeraukon</i> aditz laguntzailearen iraganaren euskal forma, ekialdeko dialektoetan erabilia; *<i>eradun</i> aditzaren (*<i>edun</i> aditzaren kausatiboa) forma bat da, «edukiarazi» &gt; «eman» esan nahiko lukeena. XVI. mendean oraindik bazuen aditz autonomotzat bazterreko erabilera bat, laguntzailetzat erabili aurretik. Aditz horren esanahiak zentzua izango luke botozko dedikazio baten kasuan, nahiz eta zenbait alderdi eztabaidagarriak izan.»<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beste aditu batzuek, aldiz, euskararekiko balizko harreman horiek ez dituzte onartzen.<sup id="cite_ref-Igartua2023_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Igartua2023-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zuloaga2023_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuloaga2023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Manterola2023_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manterola2023-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lakarra2023_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakarra2023-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Areta2023_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Areta2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adituen_iritzia">Adituen iritzia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Adituen iritzia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Adituen iritzia"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irulegiko Eskuko <a href="/wiki/Idazkun" title="Idazkun">idazkuna</a> lehenik aztertu zuten adituek nabarmendu zuten, alde batetik, aurkikuntzaren garrantzia, hizkuntzalaritzaren ikuspegitik; bestetik, testua <a href="/wiki/Baskoi" title="Baskoi">baskoien</a> hizkuntzaz dagoelako ziurtasuna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lehen_begiratu_baikorrak">Lehen begiratu baikorrak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Lehen begiratu baikorrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Lehen begiratu baikorrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Joakin_Gorrotxategi" title="Joakin Gorrotxategi">Joakin Gorrotxategi</a> EHUko hizkuntzalariak azpimarratu zuen Irulegiko Eskuaren aurkikuntza eta indusketa berme osoz egin zirela, lurretik ateratzeko prozesua bideoz eta argazkiz grabaturik geratu zelako. Idazkunari dagokionez, Gorrotxategik nabarmendu zuen, lau lerro izanagatik ere, testu osoa dela, ez zatikia: «Lau lerro, bere hasierarekin eta bere bukaerarekin. Hori oso garrantzitsua da: idazkun osoa daukagu. Ez dugu topatu euskarriaren zati bat inskripzioaren zati batekin». Gainera, testuaren hizkiak argi irakur daitezke, haren ustez: «Hizki bat edo asko jota bi kenduta, irakurri egin daiteke, ondo identifikatzen dira hizkiak».<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Javier_Velaza" title="Javier Velaza">Javier Velaza</a> nafar <a href="/wiki/Epigrafia" title="Epigrafia">epigrafistak</a> azaldu zuenez, aurkikuntzak espero gabeko bide bat zabaldu zuen, idazkuna garaiko euskaraz idatzia dela zalantza gabekotzat jo baitzuen: «Ezusteko bat dago: lehen hitza <i>sorioneku</i> da, eta, testua transkribatzeko orduan, oso azkar eta garbi irakurri eta interpretatzen da euskaraz dagoela idatzia».<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mattin_Aiestaran" title="Mattin Aiestaran">Mattin Aiestaran</a> arkeologoak uste osoa azaldu zuen Irulegiko aztarnategian ondare baliozko gehiago aurkituko zirela: «Zalantzarik ez dugu, horrela jarraituz gero, Irulegin emaitza gehiago ere izanen dela».<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ikuspegi_zuhurrak">Ikuspegi zuhurrak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi zuhurrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ikuspegi zuhurrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aurkikuntzaren lehen uneetako baikortasunari uko egin gabe, tentuz aritzea gomendatu zuten <a href="/wiki/Blanca_Urgell" title="Blanca Urgell">Blanca Urgell</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borja_Ariztimu%C3%B1o&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Borja Ariztimuño (sortu gabe)">Borja Ariztimuño</a> hizkuntzalariek. Haien ustez, <i>sorioneku</i> lehen hitza <i>zorioneko</i> dela esateko behar adina froga ez dago oraindik: «<a href="/wiki/Akitaniera" title="Akitaniera">Akitanierazko</a> izenetan, ba omen dago <i>sori</i>, eta <i>on</i> ere bai. Gainera, baskoierazko pertsona izenetan, badago <i>Onso</i> eta badago <i>Onse</i>; beraz, bi zati horiek ontzat eman daitezke orain artean genekienarekin», argitu zuen Urgellek.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iritzi berberekoa da Asier Gabikagojeazkoa hizkuntzalaria. <i>Sorioneku</i> eta <i>zorioneko</i> lotzea zaila bada ere, &lt;sori&gt; eta &lt;on&gt; agertu izan dira lehenago onomastikan:<sup id="cite_ref-:8_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Sori</i>, <i>Soris</i> eta <i>Sorinus</i> pertsona izenak (Gorrotxategik berak <i>zori</i> —«txori», «zorte»— hitzarekin lotzen ditu), Soriako <a href="/wiki/Tierras_Altas_(Soria)" title="Tierras Altas (Soria)">Tierras Altas</a> eskualdean aurkitutako hilarrietako <i>Onso</i> eta <i>Onse</i> pertsona izenak, bai eta &lt;bon&gt; osagai moduan hainbat izenetan (<i>Bonbelex</i>, <i>Boncoxsi</i>, <i>Bonnexis</i>, <i>Bonnoris</i>, <i>Bonnoxus</i>, <i>Bonsilex</i>, <i>Bontar</i>, <i>Bonten</i>, <i>Bonxoni</i>, <i>Bonxorius</i>, <i>Bonxus</i>, <i>Cissonbonnis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ariztimuñoren iritziz<i>, sorion</i> ulertzen da eta posible izan liteke, baina &lt;eku&gt; arazotsuagoa da, testu berean &lt;ko&gt; ere agertzen delako, eta zaila delako batetik bestera fonetikoki aldatzea, beste elementuak ere aldatu gabe. Gainera, &lt;garri&gt; eta &lt;ese&gt; ere badaudela diote, baina -<i>garri</i> eta <i>ez</i> (&lt; *eze) izatea eztabaidagarria da, eta areago bigarren hori <i>etxe</i> interpretatzea. </p><p>Urgell eta Ariztimuño hizkuntzalariek bat egin zuten baina: esanahia interpretatzera iristeko, hitzak ongi banatzea ezinbestekoa dela diote, espero izatekoa baita testua hitz laburrez osatua izatea, Urgellen ustez. Horretarako, Irulegiko Eskuak idazkunaren hornigarri dituen marrak eta puntuak aintzat hartu behar direla dio Ariztimuñok,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta banaketa horiek nolakoak ziren ondo aztertu, Gabikagojeazkoaren iritziz.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fontes_Linguæ_Vasconum_aldizkariaren_dosierra"><span id="Fontes_Lingu.C3.A6_Vasconum_aldizkariaren_dosierra"></span><i>Fontes Linguæ Vasconum</i> aldizkariaren dosierra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Fontes Linguæ Vasconum aldizkariaren dosierra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Fontes Linguæ Vasconum aldizkariaren dosierra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Denborak aurrera egin ahala, proposamen zuhurrak<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta ez hain zuhurrak<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> argitaratu ziren. Guztien oinarrian <a href="/wiki/Mattin_Aiestaran" title="Mattin Aiestaran">Mattin Aiestaranek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joakin_Gorrotxategi" title="Joakin Gorrotxategi">Joakin Gorrotxategik</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Javier_Velaza" title="Javier Velaza">Javier Velazak</a> 2023ko abenduaren 27an <i>Paleohispánica</i> aldizkarian argitaratutako funtsezko txostena zegoen.