CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Camillo Golgi - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"45040c10-9ec3-4192-b60c-3c70b52d470b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Camillo_Golgi","wgTitle":"Camillo Golgi","wgCurRevisionId":1240472215,"wgRevisionId":1240472215,"wgArticleId":53382,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from July 2024","Articles with hCards","Pages with Italian IPA","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","1843 births","1926 deaths","University of Pavia alumni","People from the Province of Brescia","Physicians from Pavia","Italian agnostics","Italian neuroscientists", "Italian anatomists","Italian pathologists","History of neuroscience","Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine","Italian Nobel laureates","Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences","Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)","Malariologists","Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences","Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy","Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Camillo_Golgi","wgRelevantArticleId":53382,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr", "pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q150630","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles": "ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession", "wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1697"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1131"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="905"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Camillo Golgi - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Camillo_Golgi rootpage-Camillo_Golgi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Camillo+Golgi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Camillo+Golgi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Camillo+Golgi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Camillo+Golgi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Black_reaction_or_Golgi's_staining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_reaction_or_Golgi's_staining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Black reaction or Golgi's staining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Black_reaction_or_Golgi's_staining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidney" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidney"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kidney</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidney-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Malaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cell_organelle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cell_organelle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Cell organelle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cell_organelle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Awards and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monuments_in_Pavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_in_Pavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Monuments in Pavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_in_Pavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Eponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Camillo Golgi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="كاميلو غولجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاميلو غولجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamillo_Qolci" title="Kamillo Qolci – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kamillo Qolci" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C" title="کامیلو قولقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کامیلو قولقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="কামিল্লো গলজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কামিল্লো গলজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B" title="Каміла Гольджы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каміла Гольджы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Камило Голджи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камило Голджи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Καμίλλο Γκόλτζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καμίλλο Γκόλτζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کامیلو گلجی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کامیلو گلجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%B0%80%EB%A1%9C_%EA%B3%A8%EC%A7%80" title="카밀로 골지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카밀로 골지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B8_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BB%D5%AB" title="Կամիլո Գոլջի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կամիլո Գոլջի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%27%D7%99" title="קמילו גולג'י – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קמילו גולג'י" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF,_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8A" title="ಗಾಲ್ಜಿ, ಕ್ಯಾಮಿಲೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಲ್ಜಿ, ಕ್ಯಾಮಿಲೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="კამილო გოლჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კამილო გოლჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Камилло Гольджи – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Камилло Гольджи" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillus_Golgi" title="Camillus Golgi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Camillus Golgi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamillo_Gold%C5%BEi" title="Kamillo Goldži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kamillo Goldži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%9F%D0%B8" title="Камилио Голџи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камилио Голџи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8A_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="കാമില്ലൊ ഗോൾജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാമില്ലൊ ഗോൾജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="კამილო გოლჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კამილო გოლჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%89" title="كاميلو جولجى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاميلو جولجى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کامیلو گلجی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کامیلو گلجی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8" title="カミッロ・ゴルジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カミッロ・ゴルジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کامیلو گولجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کامیلو گولجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Гольджи, Камилло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гольджи, Камилло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="کیمیلو گولکی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کیمیلو گولکی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%86_%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%B5%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کامیلۆ گۆڵجی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کامیلۆ گۆڵجی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%92%D0%B8" title="Камило Голђи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камило Голђи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="கேமிலோ கொல்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கேமிலோ கொல்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D2%97%D0%B8" title="Камилло Гольҗи – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Камилло Гольҗи" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Камілло Гольджі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Камілло Гольджі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="کیمیلو گولگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیلو گولگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B1%B3%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA" title="卡米洛·高尔基 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡米洛·高尔基" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Camillo Golgi" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B1%B3%E8%B7%AF%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%9F%BA" title="卡米路·高基 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡米路·高基" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%B1%B3%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA" title="卡米洛·高尔基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡米洛·高尔基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q150630#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Camillo_Golgi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Camillo_Golgi" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Camillo_Golgi" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&oldid=1240472215" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Camillo_Golgi&id=1240472215&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCamillo_Golgi"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCamillo_Golgi"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Camillo_Golgi&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Camillo_Golgi" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q150630" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Italian biologist and pathologist (1843–1926)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Camillo Golgi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg/220px-Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1843-07-07</span>)</span>7 July 1843<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Corteno_Golgi" title="Corteno Golgi">Corteno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 January 1926<span style="display:none">(1926-01-21)</span> (aged 82)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">Golgi's method</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Golgi_cell" title="Golgi cell">Golgi cell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax#Life_cycle" title="Plasmodium vivax">Golgi cycles</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Reticular_theory" title="Reticular theory">Reticular theory</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Radial_glial_cell" title="Radial glial cell">Radial glial cell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Perineuronal_net" title="Perineuronal net">Perineuronal net</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (1906)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pensa" title="Antonio Pensa">Antonio Pensa</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Camillo Golgi</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kaˈmillo<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡɔldʒi]</a></span>; 7 July 1843 – 21 January 1926) was an <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a> known for his works on the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. He studied medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> (where he later spent most of his professional career) between 1860 and 1868 under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a>. Inspired by pathologist <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Bizzozero" title="Giulio Bizzozero">Giulio Bizzozero</a>, he pursued research in the nervous system. His discovery of a staining technique called black reaction (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">Golgi's method</a> or Golgi's staining in his honour) in 1873 was a major breakthrough in neuroscience. Several structures and phenomena in <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> are named for him, including the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_reflex" title="Golgi tendon reflex">Golgi tendon reflex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Golgi and the Spanish biologist <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> were jointly given the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> 1906 "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Camillo Golgi was born on 7 July 1843 in the village of Corteno near Brescia, in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Brescia" title="Province of Brescia">province of Brescia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>), at the time Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, today Italy. The village is now named <a href="/wiki/Corteno_Golgi" title="Corteno Golgi">Corteno Golgi</a> in his honour. His father Alessandro Golgi was a physician and district medical officer, originally from Pavia. In 1860, he entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> to study medicine, and earned his medical degree in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-DBDI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DBDI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did an internship at the San Matteo Hospital (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation). During his internship he briefly worked as a civil physician in the Italian Army, and as assistant surgeon at the Novara Hospital (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). At the same time he was also involved in the medical team for investigating <a href="/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera outbreaks and pandemics">cholera epidemic</a> in villages around Pavia.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1867, he resumed his academic study under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso" title="Cesare Lombroso">Cesare Lombroso</a>. Lombroso was a renowned scientist in <a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">medical psychology</a> such as genius, madness and criminality. Inspired by Lombroso, Golgi wrote a thesis on the etiology of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental disorders">mental disorders</a>, from which he obtained his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a> in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-mazz99_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazz99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became more interested in experimental medicine, and started attending the Institute of General Pathology headed by Giulio Bizzozero. Three years his junior, Bizzozero was an eloquent teacher and experimenter, who specialised in histology of the nervous system and the properties of <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>. The most important research publications of Golgi were directly or indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. The two became so close that they lived in the same building; and Golgi later married Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti.<sup id="cite_ref-benti_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benti-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1872, Golgi was an established clinician and histopathologist. He, however, had no opportunity as a tenured professor in Pavia to pursue teaching and research in neurology.<sup id="cite_ref-mazz99_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazz99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Financial pressure prompted him to join the Hospital of the Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in <a href="/wiki/Abbiategrasso" title="Abbiategrasso">Abbiategrasso</a>, near Milan, as Chief Medical Officer in 1872. To continue research, he set up a simple laboratory on his own in a refurbished hospital kitchen, and it was there that he started making his most notable discoveries. His major achievement was the development of staining technique for nerve tissue called the black reaction (later the <a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">Golgi's method</a>). He published his major works between 1875 and 1885 in the journal <i>Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, he joined the faculty of histology at the University of Pavia. In 1879, he was appointed Chair of Anatomy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Siena" title="University of Siena">University of Siena</a>. But the next year, he returned to the University of Pavia as full Professor of histology.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1879 he also became Professor of General Pathology as well as Honorary Chief (<i>Primario ad honorarem</i>) at the San Matteo Hospital. He served as Rector of the University of Pavia twice, first between 1893 and 1896, and second between 1901 and 1909. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–1917), he directed the military hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in 1918 and continued to research in his private laboratory till 1923. He died on 21 January 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-mazz99_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazz99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Golgi and his wife Lina Aletti had no children, and they adopted Golgi's niece Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-benti_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benti-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Golgi was irreligious in his later life and became an agnostic atheist. One of his former students attempted an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Deathbed_conversion" title="Deathbed conversion">deathbed conversion</a> on him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_reaction_or_Golgi's_staining"><span id="Black_reaction_or_Golgi.27s_staining"></span>Black reaction or Golgi's staining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Black reaction or Golgi's staining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgi%27s_drawing_of_nervous_system.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Golgi%27s_drawing_of_nervous_system.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="139" /></a><figcaption>The first illustration by Golgi of the nervous system. Vertical section of the olfactory bulb of a dog (in 1875).