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<ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bowdoin_College_(1856–1860)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bowdoin_College_(1856–1860)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bowdoin College (1856–1860)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bowdoin_College_(1856–1860)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_U.S._Navy_career_(1860–1865)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_U.S._Navy_career_(1860–1865)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Legal and U.S. Navy career (1860–1865)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_U.S._Navy_career_(1860–1865)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_politics_(1867–1876)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_politics_(1867–1876)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>State politics (1867–1876)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-State_politics_(1867–1876)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle State politics (1867–1876) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State_politics_(1867–1876)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maine_legislator_(1867–1870)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maine_legislator_(1867–1870)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Maine legislator (1867–1870)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maine_legislator_(1867–1870)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attorney_General_of_Maine_(1870–1873)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attorney_General_of_Maine_(1870–1873)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Attorney General of Maine (1870–1873)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attorney_General_of_Maine_(1870–1873)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_United_States_House_career_(1877–81)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_United_States_House_career_(1877–81)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early United States House career (1877–81)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_United_States_House_career_(1877–81)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early United States House career (1877–81) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_United_States_House_career_(1877–81)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1876_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1876_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1876 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1876_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_congressional_service_and_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_congressional_service_and_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early congressional service and rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_congressional_service_and_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_leadership_(1881–1889)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_leadership_(1881–1889)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Party leadership (1881–1889)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Party_leadership_(1881–1889)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Party leadership (1881–1889) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Party_leadership_(1881–1889)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judiciary_chair_(1881–1883)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary_chair_(1881–1883)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Judiciary chair (1881–1883)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary_chair_(1881–1883)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_Minority_leadership_(1883–89)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_Minority_leadership_(1883–89)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>House Minority leadership (1883–89)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_Minority_leadership_(1883–89)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaker_of_the_House_(1889–91,_1895–99)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaker_of_the_House_(1889–91,_1895–99)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Speaker of the House (1889–91, 1895–99)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speaker_of_the_House_(1889–91,_1895–99)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Speaker of the House (1889–91, 1895–99) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Speaker_of_the_House_(1889–91,_1895–99)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term_(1889–91)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_(1889–91)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First term (1889–91)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_(1889–91)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rules_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Rules reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McKinley_Tariff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McKinley_Tariff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>McKinley Tariff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McKinley_Tariff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Sherman Silver Purchase Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lodge_Federal_Elections_Bill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lodge_Federal_Elections_Bill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Lodge Federal Elections Bill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lodge_Federal_Elections_Bill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_minority_(1891–95)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_minority_(1891–95)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Return to minority (1891–95)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_minority_(1891–95)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_speakership_(1895–99)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_speakership_(1895–99)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Return to speakership (1895–99)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_speakership_(1895–99)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1896_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1896_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>1896 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1896_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish-American_War_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish-American_War_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Spanish-American War and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-American_War_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Other books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_and_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_and_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Articles and journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_and_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > 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interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="توماس براکت رید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس براکت رید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Brackett Reed" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Brackett Reed" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89)" title="توماس ريد (محامى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس ريد (محامى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Brackett Reed" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Brackett Reed" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Brackett Reed" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Brackett Reed" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Thomas B. Reed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TBReed_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TBReed_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-TBReed_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TBReed_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-TBReed_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TBReed_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-TBReed_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="3940" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Reed circa 1894</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">32nd <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 2, 1895 – September 4, 1899</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Charles F. Crisp</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">David B. Henderson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles F. Crisp</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Leader of the <br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference#Caucus_Leader" title="House Republican Conference">House Republican Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 4, 1889 – March 3, 1899</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">David B. Henderson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Maine01 !"><a href="/wiki/Maine%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Maine's 1st congressional district">1st</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1877 – September 4, 1899</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Burleigh" title="John H. Burleigh">John H. Burleigh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amos_L._Allen" title="Amos L. Allen">Amos L. Allen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Maine_Attorney_General" title="Maine Attorney General">Maine Attorney General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1870–1872</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">Joshua Chamberlain</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Perham" title="Sidney Perham">Sidney Perham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">William P. Frye</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harris_M._Plaisted" title="Harris M. Plaisted">Harris M. Plaisted</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Senate" title="Maine Senate">Maine Senate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Maine" title="Cumberland County, Maine">Cumberland County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1870</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1868–1869</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1839-10-18</span>)</span>October 18, 1839<br /><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 7, 1902<span style="display:none">(1902-12-07)</span> (aged 63)<br />Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_(Portland,_Maine)" title="Evergreen Cemetery (Portland, Maine)">Evergreen Cemetery</a>, Portland, Maine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Susan P. Merrill</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1871)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Reed_Balentine" title="Katherine Reed Balentine">Katherine Reed Balentine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Attorney</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThomasBrackettReedSignature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Brackett Reed's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ThomasBrackettReedSignature.png/128px-ThomasBrackettReedSignature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ThomasBrackettReedSignature.png/192px-ThomasBrackettReedSignature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ThomasBrackettReedSignature.png/256px-ThomasBrackettReedSignature.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States (<a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Union Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1864–1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Acting Assistant Paymaster</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Sibyl" title="USS Sibyl">USS <i>Sibyl</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Brackett Reed Jr.</b> (October 18, 1839 – December 7, 1902) was an American attorney, author, parliamentarian and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> politician from <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> who served as the 32nd <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a> from 1889 to 1891 and 1895 to 1899. He represented <a href="/wiki/Maine%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Maine's 1st congressional district">Maine's 1st congressional district</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a> from 1877 to 1899 and, prior to his time in Congress, represented <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Maine_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine legislature">Maine legislature</a> and served as <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney General of Maine">Attorney General of Maine</a>. In 1876, he was elected to represent <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Maine" title="Cumberland County, Maine">Cumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_County,_Maine" title="York County, Maine">York</a> counties in the U.S. House and was re-elected for twelve consecutive terms.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Speaker, Reed had greater influence over the agenda and operations of the House than any prior Speaker. His first term was marked by a dramatic expansion of the Speaker's formal authority through changes to the House Rules, and he remains one of the most powerful Speakers in House history. He set out to put into practical effect his dictum "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dramatically increased the power of the Speaker over the House by limiting the ability of the minority party to prevent the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed helped pass the <a href="/wiki/Lodge_Bill" title="Lodge Bill">Lodge Bill</a>, which sought to protect African American voting rights in the Southern United States, but the bill failed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> and never became law. </p><p>In 1896, he ran for president on a <a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">hard currency</a> platform but <a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">lost the Republican nomination</a> to <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>. While serving as Speaker in 1899, Reed resigned from the House in opposition to growing <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>, which left him politically isolated following the American victory in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-American War">Spanish-American War</a> and the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_B._Reed_Birthplace,_Portland,_ME.