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>2023ko abenduaren 28an, <a href="/wiki/Fontes_Linguae_Vasconum" title="Fontes Linguae Vasconum"><i>Fontes Linguæ Vasconum</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Hizkuntzalaritza" title="Hizkuntzalaritza">hizkuntzalaritza</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Filologia" title="Filologia">filologia</a> aldizkarian bederatzi artikuluko sorta bat argitaratu zen, Irulegiko Eskuaren interpretazioaz, <a href="/wiki/Joakin_Gorrotxategi" title="Joakin Gorrotxategi">Joakin Gorrotxategi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea</a>) eta <a href="/wiki/Ekaitz_Santazilia" title="Ekaitz Santazilia">Ekaitz Santazilia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nafarroako_Unibertsitate_Publikoa" title="Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa">Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa</a>) irakasleen ediziopean.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aurkezpenean argitzen zutenez, txosten hori 2023ko otsailaren 24an EHUn egindako mintegi baten emaitza zen, bertan bildu baitzuten paleohispanista eta euskararen historiako aditu talde bat, Irulegiko Eskuaren sinbologia eta interpretazioa aztertzeko. </p><p>Esan daiteke, oro har, adituek zalantza sakonak aurkeztu zituztela Irulegiko Eskuaren testuaren hizkuntza <a href="/wiki/Baskoien_hizkuntza" title="Baskoien hizkuntza">baskoierarekin</a> edo euskararekin lotzeko eta, orobat, eskuaren esanahia argitzeko. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Joakin_Gorrotxategi" title="Joakin Gorrotxategi">Joakin Gorrotxategi</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">EHU</a>) eta <b><a href="/wiki/Javier_Velaza" title="Javier Velaza">Javier Velaza</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Bartzelonako_Unibertsitatea" title="Bartzelonako Unibertsitatea">Universitat de Barcelona</a>): eskua 2023ko udan garbitu ondoren esaldi esgrafiatuaren eta puntuz emandakoaren arteko irakurketa zalantzak uxatu zirela aitortu arren (bi bertsioetan, hirugarren lerroa «oTiřtaneseakaŕi» eta «oTiŕtan · eseakaŕi» dela baieztatu zuten), zalantzan jartzen zuten eskuaren asmoa abegi onekoa zenik. Aitzitik, gerra ikurtzat hartu behar da, haien iritziz, eskuin esku moztu bat garaipenaren ikur gisa ageri baita garai bereko eta hurbileko (<a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>) testigantzetan. Testuaren interpretazioaz, testu oso bat dela zioten, baina ulertu ahal izateko elementu aski ez zuten ikusten.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Francisco Beltrán Lloris</b> (<a href="/wiki/Zaragozako_Unibertsitatea" title="Zaragozako Unibertsitatea">Zaragozako Unibertsitatea</a>): eskuin eskuaren sinbologia aztertzen zuen artikuluan, mundu zabaleko aztarnetan eta, batez ere, hurbileko hiru adibideetan oinarrituta (Puyalcaláko eskua, <a href="/wiki/Alcubierre" title="Alcubierre">Alcubierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a>; La Vispesako monumentua, <a href="/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera-Tamarit_de_Llitera" title="Tamarite de Litera-Tamarit de Llitera">Tamarite de Litera</a>, Huesca; El Palaoko hilarria, <a href="/wiki/Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a>). Ondorio gisa, argudiatzen zuen gerra garaikur gisako esku moztu bat dela, eta ezaugarri horretara egokitu beharko litzatekeela testuaren interpretazioa.<sup id="cite_ref-Beltrán2023_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beltrán2023-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Joan Ferrer i Jané</b> (Grup Littera, <a href="/wiki/Bartzelonako_Unibertsitatea" title="Bartzelonako Unibertsitatea">Universitat de Barcelona</a>): bat egiten zuelarik Gorrotxategik eta Velazak txosten berean egindako irakurketarekin (bereziki, lehen lerroa «sorioneke» izatea), zalantza edo arazo batzuk planteatzen zituen zenbait zeinuri buruz (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dardarkari&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dardarkari (sortu gabe)">dardarkari</a> anizkunak, T grafia). Testuaren adskripzio linguistikoaz, agertutako lekuaren argudioan oinarrituta zentzuzkoena <a href="/wiki/Baskoien_hizkuntza" title="Baskoien hizkuntza">baskoierarekin</a> lotzea izanik ere, arazo gordinak ikusten zituen <a href="/wiki/Aitzineuskara" title="Aitzineuskara">aitzineuskararen</a> bitartez (zer esanik ez, iberieraren bitartez) interpretatu ahal izateko.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrer2023-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Eduardo Orduña Aznar</b> (Grup Littera, <a href="/wiki/Bartzelonako_Unibertsitatea" title="Bartzelonako Unibertsitatea">Universitat de Barcelona</a>): ikur batzuen interpretazioa eztabaidatu ostean, baieztatzen zuen eskaintza edo dedikazio testu baten egitura duela, aitzineuskararen edo baskoieraren morfosintaxiarekin bateragarri izan litekeena.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Igartua" title="Ivan Igartua">Iván Igartua</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">EHU</a>): testua euskararen laguntzaz uler ez daitekeenez, bi aukera ikusten zituen: edo euskararekin nekez lot daitekeen hizkuntza batean dago (<a href="/wiki/Iberiera" title="Iberiera">iberieraz</a>, agian), edo <a href="/wiki/Baskoien_hizkuntza" title="Baskoien hizkuntza">baskoieraz</a> badago, ez zeukan antz handirik <a href="/wiki/Koldo_Mitxelena" title="Koldo Mitxelena">Koldo Mitxelenak</a> berrosatutako <a href="/wiki/Aitzineuskara" title="Aitzineuskara">aitzineuskararekin</a>. Testuaren antolamendu sintaktikoaz hipotesi batzuk eginda, testuaren hizkuntza zein den jakitea ezinezkotzat jotzen zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-Igartua2023_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Igartua2023-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Eneko Zuloaga</b> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">EHU</a>) eta <b>Borja Ariztimuño</b> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">EHU</a>): euskalaritzaren ikuspegitik aztertzen zuten testua, euskara historikotik edo <a href="/wiki/Aitzineuskara" title="Aitzineuskara">aitzineuskaratik</a> abiatuta. Zenbait osagai lexiko (besteak beste, hasierako «sorioneke») aztertu ondoren, ondorioztatzen zuten ezinezkoa dela testua argitzea, euskara historikoari eta aitzineuskarari buruz metatuta dagoen jakintzaren arabera.<sup id="cite_ref-Zuloaga2023_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuloaga2023-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Julen_Manterola_Agirre" title="Julen Manterola Agirre">Julen Manterola</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">EHU</a>) eta <b><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9line_Mounole" title="Céline Mounole">Céline Mounole</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Paueko_eta_Aturrialdeko_Unibertsitatea" title="Paueko eta Aturrialdeko Unibertsitatea">Paueko eta Aturrialdeko Unibertsitatea</a>): euskal interpretazioaren hipotesia aztertzen zuten, bereziki idazkuneko «sorion» segidaren eta euskarazko «zori on» esamoldearen lotura, «on» adjektiboa duten sintagma lexikalizatuen bilakaera fonetikoaren bidez. Ondorio argitzat jotzen zuten ezin dela baieztatu testua euskaraz edo haren ahaide batean idatzia denik.