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a> was difficult to study during Golgi's time because the cells were hard to identify. The available <a href="/wiki/Staining_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staining (biology)">tissue staining techniques</a> were useless for studying <a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">nervous tissue</a>. While working as chief medical officer at the Hospital of the Chronically Ill, he experimented with metal impregnation of nervous tissue, using mainly <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silver_staining" title="Silver staining">silver staining</a>). In early 1873, he discovered a method of staining nervous tissue that would stain a limited number of cells at random in their entirety. He first treated the tissue with potassium dichromate to harden it, and then with silver nitrate. Under the microscope, the outline of the neuron became distinct from the surrounding tissue and cells. The silver chromate precipitate, as a reaction product, selectively stains only some cellular components randomly, sparing other cell parts. The silver chromate particles create a stark black deposit on the <a href="/wiki/Soma_(biology)" title="Soma (biology)">soma</a> (nerve cell body) as well as on the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Dendrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrites">dendrites</a>, providing an exceedingly clear and well-contrasted picture of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a> against a yellow background. This makes it easier to trace the structure of the nerve cells in the brain for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-benti_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benti-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since cells are selective stained in black, he called the process <i>la reazione nera</i> ("the black reaction"), but today it is called <a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">Golgi's method</a> or the Golgi stain.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 February 1873, he wrote to his friend Niccolò Manfredi: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am delighted that I have found a new reaction to demonstrate, even to the blind, the structure of the interstitial stroma of the cerebral cortex.</p></blockquote> <p>His discovery was published in the <i>Gazzeta Medica Italiani</i> on 2 August 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg/220px-Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg/330px-Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Drawing by Camillo Golgi of a <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> stained with the silver nitrate method.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1871, a German anatomist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Gerlach" title="Joseph von Gerlach">Joseph von Gerlach</a> postulated that the brain is a complex "protoplasmic network", in the form of a continuous network called the reticulum. Using his black reaction, Golgi could trace various regions of the cerebro-spinal axis, clearly distinguishing the different nervous projections, namely <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrites</a>. He drew up a new classification of cells on the basis of the structure of their nervous prolongation. He described an extremely dense and intricate network, composed of a web of intertwined branches of axons coming from different cell layers ("diffuse nervous network"). This network structure, which emerges from the axons, is essentially different from that hypothesized by Gerlach. It was the main organ of the central nervous system according to Golgi. Thus, Golgi presented the <a href="/wiki/Reticular_theory" title="Reticular theory">reticular theory</a> which states that the brain is a single network of nerve fibres, and not of discrete cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Marina_Bentivoglio_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marina_Bentivoglio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cimi_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cimi-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Golgi's earlier works between 1873 and 1885 clearly depicted the axonal connections of <a href="/wiki/Cerebellar_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebellar cortex">cerebellar cortex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a> as independent of one another, his later works including the Nobel Lecture showed the entire granular layer of the cerebellar cortex occupied by a network of branching and anastomosing nerve processes. This was due to his strong conviction in the reticular theory.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marina_Bentivoglio_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marina_Bentivoglio-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golgi's theory was challenged by Ramón y Cajal, who used the same technique developed by Golgi. According to Ramón y Cajal's <a href="/wiki/Neuron_doctrine" title="Neuron doctrine">neurone theory</a>, the nervous system is but a collection of individual cells, the neurones, which are interconnected to form a network.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to this, Golgi was the first to give clear descriptions of the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory lobe</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">striatal</a> and cortical lesions in a case of <a href="/wiki/Chorea" title="Chorea">chorea</a>. In 1878, he also discovered a receptor organ that senses changes in muscle tension, and is now known as <a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a> or Golgi receptor; and Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles (pressure transductors).<sup id="cite_ref-mazz98_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazz98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further developed a stain specific for <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelin</a> (a specialised membrane which wraps around the axon) using <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercuric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric chloride">mercuric chloride</a>. Using this he discovered the myelin annular apparatus, often called the horny funnel of Golgi-Rezzonico.<sup id="cite_ref-mazz99_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazz99-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kidney">Kidney</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kidney"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Golgi studied kidney function during 1882 to 1889. In 1882, he published his observations on the mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Renal_hypertrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal hypertrophy">renal hypertrophy</a>, which he understood to be due to renal cell proliferation. In 1884, he described tubular cell mitoses in the kidney of a person suffering from <a href="/wiki/Tubulointerstitial_nephritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubulointerstitial nephritis">tubulointerstitial nephritis</a>, and he noted that the process was an essential part of repairing the kidney tissue. He was the first to dissect out intact <a href="/wiki/Nephrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrons">nephrons</a>, and show that the distal tubulus (<a href="/wiki/Loop_of_Henle" title="Loop of Henle">loop of Henle</a>) of the nephron returns to its originating <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomerulus</a>, a finding that he published in 1889 ("Annotazioni intorno all'Istologia dei reni dell'uomo e di altri mammifieri e sull'istogenesi dei canalicoli oriniferi". <i>Rendiconti R. Acad. Lincei</i> 5: 545–557, 1889).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaria">Malaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Malaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A French Army physician <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran</a> discovered that <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> was caused by microscopic parasite (now called <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum" title="Plasmodium falciparum">Plasmodium falciparum</a></i>) in 1880. But scientists were sceptical until Golgi intervened. It was Golgi who helped him prove that malarial parasite was a microscopic <a href="/wiki/Protozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoan">protozoan</a>. From 1885, Golgi studied the malarial parasite and its transmission. He established two types of malaria, tertian and quartan <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fevers</a> caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_vivax" title="Plasmodium vivax">Plasmodium vivax</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Plasmodium_malariae" title="Plasmodium malariae">Plasmodium malariae</a></i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, he discovered that malarial fever (<a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_attack" title="Paroxysmal attack">paroxysm</a>) was produced by the asexual stage in the human blood (called erythrocytic cycle, or Golgi cycle).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1889–1890, Golgi and <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Marchiafava" title="Ettore Marchiafava">Ettore Marchiafava</a> described the differences between benign tertian malaria and malignant tertian malaria (the latter caused by <i>P. falciparum</i>). By 1898, along with <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Grassi" title="Giovanni Battista Grassi">Giovanni Battista Grassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amico_Bignami" title="Amico Bignami">Amico Bignami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianelli" title="Giuseppe Bastianelli">Giuseppe Bastianelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Celli" title="Angelo Celli">Angelo Celli</a> and Marchiafava, he confirmed that malaria was transmitted by <i><a href="/wiki/Anopheles" title="Anopheles">Anopheline</a></i> mosquito.