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thomas_B._Reed_Birthplace%2C_Portland%2C_ME.jpg/344px-Thomas_B._Reed_Birthplace%2C_Portland%2C_ME.jpg" decoding="async" width="344" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Thomas_B._Reed_Birthplace%2C_Portland%2C_ME.jpg/516px-Thomas_B._Reed_Birthplace%2C_Portland%2C_ME.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Thomas_B._Reed_Birthplace%2C_Portland%2C_ME.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of Reed's birthplace in Portland, Maine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Brackett Reed was born on October 18, 1839, in a small two-story tenement on Hancock Street in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents, Matilda Prince (née Mitchell) and Thomas Brackett Reed Sr., were natives of Maine who traced their American ancestry to the <i><a href="/wiki/Arbella" title="Arbella">Arbella</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Reed family were not wealthy; Thomas Sr. was captain of a fishing boat before becoming a watchman in a Portland sugar warehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed attended public schools, including the <a href="/wiki/Portland_High_School_(Maine)" title="Portland High School (Maine)">Portland Boys' School</a>, and was an avid student and reader. He showed interest in public affairs from an early age, attending <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a>'s trial for involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Rum_Riot" title="Portland Rum Riot">Portland Rum Riot</a> in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also an avid member of the Congregational Church as a young man. Members of his congregation raised funds to provide him a college education with intent that he become a minister, but he left the church and returned the donations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bowdoin_College_(1856–1860)"><span id="Bowdoin_College_.281856.E2.80.931860.29"></span>Bowdoin College (1856–1860)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bowdoin College (1856–1860)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating high school, Reed entered <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a> in 1856 and undertook a mandatory course centered on Christian theology, Latin, Greek, and mathematics. Bowdoin was noted for its required courses in English composition and oratory and had already produced <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The faculty consisted of ten men, led by president <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woods_(college_president)" title="Leonard Woods (college president)">Leonard Woods</a> and including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_Everett" title="Charles Carroll Everett">Charles Carroll Everett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cogswell_Upham" title="Thomas Cogswell Upham">Thomas C. Upham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Spring_Packard_Sr." title="Alpheus Spring Packard Sr.">Alpheus Packard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Smyth_(professor)" title="William Smyth (professor)">William Smyth</a>. Reed's professor of rhetoric and oratory, <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">Joshua Chamberlain</a>, later distinguished himself at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> and served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maine" title="Governor of Maine">Governor of Maine</a> during Reed's term in the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Bowdoin, Reed gained a personal reputation for his ability to recite <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Joseph Butler</a>'s <i>Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed</i> from memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">rowing crew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess_club" title="Chess club">chess club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psi_Upsilon" title="Psi Upsilon">Psi Upsilon</a> fraternity, and an editor of the annual yearbook. He debated as a member of the Peucinian Society and was an avid reader of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">Thackeray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reade" title="Charles Reade">Charles Reade</a>, among other less popular authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed kept a small, close group of friends, including Samuel Fessenden, the son of U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Fessenden" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt Fessenden">William Pitt Fessenden</a>, who provided Reed a loan to complete his education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Fessenden was an avid abolitionist who participated in <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">the civil conflict in Kansas</a> and, one year after graduation, died at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>. His death had a profound impact on Reed, who memorialized Fessenden as "the quiet associate of the studious hours ... sublimated in the crucible of death from all imperfections, clothed upon with all his virtues and radiant with all the possibilities of a generous youth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_and_U.S._Navy_career_(1860–1865)"><span id="Legal_and_U.S._Navy_career_.281860.E2.80.931865.29"></span>Legal and U.S. Navy career (1860–1865)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legal and U.S. Navy career (1860–1865)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a senior, Reed reversed a previously mediocre academic record to lead his class; he finished fifth in the graduating class of 1860 and was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abandoning any interest in ministry, he spent the next years doing odd jobs and studying law. He taught school in Portland for a year before moving to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1861. He was admitted to the bar in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> on September 8, 1863, after an examination by eminent California attorney <a href="/wiki/William_T._Wallace" title="William T. Wallace">William T. Wallace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in San Jose, he delivered pro-Union speeches and signed a letter from sixteen members of the bar endorsing judge Samuel Bell McKee for re-election to the bench, citing McKee's determination to "uphold the Administration in its present efforts to suppress the rebellion and sustain the Constitution and laws of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201115_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201115-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he soon returned to Portland, deciding "nature never intended any man to live [in California], only to <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">dig gold</a> and get himself out of it, and to shudder in dreams ever afterwards."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return to Maine, Reed joined the law offices of Howard and Strout as a clerk. He joined the United States Navy in April 1864, winning an appointment as acting assistant paymaster on the recommendation of Senator Fessenden. He served in that role, primarily on the gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Sibyl_(1863)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Sibyl (1863)">USS <i>Sibyl</i></a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee</a> rivers, until honorably discharged in late 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a Reed supporter later pointed out his opponents boasted of their war records, he retorted, "Tell them I kept a grocery on a gunboat down in Louisiana in wartime."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_politics_(1867–1876)"><span id="State_politics_.281867.E2.80.931876.29"></span>State politics (1867–1876)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State politics (1867–1876)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maine_legislator_(1867–1870)"><span id="Maine_legislator_.281867.E2.80.931870.29"></span>Maine legislator (1867–1870)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maine legislator (1867–1870)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the war, Reed returned to Portland and was admitted to the Maine bar in October 1865. He opened a practice in Portland, taking petty civil and criminal cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, his colleague <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Webb_(judge)" title="Nathan Webb (judge)">Nathan Webb</a> secured Reed's nomination for the <a href="/wiki/Maine_House_of_Representatives" title="Maine House of Representatives">Maine House of Representatives</a>; after some persuading, Reed agreed to run. In the heavily Republican city of Portland, he was easily elected; he was re-elected to a second term in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed, one of the youngest members of the Maine House at the time, served on the joint legislative committee on the judiciary and drafted a bills for a general law of incorporation and the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> in the state; both failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He distinguished himself for parliamentary skill in the 1869 U.S. Senate election between former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> and incumbent Senator <a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Lot M. Morrill</a>, whom Reed supported. In the Republican caucus to nominate a candidate, Reed moved to rule a blank ballot invalid, breaking a tie in favor of Morrill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Hamlin was later elected by a vote of the whole legislature.) Despite his youth, by March 1869 the Portland <i>Press</i> considered Reed "the actual though not the nominal leader of [the House]."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193023_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193023-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, Reed was elected Senator for <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Maine" title="Cumberland County, Maine">Cumberland County</a>. He continued to serve on the joint committee on the judiciary and successfully led the fight to delay construction of the <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Rutland,_Oswego_and_Chicago_Railroad" title="Portland, Rutland, Oswego and Chicago Railroad">Portland and Rutland Railroad</a>. He also paid homage to his former patron, Senator Fessenden, who died in 1869. Though Fessenden had become unpopular in the state owing to his vote against the impeachment of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, Reed aggressively defended Fessenden's legacy and wartime service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed later reflected that his greatest achievement as a state legislator was securing the re-organization of the Cumberland County courts in an effort to reduce the time necessary to bring cases to a final judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attorney_General_of_Maine_(1870–1873)"><span id="Attorney_General_of_Maine_.281870.E2.80.931873.29"></span>Attorney General of Maine (1870–1873)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attorney General of Maine (1870–1873)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1870, the Republican caucus nominated Reed for <a href="/wiki/Maine_Attorney_General" title="Maine Attorney General">Attorney General</a>, and he was elected easily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Attorney General, Reed significantly raised his profile. His first months in office were marked by the high-profile trial of a man charged with killing his wife's lover. Overcoming a "<a href="/wiki/Crime_of_passion" title="Crime of passion">crime of passion</a>" defense, Reed won a manslaughter verdict, though he had asked for a charge of murder. As a result, Reed advocated for the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Spousal_privilege" title="Spousal privilege">spousal privilege</a>, which had excluded the only witness, the defendant's wife, from testifying. He also advocated separately as Attorney General for <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail bond</a> reform and an increase in the State's <a href="/wiki/Peremptory_challenge" title="Peremptory challenge">peremptory challenges</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jury_selection" title="Jury selection">jury selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Reed's suggestions did eventually become law, but were not adopted immediately, which he attributed to the fact that <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutors</a> were barred by virtue of their office from advising the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He continued to oppose the railroad corporations, calling for an increase in the $5,000 cap ($106,322 in 2023) on <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_death_claim" title="Wrongful death claim">wrongful death claims</a> and challenging the merger of the Portland and Kennebec with the <a href="/wiki/Maine_Central_Railroad" title="Maine Central Railroad">Maine Central</a> under a writ of <a href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">quo warranto</a>; his action was rendered moot when the legislature recognized the merger as valid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, Reed spoke out in favor of consolidation and declared the writ was a mistake, arguing that the merger had "resulted in better stations, better trains, better transportation facilities of every kind."