<sup id="cite_ref-Manterola2023_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manterola2023-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseba_Lakarra" title="Joseba Lakarra"><b>Joseba A. Lakarra</b></a> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">EHU</a>): euskararen historiako adituak zalantza gabe azaltzen zuen «sorioneku/ke» ez dela euskarazko «zorioneko»-ren baliokide, ezta «zorion»-ekin lotzeko ere. Oro har, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Larramendi" title="Manuel Larramendi">Manuel Larramendiren</a> eraginez ―XVII. mendean, beraz― lortu zuen «zorion»-ek <a href="/wiki/Hego_Euskal_Herria" title="Hego Euskal Herria">Hegoaldeko</a> euskara idatzian eta ahozko modernoan hedatzea. Gainera, izatekotan ere, «zorion»-en paradigma determinatukoa denez «zorioneko» (&lt; <i>* zorion-e-ha-n</i>), euskararen historiaren arabera X. mendeaz gerokoa izan behar du.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakarra2023_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakarra2023-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Mikel Martínez-Areta</b> (<a href="/wiki/Euskal_Herriko_Unibertsitatea" title="Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea">EHU</a>): ikerlariaren arabera, ezin liteke euskal filiaziorik baiezta testuaren ezein elementurentzat, hastapeneko «sorioneke» ere zalantzazkoa baita. Testua paleoeuskaraz idatzita egonda ere, froga historikoen arabera ez dago jarraitasunik <a href="/wiki/Baskoi" title="Baskoi">baskoien</a> lurraldean egiten ziren hizkuntzen eta euskara historikoaren artean.<sup id="cite_ref-Areta2023_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Areta2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antzeko_objektuak">Antzeko objektuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Antzeko objektuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Antzeko objektuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arkeologian ohikoa denez, gertuko testuinguru geografiko eta kronologikoak antzeko piezak aipatu izan dira, antzekotasunak bilatzeko eta esanahi funtzionala edota kulturala erdiesteko helburuarekin. Oraingoz, ez da ikerketa burutu eta benetako antzekotasunak finkatzeke daude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beste_esku_batzuk">Beste esku batzuk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beste esku batzuk»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Beste esku batzuk"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Estela_vispesa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Estela_vispesa.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>La Vispesa (<a href="/wiki/Tamarite_de_Litera-Tamarit_de_Llitera" title="Tamarite de Litera-Tamarit de Llitera">Tamarite de Literan</a>) aztarnategian agertu zen oroitarria.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>oh 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Museoan estela hori buruz behera jarrita dagoenez, bere posizio zuzenean, eskuek hatzak beherantz dituzte.</figcaption></figure> <p>Inguruko paralelo hurbilena Alcubierreko Eskua da.<sup id="cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiestaran2024-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huescako_probintzia" title="Huescako probintzia">Huescako</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcubierre" title="Alcubierre">Alcubierre</a> herrian, El Puy de Alcalá (edo Puyalcalá)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> izeneko <a href="/wiki/Ilergete" title="Ilergete">ilergeteen</a> iberiar aztarnategian, esku formako berunezko objektu bat aurkitu zen<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, K. a. II. mendean kokatua; 162 mm altu da, 1.020 mm zabal,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta zuloa du, eskumuturra egon litekeen lekutik gertu, agian eskegitzeko egina. <a href="/wiki/Ilergete" title="Ilergete">Ilergeteak</a> baskoien mugakideak ziren. <a href="/wiki/Huescako_museoa" title="Huescako museoa">Huescako museoan</a> ikusgai dago. </p><p>Esku bat moztuta agertzen da, hareharrian grabatua, eta beste gerla irudi batzuekin batera, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruelgo</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Palao_de_Alca%C3%B1iz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="El Palao de Alcañiz (sortu gabe)">El Palao de Alcañiz</a> <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> iberiar-erromatar estelan ("El Palaoko 1 zenbakidun estela"). Estela hori <a href="/wiki/Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Alcañiz">Alcañizeko</a> Centro Iberos del Bajo Aragón (CIBA) interpretazio zentro-museoan ikus daiteke. Eskua beherantz irudikatuta dago.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Huescako <a href="/wiki/La_Vispesa" title="La Vispesa">La Vispesa</a> ilergeteen herrian, eskuak erliebean dituen estela kubikoa agertu zen. Esku guztiak eskuinak dira eta azkazalak ondo markatuak dituzte. Aurrekoan bezala, gerla-eszena batean ageri dira. Ignasi Garcés Estalloren iritzira, estela-zutabea buruz behera erakusten da Huescako museoan,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta beraz, Irulegikoa bezala, eskuak hatzak beherantz dituztela irudikatu ziren jatorrian. Iberiarrek etsaiari eskuak eta burua mozten zizkioten, eta buruen kasuan, jakina da erakusgai jartzen zituztela. Uste da, iberiarren irudietan, etsaiari moztutako eskua irudikatzen zuela,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta garaipena adierazteko erabili zirela. </p><p>Europako beste leku batzuetan ere antzeko metalezko eskuak aurkitu dira. Adibidez, Villa Giulia (Italia), Grossklein (Austria), Prêles (Suitza), Trebeništa (Ipar Mazedonia) eta Heddernheim (Alemania). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Produzione_etrusca_vulcente,_mano_destra_tesa_da_una_raffigurazione_del_defunto,_da_norcia,_650-600_ac_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brontzezko esku etruskoa (K.a. VII. mendea; Villa Giulia, Roma)."><img alt="Brontzezko esku etruskoa (K.a. VII. mendea; Villa Giulia, Roma)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Produzione_etrusca_vulcente%2C_mano_destra_tesa_da_una_raffigurazione_del_defunto%2C_da_norcia%2C_650-600_ac_ca.jpg/71px-Produzione_etrusca_vulcente%2C_mano_destra_tesa_da_una_raffigurazione_del_defunto%2C_da_norcia%2C_650-600_ac_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Produzione_etrusca_vulcente%2C_mano_destra_tesa_da_una_raffigurazione_del_defunto%2C_da_norcia%2C_650-600_ac_ca.jpg/106px-Produzione_etrusca_vulcente%2C_mano_destra_tesa_da_una_raffigurazione_del_defunto%2C_da_norcia%2C_650-600_ac_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Produzione_etrusca_vulcente%2C_mano_destra_tesa_da_una_raffigurazione_del_defunto%2C_da_norcia%2C_650-600_ac_ca.jpg/142px-Produzione_etrusca_vulcente%2C_mano_destra_tesa_da_una_raffigurazione_del_defunto%2C_da_norcia%2C_650-600_ac_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brontzezko esku etruskoa (K.a. VII. mendea; Villa Giulia, <a href="/wiki/Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma">Roma</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Blechhaende_Kleinklein_Grossklein.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kleinkleingo brontzezko eskua (K.a. VI. mendea)."><img alt="Kleinkleingo brontzezko eskua (K.a. VI. mendea)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Blechhaende_Kleinklein_Grossklein.jpg/120px-Blechhaende_Kleinklein_Grossklein.