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cell_organelle">Cell organelle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cell organelle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An organelle in eukaryotic cells now known as <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a> or Golgi complex, or sometimes simply as Golgi, was discovered by Camillo Golgi.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golgi modified his black reaction using osmium dichromate solution with which he stained the nerve cells (<a href="/wiki/Purkinje_cell" title="Purkinje cell">Purkinje cells</a>) of the cerebellum of a barn owl.<sup id="cite_ref-drosch_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drosch-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He noticed thread-like networks inside the cells and named them <i>apparato reticolare interno</i> (internal reticular apparatus). Recognising them to be unique cellular components, he presented his discovery before the Medical-Surgical Society of Pavia in April 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the same was confirmed by his assistant Emilio Veratti, he published it in the <i>Bollettino della Società medico-chirurgica di Pavia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most scientists disputed his discovery as nothing but a staining artefact. Their microscopes were not powerful enough to identify the organelles. By the 1930s, Golgi's description was largely rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-drosch_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drosch-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only firmly established 50 years after its discovery, when electron microscopes were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_legacy">Awards and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Golgi, together with <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1906 for his studies of the structure of the nervous system. In 1900 he was named <a href="/wiki/Italian_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian senate">senator</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913 he became foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received honorary doctorates from the University of Cambridge, University of Geneva, Kristiania University College, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and Paris-Sorbonne University. In 1994, the European Community commemorated him with postage stamps.<sup id="cite_ref-mazz98_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazz98-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_in_Pavia">Monuments in Pavia <span class="anchor" id="Golgi’s_landmarks_in_Pavia"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Monuments in Pavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statua_di_Camillo_golgi_-_Cortile_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Statua_di_Camillo_golgi_-_Cortile_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.JPG/220px-Statua_di_Camillo_golgi_-_Cortile_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Statua_di_Camillo_golgi_-_Cortile_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.JPG/330px-Statua_di_Camillo_golgi_-_Cortile_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Statua_di_Camillo_golgi_-_Cortile_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.JPG/440px-Statua_di_Camillo_golgi_-_Cortile_Universit%C3%A0_di_Pavia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Marble statue of Golgi at the University of Pavia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camillo_Golgi_home_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Camillo_Golgi_home_1.JPG/220px-Camillo_Golgi_home_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Camillo_Golgi_home_1.JPG/330px-Camillo_Golgi_home_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Camillo_Golgi_home_1.JPG/440px-Camillo_Golgi_home_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Camillo Golgi's house in Pavia</figcaption></figure> <p>In Pavia several landmarks stand as Golgi's memory. </p> <ul><li>A marble statue, in a yard of the old buildings of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>, at N.65 of the central "Strada Nuova". On the basement, there is the following inscription in Italian language: "Camillo Golgi / patologo sommo / della scienza istologica / antesignano e maestro / la segreta struttura / del tessuto nervoso / con intenta vigilia / sorprese e descrisse / qui operò / qui vive / guida e luce ai venturi / MDCCCXLIII – MCMXXVI" (<i>Camillo Golgi / outstanding pathologist / of histological science / precursor and master / the secret structure / of the nervous tissue / with strenuous effort / discovered and described / here he worked / here he lives / here he guides and enlightens future scholars / 1843 – 1926)</i>.</li> <li>"Golgi’s home", also in Strada Nuova, at N.77, a few hundreds meters away from the University, just in front to the historical "Teatro Fraschini". It is the home in which Golgi spent the most of his family life, with his wife Lina.</li> <li>Golgi's tomb is in the Monumental Cemetery of Pavia (viale San Giovannino), along the central lane, just before the big monument to the fallen of the First World War. It is a very simple granite grave, with a bronze medallion representing the scientist's profile. Near Golgi's tomb, apart from his wife, two other important Italian medical scientists are buried: <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Panizza" title="Bartolomeo Panizza">Bartolomeo Panizza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelchi_Negri" title="Adelchi Negri">Adelchi Negri</a>.</li> <li>Golgi's museum was created in 2012, in the ancient Palazzo Botta of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a> at N.10 of Piazza Antoniotto Botta reconstructs the study of Camillo Golgi and its laboratories with furniture and original instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eponyms">Eponyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The organelle <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Golgi_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgi complex">Golgi complex</a></li> <li>The sensory receptor <a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">Golgi tendon organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">Golgi's method</a> or Golgi stain, a nervous tissue staining technique</li> <li>The enzyme <a href="/wiki/Golgi_alpha-mannosidase_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgi alpha-mannosidase II">Golgi alpha-mannosidase II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_cell" title="Golgi cell">Golgi cells</a> of the cerebellum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgi I">Golgi I</a> nerve cells (with long axons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgi II">Golgi II</a> nerve cells (with short or no axons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golgi_(crater)" title="Golgi (crater)">Golgi (crater)</a>, a lunar impact crater <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Minor planet <a href="/wiki/6875_Golgi" class="mw-redirect" title="6875 Golgi">6875 Golgi</a> is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pathologists" title="List of pathologists">List of pathologists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGerd_Kempermann_MD2001" class="citation book cs1">Gerd Kempermann MD (2001). <i>Adult Neurogenesis</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 616. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972969-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972969-2"><bdi>978-0-19-972969-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adult+Neurogenesis&rft.pages=616&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972969-2&rft.au=Gerd+Kempermann+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906"</a>. <i>www.nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physiology+or+Medicine+1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1906%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DBDI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DBDI_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimino2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cimino, Guido (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/camillo-golgi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">"GOLGI, Camillo"</a>. <i>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</i> (in Italian). Vol. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GOLGI%2C+Camillo&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cimino&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fcamillo-golgi_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzarello2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzarello, Paolo (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/ijae/article/view/11658">"Camillo Golgi: the conservative revolutionary"</a>. <i>Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology</i>. <b>124</b> (3): 288–304 Pages. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13128%2FIJAE-11658">10.13128/IJAE-11658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+of+Anatomy+and+Embryology&rft.atitle=Camillo+Golgi%3A+the+conservative+revolutionary&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=288-304+Pages&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13128%2FIJAE-11658&rft.aulast=Mazzarello&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foajournals.fupress.net%2Findex.php%2Fijae%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mazz99-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mazz99_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazz99_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazz99_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazz99_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzarello1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzarello, Paolo (1999). "Camillo Golgi's Scientific Biography". <i>Journal of the History of the Neurosciences</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 121–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2Fjhin.8.2.121.1836">10.1076/jhin.8.2.121.1836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624293">11624293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Camillo+Golgi%27s+Scientific+Biography&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-131&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1076%2Fjhin.8.2.121.1836&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11624293&rft.aulast=Mazzarello&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benti-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benti_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benti_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benti_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentivoglio2014" class="citation book cs1">Bentivoglio, M. (2014). "Golgi, Camillo". In Daroff, Robert B.; Aminoff, Michael J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfjSVIWViRUC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences</i></a> (Second ed.). Burlington: Elsevier Science. pp. 464–466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385158-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385158-1"><bdi>978-0-12-385158-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Golgi%2C+Camillo&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Neurological+Sciences&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=464-466&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-12-385158-1&rft.aulast=Bentivoglio&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhfjSVIWViRUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrouinPiloquetPéréon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Drouin, Emmanuel; Piloquet, Philippe; Péréon, Yann (2015). "The first illustrations of neurons by Camillo Golgi". <i>The Lancet Neurology</i>. <b>14</b> (6): 567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2815%2900051-4">10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00051-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25987274">25987274</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7920555">7920555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Neurology&rft.atitle=The+first+illustrations+of+neurons+by+Camillo+Golgi&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=567&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7920555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25987274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2815%2900051-4&rft.aulast=Drouin&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft.au=Piloquet%2C+Philippe&rft.au=P%C3%A9r%C3%A9on%2C+Yann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanobio" class="citation web cs1">Zanobio, Bruno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/camillo-golgi">"Camillo Golgi facts, information, pictures"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Camillo+Golgi+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures&rft.aulast=Zanobio&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fmedicine%2Fmedicine-biographies%2Fcamillo-golgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paolo Mazzarello; Henry A. Buchtel; Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. p. 34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852444-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852444-1">978-0-19-852444-1</a>. It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rapport, Richard L. Nerve Endings: The Discovery of the Synapse. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Chu, NS (2006). "[Centennial of the nobel prize for Golgi and Cajal—founding of modern neuroscience and irony of discovery]". <i>Acta Neurologica Taiwanica</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 217–222. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16995603">16995603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Neurologica+Taiwanica&rft.atitle=%5BCentennial+of+the+nobel+prize+for+Golgi+and+Cajal%E2%80%94founding+of+modern+neuroscience+and+irony+of+discovery%5D&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=217-222&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16995603&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=NS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFelipe2015" class="citation journal cs1">DeFelipe, Javier (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350409">"The dendritic spine story: an intriguing process of discovery"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neuroanatomy</i>. <b>9</b>: 14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnana.2015.00014">10.3389/fnana.2015.00014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350409">4350409</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25798090">25798090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroanatomy&rft.atitle=The+dendritic+spine+story%3A+an+intriguing+process+of+discovery&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4350409%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25798090&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnana.2015.00014&rft.aulast=DeFelipe&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4350409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marina_Bentivoglio-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marina_Bentivoglio_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marina_Bentivoglio_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarina_Bentivoglio1998" class="citation web cs1">Marina Bentivoglio (20 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/golgi-article.html">"Life and Discoveries of Camillo Golgi"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i>. Nobel Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Life+and+Discoveries+of+Camillo+Golgi&rft.date=1998-04-20&rft.au=Marina+Bentivoglio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1906%2Fgolgi-article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cimi-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cimi_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCimino_G1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cimino G (1999). "Reticular theory versus neuron theory in the work of Camillo Golgi". <i>Physis Riv Int Stor Sci</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 431–472. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11640243">11640243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physis+Riv+Int+Stor+Sci&rft.atitle=Reticular+theory+versus+neuron+theory+in+the+work+of+Camillo+Golgi&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=431-472&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11640243&rft.au=Cimino+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaviola_E,_Mazzarello_P2011" class="citation journal cs1">Raviola E, Mazzarello P (2011). "The diffuse nervous network of Camillo Golgi: facts and fiction". <i>Brain Res Rev</i>. <b>66</b> (1–2): 75–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2010.09.005">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20840856">20840856</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11871228">11871228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Res+Rev&rft.atitle=The+diffuse+nervous+network+of+Camillo+Golgi%3A+facts+and+fiction&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=75-82&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11871228%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20840856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2010.09.005&rft.au=Raviola+E%2C+Mazzarello+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bock, Ortwin (2013). "Cajal, Golgi, Nansen, Schäfer and the Neuron Doctrine". <i>Endeavour</i>. <b>37</b> (4): 228–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2013.06.006">10.1016/j.endeavour.2013.06.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23870749">23870749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endeavour&rft.atitle=Cajal%2C+Golgi%2C+Nansen%2C+Sch%C3%A4fer+and+the+Neuron+Doctrine&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=228-234&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.endeavour.2013.06.