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193028_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193028-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed served as Attorney General for the three years prescribed by tradition before leaving office in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to a more lucrative private practice and served for three years as Portland city solicitor, representing the city in personal injury suits and routine business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_United_States_House_career_(1877–81)"><span id="Early_United_States_House_career_.281877.E2.80.9381.29"></span>Early United States House career (1877–81)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early United States House career (1877–81)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/276px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/414px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/552px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Reed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870s</span>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1876_election">1876 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1876 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reed was nominated for Congress from <a href="/wiki/Maine%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Maine's 1st congressional district">Maine's first district</a> in 1876. Incumbent Representative <a href="/wiki/John_H._Burleigh" title="John H. Burleigh">John H. Burleigh</a> had split from the state party organization, led by Senators <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a>, and Reed, a respected organization man, was chosen to oppose him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed's strength was in the city of Portland, while most of Burleigh's support was from <a href="/wiki/York_County,_Maine" title="York County, Maine">York County</a>. Reed narrowly carried the district convention on June 29.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict between Reed and Burleigh carried into the general election, with a Burleigh ticket in the campaign. Reed campaigned in favor of prohibition and was attacked for his association with <a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll" title="Robert G. Ingersoll">Robert G. Ingersoll</a>, known for his radical advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>. Reed was forced to deny that he was an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>, but the charge would be repeated in later campaigns. Ultimately, Reed narrowly won by fewer than 1,000 votes on September 9, with Burleigh receiving 177.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_congressional_service_and_rise">Early congressional service and rise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early congressional service and rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reed was relatively active in debate during his first term, speaking against <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Wood" title="Fernando Wood">Fernando Wood</a> in support of funding for the United States diplomatic corps and delivering his most famous early speech against the federal restoration of the campus of <a href="/wiki/William_%26_Mary_College" class="mw-redirect" title="William & Mary College">William & Mary College</a>, which was destroyed during the war. Arguing that the expenditure would set a precedent which would allow "every claim agent who loved the Lost Cause and a good many who did not" to raid the Treasury, Reed argued, "You were beaten and yet you want us to take the consequences. You come forward and insist that the victorious country shall pay for the damages inflicted upon it by its enemies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193042–46_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193042–46-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highlight of his first term was his appointment on May 20, 1878, to <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)#Aftermath" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">the committee</a> to investigate charges of fraud in the <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed used the politically sensitive role to advocate the Republican position, restoring the party's fortunes ahead of the 1880 election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed defended the legitimacy of Hayes's victory in the state of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, in particular focusing on <a href="/wiki/East_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">East Feliciana Parish</a>, where he alleged that a violent wave of crime (including murder) had been for the purpose of political intimidation, as it had ended suddenly on election day and the victims had been primarily Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed also cross-examined William T. Pelton, Tilden's nephew and aide, regarding evidence Pelton had delivered bribes on behalf of his uncle's campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pelton's testimony under Reed's questioning was so damaging that Tilden appeared before the committee himself to deny the accusations. The final Republican minority report suggested Pelton, a poor man, could not have made such bribes without Tilden's knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the report did not vindicate Hayes, it softened the political blow by demonstrating that electioneering and misconduct had not been one-sided and raised Reed's profile beyond that of an ordinary House freshman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His seat was nevertheless threatened by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a>, which favored an inflationary monetary policy, and his vote against the <a href="/wiki/Bland-Allison_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Bland-Allison Act">Bland-Allison Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193042–46_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193042–46-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1878 re-election campaign, he came out vigorously against paper currency and was aided by appearances from <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield">James Garfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galusha_Grow" class="mw-redirect" title="Galusha Grow">Galusha Grow</a>. His re-election was ultimately owed to the failure of the opposition to settle on a single candidate, and he won with a plurality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193057–58_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193057–58-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign, Reed developed a widely quoted aphorism against monetary expansion: "You won't have any more potatoes if you call them four thousand pecks than if you call them one thousand bushels."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193057–58_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193057–58-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880, Reed joined the rest of Maine in supporting <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>'s unsuccessful campaign for the Republican nomination. He was a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193074–75_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193074–75-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fall, he faced a united opposition following the fusion of the Greenback and Democratic ticket in Maine. Returns gave Reed a 109-vote lead, but his opponent alleged fraud and challenged his election in the House. The Republican majority declared Reed the victor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193074–75_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193074–75-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_leadership_(1881–1889)"><span id="Party_leadership_.281881.E2.80.931889.29"></span>Party leadership (1881–1889)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Party leadership (1881–1889)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary_chair_(1881–1883)"><span id="Judiciary_chair_.281881.E2.80.931883.29"></span>Judiciary chair (1881–1883)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Judiciary chair (1881–1883)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Reed's election to a third term, he was briefly considered to succeed <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> in the United States Senate, but he publicly declined to be a candidate. He attributed his decision to the narrow Republican majority in the House and the possibility that his seat would flip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193077_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193077-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time the <a href="/wiki/47th_United_States_Congress" title="47th United States Congress">47th United States Congress</a> met on December 5, 1881, the new President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> had been assassinated and <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> had succeeded him. With few tested leaders in the House, the Republican caucus turned to <a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">J. Warren Keifer</a> as Speaker of the House after sixteen ballots; Reed finished third with eleven votes on the final ballot, behind <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hiscock" title="Frank Hiscock">Frank Hiscock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a concession to his opponents, Keifer named Hiscock and Reed to House leadership as chairs of the powerful committees on <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">Appropriations</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">the Judiciary</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a significant step, Reed also joined the Speaker and <a href="/wiki/George_Robeson" class="mw-redirect" title="George Robeson">George Robeson</a> on the powerful Committee on Rules after January 9, 1882, when <a href="/wiki/Godlove_Orth" class="mw-redirect" title="Godlove Orth">Godlove Orth</a>, another Keifer opponent who was left out of leadership, resigned in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both roles, Reed defended the authority of the office of Speaker and majority rule. When Orth introduced a resolution to select committees and their chairs by an elective board of eleven members, Reed spoke out against it on the grounds that "the Speaker is not only under constant supervision of public opinion but also of the House." The resolution lost by a large nonpartisan majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a May 1882 debate over a contested election in North Carolina, the parties came to a head over the minority's use of the <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibuster</a>. In response, Reed moved to amend the House Rules to bar any dilatory motion while a motion to adjourn was on the table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193087–91_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193087–91-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a week of efforts by the Democratic minority to delay this Rules amendment, Reed moved that the dilatory tactics were out of order and proposed that "no member or set of members have any right to use the rules which are to be changed to prevent the change which the House desires to make. ... There is no such thing as suicide in any provision of the Constitution of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193089_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193089-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three hours of debate, Keifer upheld Reed on the point of order. Former Speaker <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a> protested and appealed to the House, where the Speaker's decision was upheld by a majority vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193087–91_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193087–91-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/De_Alva_S._Alexander" title="De Alva S. Alexander">De Alva S. Alexander</a>, "[From] that hour Reed became the real leader of his party. Ever after, so long as he remained in Congress, his voice gave the word of command."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193091_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193091-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed further expanded the principle of majority rule in debate over <a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1883" title="Tariff of 1883">Tariff of 1883</a>. As a protectionist, Reed supported higher tariffs on imports, but the House appeared unlikely to pass an independent tariff bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193092–95_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193092–95-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Reed presented a report from the Rules Committee to suspend the rules by majority vote and request a conference committee to consider the <i>internal</i> revenue bill, to which the Senate had attached tariff amendments. Reed's report passed the House, but only after the first vote failed to show a quorum. The report was highly controversial; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Samuel S. Cox</a> denounced it as "a fraud on parliamentary law," and Senators <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">James B. Beck</a> refused to sit on the conference committee. The resulting bill itself, sometimes called the "mongrel tariff," was highly unpopular as well; Reed later wrote of his regret over the episode, claiming that none of the tariff commissioners' report had been enacted, "but all of its mistakes were."