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Blechhaende_Kleinklein_Grossklein.jpg/180px-Blechhaende_Kleinklein_Grossklein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Blechhaende_Kleinklein_Grossklein.jpg/240px-Blechhaende_Kleinklein_Grossklein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1328" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kleinkleingo brontzezko eskua (K.a. VI. mendea).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:National_Archaeological_Museum,_Bulgaria_-_Funeral_Ring_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Trebeništako urrezko eskua (K.a. VI. mendea)."><img alt="Trebeništako urrezko eskua (K.a. VI. mendea)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/National_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Bulgaria_-_Funeral_Ring_02.JPG/90px-National_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Bulgaria_-_Funeral_Ring_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/National_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Bulgaria_-_Funeral_Ring_02.JPG/135px-National_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Bulgaria_-_Funeral_Ring_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/National_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Bulgaria_-_Funeral_Ring_02.JPG/180px-National_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Bulgaria_-_Funeral_Ring_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trebeništako urrezko eskua (K.a. VI. mendea).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Mainz0265.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heddernheimgo brontzezko eskua, Dolikeko Jupiterri eskainia (K.a. II. mendea)."><img alt="Heddernheimgo brontzezko eskua, Dolikeko Jupiterri eskainia (K.a. II. mendea)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mainz0265.jpg/84px-Mainz0265.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mainz0265.jpg/127px-Mainz0265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mainz0265.jpg/169px-Mainz0265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2397" data-file-height="3402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Heddernheimgo brontzezko eskua, Dolikeko Jupiterri eskainia (K.a. II. mendea).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Puyalcalako-eskua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alcubierre herriko Puyalcaláko eskua."><img alt="Alcubierre herriko Puyalcaláko eskua." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Puyalcalako-eskua.jpg/96px-Puyalcalako-eskua.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Puyalcalako-eskua.jpg/144px-Puyalcalako-eskua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Puyalcalako-eskua.jpg/192px-Puyalcalako-eskua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="3256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alcubierre herriko Puyalcaláko eskua.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abegi_oneko_teserak">Abegi oneko teserak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Abegi oneko teserak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Abegi oneko teserak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_(Uxama).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg/200px-T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg/300px-T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Abegi oneko ituna idatzia duen tesera, Soriako Burgo de Osman, Uxama Argaela hiriko aztarnategian aurkitua. 5,5 cm luze da, 4,5 cm garai, eta 1,5 cm lodi.</figcaption></figure> <p>Irulegiko eskuak Erromatarren garaiko eta aurreko beste brontzezko objektu batzuk gogorarazten ditu, <a href="/wiki/Abegi_oneko_teserak" title="Abegi oneko teserak">abegi oneko teserak</a>, nahiz eta itxura eta funtzio aldetik oso desberdinak izan.<sup id="cite_ref-Beltrán2023_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beltrán2023-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tesera" title="Tesera">Tesera</a> horiek hainbat formatakoak dira, eta normalean erditik zatituta daude. Esku gurutzatuen formakoak ere badaude.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sarri, elkar ahokatzen zuten bi pieza egiten ziren, adibidez, <a href="/wiki/Paredes_de_Nava" title="Paredes de Nava">Paredes de Navako</a> (Gaztela) bi esku.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Abegi oneko teserak txikiagoak izaten dira, eta gehienetan, <a href="/wiki/Mukulu_biribileko_eskultura" title="Mukulu biribileko eskultura">mukulu biribilekoak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Funtzioari dagokionez, objektu horiek bi hiri, tribu edo gizabanakoren arteko itun instituzionalak islatzen zituzten: abegikortasun teserak dokumentuak dira, elkarrekiko prestazio eta betebeharretan oinarrituak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aurkikuntzaren_oihartzuna">Aurkikuntzaren oihartzuna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aurkikuntzaren oihartzuna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Aurkikuntzaren oihartzuna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Euskal_Herriko_hedabideetan">Euskal Herriko hedabideetan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Euskal Herriko hedabideetan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Euskal Herriko hedabideetan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gara_(egunkaria)" title="Gara (egunkaria)"><i>Naiz</i></a> komunikabideaz <a href="/wiki/Streaming" title="Streaming">streamingen</a> bitartez zuzenean eman zuten horren berri.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Albistea berehala zabaldu zen Euskal Herriko egunkari eta hedabideetan, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Berria" title="Berria"><i>Berria</i>n</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Argia_aldizkaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Argia aldizkaria"><i>Argia</i>n</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EITB" class="mw-redirect" title="EITB">EITBn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deia" title="Deia"><i>Deia</i>n</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta <a href="/wiki/Noticias_de_Navarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Noticias de Navarra"><i>Noticias de Navarra</i>n</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> besteak beste. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazioarteko_hedabideetan">Nazioarteko hedabideetan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nazioarteko hedabideetan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Nazioarteko hedabideetan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Irulegiko Eskuaren aurkikuntzak mundu zabaleko hedabide ugaritan izan zuen oihartzuna. Besteak beste, <a href="/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia">Frantziako</a> <a href="/wiki/France_Bleu_Pays_Basque" title="France Bleu Pays Basque">France Bleu</a> taldeak,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugalgo</a> CNN kateak,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Espainiako <a href="/wiki/EFE_agentzia" title="EFE agentzia">EFE</a> albiste agentziak,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Brasilgo <i>Correio Braziliense</i> egunkariak,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Time News</i> webguneak<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> edo <a href="/wiki/Arabiar_Emirerri_Batuak" title="Arabiar Emirerri Batuak">Arabiar Emirerri Batuetako</a> <i>Sharjah24</i> albistegiak<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> jaso zuten aurkikuntzaren berri. </p><p>Zabalkunde nabaria izan zuen halaber <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian"><i>The</i> <i>Guardian</i></a> egunkariko artikulu batek egindako lehen albisteak: haren izenburuan aldaketa egon zen, izenburuan hasieran «antzinako artefaktu espainiarra» idatzi baitzuten,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> baina ordu batzuen buruan aldatu, «brontzezko antzinako artefaktua», alegia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Smithsonian_Magazine&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Smithsonian Magazine (sortu gabe)"><i>The Smithsonian Magazine</i></a> agerkariak<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist"><i>The Economist</i>ek</a> ere jaso zuten albistea lehen egunetan,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> biek euskararen antzinatasunari erreferentzia eginez. </p><p>Britainia Handiko <i>HeritageDaily</i> aldizkari digitalak Irulegiko Eskua 2022ko lehen hamar aurkikuntza arkeologikoen artean sartu zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herri_kulturan">Herri kulturan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Herri kulturan»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Herri kulturan"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aurkikuntzaren berri eman eta oso egun gutxira, <i>sorioneku</i> hitza han-hemenka agertu zen, elastikoetan, jatekoetan eta <a href="/wiki/Apaingarri" title="Apaingarri">apaingarrietan</a>, besteak beste. Erabilera hori egiteko jabetza nori dagokion galdetu zuten askok, izan ere, <a href="/wiki/Marka_erregistratze" class="mw-redirect" title="Marka erregistratze">marka erregistratzeko</a> eskaerak pilatzen hasi ziren.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kontu horrek liskar juridikoa sortu zuen eta azkenean, aurkikuntza ezagutarazi eta urtebetera, Patenteen eta Marken Espainiako Bulegoak arrazoia eman zion Nafarroako Gobernuak eginiko eskaerari, eta ebatzi zuen Irulegiko Eskua ezin izanen dela marka komertzial gisara erregistratu.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hau da, aurkikuntzaren irudia eta izena libre erabili ahal izanen dira. </p> <ul><li>Aurkikuntza jendaurrean ezagutarazi eta lau egunera, 2022ko azaroaren 18an, <a href="/wiki/BULEGO_(musika_taldea)" title="BULEGO (musika taldea)">Bulego</a> taldeak <i>Irulegiko esku</i> izenburuko kanta argitaratu zuen <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> plataforman, <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lizarazu" title="Tomas Lizarazu">Tomas Lizarazuk</a> konposatu eta idatzia.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2023ko apirilean, <a href="/wiki/Denonartean_Argitaletxea" title="Denonartean Argitaletxea">Denon Artean</a> argitaletxeak <i>Irulegiko eskua</i> izenburuko haurrentzako ipuina karrikaratu zuen, <a href="/wiki/Bakarne_Atxukarro" title="Bakarne Atxukarro">Bakarne Atxukarrok</a> eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Izazkun_Zubialde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Izazkun Zubialde (sortu gabe)">Izazkun Zubialdek</a> idatzia eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asun_Egurza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Asun Egurza (sortu gabe)">Asun Egurzak</a> ilustratua.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Liburuak gaztelaniazko bertsioa ere badu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dibulgazioa">Dibulgazioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Dibulgazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dibulgazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan.jpg/220px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan.jpg/330px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan.jpg/440px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="839" /></a><figcaption>Hiru haur Iruñeko planetarioan, Irulegiko Eskua ikusteko ilaran.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aurkikuntzaren berri eman eta hilabete eta erdira, 2022ko abenduaren 29an hain zuzen ere, Nafarroako Gobernuak aukera eman zuen Irulegiko Eskua <a href="/wiki/Iru%C3%B1eko_planetarioa" title="Iruñeko planetarioa">Iruñeko planetarioan</a> edonork ikus zezan.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pieza arkeologikoa 16:30etik 20:00etara ikusgai egon zen, eta ateak ireki baino anitzez ere lehenago ilara handia sortu zen eraikinaren inguruetan. Azkenean, sei mila pertsona inguruk baliatu zuten eskua gordetzen duen beira-arasatik zentimetro gutxira egoteko parada.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urte erdi geroago, 2023ko ekainaren 20an, Irulegiko udako indusketa kanpainaren aurkezpenean, Nafarroako Gobernuko Kultura, Kirol eta Gazteria Departamentuaren Arkeologia ataleko ordezkari Jesus Garcia Gazolazek jakinarazi zuen Irulegiko Eskua zaharberritzeko lanak bukatzear zirela eta pieza «laster» izanen dela <a href="/wiki/Nafarroako_Museoa" title="Nafarroako Museoa">Nafarroako Museoan</a> ikusgai.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hori baino lehenago, apirilaren hasieran, Aranzadi zientzia elkarteak <i>Irulegi</i> izeneko liburua argitaratu zuen; <i>Irulegiko Eskua, K. a. I. mendeko lekukotasun epigrafiko bat Aranguren ibarrean</i> da liburuaren azpititulua, 112 orrialde ditu eta euskarazko zein gaztelaniazko bertsioak ditu.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argazki_galeria">Argazki galeria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Argazki galeria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Argazki galeria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Irulegiko Eskua Iruñeko planetarioan, alde batetik ikusia."><img alt="Irulegiko Eskua Iruñeko planetarioan, alde batetik ikusia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan2.jpg/120px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan2.jpg/180px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan2.jpg/240px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Irulegiko Eskua Iruñeko planetarioan, alde batetik ikusia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jende ilara Iruñeko planetarioaren aurreko plazan, Irulegiko Eskua ikusteko zain."><img alt="Jende ilara Iruñeko planetarioaren aurreko plazan, Irulegiko Eskua ikusteko zain." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan3.jpg/120px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan3.jpg/180px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan3.jpg/240px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jende ilara Iruñeko planetarioaren aurreko plazan, Irulegiko Eskua ikusteko zain.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Irulegiko Eskua Iruñeko planetarioan, aurrez aurre ikusia."><img alt="Irulegiko Eskua Iruñeko planetarioan, aurrez aurre ikusia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan4.jpg/90px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan4.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan4.jpg/135px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan4.jpg/180px-Irulegiko_eskua_planetarioan4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Irulegiko Eskua Iruñeko planetarioan, aurrez aurre ikusia.