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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merger_of_all_equivalent_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merger_of_all_equivalent_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Merger of all equivalent characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merger_of_all_equivalent_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_language-dependent_glyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_language-dependent_glyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Examples of language-dependent glyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_language-dependent_glyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_some_non-unified_Han_ideographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_some_non-unified_Han_ideographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples of some non-unified Han ideographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_some_non-unified_Han_ideographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideographic_Variation_Database_(IVD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideographic_Variation_Database_(IVD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ideographic Variation Database (IVD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideographic_Variation_Database_(IVD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_ranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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href="#Unihan_database_files"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unihan database files</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unihan_database_files-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Source_Han_Sans_Version_Difference.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Source_Han_Sans_Version_Difference.svg/220px-Source_Han_Sans_Version_Difference.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Source_Han_Sans_Version_Difference.svg/330px-Source_Han_Sans_Version_Difference.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Source_Han_Sans_Version_Difference.svg/440px-Source_Han_Sans_Version_Difference.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Differences for the same Unicode <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code point</a> (U+8FD4) in regional versions of <a href="/wiki/Source_Han_Sans" title="Source Han Sans">Source Han Sans</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Han unification</b> is an effort by the authors of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">Universal Character Set</a> to map multiple <a href="/wiki/Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character sets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Han_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Han characters">Han characters</a> of the so-called <a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a> languages into a single set of unified <a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">characters</a>. Han characters are a feature shared in common by written <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">hanzi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>), <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>). </p><p>Modern Chinese, Japanese and Korean <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> typically use regional or historical <a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters" title="Variant Chinese characters">variants of a given Han character</a>. In the formulation of Unicode, an attempt was made to unify these variants by considering them as <a href="/wiki/Allograph" title="Allograph">allographs</a> – different <a href="/wiki/Glyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyphs">glyphs</a> representing the same "grapheme" or <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> unit –  hence, "Han unification", with the resulting character repertoire sometimes contracted to <b>Unihan</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, many characters have regional variants assigned to different <a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">code points</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">個</span></span> (U+500B) versus <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">个</span></span> (U+4E2A). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rationale_and_controversy">Rationale and controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rationale and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Han_unification" title="Special:EditPage/Han unification">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Unicode Standard details the principles of Han unification.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a> (IRG), made up of experts from the Chinese-speaking countries, North and South Korea, Japan, Vietnam, and other countries, is responsible for the process.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One rationale was the desire to limit the size of the full Unicode character set, where CJK characters as represented by discrete <a href="/wiki/Ideograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideograms">ideograms</a> may approach or exceed 100,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> characters. Version 1 of Unicode was designed to fit into 16 bits and only 20,940 characters (32%) out of the possible 65,536 were reserved for these <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a>. Unicode was later extended to 21 bits allowing many more CJK characters (97,680 are assigned, with room for more). </p><p>An article hosted by IBM attempts to illustrate part of the motivation for Han unification:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The problem stems from the fact that Unicode encodes characters rather than "glyphs," which are the visual representations of the characters. There are four basic traditions for East Asian character shapes: traditional Chinese, simplified Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. While the Han root character may be the same for CJK languages, the glyphs in common use for the same characters may not be. For example, the traditional Chinese glyph for "grass" uses four strokes for the "grass" radical [<span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%BA%BF#Traditional_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:⺿">⺿</a></span>], whereas the simplified Chinese, Japanese, and Korean glyphs [<span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%BA%BE#Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:⺾">⺾</a></span>] use three. But there is only one Unicode point for the grass character (U+8349) [<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8D%89#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:草">草</a></span>] regardless of writing system. Another example is the ideograph for "one," which is different in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Many people think that the three versions should be encoded differently.</p></blockquote> <p>In fact, the three ideographs for "one" (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:一">一</a></span>, <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B9#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:壹">壹</a></span>, or <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B1#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:壱">壱</a></span>) are encoded separately in Unicode, as they are not considered national variants. The first is the common form in all three countries, while the second and third are used on financial instruments to prevent tampering (they may be considered variants). </p><p>However, Han unification has also caused considerable controversy, particularly among the Japanese public, who, with the nation's literati, have a history of protesting the culling of historically and culturally significant variants.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Kanji#Orthographic_reform_and_lists_of_kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji § Orthographic reform and lists of kanji</a>. Today, the list of characters officially recognized for use in proper names continues to expand at a modest pace.) </p><p>In 1993, the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Electronic_Industries_Development_Association" title="Japan Electronic Industries Development Association">Japan Electronic Industries Development Association</a> (JEIDA) published a pamphlet titled "<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">未来の文字コード体系に私達は不安をもっています</span></span>" (We are feeling anxious for the future character encoding system <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/JPNO_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JPNO (identifier)">JPNO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/en/openurl?cs=api_openurl&f-ndl_jpno=20985671">20985671</a>), summarizing major criticism against the Han Unification approach adopted by Unicode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphemes_versus_glyphs">Graphemes versus glyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Graphemes versus glyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allograph" title="Allograph">Allograph</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LatinAgraphemeVariations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LatinAgraphemeVariations.svg/220px-LatinAgraphemeVariations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LatinAgraphemeVariations.svg/330px-LatinAgraphemeVariations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LatinAgraphemeVariations.svg/440px-LatinAgraphemeVariations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="115" /></a><figcaption>The Latin lowercase "<a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a>" has widely differing glyphs that all represent concrete instances of the same abstract grapheme. Although a native reader of any language using the Latin script recognizes these two glyphs as the same grapheme, to others they might appear to be completely unrelated.</figcaption></figure> <p>A grapheme is the smallest abstract unit of meaning in a writing system. Any grapheme has many possible glyph expressions, but all are recognized as the same grapheme by those with reading and writing knowledge of a particular writing system. Although Unicode typically assigns characters to code points to express the graphemes within a system of writing, the Unicode Standard (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-3/#G2212">section 3.4 D7</a>) cautions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>An abstract character does not necessarily correspond to what a user thinks of as a "character" and should not be confused with a <i>grapheme</i>. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-3/#G2212">The Unicode® Standard Version 15.0 – Core Specification §3.4 Characters and Encoding</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>However, this quote refers to the fact that some graphemes are composed of several graphic elements or "characters". So, for example, the character <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0061</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">a</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN SMALL LETTER A</span> combined with <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+030A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̊</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING RING ABOVE</span> (generating the combination "å") might be understood by a user as a single grapheme while being composed of multiple Unicode abstract characters. In addition, Unicode also assigns some code points to a small number (other than for compatibility reasons) of formatting characters, whitespace characters, and other abstract characters that are not graphemes, but instead used to control the breaks between lines, words, graphemes and grapheme clusters. With the unified Han ideographs, the Unicode Standard makes a departure from prior practices in assigning abstract characters not as graphemes, but according to the underlying meaning of the grapheme: what linguists sometimes call <a href="/wiki/Sememe" title="Sememe">sememes</a>. This departure therefore is not simply explained by the oft quoted distinction between an abstract character and a glyph, but is more rooted in the difference between an abstract character assigned as a grapheme and an abstract character assigned as a sememe. In contrast, consider <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>'s unification of <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, where graphemes with widely different meanings (for example, an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> and a single quotation mark) are unified because the glyphs are the same. For Unihan the characters are not unified by their appearance, but by their definition or meaning. </p><p>For a grapheme to be represented by various glyphs means that the grapheme has glyph variations that are usually determined by selecting one font or another or using glyph substitution features where multiple glyphs are included in a single font. Such glyph variations are considered by Unicode a feature of rich text protocols and not properly handled by the plain text goals of Unicode. However, when the change from one glyph to another constitutes a change from one grapheme to another—where a glyph cannot possibly still, for example, mean the same grapheme understood as the small letter "a"—Unicode separates those into separate code points. For Unihan the same thing is done whenever the abstract meaning changes, however rather than speaking of the abstract meaning of a grapheme (the letter "a"), the unification of Han ideographs assigns a new code point for each different meaning—even if that meaning is expressed by distinct graphemes in different languages. Although a grapheme such as "ö" might mean something different in English (as used in the word "coördinated") than it does in German (as used in the word "schön"), it is still the same grapheme and can be easily unified so that English and German can share a common abstract Latin writing system (along with Latin itself). This example also points to another reason that "abstract character" and grapheme as an abstract unit in a written language do not necessarily map one-to-one. In English the <a href="/wiki/Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">combining diaeresis</a>, "¨", and the "o" it modifies may be seen as two separate graphemes, whereas in languages such as Swedish, the letter "ö" may be seen as a single grapheme. Similarly in English <a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">the dot</a> on an "i" is understood as a part of the "i" grapheme whereas in other languages, such as Turkish, the dot may be seen as a separate grapheme added to the <a href="/wiki/Dotless_I" title="Dotless I">dotless "ı"</a>. </p><p>To deal with the use of different graphemes for the same Unihan sememe, Unicode has relied on several mechanisms: especially as it relates to rendering text. One has been to treat it as simply a font issue so that different fonts might be used to render Chinese, Japanese or Korean. Also font formats such as OpenType allow for the mapping of alternate glyphs according to language so that a text rendering system can look to the user's environmental settings to determine which glyph to use. The problem with these approaches is that they fail to meet the goals of Unicode to define a consistent way of encoding multilingual text.<sup id="cite_ref-tusch01_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tusch01-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So rather than treat the issue as a rich text problem of glyph alternates, Unicode added the concept of <a href="/wiki/Variation_Selectors_(Unicode_block)" title="Variation Selectors (Unicode block)">variation selectors</a>, first introduced in version 3.2 and supplemented in version 4.0.