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193092–95_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193092–95-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_Minority_leadership_(1883–89)"><span id="House_Minority_leadership_.281883.E2.80.9389.29"></span>House Minority leadership (1883–89)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: House Minority leadership (1883–89)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1882, the Democratic Party regained control of the House and <a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a> of Kentucky was elected Speaker. Reed continued to seek reform of the House Rules from the minority by exploiting disagreements between <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">William Ralls Morrison</a>, two members of Democratic leadership who disagreed sharply over tariff policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed retained his seats on the Rules and Judiciary committees and gained a spot on the powerful Committee on Ways and Means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his six years in the House minority, Reed also grew in party influence. Former Speaker Keifer, by virtue of seniority, retained leadership of the minority, but ultimately lost re-election to his House seat in 1884. When the next Congress met, Reed's name was placed in nomination by William McKinley for the party endorsement for Speaker; he defeated Frank Hiscock by 63 votes against 42 for the honor, thus formally sanctioning Reed as the party's floor leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930119_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930119-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiscock also left the House in 1887 when he was elected to the U.S. Senate, leaving Reed the undisputed leader of the party in the House, though McKinley, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Dingley_Jr." title="Nelson Dingley Jr.">Nelson Dingley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joe Cannon</a> were rising stars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103–05_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103–05-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speaker_of_the_House_(1889–91,_1895–99)"><span id="Speaker_of_the_House_.281889.E2.80.9391.2C_1895.E2.80.9399.29"></span>Speaker of the House (1889–91, 1895–99)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Speaker of the House (1889–91, 1895–99)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Brackett_Reed_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/295px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/444px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg/591px-Thomas_Brackett_Reed_by_John_Singer_Sargent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Speaker Reed by <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a> (1891), Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_term_(1889–91)"><span id="First_term_.281889.E2.80.9391.29"></span>First term (1889–91)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: First term (1889–91)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1888, the Republican Party retook control of the House of Representatives and the White House in an election defined by their support for the protective tariff. In Congress, Reed was a leader of the campaign, delivering a lengthy and celebrated May 19 speech against tariff reform legislation before the House.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930181_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930181-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the election, the <i>Washington Post</i> reported that the "speakership question was regarded on all sides as being settled" in favor of Reed, though his leading rival, McKinley, was personally very popular. Reed's election as Speaker was decisively ensured by the support of the New York delegation on November 29, 1889. He carried the caucus the next day on the second ballot with 85 votes to McKinley's 38 and was elected speaker at the opening of the next session on December 2, 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930197–98_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930197–98-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McKinley was named chair of Ways and Means, placing him in charge of the tariff, with Reed's lesser rivals Cannon and <a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">David B. Henderson</a> on Appropriations and <a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Julius C. Burrows</a> as chair of Manufactures. McKinley and Cannon also joined Reed on the Rules Committee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rules_reform">Rules reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rules reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before his election as Speaker, Reed had renewed his calls for rules reform. In a March 1889 article for <a href="/wiki/The_Century_Magazine" title="The Century Magazine"><i>The</i> <i>Century</i> magazine</a>, he demanded checks on dilatory motions and a restoration of the "morning hour," permitting the House to consider urgent measures for prompt action at the start of each day, rather than consider measures in the order they were presented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930190_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930190-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the October <i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a></i>, Reed compared the situation in the House to that in the House of Commons, where Reed argued Irish nationalists had hijacked the rules beyond their original intent in order to extract concessions through obstruction. Reed vowed that the incoming Republican House would adopt new Rules wholesale, as opposed to the traditional practice of adopting the previous House's rules <i>pro forma</i> and amending as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930190_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930190-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 21, 1890, Reed made his first serious reform to House Rules when he refused a motion by <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a> to require tellers for a motion to adjourn, on the grounds that the motion was merely intended to delay adjournment and obstruct House business. After a prolonged and heated debate, the Speaker's decision was ratified 149 to 137.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930203–04_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930203–04-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, Reed sought to circumscribe the "<a href="/wiki/Disappearing_quorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Disappearing quorum">disappearing quorum</a>"—the ability of the minority to block business by remaining silent during a <a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">quorum call</a>, which, under the rules, prevented a member from being counted as present even if physically in the chamber, thus forcing the House to suspend business. Reed's solution was implemented on January 29, 1890, in what has popularly been called the "Battle of the Reed Rules,"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Democrats attempted to prevent <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brooks_Smith" title="Charles Brooks Smith">Charles Brooks Smith</a>, a Republican from West Virginia whose election was contested, from being seated.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motion to seat Brooks passed 162–1, short of the 165 required for quorum; when voting closed Democrats shouted, "No quorum," a formal quorum count was triggered. Reed began the <a href="/wiki/Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies" title="Voting methods in deliberative assemblies">roll call</a>, and when members refused to answer, Reed directed the Clerk to count them as present but not voting.<sup id="cite_ref-congrec_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congrec-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Startled Democrats protested heatedly, directing verbal abuse, threats, and insults at Reed, while <a href="/wiki/James_B._McCreary" title="James B. McCreary">James B. McCreary</a>, a Democrat from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, challenged Reed's authority to count him since he had not answered to his name when the roll was called. Reed replied "The Chair is making a statement of fact that the gentleman from Kentucky is present. Does he deny it?"<sup id="cite_ref-congrec_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congrec-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unable to deny their presence, some Democrats tried to flee the chamber or hide under their desks, but Reed ordered the doors locked. One Representative, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_B._Kilgore" title="Constantine B. Kilgore">Constantine B. Kilgore</a> of Texas, was able to flee by kicking his way through a door.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict over parliamentary procedure lasted three days, with Democrats delaying consideration of the bill by introducing points of order to challenge the maneuver and then appealing Reed's rulings to the floor. Democrats finally dropped their objections on January 31, and Smith was seated on February 3 by a vote of 166–0. Six days later, Reed won a vote to formalize the new Rules, eliminating the disappearing quorum and lowering the quorum to 100 members. Though Democrats reinstated the disappearing quorum when they took control of the House the following year, Reed would prove so adroit at using the tactic against them that they reinstated the "Reed Rules" in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his decisive victory in over the Smith election contest, Reed introduced wholesale reforms designed to speed the pace of legislation in the House. The Democratic minority permitted the resumption of business, with former Speaker Carlisle admitting, "We protest, but the case must be tried elsewhere."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930234_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930234-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under those conditions, the 51st Congress was the most productive since the Civil War and passed at least twenty-six pieces of major legislation, including the <a href="/wiki/McKinley_Tariff" title="McKinley Tariff">McKinley Tariff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1891" title="Immigration Act of 1891">Immigration Act of 1891</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="McKinley_Tariff">McKinley Tariff</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: McKinley Tariff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the campaign of 1888 had been waged over the issue of protective tariff policy, passing a heightened tariff was a key priority of the 51st Congress. The resulting bill, known as the McKinley Tariff after its primary author, passed the House on May 21, 1890, after an expedited drafting process. A revised bill passed the Senate on September 10 with a reciprocity clause (supported by now-Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>) attached. Despite Reed's opposition, the reciprocity clause was allowed to remain after some further amendments, and the bill was signed into law on October 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a month to the House elections, the McKinley Tariff was immediately the center of political debate; no tariff since the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of Abominations</a>" had been as controversial. The Tariff was seen as favoring the industrial and financial regions of the Northeast and Midwest over the rural South and West, which were suffering under poor conditions for the agricultural industry. The free trade publication <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i> referred to it as "a series of minute interferences with trade and industry for the benefit of individuals, firms and corporations" and attributed its passage to the repayment of campaign debts to corporate donors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Reed defended the tariff package in public, he ultimately blamed it for the party's massive defeat in the 1890 elections and in 1894, admitted that protection had been carried to its extreme on certain goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he later argued that the tariff had been a success in light of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">impending global financial collapse</a>, which had rendered the international mercantile situation "a quicksand which then began to give signs of sinking."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though repealed and replaced by the next Congress, it gained greater support after the Panic of 1893 and made McKinley a serious national political figure; he would go on to win the White House in 1896 as the premier champion of industrial protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–42_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–42-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sherman Silver Purchase Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1888, there was a growing movement in both parties to return the country to a currency system backed by <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">both silver and gold</a> (thus <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">expanding the money supply</a>), and it had become conventional wisdom that it was necessary to "do something for silver."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Reed was a firm supporter of "<a href="/wiki/Hard_currency" title="Hard currency">sound money</a>," which tended to favor the more stable gold standard, a majority in both chambers of Congress had some level of sympathy for the free silver movement. On January 20, 1890, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_H._Conger" title="Edwin H. Conger">Edwin H. Conger</a> (chair of <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures" title="United States House Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures">Coinage, Weights and Measures</a>) introduced a bill authorizing the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a> to issue notes in exchange for silver bullion at market price. A revised version of Conger's bill, providing for the purchase of $4,500,000 of silver per month ($139,294,937 in 2023), was reported to the House in early June. If silver reached the ratio of 16 to 1 under this bill, free coinage was authorized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a party caucus on June 4, Reed spoke against any further concessions to silver advocates; the silver Republicans dissented, seriously threatening party unity. On June 5, the Rules Committee (Reed, McKinley, and Cannon) passed a special order to permit only two days of debate before a final vote at 3 o'clock on June 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an outbreak of acrimonious dissent, the special order passed 120 to 117, and the bill ultimately passed on schedule without further amendments by a vote of 135 to 119.