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oharrak">Oharrak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oharrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Oharrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Gorriz Irulegiko Eskuan dokumentatu ez diren zeinuak (Ferrer i Jané, 2023).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Antzinatean, lusitaniarren, iberiarren eta beste herri batzuen artean, etsaiaren eskua moztea eta publikoki erakustea ohikoa izan zen testu iturri klasikoen arabera. Ikus: Marco Simón, Francisco; Baldellou Martínez, Vicente. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raco.cat/index.php/Pyrenae/article/view/164926">El monumento ibérico de Binéfar (Huesca)</a>». <i>Pyrenae</i>, 1976, 12 Zk., 91-115 or. + I-II.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_euskaltzaindiarenarauak&amp;view=frontpage&amp;Itemid=424&amp;lang=eu&amp;arauaId=191">«Euskaltzaindiaren Arauak - 191.- Araua: Artelanen izenak. Historiaurreko eta Antzinaroko artelanen izenak. (Onomastika).»</a>&#32;<i>www.euskaltzaindia.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-22)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAiestaranGonzálezSesmaGazólaz2021">Aiestaran,&#32;Mattin&#59;&#32;González,&#32;Daniel Ruiz&#59;&#32;Sesma,&#32;Jesús Sesma&#59;&#32;Gazólaz,&#32;Jesús García&#59;&#32;Alustiza,&#32;José Antonio Mujika&#59;&#32;Avilés,&#32;Eneko Iriarte&#59;&#32;Mauleon,&#32;Juantxo Agirre. &#32;(2021).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8583290">«Trabajos arqueológicos en el yacimiento de Irulegi (Valle de Aranguren) 2021»</a>&#32;<i>Trabajos de arqueología Navarra</i>&#32;(33): 103–111.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0211-5174">0211-5174</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_3-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAiestaranGorrochateguiVelaza2023">Aiestaran,&#32;M&#59;&#32;Gorrochategui,&#32;J&#59;&#32;Velaza,&#32;J. &#32;(2023).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/560/633">«La inscripción vascónica de Irulegi (Valle de Aranguren, Navarra)»</a>&#32;<i>Palaeohispanica</i>&#32;23: 267-293.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v23i0.560">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v23i0.560</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aiestaran2024-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-5"><sup><b>f</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aiestaran2024_4-6"><sup><b>g</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAiestaranVelazaGorrochategui2024">Aiestaran,&#32;M&#59;&#32;Velaza,&#32;J&#59;&#32;Gorrochategui,&#32;J. &#32;(2024).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/vasconic-inscription-on-a-bronze-hand-writing-and-rituality-in-the-iron-age-irulegi-settlement-in-the-ebro-valley/645A15DF3D725F83D62F3D1FB5DF83EC">«A Vasconic inscription on a bronze hand: writing and rituality in the Iron Age Irulegi settlement in the Ebro Valley»</a>&#32;<i>Antiquity</i>&#32;98(397): 66-84.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2023.199">10.15184/aqy.2023.199</a></span>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euskalerriairratia.eus/nafarroa/1693830704021-irulegiko-eskua-interes-kulturaleko-ondasun-izendatzeko-prozesua-hasi-du-nafarroako-gobernuak">«Irulegiko Eskua Interes Kulturaleko Ondasun izendatzeko prozesua hasi du Nafarroako Gobernuak - Nafarroa»</a>&#32;<i>euskalerriairratia.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-09-04)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSL2023-11-14">SL,&#32;TAI GABE DIGITALA. &#32;(2023-11-14).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naiz.eus/eu/info/noticia/20231114/la-mano-de-irulegi-sera-expuesta-en-el-museo-de-nafarroa-desde-el-segundo-semestre-de-2024">«La Mano de Irulegi será expuesta en el Museo de Nafarroa desde el segundo semestre de 2024»</a>&#32;<i>naiz:</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/berria%20tb">«Leire Malkorrak aurkitu du hizkuntza baskonikozko idazkunik zaharrena | berria TB ataleko azken bideoak»</a>&#32;<i>www.berria.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-16)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_8-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFImaz">Imaz,&#32;Andoni.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/220681/hizkuntza-baskonikozko-idazkunik-zaharrena-aurkitu-dute-nafarroan-k-a-i-mendekoa-sorioneku.htm">«Hizkuntza baskonikozko idazkunik zaharrena aurkitu dute Nafarroan, K. a. I mendekoa: 'sorioneku'»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_9-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAwkl8H1pG0"><i>Hizkuntza baskonikozko idazkunik zaharrenaren aurkikuntza (azpitituluekin). </i></a>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorraiz">Gorraiz,&#32;Uxue Rey.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1913/028/001/2022-11-18/laquozalantzarik-ez-dugu-irulegin-emaitza-gehiago-ere-izanen-delaraquo.htm">«&#171;Zalantzarik ez dugu Irulegin emaitza gehiago ere izanen dela&#187;»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naiz.eus/eu/info/noticia/20221114/aranzadi-presenta-este-lunes-un-importante-hallazgo-arqueologico-en-irulegi">«Aranzadi presenta un «importante hallazgo arqueológico» recuperado en Irulegi»</a>&#32;<i>naiz:</i>&#32;2022-11-13&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">cc-by-sa-3.0 lizentziapean: <span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navarra.es/eu/-/irulegi-mendian-k.a.-i.-mendeko-brontzezko-esku-bat-aurkitu-dute-eta-orain-arte-ezagutzen-den-euskarazko-inskripziorik-zaharrena-du?pageBackId=363032&amp;back=true">«Irulegi mendian K.a. I. mendeko brontzezko esku bat aurkitu dute, eta orain arte ezagutzen den euskarazko inskripziorik zaharrena du»</a>&#32;<i>Nafarroa.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.argia.eus/albistea/irulegiko-eskua-komunitate-barnetik-datorren-ahots-bat-da">«Mattin Aiestaran de la Sotilla: "Irulegiko eskua komunitate barnetik datorren ahots bat da"»</a>&#32;<i>Argia</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAranguren">Aranguren,&#32;Andoni Imaz-.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/220681/hizkuntza-baskonikozko-idazkunik-zaharrena-aurkitu-dute-nafarroan-ka-i-mendekoa-sorioneku.htm">«Hizkuntza baskonikozko idazkunik zaharrena aurkitu dute Nafarroan, K.a. I. mendekoa: 'sorioneku'»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrer2023-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-3"><sup><b>d</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferrer2023_15-4"><sup><b>e</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFFerrer_i_Jané2023">Ferrer i Jané,&#32;Joan. &#32;(2023).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturanavarra.es/uploads/files/FLV136-12.pdf">«La inscripción vascónica de la mano de Irulegi desde la perspectiva ibérica»</a>&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;(136): 515–538.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv136.9_3">10.35462/flv136.9_3</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2530-5832">2530-5832</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFRos">Ros,&#32;Ander.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1941/015/003/2022-11-19/irulegiko-eskuaren-poz-tristurak.htm">«Irulegiko Eskuaren poz-tristurak»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Igartua2023-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Igartua2023_18-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Igartua2023_18-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Igartua2023_18-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFIgartua2023-12-28">Igartua,&#32;Iván. &#32;(2023-12-28).