<sup id="cite_ref-UnicodeVariationSelectors_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnicodeVariationSelectors-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While variation selectors are treated as combining characters, they have no associated diacritic or mark. Instead, by combining with a base character, they signal the two character sequence selects a variation (typically in terms of grapheme, but also in terms of underlying meaning as in the case of a location name or other proper noun) of the base character. This then is not a selection of an alternate glyph, but the selection of a grapheme variation or a variation of the base abstract character. Such a two-character sequence however can be easily mapped to a separate single glyph in modern fonts. Since Unicode has assigned 256 separate variation selectors, it is capable of assigning 256 variations for any Han ideograph. Such variations can be specific to one language or another and enable the encoding of plain text that includes such grapheme variations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unihan_"abstract_characters""><span id="Unihan_.22abstract_characters.22"></span>Unihan "abstract characters"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unihan "abstract characters""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Unihan standard encodes "abstract characters", not "glyphs", the graphical artifacts produced by Unicode have been considered temporary technical hurdles, and at most, cosmetic. However, again, particularly in Japan, due in part to the way in which Chinese characters were incorporated into Japanese writing systems historically, the inability to specify a particular variant was considered a significant obstacle to the use of Unicode in scholarly work. For example, the unification of "grass" (explained above), means that a historical text cannot be encoded so as to preserve its peculiar orthography. Instead, for example, the scholar would be required to locate the desired glyph in a specific typeface in order to convey the text as written, defeating the purpose of a unified character set. Unicode has responded to these needs by assigning variation selectors so that authors can select grapheme variations of particular ideographs (or even other characters).<sup id="cite_ref-UnicodeVariationSelectors_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnicodeVariationSelectors-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small differences in graphical representation are also problematic when they affect legibility or belong to the wrong cultural tradition. Besides making some Unicode fonts unusable for texts involving multiple "Unihan languages", names or other orthographically sensitive terminology might be displayed incorrectly. (Proper names tend to be especially orthographically conservative—compare this to changing the spelling of one's name to suit a language reform in the US or UK.) While this may be considered primarily a graphical representation or rendering problem to be overcome by more artful fonts, the widespread use of Unicode would make it difficult to preserve such distinctions. The problem of one character representing semantically different concepts is also present in the Latin part of Unicode. The Unicode character for a curved apostrophe is the same as the character for a right single quote (’). On the other hand, the capital <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin letter</a> <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> is not unified with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Alphabet">Greek letter</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpha" title="Alpha">Α</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Alphabet">Cyrillic letter</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90_(Cyrillic)" class="mw-redirect" title="А (Cyrillic)">А</a>. This is, of course, desirable for reasons of compatibility, and deals with a much smaller alphabetic character set. </p><p>While the unification aspect of Unicode is controversial in some quarters for the reasons given above, Unicode itself does now encode a vast number of seldom-used characters of a more-or-less antiquarian nature. </p><p>Some of the controversy stems from the fact that the very decision of performing Han unification was made by the initial Unicode Consortium, which at the time was a consortium of North American companies and organizations (most of them in California),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but included no East Asian government representatives. The initial design goal was to create a 16-bit standard,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Han unification was therefore a critical step for avoiding tens of thousands of character duplications. This 16-bit requirement was later abandoned, making the size of the character set less of an issue today. </p><p>The controversy later extended to the internationally representative ISO: the initial <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">CJK Joint Research Group</a> (CJK-JRG) favored a proposal (DIS 10646) for a non-unified character set, "which was thrown out in favor of unification with the Unicode Consortium's unified character set by the votes of American and European ISO members" (even though the Japanese position was unclear).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endorsing the Unicode Han unification was a necessary step for the heated ISO 10646/Unicode merger. </p><p>Much of the controversy surrounding Han unification is based on the distinction between <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a>, as defined in Unicode, and the related but distinct idea of graphemes. Unicode assigns abstract characters (graphemes), as opposed to glyphs, which are a particular visual representations of a character in a specific <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typeface</a>. One character may be represented by many distinct glyphs, for example a "g" or an "a", both of which may have one loop (<span style="font-family:serif"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɑ</span></span>, <span style="font-family:serif"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span></span>) or two (<span style="font-family:serif"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></span>, <span style="font-family:serif"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">g</span></span>). Yet for a reader of Latin script based languages the two variations of the "a" character are both recognized as the same grapheme. Graphemes present in national character code standards have been added to Unicode, as required by Unicode's Source Separation rule, even where they can be composed of characters already available. The national character code standards existing in CJK languages are considerably more involved, given the technological limitations under which they evolved, and so the official CJK participants in Han unification may well have been amenable to reform. </p><p>Unlike European versions, CJK Unicode fonts, due to Han unification, have large but irregular patterns of overlap, requiring language-specific fonts. Unfortunately, language-specific fonts also make it difficult to access a variant which, as with the "grass" example, happens to appear more typically in another language style. (That is to say, it would be difficult to access "grass" with the four-stroke radical more typical of Traditional Chinese in a Japanese environment, which fonts would typically depict the three-stroke radical.) Unihan proponents tend to favor markup languages for defining language strings, but this would not ensure the use of a specific variant in the case given, only the language-specific font more likely to depict a character as that variant. (At this point, merely stylistic differences do enter in, as a selection of Japanese and Chinese fonts are not likely to be visually compatible.) </p><p>Chinese users seem to have fewer objections to Han unification, largely because Unicode did not attempt to unify <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese characters</a> with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese characters</a>. (Simplified Chinese characters are used among Chinese speakers in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Traditional Chinese characters are used in Hong Kong and Taiwan (<a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a>) and they are, with some differences, more familiar to Korean and Japanese users.) Unicode is seen as neutral with regards to this politically charged issue, and has encoded Simplified and Traditional Chinese glyphs separately (e.g. the ideograph for "discard" is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">丟</span></span> U+4E1F for Traditional Chinese Big5 #A5E1 and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">丢</span></span> U+4E22 for Simplified Chinese GB #2210). It is also noted that Traditional and Simplified characters should be encoded separately according to Unicode Han Unification rules, because they are distinguished in pre-existing PRC character sets. Furthermore, as with other variants, Traditional to Simplified characters is not a one-to-one relationship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives"><span class="anchor" id="GCS"></span><span class="anchor" id="UTF-2000"></span>Alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several alternative character sets that are not encoding according to the principle of Han Unification, and thus free from its restrictions: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNS_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="CNS character set">CNS character set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCCII_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="CCCII character set">CCCII character set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRON_(encoding)" title="TRON (encoding)">TRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojikyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojikyo"><i>Mojikyō</i></a></li></ul> <p>These region-dependent character sets are also seen as not affected by Han Unification because of their region-specific nature: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a> (based on sequence codes to switch between Chinese, Japanese, Korean character sets – hence without unification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big5#Extensions" title="Big5">Big5 extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chinese_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chinese Character Set">GCCS</a> and its successor <a href="/wiki/HKSCS" class="mw-redirect" title="HKSCS">HKSCS</a></li></ul> <p>However, none of these alternative standards has been as widely adopted as <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, which is now the base character set for many new standards and protocols, internationally adopted, and is built into the architecture of operating systems (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, and many <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems), programming languages (<a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_Programming_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Python Programming Language">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>, <a href="/wiki/APL_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="APL programming language">APL</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>), and libraries (IBM <a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a> (ICU) along with the <a href="/wiki/Pango" title="Pango">Pango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphite_(SIL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphite (SIL)">Graphite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qt_(toolkit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qt (toolkit)">Scribe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Type_Services_for_Unicode_Imaging" title="Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging">ATSUI</a> rendering engines), font formats (<a href="/wiki/TrueType" title="TrueType">TrueType</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenType" title="OpenType">OpenType</a>) and so on. </p><p>In March 1989, a <a href="/wiki/BTRON" title="BTRON">(B)TRON</a>-based system was adopted by Japanese government organizations "Center for Educational Computing" as the system of choice for school education including <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in April, a report titled "1989 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers" from <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Office of the United States Trade Representative</a> have specifically listed the system as a trade barrier in Japan. The report claimed that the adoption of the TRON-based system by the Japanese government is advantageous to Japanese manufacturers, and thus excluding US operating systems from the huge new market; specifically the report lists MS-DOS, OS/2 and UNIX as examples. The Office of USTR was allegedly under Microsoft's influence as its former officer Tom Robertson was then offered a lucrative position by Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the TRON system itself was subsequently removed from the list of sanction by <a href="/wiki/Section_301_of_the_Trade_Act_of_1974" title="Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974">Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974</a> after protests by the organization in May 1989, the trade dispute caused the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">Ministry of International Trade and Industry</a> to accept a request from <a href="/wiki/Masayoshi_Son" title="Masayoshi Son">Masayoshi Son</a> to cancel the Center of Educational Computing's selection of the TRON-based system for the use of educational computers.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident is regarded as a symbolic event for the loss of momentum and eventual demise of the BTRON system, which led to the widespread adoption of MS-DOS in Japan and the eventual adoption of Unicode with its successor Windows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Merger_of_all_equivalent_characters">Merger of all equivalent characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Merger of all equivalent characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has not been any push for full semantic unification of all semantically linked characters, though the idea would treat the respective users of East Asian languages the same, whether they write in Korean, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a> Japanese, <a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a> Japanese or Vietnamese. Instead of some variants getting distinct code points while other groups of variants have to share single code points, all variants could be reliably expressed only with metadata tags (e.g., CSS formatting in webpages). The burden would be on all those who use differing versions of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">直</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">別</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兩</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兔</span></span>, whether that difference be due to simplification, international variance or intra-national variance. However, for some platforms (e.g., smartphones), a device may come with only one font pre-installed. The system font must make a decision for the default glyph for each code point and these glyphs can differ greatly, indicating different underlying graphemes. </p><p>Consequently, relying on language markup across the board as an approach is beset with two major issues. First, there are contexts where language markup is not available (code commits, plain text). Second, any solution would require every operating system to come pre-installed with many glyphs for semantically identical characters that have many variants. In addition to the standard character sets in Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese, Kyūjitai Japanese and Shinjitai Japanese, there also exist "ancient" forms of characters that are of interest to historians, linguists and philologists. </p><p>Unicode's Unihan database has already drawn connections between many characters. The Unicode database catalogs the connections between variant characters with distinct code points already. However, for characters with a shared code point, the reference glyph image is usually biased toward the Traditional Chinese version. Also, the decision of whether to classify pairs as semantic variants or <a href="/wiki/Z-variant" title="Z-variant">z-variants</a> is not always consistent or clear, despite rationalizations in the handbook.