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Senate, controlled by silver advocates, passed an amended version adopting an unconditional free coinage amendment on June 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment caught Reed and House Republicans by surprise; a considerable number of Representatives were absent, making its passage likely if brought to an immediate vote. When McKinley moved on June 19 for approval of the House Journal (containing the procedural business of the day), <a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">Roger Q. Mills</a> objected that the Journal had not been read in its entirety. The omitted portions were the read, revealing the Senate bill had been referred to the Committee on Coinage, sparking an uproar. In a rare parliamentary defeat for Reed, the Journal was not approved by a vote of 105 to 117.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mills then successfully moved to have the Journal amended, hastening a vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 20, <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a> moved to debate the bill before the House. Conger and Reed engaged in a series of dilatory maneuvers, arguing that the bill was not on available for debate, because it was before Conger's committee. By the time the bill came for a vote the next day, enough Republican votes had been whipped via telegraph to return a working majority to Washington, and Bland's motion was defeated by a vote of 144 to 117.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">conference bill</a>, called the Sherman Silver Purchase Act after <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a>, emerged which omitted the free coinage of silver and called for the parity of the two metals. The bill passed with great difficulty in the lame duck 1891 session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-46_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-46-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lodge_Federal_Elections_Bill">Lodge Federal Elections Bill</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lodge Federal Elections Bill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lodge_Bill" title="Lodge Bill">Lodge Bill</a></div> <p>One of the most significant and controversial pieces of legislation which Reed pressed for passage in the 51st Congress did not become law. In 1889 and 1890, Republicans undertook one last stand in favor of federal enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a> to protect the voting rights of blacks in the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, and Reed took a special interest in the project. Under the <a href="/wiki/Lodge_Bill" title="Lodge Bill">Lodge Bill</a>, introduced on June 14, 1890, congressional elections would be placed under the protection of the federal government; Reed personally defended the bill and the concept of equality of races under the law in an April 1890 speech and published article in the June 1890 <i>North American Review</i>. Opponents, especially in the South, derided it as the "Force Bill," and cynics attributed the proposal to an effort to secure Southern seats in the face of waning Republican support in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–40_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–40-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed also aroused Northern opposition in his speech, when he defended black voting in the South by way of comparison to immigrant votes in New York and other cities, arguing, "Why should they poll their ignorance and we not poll ours?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed, McKinley, and Cannon voted the Bill out of committee on June 25 and, over Democratic objections, it passed after a strict debate schedule on July 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Senate, the bill was filibustered through two sessions of Congress, until it was ultimately laid aside during the lame duck session of January 1891 in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, several Republican Senators from the newly admitted Western states voted to prioritize the Silver Purchase Act; likely in retaliation, the House rejected a <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> bill which passed the Senate to "provide against the contraction of the currency."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lodge Bill was the last serious effort in Congress to enforce the terms of the Fifteenth Amendment until the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, and its defeat is sometimes marked as the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">the decline in American race relations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_minority_(1891–95)"><span id="Return_to_minority_.281891.E2.80.9395.29"></span>Return to minority (1891–95)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Return to minority (1891–95)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In reaction to Reed's aggressive legislative agenda and the new appropriations associated with it, the 51st Congress was branded by critics as the "Billion Dollar Congress." Democrats regained the House by a wide majority, and both of Reed's top lieutenants, McKinley and Cannon, were defeated. Republicans retained the Senate by a reduced margin. With government thus divided in the <a href="/wiki/52nd_United_States_Congress" title="52nd United States Congress">52nd Congress</a>, legislation reached a standstill. In Reed's words, the House "led a gelatinous existence, the scorn of all vertebrate animals."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930281_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930281-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anticipating a further disaster in the 1892 elections, Reed privately opposed the nomination of President Harrison for a second term, and his own name gained some traction in the press as a potential compromise candidate. When Harrison was <a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">ultimately nominated</a>, Reed declined to campaign for him in the general election. <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> was elected and the Republicans lost the Senate, giving the Democratic Party control of the White House, Senate, and House for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Reed did win a minor victory in 1892, when the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> decided <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballin" title="United States v. Ballin">United States v. Ballin</a></i>, determining that Reed had acted within the Constitution in defining a quorum to include all members present. </p><p>The 53rd Congress was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>; it convened early in summer 1893 when President Cleveland called a special session asking for the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a>. Though Reed was still a member of the minority for partisan purposes, he could be counted among the leaders of the cross-party majority which supported repeal. Reed gave the closing argument for repeal on August 26, 1893, arguing that the regular schedule of redemptions had drained the nation's currency reserves and undermined confidence in the financial system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, repeal carried in the House by a vote of 240 to 110. A vote for free silver was defeated 227 to 124.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Senate delayed passage of the repeal bill, Reed delivered a public speech on October 25 arguing that the Senate was directly opposed to the will of the majority; five days later, repeal passed the Senate 43 to 22.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The remainder of the term was marked by infighting among the majority, which had become hopelessly divided over the currency issue; meanwhile, the Republican minority remained loyally unified behind Reed, delivering him opportunities to undermine Speaker <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Charles Frederick Crisp</a>. A frustrated Crisp remarked of his predecessor on March 29, 1894: </p><blockquote><p>"The leader that they follow without question has one great thought, one great idea in his mind, and that is to force this side to count a quorum. Every other question, no matter who great, no matter how important it may be, sinks into insignificance. Gentlemen on that side blindly follow him, no matter how their own convictions may differ from his. He is the great leader on that side. You will hear them privately saying 'Reed ought not to do that,' or 'This is wrong,' but when Reed says 'Do it,' they all step up and do it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930303_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930303-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Given Crisp's failure to hold his majority together, the House officially adopted a rule to use a present, rather than voting, quorum on April 17, 1894, consistent with Reed's 1890 reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930303_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930303-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_speakership_(1895–99)"><span id="Return_to_speakership_.281895.E2.80.9399.29"></span>Return to speakership (1895–99)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Return to speakership (1895–99)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1896RepublicanPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1896RepublicanPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/379px-1896RepublicanPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png" decoding="async" width="379" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1896RepublicanPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/569px-1896RepublicanPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/1896RepublicanPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png/758px-1896RepublicanPresidentialNomination1stBallot.png 2x" data-file-width="1513" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption>At the <a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 Republican National Convention</a>, Reed finished second in the presidential balloting to William McKinley. McKinley went on to win the presidency.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1896_presidential_campaign">1896 presidential campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1896 presidential campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After four years in the minority, the economic situation and divisions in the Democratic majority delivered the Republicans a historic landslide in <a href="/wiki/1894_United_States_elections" title="1894 United States elections">the 1894 elections</a>. In the House, the party gained 110 seats;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of 2024, this remains the largest single-election seat swing in United States history. With a wide majority but little room for common ground with President Cleveland outside of the currency issue, Reed's focus during the 54th Congress was his highly anticipated campaign for the presidency. Observers in the capital soon found Reed a changed man; he shaved his trademark mustache and was less given to humor or sarcasm, giving the impression of a man who felt "a necessity of taking himself seriously, of presenting an impressive aspect, of looking as wise as he can."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of the 54th Congress, Reed was widely regarded as the favorite for the Republican nomination as the party's leading figure and spokesman on financial matters. He had the vigorous support of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, and party bosses including <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Homan_Manley" title="Joseph Homan Manley">Joseph H. Manley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matt Quay</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Donald Cameron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Thomas C. Platt</a> were reported to be sympathetic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His chief opponent for the nomination was William McKinley, his longtime lieutenant and rival for party supremacy, now serving as <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Ohio" title="List of governors of Ohio">Governor of Ohio</a>. McKinley's campaign was managed by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a>, who raised unprecedented sums of money for the race. Hanna also launched a nationwide publicity campaign to raise McKinley's profile and successfully framed the issue in the campaign as <a href="/wiki/Protective_tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective tariffs">protective tariffs</a>, McKinley's strength, rather than the currency question, acknowledged to be Reed's strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the year 1896 began, McKinley supporters claimed the secure support of 433 delegates, only thirty short of nomination on the first ballot. When <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> senator <a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a> accused Hanna of effectively taking bribes from mercantile interests in exchange for promises of a new protective tariff, the backlash permanently damaged the struggling Reed campaign. Some accused Chandler, whose reputation for political corruption rendered his charge hypocritical, of deliberately sabotaging Reed. When the Vermont convention declared for McKinley on April 28, breaking solidarity in the New England ranks, Reed's campaign was effectively doomed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the vigorous campaign by Hanna and Chandler's gaffe, Reed's ultimate failure to secure the nomination has been attributed to his refusal to make pledges or commitments in exchange for political or financial support. Despite his unvarnished ambition for the White House, Reed refused to give special consideration to allies or supporters when considering committee appointments or appropriations. On one occasion, he was quoted, "The bill will not be allowed to come up even with that Reed button on your coat."