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.navarra.es/index.php/FLV/article/view/3647">«Un enigma envuelto en un misterio: la interpretación lingüística de la mano de Irulegi»</a>&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;(136): 551–563.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv136.9_5">10.35462/flv136.9_5</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2530-5832">2530-5832</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuloaga2023-19">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Zuloaga2023_19-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuloaga2023_19-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zuloaga2023_19-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFZuloagaAriztimuño2023-12-28">Zuloaga,&#32;Eneko&#59;&#32;Ariztimuño,&#32;Borja. &#32;(2023-12-28).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.navarra.es/index.php/FLV/article/view/3648">«Sobre la lengua de la mano de Irulegi: apuntes y conjeturas»</a>&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;(136): 565–581.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv136.9_6">10.35462/flv136.9_6</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2530-5832">2530-5832</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAiestaranVelazaGorrochateguiUsúa2024-02">Aiestaran,&#32;Mattin&#59;&#32;Velaza,&#32;Javier&#59;&#32;Gorrochategui,&#32;Joaquín&#59;&#32;Usúa,&#32;Carmen&#59;&#32;Pujol,&#32;Pablo&#59;&#32;Alonso,&#32;Euken&#59;&#32;Iriarte,&#32;Eneko&#59;&#32;Narbarte,&#32;Josu&#32;<i>et al</i>.. &#32;(2024-02).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/vasconic-inscription-on-a-bronze-hand-writing-and-rituality-in-the-iron-age-irulegi-settlement-in-the-ebro-valley/645A15DF3D725F83D62F3D1FB5DF83EC">«A Vasconic inscription on a bronze hand: writing and rituality in the Iron Age Irulegi settlement in the Ebro Valley»</a>&#32;<i>Antiquity</i>&#32;98&#32;(397): 66–84.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2023.199">10.15184/aqy.2023.199</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-06-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manterola2023-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Manterola2023_21-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manterola2023_21-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFManterolaMounole2023-12-28">Manterola,&#32;Julen&#59;&#32;Mounole,&#32;Céline. &#32;(2023-12-28).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.navarra.es/index.php/FLV/article/view/3649">«An assessment of the Basque Interpretation Hypothesis on the inscription contained in the hand of Irulegi»</a>&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;(136): 583–595.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv136.9_7">10.35462/flv136.9_7</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2530-5832">2530-5832</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lakarra2023-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Lakarra2023_22-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lakarra2023_22-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFLakarra2023-12-28">Lakarra,&#32;Joseba A.. &#32;(2023-12-28).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.navarra.es/index.php/FLV/article/view/3650">«Zorioneko y zorion: lo que nos dice de ellos la historia de la lengua vasca»</a>&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;(136): 597–615.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv136.9_8">10.35462/flv136.9_8</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2530-5832">2530-5832</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Areta2023-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Areta2023_23-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Areta2023_23-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMartínez-Areta2023-12-28">Martínez-Areta,&#32;Mikel. &#32;(2023-12-28).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.navarra.es/index.php/FLV/article/view/3651">«¿Es la lengua de la mano de Irulegi la antecesora directa del euskera histórico?»</a>&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;(136): 617–637.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv136.9_9">10.35462/flv136.9_9</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2530-5832">2530-5832</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFImaz">Imaz,&#32;Andoni.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/220688/ematen-du-hizkuntza-asko-aldatu-dela-eta-ematen-du-ez-dela-batere-aldatu.htm">««Ematen du hizkuntza asko aldatu dela, eta ematen du ez dela batere aldatu»»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/kultura/ia-sinetsita-geunden-euskaldunak-analfabetoak-zirela-antzinaroan_220684_102.html">«Ia sinetsita geunden euskaldunak analfabetoak zirela Antzinaroan»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-15)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorraiz">Gorraiz,&#32;Uxue Rey.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1913/028/001/2022-11-18/zalantzarik-ez-dugu-irulegin-emaitza-gehiago-ere-izanen-dela.htm">««Zalantzarik ez dugu Irulegin emaitza gehiago ere izanen dela»»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.argia.eus/albistea/irulegiko-eskua-komunitate-barnetik-datorren-ahots-bat-da">«'Irulegiko eskua komunitate barnetik datorren ahots bat da'»</a>&#32;<i>Argia</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-18)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-28">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_28-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFImaz">Imaz,&#32;Andoni.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/1961/028/001/2022-11-20/sorionaren-osteko-lokatzetan.htm">«'Sorionaren' osteko lokatzetan»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-29">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_29-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_29-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alea.eus/komunitatea/asier-gabikagojeazkoa/1669640704824-irulegi-eskua-garrantzia-zalantzak">«Irulegiko Eskuaren garrantziaz eta zalantzaz -»</a>&#32;<i>Alea.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-12-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturanavarra.es/uploads/files/FLV136-09.pdf">«La mano de Irulegi: reflexiones desde la paleohispanística y la vascología [Dosier</a>»]&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;136: 485-637.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBizkaiko_Filologo_Taldea_(Bizkaiko_euskal_filologo_taldea_hauek_osatzen_omen_dute:_Joseba_Butroe,_Jokin_De_Pedro,_Juan_Manuel_Etxebarria,_Alberto_Mardones_eta_Pilare_Baraiazarra)">Bizkaiko Filologo Taldea (Bizkaiko euskal filologo taldea hauek osatzen omen dute: Joseba Butroe, Jokin De Pedro, Juan Manuel Etxebarria, Alberto Mardones eta Pilare Baraiazarra).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alea.eus/komunitatea/bizkaiko-filologo-taldea/1669808272770-analisia-irulegi-eskua-testua-I-aurkikuntzak-posibilitateak">«Irulegiko Eskuko testuaz (I): aurkikuntzak eta posibilitateak -»</a>&#32;<i>Alea.