<sup id="cite_ref-uax38_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uax38-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So-called semantic variants of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">丟</span></span> (U+4E1F) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">丢</span></span> (U+4E22) are examples that Unicode gives as differing in a significant way in their abstract shapes, while Unicode lists <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">佛</span></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仏</span></span> as z-variants, differing only in font styling. Paradoxically, Unicode considers <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">兩</span></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">両</span></span> to be near identical z-variants while at the same time classifying them as significantly different semantic variants. There are also cases of some pairs of characters being simultaneously semantic variants and specialized semantic variants and simplified variants: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">個</span></span> (U+500B) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">个</span></span> (U+4E2A). There are cases of non-mutual equivalence. For example, the Unihan database entry for <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">亀</span></span> (U+4E80) considers <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">龜</span></span> (U+9F9C) to be its z-variant, but the entry for <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">龜</span></span> does not list <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">亀</span></span> as a z-variant, even though <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">龜</span></span> was obviously already in the database at the time that the entry for <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">亀</span></span> was written. </p><p>Some clerical errors led to doubling of completely identical characters such as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">﨣</span></span> (U+FA23) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">𧺯</span></span> (U+27EAF). If a font has glyphs encoded to both points so that one font is used for both, they should appear identical. These cases are listed as z-variants despite having no variance at all. Intentionally duplicated characters were added to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Round-trip_format_conversion" title="Round-trip format conversion">bit-for-bit round-trip conversion</a>. Because round-trip conversion was an early selling point of Unicode, this meant that if a national standard in use unnecessarily duplicated a character, Unicode had to do the same. Unicode calls these intentional duplications "<a href="/wiki/Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">compatibility variants</a>" as with 漢 (U+FA9A) which calls <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">漢</span></span> (U+6F22) its compatibility variant. As long as an application uses the same font for both, they should appear identical. Sometimes, as in the case of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">車</span></span> with U+8ECA and U+F902, the added compatibility character lists the already present version of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">車</span></span> as both its compatibility variant and its z-variant. The compatibility variant field overrides the z-variant field, forcing normalization under all forms, including canonical equivalence. Despite the name, compatibility variants are actually canonically equivalent and are united in any Unicode normalization scheme and not only under compatibility normalization. This is similar to how <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+212B</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Å</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ANGSTROM SIGN</span> is canonically equivalent to a pre-composed <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00C5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Å</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE</span>. Much software (such as the MediaWiki software that hosts Wikipedia) will replace all canonically equivalent characters that are discouraged (e.g. the angstrom symbol) with the recommended equivalent. Despite the name, CJK "compatibility variants" are canonically equivalent characters and not compatibility characters. </p><p>漢 (U+FA9A) was added to the database later than <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">漢</span></span> (U+6F22) was and its entry informs the user of the compatibility information. On the other hand, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">漢</span></span> (U+6F22) does not have this equivalence listed in this entry. Unicode demands that all entries, once admitted, cannot change compatibility or equivalence so that normalization rules for already existing characters do not change. </p><p>Some pairs of Traditional and Simplified are also considered to be semantic variants. According to Unicode's definitions, it makes sense that all simplifications (that do not result in wholly different characters being merged for their homophony) will be a form of semantic variant. Unicode classifies <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">丟</span></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">丢</span></span> as each other's respective traditional and simplified variants and also as each other's semantic variants. However, while Unicode classifies <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">億</span></span> (U+5104) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">亿</span></span> (U+4EBF) as each other's respective traditional and simplified variants, Unicode does not consider <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">億</span></span> and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">亿</span></span> to be semantic variants of each other. </p><p>Unicode claims that "Ideally, there would be no pairs of z-variants in the Unicode Standard."<sup id="cite_ref-uax38_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uax38-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would make it seem that the goal is to at least unify all minor variants, compatibility redundancies and accidental redundancies, leaving the differentiation to fonts and to language tags. This conflicts with the stated goal of Unicode to take away that overhead, and to allow any number of any of the world's scripts to be on the same document with one encoding system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (September 2018)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> Chapter One of the handbook states that "With Unicode, the information technology industry has replaced proliferating character sets with data stability, global interoperability and data interchange, simplified software, and reduced development costs. While taking the ASCII character set as its starting point, the Unicode Standard goes far beyond ASCII's limited ability to encode only the upper- and lowercase letters A through Z. It provides the capacity to encode all characters used for the written languages of the world – more than 1 million characters can be encoded. No escape sequence or control code is required to specify any character in any language. The Unicode character encoding treats alphabetic characters, ideographic characters, and symbols equivalently, which means they can be used in any mixture and with equal facility."<sup id="cite_ref-tusch01_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tusch01-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This leaves the option to settle on one unified reference grapheme for all z-variants, which is contentious since few outside of Japan would recognize <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">佛</span></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">仏</span></span> as equivalent. Even within Japan, the variants are on different sides of a major simplification called Shinjitai. Unicode would effectively make the PRC's simplification of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">侣</span></span> (U+4FA3) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">侶</span></span> (U+4FB6) a monumental difference by comparison. Such a plan would also eliminate the very visually distinct variations for characters like <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">直</span></span> (U+76F4) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">雇</span></span> (U+96C7). </p><p>One would expect that all simplified characters would simultaneously also be z-variants or semantic variants with their traditional counterparts, but many are neither. It is easier to explain the strange case that semantic variants can be simultaneously both semantic variants and specialized variants when Unicode's definition is that specialized semantic variants have the same meaning only in certain contexts. Languages use them differently. A pair whose characters are 100% drop-in replacements for each other in Japanese may not be so flexible in Chinese. Thus, any comprehensive merger of recommended code points would have to maintain some variants that differ only slightly in appearance even if the meaning is 100% the same for all contexts in one language, because in another language the two characters may not be 100% drop-in replacements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_language-dependent_glyphs"><span class="anchor" id="Examples_of_language_dependent_characters"></span>Examples of language-dependent glyphs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples of language-dependent glyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In each row of the following table, the same character is repeated in all six columns. However, each column is marked (by the <code>lang</code> attribute) as being in a different language: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified Chinese character">simplified</a> and two types of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese character">traditional</a>), <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a> should select, for each character, a <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> (from a font) suitable to the specified language. (Besides actual character variation—look for differences in stroke order, number, or direction—the typefaces may also reflect different typographical styles, as with serif and non-serif alphabets.) This only works for fallback glyph selection if you have CJK fonts installed on your system and the font selected to display this article does not include glyphs for these characters. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font: xx-large/normal sans-serif; margin:0.5em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: medium"> <th rowspan="2">Code point </th> <th>Chinese <br />(simplified) </th> <th>Chinese <br />(traditional) </th> <th>Chinese <br />(traditional,<br />Hong Kong) </th> <th>Japanese </th> <th>Korean </th> <th>Vietnamese </th> <th rowspan="2">English </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: medium"> <th><code>zh-Hans</code> </th> <th><code>zh-Hant</code> </th> <th><code>zh-Hant-HK</code> </th> <th><code>ja</code> </th> <th><code>ko</code> </th> <th><code>vi-Hani</code> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;"><span title="今"><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Upluslink" title="Unicode">U+</a>4ECA</span> </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">今 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">今 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">今 </td> <td lang="ja">今 </td> <td lang="ko">今 </td> <td lang="vi"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">今</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">now </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+4EE4 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">令 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">令 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">令 </td> <td lang="ja">令 </td> <td lang="ko">令 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">令</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">cause/command </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+514D </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">免 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">免 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">免 </td> <td lang="ja">免 </td> <td lang="ko">免 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">免</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">exempt/spare </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+5165 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">入 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">入 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">入 </td> <td lang="ja">入 </td> <td lang="ko">入 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">入</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">enter </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+5168 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">全 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">全 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">全 </td> <td lang="ja">全 </td> <td lang="ko">全 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">全</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">all/total </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+5173 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">关 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">关 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">关 </td> <td lang="ja">关 </td> <td lang="ko">关 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">关</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">close (simplified) / laugh (traditional) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+5177 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">具 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">具 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">具 </td> <td lang="ja">具 </td> <td lang="ko">具 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">具</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">tool </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+5203 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">刃 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">刃 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">刃 </td> <td lang="ja">刃 </td> <td lang="ko">刃 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">刃</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">knife edge </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+5316 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">化 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">化 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">化 </td> <td lang="ja">化 </td> <td lang="ko">化 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">化</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">transform/change </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+5916 