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23870749&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Ortwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mazz98-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mazz98_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mazz98_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzarello1998" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzarello, P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169935">"Camillo Golgi (1843–1926)"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry</i>. <b>64</b> (2): 212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.64.2.212">10.1136/jnnp.64.2.212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2169935">2169935</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9489532">9489532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery+%26+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Camillo+Golgi+%281843%E2%80%931926%29&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2169935%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9489532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.64.2.212&rft.aulast=Mazzarello&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2169935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDal_CantonCalligaroDal_CantonFrosio-Roncalli1999" class="citation journal cs1">Dal Canton, Ilaria; Calligaro, Alessandro L.; Dal Canton, Francesca; Frosio-Roncalli, Moris; Calligaro, Alberto (1999). "Contributions of Camillo Golgi to Renal Histology and Embryology". <i>American Journal of Nephrology</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 304–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000013465">10.1159/000013465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10213832">10213832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29666037">29666037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Nephrology&rft.atitle=Contributions+of+Camillo+Golgi+to+Renal+Histology+and+Embryology&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=304-307&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29666037%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10213832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000013465&rft.aulast=Dal+Canton&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft.au=Calligaro%2C+Alessandro+L.&rft.au=Dal+Canton%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Frosio-Roncalli%2C+Moris&rft.au=Calligaro%2C+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolgi_C.1889" class="citation journal cs1">Golgi C. (1889). "Sul ciclo evolutivo dei parassiti malarici nella febbre terzana : diagnosi differenziale tra i parassiti endoglobulari malarici della terzana e quelli della quartana" [On the cycle of development of malarial parasites in tertian fever: differential diagnosis between the intracellular parasites of tertian and quartant fever]. <i>Archivio per le Scienza Mediche</i>. <b>13</b>: 173–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivio+per+le+Scienza+Mediche&rft.atitle=Sul+ciclo+evolutivo+dei+parassiti+malarici+nella+febbre+terzana+%3A+diagnosi+differenziale+tra+i+parassiti+endoglobulari+malarici+della+terzana+e+quelli+della+quartana&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=173-196&rft.date=1889&rft.au=Golgi+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntinoriGalimbertiMilazzoCorbellino2012" class="citation journal cs1">Antinori, Spinello; Galimberti, Laura; Milazzo, Laura; Corbellino, Mario (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340990">"Biology of human malaria plasmodia including <i>Plasmodium knowlesi</i>"</a>. <i>Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 2012013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4084%2FMJHID.2012.013">10.4084/MJHID.2012.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3340990">3340990</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22550559">22550559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Journal+of+Hematology+and+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Biology+of+human+malaria+plasmodia+including+Plasmodium+knowlesi&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2012013&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3340990%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22550559&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4084%2FMJHID.2012.013&rft.aulast=Antinori&rft.aufirst=Spinello&rft.au=Galimberti%2C+Laura&rft.au=Milazzo%2C+Laura&rft.au=Corbellino%2C+Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3340990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Francis EG (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825508">"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors"</a>. <i>Parasites & Vectors</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1756-3305-3-5">10.1186/1756-3305-3-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2825508">2825508</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20205846">20205846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parasites+%26+Vectors&rft.atitle=History+of+the+discovery+of+the+malaria+parasites+and+their+vectors&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2825508%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20205846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1756-3305-3-5&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Francis+EG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2825508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentivoglio1999" class="citation journal cs1">Bentivoglio, Marina (1999). "The Discovery of the Golgi Apparatus". <i>Journal of the History of the Neurosciences</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 202–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1076%2Fjhin.8.2.202.1833">10.1076/jhin.8.2.202.1833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624302">11624302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+the+Golgi+Apparatus&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-208&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1076%2Fjhin.8.2.202.1833&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11624302&rft.aulast=Bentivoglio&rft.aufirst=Marina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drosch-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drosch_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drosch_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDröscher1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dröscher, Ariane (1998). "The history of the golgi apparatus in neurones from its discovery in 1898 to electron microscopy". <i>Brain Research Bulletin</i>. <b>47</b> (3): 199–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0361-9230%2898%2900080-X">10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00080-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9865850">9865850</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36117803">36117803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+golgi+apparatus+in+neurones+from+its+discovery+in+1898+to+electron+microscopy&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=199-203&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36117803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9865850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0361-9230%2898%2900080-X&rft.aulast=Dr%C3%B6scher&rft.aufirst=Ariane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzarelloGarbarinoCalligaro2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzarello, Paolo; Garbarino, Carla; Calligaro, Alberto (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2009.10.018">"How Camillo Golgi became "the Golgi"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>FEBS Letters</i>. <b>583</b> (23): 3732–3737. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009FEBSL.583.3732M">2009FEBSL.583.3732M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2009.10.018">10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833130">19833130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23309035">23309035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=How+Camillo+Golgi+became+%22the+Golgi%22&rft.volume=583&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=3732-3737&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2009.10.018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23309035%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19833130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009FEBSL.583.3732M&rft.aulast=Mazzarello&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Garbarino%2C+Carla&rft.au=Calligaro%2C+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.febslet.2009.10.018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDröscher1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dröscher, A (1998). "Camillo Golgi and the discovery of the Golgi apparatus". <i>Histochemistry and Cell Biology</i>. <b>109</b> (5–6): 425–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs004180050245">10.1007/s004180050245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9681625">9681625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9679562">9679562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histochemistry+and+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Camillo+Golgi+and+the+discovery+of+the+Golgi+apparatus&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=425-30&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9679562%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9681625&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs004180050245&rft.aulast=Dr%C3%B6scher&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBentivoglioMazzarello1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bentivoglio, M; Mazzarello, P (1998). "One hundred years of the Golgi apparatus: history of a disputed cell organelle". <i>Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 241–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02427612">10.1007/bf02427612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10933465">10933465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31879493">31879493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italian+Journal+of+Neurological+Sciences&rft.atitle=One+hundred+years+of+the+Golgi+apparatus%3A+history+of+a+disputed+cell+organelle&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=241-247&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31879493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10933465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02427612&rft.aulast=Bentivoglio&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Mazzarello%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notes9.senato.it/Web/senregno.NSF/65a0a8ced8361de0c12571140059a1c7/fd7bf7817247fb944125646f005c5ac2?OpenDocument">GOLGI Camillo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207094022/http://notes9.senato.it/Web/senregno.NSF/65a0a8ced8361de0c12571140059a1c7/fd7bf7817247fb944125646f005c5ac2?OpenDocument">Archived</a> 7 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Italian senate website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000453">"C. Golgi (1844–1926)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C.