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the <a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 Republican National Convention</a> met in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, McKinley had secured a greater share of delegate pledges than any candidate since <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> in 1872, and he became the first candidate since Grant in 1868 to win an open nomination (i.e., without an incumbent in the race) on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed received the support of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, as well as a handful of Southern delegates. Reed supporters at the convention, led by Lodge, did succeed in including a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> plank in the party platform, abandoning their prior proposal for bimetallism by international agreement. Reed vigorously supported McKinley in the general election against <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, a vocal <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> advocate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election of 1896 returned the Republican Party to control of government, with McKinley as President and majorities in both the House and Senate. Despite some suggestions that Reed would sabotage the McKinley administration as retribution for his defeat in 1896, he set personal differences aside and was again credited as the shepherd of the Republican agenda. Nelson Dingley returned as chair of Ways and Means and set about drafting the protective tariff legislation for which McKinley had campaigned, ultimately passed as the <a href="/wiki/Dingley_Act" title="Dingley Act">Dingley Tariff</a> in July 1897. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish-American_War_and_resignation">Spanish-American War and resignation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spanish-American War and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1895, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_War_of_Independence" title="Cuban War of Independence">the struggle for Cuban independence</a> was the subject of increasing American attention during the McKinley presidency. The severity of Spanish rule and the potential for an economic and military foothold in the Caribbean drew calls for an American intervention on the island, which had long been the target of expansionists. Reed was an opponent of "<a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoism</a>" and expansionism generally, having privately criticized Benjamin Harrison's <a href="/wiki/United_States_intervention_in_Chile" title="United States intervention in Chile">involvement in Chile</a> and publicly opposed efforts to <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">annex Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign policy is the constitutional province of the Senate, giving Reed few opportunities to participate in the growing debate over Cuba. On July 7, 1897, the issue came before the House for the first time when Representative <a href="/wiki/Benton_McMillin" title="Benton McMillin">Benton McMillin</a> offered a resolution recognizing the Cuban rebels. Nelson Dingley promptly moved for adjournment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed continued to avoid addressing Cuba in the House but made his position public through a series of interviews and articles. In September, he published an article in the <i>Illustrated American</i> which called for the government to avoid foreign entanglements, "grow up to the territory we have already," and strive for national unity. He added that there was no serious threat of attack from Spain or Cuba and, while he supported naval power as a form of insurance, over-insurance was "costly and makes a moral hazard and danger of a conflagration which might burn what we have not protected."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a second article titled "Empire Can Wait," he pointed to historical examples to argue expansion created variation in the thought and needs of a country and that unassimilated populations would inevitably create a strain on American institutions. He further arraigned the press for feeding public interest in "<a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">prurient details of crime</a>" in Cuba and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Turkey</a> in an effort to influence foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Reed and President McKinley agreed on the issue. McKinley actively sought a peaceful solution to the Cuban Revolution and Reed gave him full support. However, after the publication of the <a href="/wiki/De_L%C3%B4me_Letter" title="De Lôme Letter">De Lôme Letter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">sinking of the USS <i>Maine</i></a> in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, public opinion rapidly turned against peace and in favor of a declaration of war. Reed refused to believe the <i>Maine</i> was intentionally sunk by Spain, a position he maintained until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 8, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joe Cannon</a> (as chair of Appropriations) introduced a bill at the behest of McKinley to appropriate $50 million (approximately $1,564,000,000 in 2023) for defense, and it received almost unanimous support. Reed clung to hope that war could be avoided, and his suppression of a resolution to recognize Cuban independence aroused resentment throughout the country. Though public opinion was growing in favor of war, the question of Cuban independence remained considerably more controversial. A war resolution passed on April 19 with only six votes against. Reed was quoted as telling one of the six, "I envy you the luxury of your vote. I was where I could not do it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed's political position became increasingly fraught following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">easy American victory at Manila Bay</a> on May 1, as the aims of American expansion grew to include strategic positions in the Pacific. The <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a>, which would prove Reed's signal defeat, was introduced in the House on May 4. For three weeks, the Speaker blocked its consideration but, when opinion in the House became overwhelming and a petition for its introduction was signed by Republican members, Reed surrendered. On June 2, it was announced that the resolution would be passed before adjournment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-67_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-67-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reed was re-elected in 1898 and retained the Speaker's gavel but became increasingly isolated during the debate over the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> and imperial expansion, especially after the loss of three key allies: Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge were ardent expansionists, and Nelson Dingley died on January 13, 1899. After meeting with President McKinley on <a href="/wiki/Jekyll_Island" title="Jekyll Island">Jekyll Island</a> in the spring, Reed finally announced on April 19 that he would retire from public life and become senior partner in the firm of <a href="/wiki/Simpson_Thacher_%26_Bartlett" title="Simpson Thacher & Bartlett">Simpson, Thatcher and Barnum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930377_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930377-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His resignation was made formally effective on September 4. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OcrSusan_P._Merrill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OcrSusan_P._Merrill.jpg/172px-OcrSusan_P._Merrill.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/OcrSusan_P._Merrill.jpg/259px-OcrSusan_P._Merrill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/OcrSusan_P._Merrill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Susan P. Reed (née Merrill)</figcaption></figure> <p>Reed married his childhood friend and classmate Susan P. Merrill in 1871, when he was a member of the Maine legislature. She was born at <a href="/wiki/Center_Harbor,_New_Hampshire" title="Center Harbor, New Hampshire">Center Harbor, New Hampshire</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipesaukee" title="Lake Winnipesaukee">Lake Winnipesaukee</a> to the Rev. Samuel H. Merrill, a well-known <a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a> clergyman, and Hannah Prentis, a native of New Hampshire. She had one brother, Edward P. Merrill, and one sister, who resided in Lowell, Massachusetts. They had one daughter, <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Reed_Balentine" title="Katherine Reed Balentine">Katherine Reed Balentine</a>, who was born January 23, 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katherine later started a monthly magazine called <i>The Yellow Ribbon</i>, which promoted women's suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2011374_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2011374-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reed was well known for his acerbic wit (asked if his party might nominate him for president, he noted, "They could do worse, and they probably will"). His size, standing at over 6 feet in height and weighing over 300 lbs (136 kg), was also a distinguishing factor. Reed was a member of the social circle that included intellectuals and politicians <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooks_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brooks Adams">Henry Adams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>. Upon his retirement from public life, he also counted <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> among his personal friends. </p><p>In 1894, Reed published his handbook on parliamentary procedure, titled <i>Reed's Rules: A Manual of General Parliamentary Law</i>, which was, at the time, a very popular text on the subject and is still in use in the legislature of the State of Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In early December 1902, Reed was in Washington on business with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a>. On December 2, Reed visited his former colleagues in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Ways and Means Committee room</a>. Later that day, he became ill while in another room of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> and was rushed to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Hotel_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Arlington Hotel (Washington, D.C.)">Arlington Hotel</a>. In the Arlington, Reed was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_disease" title="Bright's disease">Bright's disease</a> complicated by <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a>; he died five days later at 12:10<span class="nowrap"> </span>am on December 7 with his wife and daughter at his bedside. A <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_Club" title="Gridiron Club">Gridiron Club</a> dinner was occurring at the same time in the same hotel as Reed's death. When news broke of Reed's passing, "the diners rose to drink a silent toast to a man who had so often been among them".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2011373_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2011373-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In announcing his death to the House, Representative <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> said, "He was so great, his service to his country so valuable, that it seems we may fitly depart from what is the usual custom of the House when one not in public life dies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House thus adopted a resolution honoring Reed as "a distinguished statesman, a lofty patriot, a cultured scholar, an incisive writer, a unique orator, an unmatched debater, a master of logic, wit, satire, the most famous of the world's parliamentarians, the great and representative citizen of the American Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> eulogized him as "a good hater, who detested shams, humbugs and pretense above all else." <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> wrote of him, "He was transparently honest and honorable, there was no furtiveness about him, and whoever came to know him trusted him and was not disappointed. He was wise, he was shrewd and alert, he was a clear and capable thinker, a logical reasoner, and a strong and convincing speaker."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Cemetery_(Portland,_Maine)" title="Evergreen Cemetery (Portland, Maine)">Evergreen Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>. His will was executed by his good friend, the financier <a href="/wiki/Augustus_G._Paine_Sr." title="Augustus G. Paine Sr.">Augustus G. Paine Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left his family an estate of $200,000 (approximately $5,700,233 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Prom_and_Brackett_Reed_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Western_Prom_and_Brackett_Reed_Statue.jpg/280px-Western_Prom_and_Brackett_Reed_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Western_Prom_and_Brackett_Reed_Statue.jpg/420px-Western_Prom_and_Brackett_Reed_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Western_Prom_and_Brackett_Reed_Statue.jpg/560px-Western_Prom_and_Brackett_Reed_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Statue of Thomas Brackett Reed">Statue of Reed</a> on <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Western_Promenade" title="Western Promenade">Western Promenade</a> in September 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a Reed House at <a href="/wiki/Bowdoin_College" title="Bowdoin College">Bowdoin College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His home town of Portland, Maine, erected <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Statue of Thomas Brackett Reed">a statue of him</a> at the corner of Western Promenade and Pine Street<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a ceremony on August 31, 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed_House" title="Thomas Brackett Reed House">His last home</a> in Portland has been designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biographies of the life of Thomas Brackett Reed have been written by Samuel McCall (Houghton Mifflin Company, 1914), William A. Robinson (Dodd, Mead & Company, 1930), and Richard Stanley Offenberg (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1963). Finance writer <a href="/wiki/James_Grant_(finance)" title="James Grant (finance)">James Grant</a> wrote a biography entitled, <i>Mr. Speaker! The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed: the Man who Broke the Filibuster.