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">外 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">外 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">外 </td> <td lang="ja">外 </td> <td lang="ko">外 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">外</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">outside </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+60C5 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">情 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">情 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">情 </td> <td lang="ja">情 </td> <td lang="ko">情 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">情</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">feeling </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+624D </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">才 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">才 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">才 </td> <td lang="ja">才 </td> <td lang="ko">才 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">才</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">talent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+62B5 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">抵 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">抵 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">抵 </td> <td lang="ja">抵 </td> <td lang="ko">抵 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">抵</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">arrive/resist </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+6B21 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">次 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">次 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">次 </td> <td lang="ja">次 </td> <td lang="ko">次 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">次</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">secondary/follow </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+6D77 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">海 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">海 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">海 </td> <td lang="ja">海 </td> <td lang="ko">海 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">海</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">sea </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+753B </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">画 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">画 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">画 </td> <td lang="ja">画 </td> <td lang="ko">画 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">画</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">picture </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+76F4 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">直 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">直 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">直 </td> <td lang="ja">直 </td> <td lang="ko">直 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">直</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">direct/straight </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+771F </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">真 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">真 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">真 </td> <td lang="ja">真 </td> <td lang="ko">眞 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">真</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">true </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+793a </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">示 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">示 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">示 </td> <td lang="ja">示 </td> <td lang="ko">示 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">示</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">show </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+795E </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">神 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">神 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">神 </td> <td lang="ja">神 </td> <td lang="ko">神 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">神</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">god </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+7A7A </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">空 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">空 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">空 </td> <td lang="ja">空 </td> <td lang="ko">空 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">空</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">empty/air </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+8005 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">者 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">者 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">者 </td> <td lang="ja">者 </td> <td lang="ko">者 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">者</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif">one who does/-ist/-er </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+8349 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">草 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">草 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">草 </td> <td lang="ja">草 </td> <td lang="ko">草 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">草</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">grass </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+8525 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">蔥 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">蔥 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">蔥 </td> <td lang="ja">蔥 </td> <td lang="ko">蔥 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">蔥</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">onion </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+89D2 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">角 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">角 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">角 </td> <td lang="ja">角 </td> <td lang="ko">角 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">角</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">edge/horn </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+9053 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">道 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">道 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">道 </td> <td lang="ja">道 </td> <td lang="ko">道 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">道</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">way/path/road </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+96C7 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">雇 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">雇 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">雇 </td> <td lang="ja">雇 </td> <td lang="ko">雇 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">雇</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">employ </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">U+9AA8 </td> <td lang="zh-Hans">骨 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant">骨 </td> <td lang="zh-Hant-HK">骨 </td> <td lang="ja">骨 </td> <td lang="ko">骨 </td> <td lang="vi"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">骨</span> </td> <td style="font-size: medium; font-family: sans-serif;">bone </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>No character variant that is exclusive to Korean or Vietnamese has received its own code point, whereas almost all Shinjitai Japanese variants or Simplified Chinese variants each have distinct code points and unambiguous reference glyphs in the Unicode standard. </p><p>In the twentieth century, East Asian countries made their own respective encoding standards. Within each standard, there coexisted variants with distinct code points, hence the distinct code points in Unicode for certain sets of variants. Taking Simplified Chinese as an example, the two character variants of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant-CN">內</span></span> (U+5167) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">内</span></span> (U+5185) differ in exactly the same way as do the Korean and non-Korean variants of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">全</span></span> (U+5168). Each respective variant of the first character has either <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">入</span></span> (U+5165) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人</span></span> (U+4EBA). Each respective variant of the second character has either <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">入</span></span> (U+5165) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人</span></span> (U+4EBA). Both variants of the first character got their own distinct code points. However, the two variants of the second character had to share the same code point. </p><p>The justification Unicode gives is that the national standards body in the PRC made distinct code points for the two variations of the first character <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant-CN">內</span></span>/<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans-CN">内</span></span>, whereas Korea never made separate code points for the different variants of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">全</span></span>. There is a reason for this that has nothing to do with how the domestic bodies view the characters themselves. China went through a process in the twentieth century that changed (if not simplified) several characters. During this transition, there was a need to be able to encode both variants within the same document. Korean has always used the variant of <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">全</span></span> with the <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">入</span></span> (U+5165) radical on top. Therefore, it had no reason to encode both variants. Korean language documents made in the twentieth century had little reason to represent both versions in the same document. </p><p>Almost all of the variants that the PRC developed or standardized got distinct code points owing simply to the fortune of the Simplified Chinese transition carrying through into the computing age. This privilege however, seems to apply inconsistently, whereas most simplifications performed in Japan and mainland China with code points in national standards, including characters simplified differently in each country, did make it into Unicode as distinct code points. </p><p>Sixty-two Shinjitai "simplified" characters with distinct code points in Japan got merged with their Kyūjitai traditional equivalents, like <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">海</span></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This can cause problems for the language tagging strategy. There is no universal tag for the traditional and "simplified" versions of Japanese as there are for Chinese. Thus, any Japanese writer wanting to display the Kyūjitai form of <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">海</span></span> may have to tag the character as "Traditional Chinese" or trust that the recipient's Japanese font uses only the Kyūjitai glyphs, but tags of Traditional Chinese and Simplified Chinese may be necessary to show the two forms side by side in a Japanese textbook. This would preclude one from using the same font for an entire document, however. There are two distinct code points for <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">海</span></span> in Unicode, but only for "compatibility reasons". Any Unicode-conformant font must display the Kyūjitai and Shinjitai versions' equivalent code points in Unicode as the same. Unofficially, a font may display <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">海</span></span> differently with 海 (U+6D77) as the Shinjitai version and 海 (U+FA45) as the Kyūjitai version (which is identical to the traditional version in written Chinese and Korean). </p><p>The radical <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">糸</span></span> (U+7CF8) is used in characters like <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">紅</span></span>/<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">红</span></span>, with two variants, the second form being simply the cursive form. The radical components of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">紅</span></span> (U+7D05) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">红</span></span> (U+7EA2) are semantically identical and the glyphs differ only in the latter using a cursive version of the <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">糸</span></span> component. However, in mainland China, the standards bodies wanted to standardize the cursive form when used in characters like <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">红</span></span>. Because this change happened relatively recently, there was a transition period. Both <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">紅</span></span> (U+7D05) and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">红</span></span> (U+7EA2) got separate code points in the PRC's text encoding standards bodies so Chinese-language documents could use both versions. The two variants received distinct code points in Unicode as well. </p><p>The case of the radical <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">艸</span></span> (U+8278) proves how arbitrary the state of affairs is. When used to compose characters like <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">草</span></span> (U+8349), the radical was placed at the top, but had two different forms. Traditional Chinese and Korean use a four-stroke version. At the top of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">草</span></span> should be something that looks like two plus signs (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">⺿</span></span>). Simplified Chinese, Kyūjitai Japanese and Shinjitai Japanese use a three-stroke version, like two plus signs sharing their horizontal strokes (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">⺾</span></span>, i.e. <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">草</span></span>). The PRC's text encoding bodies did not encode the two variants differently. The fact that almost every other change brought about by the PRC, no matter how minor, did warrant its own code point suggests that this exception may have been unintentional. Unicode copied the existing standards as is, preserving such irregularities. </p><p>The Unicode Consortium has recognized errors in other instances. The myriad Unicode blocks for CJK Han Ideographs have redundancies in original standards, redundancies brought about by flawed importation of the original standards, as well as accidental mergers that are later corrected, providing precedent for dis-unifying characters. </p><p>For native speakers, variants can be unintelligible or be unacceptable in educated contexts. English speakers may understand a handwritten note saying "4P5 kg" as "495 kg", but writing the nine backwards (so it looks like a "P") can be jarring and would be considered incorrect in any school. Likewise, to users of one CJK language reading a document with "foreign" glyphs: variants of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">骨</span></span> can appear as mirror images, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">者</span></span> can be missing a stroke/have an extraneous stroke, and <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">令</span></span> may be unreadable to Non-Japanese people. (In Japan, both variants are accepted). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_some_non-unified_Han_ideographs">Examples of some non-unified Han ideographs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples of some non-unified Han ideographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, often where the changes are the most striking, Unicode has encoded variant characters, making it unnecessary to switch between fonts or <code>lang</code> attributes. However, some variants with arguably minimal differences get distinct codepoints, and not every variant with arguably substantial changes gets a unique codepoint. As an example, take a character such as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">入</span></span> (U+5165), for which the only way to display the variants is to change font (or <code>lang</code> attribute) as described in the previous table. On the other hand, for <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">內</span></span> (U+5167), the variant of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">内</span></span> (U+5185) gets a unique codepoint. For some characters, like <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">兌</span></span>/<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">兑</span></span> (U+514C/U+5151), either method can be used to display the different glyphs. In the following table, each row compares variants that have been assigned different code points. For brevity, note that <a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">shinjitai</a> variants with different components will usually (and unsurprisingly) take unique codepoints (e.g., <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">氣/気</span></span>). They will not appear here nor will the simplified Chinese characters that take consistently simplified radical components (e.g., <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">紅</span></span>/<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">红</span></span>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">語</span></span>/<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">语</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-UnihanLookup_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnihanLookup-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This list is not exhaustive. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font:xx-large/normal sans-serif; text-align:center; margin:0.5em auto;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size: medium;"> <th>Simplified </th> <th>Traditional </th> <th>Japanese </th> <th>Other variant </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4E22</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丢</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4E1F</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丟</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">to lose </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4E24</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">两</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+5169</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兩</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4E21</small><br /><big><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">両</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+34B3</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">㒳</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">two, both </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4E58</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">乘</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4E58</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">乘</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4E57</small><br /><big><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">乗</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+6909</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">椉</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">to ride </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4EA7</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">产</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+7522</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">產</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+7523</small><br /><big><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">産</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">give birth </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4FA3</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侣</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4FB6</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侶</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">companion </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+5151</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兑</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+514C</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">兌</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">to cash </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+5185</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">内</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+5167</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">內</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">inside </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+522B</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">别</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+5225</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">別</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">to leave </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+7985</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">禅</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+79AA</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">禪</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+7985</small><br /><big><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">禅</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">meditation (Zen) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+7A0E</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">税</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+7A05</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">稅</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">taxes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+997F</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">饿</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+9913</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">餓</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">hungry </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+9AD8</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+9AD8</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">高</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+9AD9</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">髙</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">high </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+9F9F</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龟</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+9F9C</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">龜</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+4E80</small><br /><big><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">亀</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">tortoise </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+7814</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">研</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+784F</small><br /><big><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">硏</span></span></big> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;"><small>U+7814</small><br /><big><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">研</span></span></big> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: medium;">to research </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: small;" colspan="5"><small><b>Sources</b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary">MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary</a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideographic_Variation_Database_(IVD)"><span id="Ideographic_Variation_Database_.28IVD.29"></span>Ideographic Variation Database (IVD)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ideographic Variation Database (IVD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variant form (Unicode)</a></div> <p>In order to resolve issues brought by Han unification, a Unicode Technical Standard known as the Unicode Ideographic Variation Database have been created to resolve the problem of specifying specific glyph in plain text environment.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By registering glyph collections into the Ideographic Variation Database (IVD), it is possible to use Ideographic Variation Selectors to form Ideographic Variation Sequence (IVS) to specify or restrict the appropriate glyph in text processing in a Unicode environment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_ranges">Unicode ranges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unicode ranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></div> <p>Ideographic characters assigned by Unicode appear in the following blocks: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_(Unicode_block)" title="CJK Unified Ideographs (Unicode block)">CJK Unified Ideographs</a> (4E00–9FFF) (Otherwise known as URO, abbreviation of Unified Repertoire and Ordering)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A</a> (3400–4DBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B</a> (20000–2A6DF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C</a> (2A700–2B73F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D</a> (2B740–2B81F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E</a> (2B820–2CEAF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F</a> (2CEB0–2EBEF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G</a> (30000–3134F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H</a> (31350–323AF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_I" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I</a> (2EBF0–2EE5F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs" title="CJK Compatibility Ideographs">CJK Compatibility Ideographs</a> (F900–FAFF) (the twelve characters at FA0E, FA0F, FA11, FA13, FA14, FA1F, FA21, FA23, FA24, FA27, FA28 and FA29 are actually "unified ideographs" not "compatibility ideographs")</li></ul> <p>Unicode includes support of CJKV radicals, strokes, punctuation, marks and symbols in the following blocks: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Radicals_Supplement" title="CJK Radicals Supplement">CJK Radicals Supplement</a> (2E80–2EFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Strokes_(Unicode_block)" title="CJK Strokes (Unicode block)">CJK Strokes</a> (31C0–31EF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation" title="CJK Symbols and Punctuation">CJK Symbols and Punctuation</a> (3000–303F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Description_Characters" title="Ideographic Description Characters">Ideographic Description Characters</a> (2FF0–2FFF)</li></ul> <p>Additional compatibility (discouraged use) characters appear in these blocks: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility" title="CJK Compatibility">CJK Compatibility</a> (3300–33FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Forms" title="CJK Compatibility Forms">CJK Compatibility Forms</a> (FE30–FE4F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs" title="CJK Compatibility Ideographs">CJK Compatibility Ideographs</a> (F900–FAFF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement" title="CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement">CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement</a> (2F800–2FA1F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed CJK Letters and Months</a> (3200–32FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">Enclosed Ideographic Supplement</a> (1F200–1F2FF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Radicals_(Unicode_block)" title="Kangxi Radicals (Unicode block)">Kangxi Radicals</a> (2F00–2FDF)</li></ul> <p>These compatibility characters (excluding the twelve unified ideographs in the CJK Compatibility Ideographs block) are included for compatibility with legacy text handling systems and other legacy character sets. They include forms of characters for vertical text layout and rich text characters that Unicode recommends handling through other means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_Ideographs_Core">International Ideographs Core</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International Ideographs Core"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></div> <p>The International Ideographs Core (IICore) is a subset of 9810 ideographs derived from the CJK Unified Ideographs tables, designed to be implemented in devices with limited memory, input/output capability, and/or applications where the use of the complete ISO 10646 ideograph repertoire is not feasible. There are 9810 characters in the current standard.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unihan_database_files">Unihan database files</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unihan database files"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Unihan project has always made an effort to make available their build database.<sup id="cite_ref-UnihanZip_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnihanZip-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The libUnihan project provides a normalized SQLite Unihan database and corresponding C library.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All tables in this database are in <a href="/wiki/Fifth_normal_form" title="Fifth normal form">fifth normal form</a>. libUnihan is released under the <a href="/wiki/LGPL" class="mw-redirect" title="LGPL">LGPL</a>, while its database, UnihanDb, is released under the <a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a> – Official Chinese character encoding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> – Assimilation into Han Chinese culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-variant" title="Z-variant">Z-variant</a> – Glyphs with minor typographical differences</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CJK_fonts" title="List of CJK fonts">List of CJK fonts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unihan can also refer to the Unihan Database maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>, which provides information about all of the unified Han characters encoded in the Unicode Standard, including mappings to various national and industry standards, indices into standard dictionaries, encoded variants, pronunciations in various languages, and an English definition. The database is available to the public as text files<sup id="cite_ref-UnihanZip_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnihanZip-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and via an interactive website.<sup id="cite_ref-UnihanLookup_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UnihanLookup-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter also includes representative glyphs and definitions for compound words drawn from the free Japanese <a href="/wiki/EDICT" class="mw-redirect" title="EDICT">EDICT</a> and Chinese <a href="/wiki/CEDICT" title="CEDICT">CEDICT</a> dictionary projects (which are provided for convenience and are not a formal part of the Unicode Standard).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most of these are legacy and obsolete characters, however, as per Unicode's objective to encode every writing system that is or has ever been used; only 2000 to 3000 characters are necessary to be considered literate.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Han_unification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr38/">"Unicode® Standard Annex #38 | UNICODE HAN DATABASE (UNIHAN)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2023-09-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode%C2%AE+Standard+Annex+%2338+%7C+UNICODE+HAN+DATABASE+%28UNIHAN%29&rft.pub=Unicode+Consortium&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Freports%2Ftr38%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+unification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnihanZip-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnihanZip_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnihanZip_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Unihan.zip">"Unihan.zip"</a>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i>. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Unihan.zip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FPublic%2FUNIDATA%2FUnihan.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+unification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UnihanLookup-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UnihanLookup_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UnihanLookup_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/unihan.html">"Unihan Database Lookup"</a>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i>. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Unihan+Database+Lookup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2Funihan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+unification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=4E2D">"Unihan Database Lookup: Sample lookup for 中"</a>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i>. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Unihan+Database+Lookup%3A+Sample+lookup+for+%E4%B8%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetUnihanData.pl%3Fcodepoint%3D4E2D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+unification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-18/#G11484">"Chapter 18: East Asia, Principles of Han Unification"</a>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i>. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Chapter+18%3A+East+Asia%2C+Principles+of+Han+Unification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode16.0.0%2Fcore-spec%2Fchapter-18%2F%23G11484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+unification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhistler2010" class="citation web cs1">Whistler, Ken (2010-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/notes/tn26/">"Unicode Technical Note 26: On the Encoding of Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, and Han"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Technical+Note+26%3A+On+the+Encoding+of+Latin%2C+Greek%2C+Cyrillic%2C+and+Han&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Whistler&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fnotes%2Ftn26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+unification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/appendix-e/">"Han Unification History"</a>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i>. Unicode Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Unicode+Standard&rft.atitle=Han+Unification+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fversions%2FUnicode16.0.0%2Fcore-spec%2Fappendix-e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+unification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216023226/http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/u-secret.html">"The secret life of Unicode"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></i>. 2013-12-16. 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Searle; Web Master, TRON Web</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mojikiban.ipa.go.jp/1292.html">"IVD/IVSとは - 文字情報基盤整備事業"</a>. <i>mojikiban.ipa.go.jp</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mojikiban.ipa.go.jp&rft.atitle=IVD%2FIVS%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AF+-+%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%9F%BA%E7%9B%A4%E6%95%B4%E5%82%99%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmojikiban.ipa.go.jp%2F1292.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHan+unification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tusch01-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tusch01_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tusch01_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-1">"Chapter 1: Introduction"</a>. <i>The Unicode Standard</i>. 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block">Block name</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Chart range</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Characters</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Han unification</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Scripts_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts in Unicode">Scripts contained in block</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:6em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_(Unicode_block)" title="CJK Unified Ideographs (Unicode block)">CJK Unified Ideographs</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_A" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_B" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_C" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_D" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_E" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_I" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Radicals_Supplement" title="CJK Radicals Supplement">CJK Radicals Supplement</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Radicals_(Unicode_block)" title="Kangxi Radicals (Unicode block)">Kangxi Radicals</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Description_Characters" title="Ideographic Description Characters">Ideographic Description Characters</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Symbols_and_Punctuation" title="CJK Symbols and Punctuation">CJK Symbols and Punctuation</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Strokes_(Unicode_block)" title="CJK Strokes (Unicode block)">CJK Strokes</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed CJK Letters and Months</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility" title="CJK Compatibility">CJK Compatibility</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs" title="CJK Compatibility Ideographs">CJK Compatibility Ideographs</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Forms" title="CJK Compatibility Forms">CJK Compatibility Forms</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">Enclosed Ideographic Supplement</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement" title="CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement">CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement</a><br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:4.5em;"><div> <p>0 <a href="/wiki/Unicode_plane#Basic_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode plane">BMP</a><br /> 0 BMP<br /> 2 <a href="/wiki/Unicode_plane#Supplementary_Ideographic_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode plane">SIP</a><br /> 2 SIP<br /> 2 SIP<br /> 2 SIP<br /> 2 SIP<br /> 3 <a href="/wiki/Unicode_plane#Tertiary_Ideographic_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode plane">TIP</a><br /> 3 TIP<br /> 2 SIP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 0 BMP<br /> 1 <a href="/wiki/Unicode_plane#Supplementary_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode plane">SMP</a><br /> 2 SIP<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:8.5em;"><div> <p>4E00–9FFF<br /> 3400–4DBF<br /> 20000–2A6DF<br /> 2A700–2B73F<br /> 2B740–2B81F<br /> 2B820–2CEAF<br /> 2CEB0–2EBEF<br /> 30000–3134F<br /> 31350–323AF<br /> 2EBF0–2EE5F<br /> 2E80–2EFF<br /> 2F00–2FDF<br /> 2FF0–2FFF<br /> 3000–303F<br /> 31C0–31EF<br /> 3200–32FF<br /> 3300–33FF<br /> F900–FAFF<br /> FE30–FE4F<br /> 1F200–1F2FF<br /> 2F800–2FA1F<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:right;width:2em;"><div> <p>20,992<br /> 6,592<br /> 42,720<br /> 4,154<br /> 222<br /> 5,762<br /> 7,473<br /> 4,939<br /> 4,192<br /> 622<br /> 115<br /> 214<br /> 16<br /> 64<br /> 39<br /> 255<br /> 256<br /> 472<br /> 32<br /> 64<br /> 542<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:9em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">Unified</a><br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> 12 are unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> Not unified<br /> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:28em;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Han</a><br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> Han<br /> <a href="/wiki/Scripts_in_Unicode#Common_and_inherited_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts in Unicode">Common</a><br /> Han, <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, Common, <a href="/wiki/Scripts_in_Unicode#Common_and_inherited_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripts in Unicode">Inherited</a><br /> Common<br /> Hangul, <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a>, Common<br /> Katakana, Common<br /> Han<br /> Common<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a>, Common<br /> Han<br /> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Totals</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><div style="text-align: center; padding-right: 0">21</div></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><div style="text-align:right">99,737</div></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"> </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><div><div style=""><ol class="references" style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;"> <li id="cnote_a_grp_version"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#ref_a_grp_version_1">^</a></b></span> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"> As of version 16.0</div></li> </ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unicode" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unicode_navigation" title="Template talk:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unicode navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unicode" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unicode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode#Versions" title="Unicode">Versions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Code_point" title="Code point">Code points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_blocks" title="Category:Unicode blocks">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Universal Character Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_charts" title="Category:Unicode charts">Character charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_character_property" title="Unicode character property">Character property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set_characters#Special-purpose_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Special purpose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byte_order_mark" title="Byte order mark">BOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_grapheme_joiner" title="Combining grapheme joiner">Combining grapheme joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-to-right_mark" title="Left-to-right mark">Left-to-right mark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_mark" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">Soft hyphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variant form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">Word joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">Zero-width non-joiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_symbol" title="Unicode symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Halfwidth and fullwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Alias names and abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character#Unicode" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidirectional_text" title="Bidirectional text">Bidirectional text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">Collation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">ISO/IEC 14651</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of encodings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16/UCS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32/UCS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On pairs of<br />code points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">Compatibility characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">Homoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">Precomposed character</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-variant" title="Z-variant">Z-variant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_indicator_symbol" title="Regional indicator symbol">Regional indicator symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji#Skin_color" title="Emoji">Emoji skin color</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">Domain names (IDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_font" title="Unicode font">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML" title="Unicode and HTML">HTML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">entity references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric references</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Input</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode anomaly">Anomalies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConScript_Unicode_Registry" title="ConScript Unicode Registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_involved_with_Unicode" title="Category:People involved with Unicode">People involved with Unicode</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Han unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scripts_and_symbols_in_Unicode" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a> and symbols in Unicode</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Script_(Unicode)#Common_and_inherited_scripts" title="Script (Unicode)">Common and <br />inherited scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuation#Punctuation_marks_in_Unicode" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode" title="Cyrillic script in Unicode">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_script_in_Unicode" title="Greek script in Unicode">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunuoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Lisu (Fraser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing#Munshi_Mangal_Singh_Masaram_Script" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Mende Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao (Pollard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Alphabet" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Mundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Mundari">Nag Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit (Newa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language#Writing_system" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toto_language#Writing_system" title="Toto language">Toto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_script" title="Wancho script">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient and<br />historic scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_alphabet" title="Bassa Vah alphabet">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Written_Parthian" title="Parthian language">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> (Chorasmian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language#Writing_systems" title="Makassarese language">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meetei Mayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Old Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts#Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Psalter Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Tagalog (Baybayin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tulu Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi (script)">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notational scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols, emojis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_and_political_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Religious and political symbols in Unicode">Cultural, political, and religious symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Pictures" title="Control Pictures">Control Pictures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_operators_and_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode">Mathematical operators and symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols (including IPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode" title="Category:Unicode">Category: Unicode</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unicode_blocks" title="Category:Unicode blocks">Category: Unicode blocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Character_encodings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Character_encodings" title="Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Character_encodings" title="Template talk:Character encodings"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Character_encodings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Character encodings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Character_encodings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encodings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph#Codes" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Non-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun/Kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot and Murray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCD_(character_encoding)" title="BCD (character encoding)">BCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletex" title="Teletex">Teletex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videotex" title="Videotex">Videotex</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T.51/ISO/IEC_6937" title="T.51/ISO/IEC 6937">T.51/ISO/IEC 6937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_T.61" title="ITU T.61">ITU T.61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videotex_character_set" title="Videotex character set">ITU T.101</a></li> <li>World System Teletext <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_System_Teletext" title="World System Teletext">background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">sets</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcode_(character_encoding)" title="Transcode (character encoding)">Transcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Approved parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1 (Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2 (Central Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3 (Maltese/Esperanto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4 (North Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5 (Cyrillic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6 (Arabic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7 (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8 (Hebrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9 (Turkish)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10 (Nordic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11 (Thai)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13 (Baltic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14 (Celtic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15 (New Western Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16 (Romanian)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Abandoned parts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12 (Devanagari)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Proposed but not approved <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-111" title="ISO-IR-111">KOI-8 Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-197" title="ISO-IR-197">Sámi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Adaptations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-182" title="ISO-IR-182">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-200" title="ISO-IR-200">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">Ukrainian Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bibliographic use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARC-8" title="MARC-8">MARC-8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSEL" title="ANSEL">ANSEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Character_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Chinese Character Code for Information Interchange">CCCII/EACC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">ISO 5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6862" title="ISO 6862">6862</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">ArmSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big5" title="Big5">Big5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BraSCII" title="BraSCII">BraSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_11643" title="CNS 11643">CNS 11643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_66003" title="DIN 66003">DIN 66003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELOT_927" title="ELOT 927">ELOT 927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST_10859" title="GOST 10859">GOST 10859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_2312" title="GB 2312">GB 2312</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12345" title="GB 12345">GB 12345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_12052" title="GB 12052">GB 12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Supplementary_Character_Set" title="Hong Kong Supplementary Character Set">HKSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Indian Script Code for Information Interchange">ISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">JIS X 0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">JIS X 0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">JIS X 0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">JIS X 0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-7" title="KOI-7">KOI-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPS_9566" title="KPS 9566">KPS 9566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1001" title="KS X 1001">KS X 1001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KS_X_1002" title="KS X 1002">KS X 1002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1564" title="LST 1564">LST 1564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LST_1590-4" title="LST 1590-4">LST 1590-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange">PASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Industrial_Standard_620-2533" title="Thai Industrial Standard 620-2533">TIS-620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Tamil Script Code for Information Interchange">TSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VISCII" title="VISCII">VISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSCII" title="VSCII">VSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YUSCII" title="YUSCII">YUSCII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ISO/IEC 2022</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">ISO/IEC 8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10367" title="ISO/IEC 10367">ISO/IEC 10367</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">Extended Unix Code / EUC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mac OS <a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">Code pages</a><br />("scripts")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Armenian" title="Mac OS Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArabic_encoding" title="MacArabic encoding">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Barents_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Barents Cyrillic">Barents Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Celtic" title="Mac OS Celtic">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Central_European_encoding" title="Mac OS Central European encoding">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Croatian_encoding" title="Mac OS Croatian encoding">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Cyrillic_encoding" title="Mac OS Cyrillic encoding">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Devanagari_encoding" title="Mac OS Devanagari encoding">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacFarsi_encoding" title="MacFarsi encoding">Farsi (Persian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Font_X_encoding" title="Macintosh Font X encoding">Font X (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gaelic" title="Mac OS Gaelic">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Georgian" title="Mac OS Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacGreek_encoding" title="MacGreek encoding">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gujarati" title="Mac OS Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Gurmukhi" title="Mac OS Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Hebrew" title="Mac OS Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Icelandic_encoding" title="Mac OS Icelandic encoding">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Inuit" title="Mac OS Inuit">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Keyboard_encoding" title="Mac OS Keyboard encoding">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Latin_encoding" title="Macintosh Latin encoding">Latin (Kermit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Maltese/Esperanto_encoding" title="Mac OS Maltese/Esperanto encoding">Maltese/Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ogham" title="Mac OS Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Roman" title="Mac OS Roman">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Romanian_encoding" title="Mac OS Romanian encoding">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_S%C3%A1mi" title="Mac OS Sámi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkish_encoding" title="Mac OS Turkish encoding">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Turkic_Cyrillic" title="Mac OS Turkic Cyrillic">Turkic Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_Ukrainian_encoding" title="Mac OS Ukrainian encoding">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VT100_encoding" title="VT100 encoding">VT100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">DOS code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_437" title="Code page 437">437</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_668" title="Code page 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_708" title="Code page 708">708</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_720" title="Code page 720">720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_737" title="Code page 737">737</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_770" title="Code page 770">770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_773" title="Code page 773">773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_775" title="Code page 775">775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_776" title="Code page 776">776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_777" title="Code page 777">777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_778" title="Code page 778">778</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_850" title="Code page 850">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_851" title="Code page 851">851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_852" title="Code page 852">852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_853" title="Code page 853">853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_855" title="Code page 855">855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_856" title="Code page 856">856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_857" title="Code page 857">857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_858" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 858">858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_859" title="Code page 859">859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_860" title="Code page 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_861" title="Code page 861">861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_862" title="Code page 862">862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_863" title="Code page 863">863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_864" title="Code page 864">864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_865" title="Code page 865">865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_866" title="Code page 866">866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_867" title="Code page 867">867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_868" title="Code page 868">868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_869" title="Code page 869">869</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_897" title="Code page 897">897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_899" title="Code page 899">899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_903" title="Code page 903">903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_904" title="Code page 904">904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(IBM)" title="Code page 932 (IBM)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(IBM)" title="Code page 936 (IBM)">936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_942" title="Code page 942">942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_949_(IBM)" title="Code page 949 (IBM)">949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_951" title="Code page 951">951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1034" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1034">1034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1040" title="Code page 1040">1040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1042" title="Code page 1042">1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1043" title="Code page 1043">1043</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1044" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1044">1044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1098" title="Code page 1098">1098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1115" title="Code page 1115">1115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1116" title="Code page 1116">1116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1117" title="Code page 1117">1117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1118" title="Code page 1118">1118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1127" title="Code page 1127">1127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_3846" title="Code page 3846">3846</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_Indic_character_set" title="CS Indic character set">CS Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX_Indic_character_set" title="CSX Indic character set">CSX Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSX%2B_Indic_character_set" title="CSX+ Indic character set">CSX+ Indic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CWI-2" title="CWI-2">CWI-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_System_encoding" title="Iran System encoding">Iran System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenick%C3%BD_encoding" title="Kamenický encoding">Kamenický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazovia_encoding" title="Mazovia encoding">Mazovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIK_(character_set)" title="MIK (character set)">MIK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_895" title="Code page 895">895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_896" title="Code page 896">896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_912" title="Code page 912">912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_915" title="Code page 915">915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_921" title="Code page 921">921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_922" title="Code