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-12-01)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFBizkaiko_Filologo_Taldea_(Bizkaiko_euskal_filologo_taldea_hauek_osatzen_omen_dute:_Joseba_Butroe,_Jokin_De_Pedro,_Juan_Manuel_Etxebarria,_Alberto_Mardones_eta_Pilare_Baraiazarra)">Bizkaiko Filologo Taldea (Bizkaiko euskal filologo taldea hauek osatzen omen dute: Joseba Butroe, Jokin De Pedro, Juan Manuel Etxebarria, Alberto Mardones eta Pilare Baraiazarra).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alea.eus/komunitatea/bizkaiko-filologo-taldea/1670405937734-analisia-irulegi-eskua-testua-II-aurkikuntzak-posibilitateak">«Irulegiko Eskuko testuaz (II): aurkikuntzak eta posibilitateak -»</a>&#32;<i>Alea.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-12-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAiestaran_De_la_SotillaGorrochateguiVelaza_Frías">Aiestaran De la Sotilla,&#32;Mattin&#59;&#32;Gorrochategui,&#32;Joaquín&#59;&#32;Velaza Frías,&#32;Javier.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/560">«La inscripción vascónica de Irulegi (Valle de Aranguren, Navarra)»</a>&#32;<i>Paleohispánica</i>&#32;(Institución «Fernando el Católico»)&#32;23: 267-293.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v23i0.560">https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v23i0.560</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1578-5386">1578-5386</a>.</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorrochategui_(ed.)Santazilia_(ed.)2023-12-28">Gorrochategui (ed.),&#32;Joaquín&#59;&#32;Santazilia (ed.),&#32;Ekaitz. &#32;(2023-12-28).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.navarra.es/index.php/FLV/article/view/3652">«La mano de Irulegi: reflexiones desde la paleohispanística y la vascología [Dosier</a>»]&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;(136): 485–637.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv136.9">10.35462/flv136.9</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2530-5832">2530-5832</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-35">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorrochateguiVelaza2023-12-28">Gorrochategui,&#32;Joaquín&#59;&#32;Velaza,&#32;Javier. &#32;(2023-12-28).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistas.navarra.es/index.php/FLV/article/view/3643">«La mano de Irulegi: edición y comentarios epigráficos y lingüísticos»</a>&#32;<i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum</i>&#32;(136): 491–502.&#32;&#160;<a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv136.9_1">10.35462/flv136.9_1</a></span>.&#32;<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2530-5832">2530-5832</a>.&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2024-01-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beltrán2023-36">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Beltrán2023_36-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beltrán2023_36-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> 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href="https://www.heritagedaily.com/2022/12/top-10-archaeological-discoveries-of-2022/145468">«Top 10 Archaeological Discoveries of 2022»</a>&#32;<i>HeritageDaily - Archaeology News</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-01-26)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eitb.eus/eu/albisteak/gizartea/bideoak/osoa/9021645/bideoa-nori-dagokio-irulegiko-eskua-eta-sorioneku-hitza-erabiltzeko-eta-ustiatzeko-eskubidea/">«Nori dagokio Irulegiko eskua eta "sorioneku" hitza erabiltzeko eta ustiatzeko eskubidea?»</a>&#32;<i>EITB</i>&#32;2022-11-20&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-11-21)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorraiz2023-11-14">Gorraiz,&#32;Uxue Rey. &#32;(2023-11-14).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/235145/irulegiko-eskua-ezinen-da-marka-komertzial-gisara-erregistratu.htm">«Irulegiko Eskua ezinen da marka komertzial gisara erregistratu»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-11-14)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maxixatzen.eus/komunitatea/beittu/1668853312334-bulegok-irulegiko-eskua-ri-eskainitako-abestia-entzungai">«Bulegok 'Irulegiko eskua'-ri eskainitako abestia, entzungai -»</a>&#32;<i>Maxixatzen.eus</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-28)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eitb.eus/es/radio/radio-euskadi/programas/vivirparaver/detalle/9203812/la-mano-de-irulegi-en-version-infantil-de-bakarne-atxukarro/">«La mano de Irulegi en la versión infantil de Bakarne Atxukarro»</a>&#32;<i>EITB</i>&#32;2023-05-17&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorraiz">Gorraiz,&#32;Uxue Rey.&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/222514/irulegiko-eskua-ikusgai-izanen-da-ostegunean-iruneko-planetarioan.htm">«Irulegiko Eskua ikusgai izanen da ostegunean Iruñeko Planetarioan»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-12-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAduriz2022-12-29">Aduriz,&#32;Pablo. &#32;(2022-12-29).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/sociedad/2022/12/29/expectacion-ver-mano-irulegi-6322409.html">«Las colas para ver la Mano de Irulegi desbordan las previsiones: más de 6.000 personas en una tarde»</a>&#32;<i>Diario de Noticias de Navarra</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2022-12-29)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;</span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGorraiz2023-06-20">Gorraiz,&#32;Uxue Rey. &#32;(2023-06-20).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/229597/irulegiko-aztarnategian-inoiz-egin-den-indusketa-kanpainarik-luzeena-abiatu-du-aranzadik.htm">«Irulegiko aztarnategian inoiz egin den indusketa kanpainarik luzeena abiatu du Aranzadik»</a>&#32;<i>Berria</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-06-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">&#32;<span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFSL2023-03-22">SL,&#32;TAI GABE DIGITALA. &#32;(2023-03-22).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naiz.eus/eu/info/noticia/20230325/aranzadi-condensa-en-un-libro-el-hito-de-la-mano-de-irulegi-y-organiza-visitas-al-yacimiento">«Aranzadi condensa en un libro el hito de la Mano de Irulegi y organiza visitas al yacimiento»</a>&#32;<i>naiz:</i>&#32;<span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2023-09-11)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baskoien_hizkuntza" title="Baskoien hizkuntza">Baskoien hizkuntza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idazkera_paleohispaniar" class="mw-redirect" title="Idazkera paleohispaniar">Idazkera paleohispaniarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitzineuskara" title="Aitzineuskara">Aitzineuskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantzeko_idazkuna" title="Lantzeko idazkuna">Lantzeko idazkuna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irulegiko_Eskua&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | 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data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115210199" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q115210199">Q115210199</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hand_of_Irulegi">Hand of Irulegi</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" 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