+Golgi+%281844%E2%80%931926%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00000453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpizzi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spizzi, Dante. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museocamillogolgi.unipv.eu/">"Museo Camillo Golgi"</a>. <i>museocamillogolgi.unipv.eu</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museocamillogolgi.unipv.eu&rft.atitle=Museo+Camillo+Golgi&rft.aulast=Spizzi&rft.aufirst=Dante&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseocamillogolgi.unipv.eu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2213?__fsk=1377454541">"Golgi crater"</a>. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golgi+crater&rft.pub=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature.+USGS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F2213%3F__fsk%3D1377454541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=6875">"(6875) Golgi = 1994 NG1 = 1934 QB = 1953 RK = 1977 DH2 = 1991 RT30 = 4643 T-1 = T/4643 T-1"</a>. Minor planet center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%286875%29+Golgi+%3D+1994+NG1+%3D+1934+QB+%3D+1953+RK+%3D+1977+DH2+%3D+1991+RT30+%3D+4643+T-1+%3D+T%2F4643+T-1&rft.pub=Minor+planet+center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D6875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzarello,_Paolo2010" class="citation cs2">Mazzarello, Paolo (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0195337840"><i><span></span></i>Golgi: A Biography of the Founder of Modern Neuroscience<i><span></span></i></a>, translated by Badiani, Aldo; Buchtel, Henry A., New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533784-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533784-6"><bdi>978-0-19-533784-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golgi%3A+A+Biography+of+the+Founder+of+Modern+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533784-6&rft.au=Mazzarello%2C+Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0195337840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMironovMargit2006" class="citation book cs1">Mironov, Alexander A.; Margit, Pavelka (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3211763104"><i>The Golgi Apparatus State of Art After 110 Years of Camillo's Discovery</i></a>. Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-211-76310-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-211-76310-4"><bdi>3-211-76310-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golgi+Apparatus+State+of+Art+After+110+Years+of+Camillo%27s+Discovery.&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-211-76310-4&rft.aulast=Mironov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft.au=Margit%2C+Pavelka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D3211763104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorréMollenhauer2009" class="citation book cs1">Morré, D. James; Mollenhauer, Hilton H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0387743472"><i>The Golgi Apparatus: The First 100 Years</i></a>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-74347-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-74347-9"><bdi>978-0-387-74347-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golgi+Apparatus%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-387-74347-9&rft.aulast=Morr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=D.+James&rft.au=Mollenhauer%2C+Hilton+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D0387743472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_CarlosBorrell2007" class="citation cs2">De Carlos, Juan A; Borrell, José (2007), "A historical reflection of the contributions of Cajal and Golgi to the foundations of neuroscience.", <i>Brain Research Reviews</i>, vol. 55, no. 1 (published August 2007), pp. 8–16, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2007.03.010">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.010</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F62299">10261/62299</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17490748">17490748</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7266966">7266966</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+historical+reflection+of+the+contributions+of+Cajal+and+Golgi+to+the+foundations+of+neuroscience.&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-16&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F62299&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7266966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17490748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2007.03.010&rft.aulast=De+Carlos&rft.aufirst=Juan+A&rft.au=Borrell%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuscatello2007" class="citation cs2">Muscatello, Umberto (2007), "Golgi's contribution to medicine.", <i>Brain Research Reviews</i>, vol. 55, no. 1 (published August 2007), pp. 3–7, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2007.03.007">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.03.007</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17462742">17462742</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41680914">41680914</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=Golgi%27s+contribution+to+medicine.&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41680914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17462742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2007.03.007&rft.aulast=Muscatello&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruger2007" class="citation cs2">Kruger, Lawrence (2007), "The sensory neuron and the triumph of Camillo Golgi", <i>Brain Research Reviews</i>, vol. 55, no. 2 (published October 2007), pp. 406–10, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2007.01.008">10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.01.008</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17408565">17408565</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32486297">32486297</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+sensory+neuron+and+the+triumph+of+Camillo+Golgi&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=406-10&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32486297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17408565&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainresrev.2007.01.008&rft.aulast=Kruger&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabeneBentivoglio1998" class="citation cs2">Fabene, P F; Bentivoglio, M (1998), "1898–1998: Camillo Golgi and "the Golgi": one hundred years of terminological clones.", <i>Brain Res. Bull.</i>, vol. 47, no. 3 (published October 1998), pp. 195–8, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0361-9230%2898%2900079-3">10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00079-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9865849">9865849</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208785591">208785591</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Res.+Bull.&rft.atitle=1898%E2%80%931998%3A+Camillo+Golgi+and+%22the+Golgi%22%3A+one+hundred+years+of+terminological+clones.&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-8&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208785591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9865849&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0361-9230%2898%2900079-3&rft.aulast=Fabene&rft.aufirst=P+F&rft.au=Bentivoglio%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMironovKomissarchikMironovSnigirevskaia1998" class="citation cs2">Mironov, A A; Komissarchik, Ia Iu; Mironov, A A; Snigirevskaia, E S; Luini, A (1998), "[Current concept of structure and function of the Golgi apparatus. On the 100-anniversary of the discovery by Camillo Golgi]", <i>Tsitologiia</i>, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 483–96, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9778732">9778732</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tsitologiia&rft.atitle=%5BCurrent+concept+of+structure+and+function+of+the+Golgi+apparatus.