page 922">922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1006" title="Code page 1006">1006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1008" title="Code page 1008">1008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1009" title="Code page 1009">1009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1010" title="Code page 1010">1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1012" title="Code page 1012">1012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1013" title="Code page 1013">1013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1014" title="Code page 1014">1014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1015" title="Code page 1015">1015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1016" title="Code page 1016">1016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1017" title="Code page 1017">1017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1018" title="Code page 1018">1018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1019" title="Code page 1019">1019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1046" title="Code page 1046">1046</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1124" title="Code page 1124">1124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1133" title="Code page 1133">1133</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Windows_code_page" title="Windows code page">Windows code pages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CER-GS" title="CER-GS">CER-GS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_932_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 932 (Microsoft Windows)">932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_936_(Microsoft_Windows)" title="Code page 936 (Microsoft Windows)">936</a> (<a href="/wiki/GBK_(character_encoding)" title="GBK (character encoding)">GBK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_950" title="Code page 950">950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1169" title="Code page 1169">1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Latin-8" title="Extended Latin-8">Extended Latin-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1250" title="Windows-1250">1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1251" title="Windows-1251">1251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">1252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1253" title="Windows-1253">1253</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1254" title="Windows-1254">1254</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1255" title="Windows-1255">1255</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1256" title="Windows-1256">1256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1257" title="Windows-1257">1257</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1258" title="Windows-1258">1258</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows-1270" title="Windows-1270">1270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_Finnish" title="Windows Cyrillic + Finnish">Cyrillic + Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_French" title="Windows Cyrillic + French">Cyrillic + French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Cyrillic_%2B_German" title="Windows Cyrillic + German">Cyrillic + German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Polytonic_Greek" title="Windows Polytonic Greek">Polytonic Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/EBCDIC" title="EBCDIC">EBCDIC</a> code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_in_EBCDIC" title="Japanese language in EBCDIC">Japanese language in EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKOI" title="DKOI">DKOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> terminals (<a href="/wiki/VT220" title="VT220">VTx</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">Multinational (MCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">National Replacement (NRCS)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1020" title="Code page 1020">French Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1021" title="Code page 1021">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1023" title="Code page 1023">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1101" title="Code page 1101">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1102" title="Code page 1102">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1103" title="Code page 1103">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1104" title="Code page 1104">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1105" title="Code page 1105">Norwegian and Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1106" title="Code page 1106">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1107" title="Code page 1107">Norwegian and Danish (alternative)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1287" title="Code page 1287">8-bit Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1288" title="Code page 1288">8-bit Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SI_960" title="SI 960">SI 960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Hebrew" title="DEC Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Special_Graphics" title="DEC Special Graphics">Special Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_Technical_Character_Set" title="DEC Technical Character Set">Technical (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1052" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1052">1052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1053" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1053">1053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1054" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1054">1054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1055" class="mw-redirect" title="Code page 1055">1055</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Code_page_1056&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Code page 1056 (page does not exist)">1056</a></li> <li>1057</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page_1058" title="Code page 1058">1058</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISC_OS_character_set" title="RISC OS character set">Acorn RISC OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC_character_set" title="Amstrad CPC character set">Amstrad CPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_II_character_set" title="Apple II character set">Apple II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATASCII" title="ATASCII">ATASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari_ST_character_set" title="Atari ST character set">Atari ST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitstream_International_Character_Set" title="Bitstream International Character Set">BICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casio_calculator_character_sets" title="Casio calculator character sets">Casio calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_display_code" title="CDC display code">CDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intecolor/Compucolor_8001_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Intecolor/Compucolor 8001 character set">Compucolor 8001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compucolor_II_character_set" title="Compucolor II character set">Compucolor II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CP/M_Plus_character_set" title="Amstrad CP/M Plus character set">CP/M+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEC_RADIX_50" title="DEC RADIX 50">DEC RADIX 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Character_Set" title="Multinational Character Set">DEC MCS</a>/<a href="/wiki/National_Replacement_Character_Set" title="National Replacement Character Set">NRCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG_International" title="DG International">DG International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksija_(computer)#Character_ROM" title="Galaksija (computer)">Galaksija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEM_character_set" title="GEM character set">GEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38" title="GSM 03.38">GSM 03.38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Roman" title="HP Roman">HP Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_character_set" title="FOCAL character set">HP FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPL_character_set" title="RPL character set">HP RPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQUOZE#Identifier_name_character_encoding" title="SQUOZE">SQUOZE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_International_Character_Set" title="Lotus International Character Set">LICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Multi-Byte_Character_Set" title="Lotus Multi-Byte Character Set">LMBCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSX_character_set" title="MSX character set">MSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEC_APC_character_set" title="NEC APC character set">NEC APC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT_character_set" title="NeXT character set">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PETSCII" title="PETSCII">PETSCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Standard_Encoding" title="PostScript Standard Encoding">PostScript Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PostScript_Latin_1_Encoding" title="PostScript Latin 1 Encoding">PostScript Latin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_Coup%C3%A9_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="SAM Coupé character set">SAM Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sega_SC-3000_character_set" title="Sega SC-3000 character set">Sega SC-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_pocket_computer_character_sets" title="Sharp pocket computer character sets">Sharp calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_MZ_character_set" title="Sharp MZ character set">Sharp MZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_QL_character_set" title="Sinclair QL character set">Sinclair QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext_character_set" title="Teletext character set">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TI_calculator_character_sets" title="TI calculator character sets">TI calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRS-80_character_set" title="TRS-80 character set">TRS-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_International" title="Ventura International">Ventura International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_International_Standard_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Wang International Standard Code for Information Interchange">WISCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerox_Character_Code_Standard" title="Xerox Character Code Standard">XCCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX80_character_set" title="ZX80 character set">ZX80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX81_character_set" title="ZX81 character set">ZX81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum_character_set" title="ZX Spectrum character set">ZX Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> / <a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTF-1" title="UTF-1">UTF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-7" title="UTF-7">UTF-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-16" title="UTF-16">UTF-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-32" title="UTF-32">UTF-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_18030" title="GB 18030">GB 18030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Ordered_Compression_for_Unicode" title="Binary Ordered Compression for Unicode">BOCU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CESU-8" title="CESU-8">CESU-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Compression_Scheme_for_Unicode" title="Standard Compression Scheme for Unicode">SCSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_All_Character_Encoding" title="Tamil All Character Encoding">TACE16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of Unicode encodings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_encoding" title="Cork encoding">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY1_encoding" title="LY1 encoding">LY1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OML_encoding" title="OML encoding">OML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_encoding" title="OMS encoding">OMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT1_encoding" title="OT1 encoding">OT1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous code pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABICOMP_character_set" title="ABICOMP character set">ABICOMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">ASMO 449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_encoding_of_APL_symbols" title="Digital encoding of APL symbols">Digital encoding of APL symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-68" title="ISO-IR-68">ISO-IR-68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD-B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldata" title="Fieldata">Fieldata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ_(character_encoding)" title="HZ (character encoding)">HZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC-P27-1" title="IEC-P27-1">IEC-P27-1</a></li> <li>INIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INIS_character_set" title="INIS character set">7-bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INIS-8" title="INIS-8">8-bit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-IR-169" title="ISO-IR-169">ISO-IR-169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">ISO 2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI_character_encodings" title="KOI character encodings">KOI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-R" title="KOI8-R">KOI8-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-RU" title="KOI8-RU">KOI8-RU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI8-U" title="KOI8-U">KOI8-U</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mojiky%C5%8D" title="Mojikyō">Mojikyō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Extended_ASCII" title="Stanford Extended ASCII">SEASCII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford/ITS_character_set" title="Stanford/ITS character set">Stanford/ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol_(typeface)" title="Symbol (typeface)">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRON_(encoding)" title="TRON (encoding)">TRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Hangul_Code" title="Unified Hangul Code">Unified Hangul Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_character" title="Control character">Control character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Morse prosigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C0_and_C1_control_codes" title="C0 and C1 control codes">C0 and C1 control codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">ISO/IEC 6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">JIS X 0211</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_control_characters" title="Unicode control characters">Unicode control, format and separator characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCSID" title="CCSID">CCSID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_encodings_in_HTML" title="Character encodings in HTML">Character encodings in HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charset_detection" title="Charset detection">Charset detection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Han unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_code_page" title="Hardware code page">Hardware code page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">MICR code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">Mojibake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-width_encoding" 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