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2011_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2011-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent scholarly biography is <i>Thomas Brackett Reed: The Gilded Age Speaker Who Made the Rules for American Politics</i> by Robert J. Klotz (University Press of Kansas, 2022). One chapter of Barbara Tuchman's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Proud_Tower" title="The Proud Tower">The Proud Tower</a></i> is substantially devoted to Reed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For one term, 1883–1885, Reed represented Maine at large.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Republicans gained more seats after the result of several contested elections.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas B. Reed (ME). "House of Representatives, Thursday, April 22, 1880." Congressional Record 10 (1880) p. 2661. (Text from: Congressional Record Permanent Digital Collection); Accessed: May 9, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSheingate2009" class="citation cs2">Sheingate, Adam (2009), Mahoney, James; Thelen, Kathleen (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/explaining-institutional-change/rethinking-rules-creativity-and-constraint-in-the-us-house-of-representatives/81E6E97A3374780040806CD490B7E5BD">"Rethinking Rules: Creativity and Constraint in the U.S. House of Representatives"</a>, <i>Explaining Institutional Change: Ambiguity, Agency, and Power</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 168–203, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11883-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11883-5"><bdi>978-0-521-11883-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explaining+Institutional+Change%3A+Ambiguity%2C+Agency%2C+and+Power&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Rules%3A+Creativity+and+Constraint+in+the+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.pages=168-203&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-11883-5&rft.aulast=Sheingate&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fexplaining-institutional-change%2Frethinking-rules-creativity-and-constraint-in-the-us-house-of-representatives%2F81E6E97A3374780040806CD490B7E5BD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2009" class="citation journal cs1">Valelly, Richard M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/abs/reed-rules-and-republican-party-building-a-new-look/B9CBC049F73A0C5B4BC0F4DCCAE7D3C1">"The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building: A New Look"</a>. <i>Studies in American Political Development</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 115–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X09990022">10.1017/S0898588X09990022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8692">1469-8692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145347980">145347980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=The+Reed+Rules+and+Republican+Party+Building%3A+A+New+Look&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-142&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145347980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-8692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X09990022&rft.aulast=Valelly&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fstudies-in-american-political-development%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Freed-rules-and-republican-party-building-a-new-look%2FB9CBC049F73A0C5B4BC0F4DCCAE7D3C1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301–19_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 1–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193012_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant201115-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant201115_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2011">Grant 2011</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193018-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193018_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193019_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193020–25_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 20–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193023-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193023_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193026–31_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 26–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193028-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193028_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193042–46-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193042–46_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193042–46_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 42–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193047–55_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 47–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193057–58-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193057–58_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193057–58_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193074–75-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193074–75_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193074–75_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193077-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193077_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193079–84_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 79–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193087–91-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193087–91_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193087–91_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 87–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193089-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193089_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193091-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193091_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson193092–95-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193092–95_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson193092–95_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 92–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930119-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930119_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103–05-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930103–05_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 103–05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930181-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930181_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930197–98-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930197–98_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 197–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930190-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930190_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930190_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930203–04-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930203–04_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 203–04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel W. McCall, <i>Thomas B. Reed</i> (1914) pp 152–72; among scholars in parliamentary law, the battle is quoted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Buonomo2001" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">G. Buonomo (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2420603">"La questione del quorum muto nella prassi parlamentare italiana e comparata"</a>. <i>Rassegna parlamentare</i> (in Italian) (2 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+parlamentare&rft.atitle=La+questione+del+quorum+muto+nella+prassi+parlamentare+italiana+e+comparata&rft.date=2001&rft.au=G.+Buonomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2420603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, Douglas H. "The Congressional Career—Then and Now," in Nelson Polsby, ed., <i>Congressional Behavior</i> (New York: Random House, 1971), p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congrec-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-congrec_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-congrec_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Representative Thomas B. Reed, remarks in the House, <i>Congressional Record</i>, vol. 61, Jan. 29, 1890, p. 948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Place Butterfield, <i>The American Past</i> (1966) p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">House Document No. 108-204: The Cannon Centenary Conference: The Changing Nature of the Speakership</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930234-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930234_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–45_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 240–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–42-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930240–42_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 240–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-45_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 242-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-46-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930242-46_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 242-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–40-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–40_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 235–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930235–47_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 235–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Hazard, "Thomas Brackett Reed, Civil Rights, and the Fight for Fair Elections," <i> Maine History,</i> March 2004, Vol. 42 Issue 1, pp 1–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930281-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930281_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930287–93_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 287–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930303-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930303_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930303_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930321–50_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, pp. 321–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-63_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 356-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-67-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930356-67_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 356-67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1930377-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1930377_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinman1896" class="citation book cs1">Hinman, Ida (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NxAyAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Washington Sketch Book</i></a>. Washington D. C.: Hartman & Cadick, Printers. sec. Supplement p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washington+Sketch+Book&rft.place=Washington+D.+C.&rft.pages=sec.+Supplement+p.+3&rft.pub=Hartman+%26+Cadick%2C+Printers&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Hinman&rft.aufirst=Ida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxAyAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2011374-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2011374_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2011">Grant 2011</a>, p. 374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leg.wa.gov/LawsAndAgencyRules/Pages/default.aspx">"Washington State Legislature - Legislative Procedural Rules"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+State+Legislature+-+Legislative+Procedural+Rules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleg.wa.gov%2FLawsAndAgencyRules%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2011373-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2011373_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2011">Grant 2011</a>, p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson19301-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson19301_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinson1930">Robinson 1930</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwain1902" class="citation journal cs1">Twain, Mark (December 20, 1902). "Thomas Brackett Reed". <i>Harper's Weekly</i>: 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Weekly&rft.atitle=Thomas+Brackett+Reed&rft.pages=1979&rft.date=1902-12-20&rft.aulast=Twain&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span> via: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Neider1963" class="citation book cs1">Charles Neider, ed. (1963). <i>The Complete Essays of Mark Twain</i>. New Jersey: Doubleday. pp. 311–312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Essays+of+Mark+Twain&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=311-312&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213144132/http://people.usm.maine.edu/rklotz/twain.htm">"Tribute to Thomas Brackett Reed by Mark Twain"</a>. <i>Thomas Brackett Reed</i>. Robert Klotz, University of Southern Maine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.usm.maine.edu/rklotz/twain.htm">the original</a> on December 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Brackett+Reed&rft.atitle=Tribute+to+Thomas+Brackett+Reed+by+Mark+Twain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.usm.maine.edu%2Frklotz%2Ftwain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102531879/augustus-g-paine-dead/">"Augustus G. Paine Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. March 27, 1915. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2022</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Augustus+G.