+On+the+100-anniversary+of+the+discovery+by+Camillo+Golgi%5D&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=483-96&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9778732&rft.aulast=Mironov&rft.aufirst=A+A&rft.au=Komissarchik%2C+Ia+Iu&rft.au=Mironov%2C+A+A&rft.au=Snigirevskaia%2C+E+S&rft.au=Luini%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquharPalade1998" class="citation cs2">Farquhar, M G; Palade, G E (1998), "The Golgi apparatus: 100 years of progress and controversy.", <i>Trends Cell Biol.</i>, vol. 8, no. 1 (published January 1998), pp. 2–10, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0962-8924%2897%2901187-2">10.1016/S0962-8924(97)01187-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7135405">7135405</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9695800">9695800</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+Cell+Biol.&rft.atitle=The+Golgi+apparatus%3A+100+years+of+progress+and+controversy.&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-10&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7135405%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9695800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0962-8924%2897%2901187-2&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=M+G&rft.au=Palade%2C+G+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACamillo+Golgi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Camillo_Golgi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1906/golgi-article.html">Life and Discoveries of Camillo Golgi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/298">Camillo Golgi</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150630#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture on 11 December 1906 <i>The Neuron Doctrine – Theory and Facts</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himetop.wikidot.com/camillo-golgi">Some places and memories related to Camillo Golgi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museogolgi.it/">The museum in Corteno, now called Corteno Golgi, dedicated to Golgi. Includes a gallery of images of his birthplace.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museocamillogolgi.unipv.eu/">The Museum Camillo Golgi in Pavia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Camillo-Golgi">Biography at Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/camillo-golgi">Biography at Encyclopedia.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2127.html">Profile at Whonamedit?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanmatteo.org/site/home.html">IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625010148/http://www.sanmatteo.org/site/home.html">Archived</a> 25 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maggioreosp.novara.it/site/home.html">Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1906_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1906_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1906 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> (Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Camillo Golgi</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners">1902</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><b>1906 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners">1909</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1910_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1910 Nobel Prize winners">1910</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners">1911</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150630#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150630#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000118562501">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/57421035">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/63660/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXqhWmRqPQqMXkcmFYfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119273896">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80145398">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746673x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13746673x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Golgi, Camillo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV071175">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000077323&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1579709">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p141672579">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/2016241">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810584326405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/151650">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007429417505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058615024406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16552968?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/camillo-golgi/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/344dab40-1e10-4dde-9b01-6113172c666c">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=9730">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="GOLGI, Camillo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/camillo-golgi_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119273896.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119273896">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/066912008">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&oldid=1240472215">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&oldid=1240472215</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1843_births" title="Category:1843 births">1843 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1926_deaths" title="Category:1926 deaths">1926 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Pavia_alumni" title="Category:University of Pavia alumni">University of Pavia alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Province_of_Brescia" title="Category:People from the Province of Brescia">People from the Province of Brescia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physicians_from_Pavia" title="Category:Physicians from Pavia">Physicians from Pavia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_agnostics" title="Category:Italian agnostics">Italian agnostics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_neuroscientists" title="Category:Italian neuroscientists">Italian neuroscientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_anatomists" title="Category:Italian anatomists">Italian anatomists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_pathologists" title="Category:Italian pathologists">Italian pathologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_neuroscience" title="Category:History of neuroscience">History of neuroscience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:Italian Nobel laureates">Italian Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corresponding_members_of_the_Saint_Petersburg_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences">Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_(civil_class)" title="Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)">Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malariologists" title="Category:Malariologists">Malariologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Category:Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Members of the Senate of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Sciences_in_Uppsala" title="Category:Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala">Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2024">Use dmy dates from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Italian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Italian IPA">Pages with Italian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 August 2024, at 14:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camillo_Golgi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jvw68","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.845","walltime":"1.026","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5495,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":159397,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5013,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":160781,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 883.300 1 -total"," 29.48% 260.361 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.54% 172.597 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 11.03% 97.431 4 Template:Cite_book"," 10.79% 95.326 1 Template:IPA"," 9.68% 85.516 18 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.62% 84.980 1 Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine_Laureates_1901-1925"," 9.19% 81.206 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.16% 63.240 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.92% 61.162 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.560","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16021683,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-w7plk","timestamp":"20241122140637","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Camillo Golgi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Camillo_Golgi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q150630","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q150630","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-25T10:17:30Z","dateModified":"2024-08-15T14:45:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/57\/Camillo_Golgi_nobel.jpg","headline":"Italian physician, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel laureate (1843-1926)"}</script> </body> </html>