+Paine+Dead&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1915-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F102531879%2Faugustus-g-paine-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042650/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SU19061022.2.28&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"Reed's Estate Trebles"</a>. <i>Sacramento Union</i>. Vol. 112, no. 59. October 22, 1906. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=SU19061022.2.28&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">the original</a> on February 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sacramento+Union&rft.atitle=Reed%27s+Estate+Trebles&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1906-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSU19061022.2.28%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bowdoin.edu/reslife/housing/options/reed.shtml">"Reed House"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reed+House&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowdoin.edu%2Freslife%2Fhousing%2Foptions%2Freed.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span> Reed House formerly Alpha Eta of Chi Psi was dedicated on September 28, 2007 in memory of Thomas Brackett Reed (1839–1902)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Klotz. "Portland Locations with National Political Significance". Portland Political Trail. Accessed April 21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813012134/http://www.usm.maine.edu/~rklotz/exhibits/revtrail.htm">"Portland Maine Political Trail"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usm.maine.edu/~rklotz/exhibits/revtrail.htm">the original</a> on August 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Portland+Maine+Political+Trail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usm.maine.edu%2F~rklotz%2Fexhibits%2Frevtrail.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.2008" class="citation book cs1">Anon. (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsQ3U3FmHAC&pg=PA6"><i>Exercises at the Unveiling of the Statue of Thomas Brackett Reed, at Portland, Maine, August Thirty-First, Nineteen Hundred and Ten</i></a>. Read Books. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-6921-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4086-6921-1"><bdi>978-1-4086-6921-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exercises+at+the+Unveiling+of+the+Statue+of+Thomas+Brackett+Reed%2C+at+Portland%2C+Maine%2C+August+Thirty-First%2C+Nineteen+Hundred+and+Ten&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Read+Books&rft.date=2008-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4086-6921-1&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxsQ3U3FmHAC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant2011-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant2011_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2011">Grant 2011</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_2">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_(finance)" title="James Grant (finance)">Grant, James</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrspeakerlifetim0000gran"><i>Mr. Speaker!: The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed, The Man Who Broke the Filibuster</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416544944" title="Special:BookSources/9781416544944"><bdi>9781416544944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Speaker%21%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Thomas+B.+Reed%2C+The+Man+Who+Broke+the+Filibuster&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781416544944&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrspeakerlifetim0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotz2022" class="citation book cs1">Klotz, Robert J. (2022). <i>Thomas Brackett Reed: The Gilded Age Speaker Who Made the Rules for American Politics</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-3332-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-3332-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Brackett+Reed%3A+The+Gilded+Age+Speaker+Who+Made+the+Rules+for+American+Politics&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-3332-6&rft.aulast=Klotz&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCall1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall, Samuel W.</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thomasbrackett00mccarich"><i>The Life of Thomas Brackett Reed</i></a>. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Thomas+Brackett+Reed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthomasbrackett00mccarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1930" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, William A. (1930). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thomasbreedparli00robi/"><i>Thomas B. Reed, Parliamentarian</i></a></span>. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+B.+Reed%2C+Parliamentarian&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co.&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthomasbreedparli00robi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_books">Other books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Other books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooney1964" class="citation book cs1">Mooney, Booth (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrspeakerfourmen00moon"><i>Mr. Speaker: Four Men who Shaped the United States House of Representatives</i></a></span>. Chicago: Follett Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mr.+Speaker%3A+Four+Men+who+Shaped+the+United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Follett+Co.&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Mooney&rft.aufirst=Booth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrspeakerfourmen00moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrahan2007" class="citation book cs1">Strahan, Randall (2007). <i>Leading Representatives: The Agency of Leaders in the Politics of the U.S. House</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8691-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8691-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-8691-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leading+Representatives%3A+The+Agency+of+Leaders+in+the+Politics+of+the+U.S.+House&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8691-1&rft.aulast=Strahan&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Thomas" title="Evan Thomas">Thomas, Evan</a> (2010). <i>The War Lovers</i>. -Little, Brown and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Lovers&rft.pub=-Little%2C+Brown+and+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuchman1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Wertheim_Tuchman" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Wertheim Tuchman">Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim</a> (1996). <i>The Proud Tower: a Portrait of the World before the War, 1890–1914</i>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40501-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-40501-2"><bdi>978-0-345-40501-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proud+Tower%3A+a+Portrait+of+the+World+before+the+War%2C+1890%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-345-40501-2&rft.aulast=Tuchman&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Wertheim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_journals">Articles and journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Articles and journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazard2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hazard, Wendy (March 2004). "Thomas Brackett Reed, Civil Rights, and the Fight for Fair Elections". <i>Maine History</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 1–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maine+History&rft.atitle=Thomas+Brackett+Reed%2C+Civil+Rights%2C+and+the+Fight+for+Fair+Elections&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2004-03&rft.aulast=Hazard&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValelly2009" class="citation journal cs1">Valelly, Richard M. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/34982593/Valelly_on_Reed_Rules.pdf">"The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building A New Look"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studies in American Political Development</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 115–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898588X09990022">10.1017/S0898588X09990022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Political+Development&rft.atitle=The+Reed+Rules+and+Republican+Party+Building+A+New+Look&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=115-42&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898588X09990022&rft.aulast=Valelly&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F34982593%2FValelly_on_Reed_Rules.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReedRoosevelt1994" class="citation journal cs1">Reed, Thomas B.; <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1994). Williams, R. Hal (ed.). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Dear Tom,"' "Dear Theodore": The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt and Thomas B. Reed". <i>Theodore Roosevelt Association Journal</i>. <b>20</b> (3–4): 3–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=%22Dear+Tom%2C%22%27+%22Dear+Theodore%22%3A+The+Letters+of+Theodore+Roosevelt+and+Thomas+B.+Reed&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=3-22&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft.au=Roosevelt%2C+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed, The Man Who Broke the Filibuster</i>, June 5, 2011</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Reed, Thomas Brackett"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Reed,_Thomas_Brackett">"Reed, Thomas Brackett" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reed%2C+Thomas+Brackett&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Brackett+Reed" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">William P. Frye</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Maine_Attorney_General" title="Maine Attorney General">Maine Attorney General</a> </b><br />1870–1872 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harris_M._Plaisted" title="Harris M. Plaisted">Harris M. Plaisted</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Burleigh" title="John H. Burleigh">John H. Burleigh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Maine" title="List of United States representatives from Maine">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Maine01 !"><a href="/wiki/Maine%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Maine's 1st congressional district">Maine's 1st congressional district</a></span> </b><br />March 4, 1877 – September 4, 1899 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amos_L._Allen" title="Amos L. Allen">Amos L. Allen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Griffin_Carlisle" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griffin Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> </b><br />December 2, 1889 – March 3, 1891 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Crisp" title="Charles F. Crisp">Charles F. Crisp</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Crisp" title="Charles F. Crisp">Charles F. Crisp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> </b><br />December 2, 1895 – March 3, 1897;<br />March 15, 1897 – March 3, 1899 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">David B. Henderson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; 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text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speakers_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_speakers" title="Template:US House speakers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_speakers" title="Template talk:US House speakers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_speakers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House speakers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speakers_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a> (1789–1791)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr." title="Jonathan Trumbull Jr.">Trumbull</a> (1791–1793)</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Dayton</a> (1795–1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a> (1799–1801)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">Taylor</a> (1825–1827)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_White_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John White (Kentucky politician)">White</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><span style="color:#D99FE8;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1931–1933)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1947)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1955–1961)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2007–2011)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2011–2015)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2023)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">McHenry</a></i> (2023, <i>pro tempore</i>)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="501" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> Pro-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> Anti-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> Federalist</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> Democratic-Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> National Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> Jacksonian</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> Democratic</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> Whig</li> <li><span style="color:#D99FE8;">▌</span> Know Nothing</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> Republican</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_U.S._House_Committee_on_Rules_(1880–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Rules_chairs" title="Template:US House Rules chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Rules_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Rules chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Rules_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Rules chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_U.S._House_Committee_on_Rules_(1880–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Rules" title="United States House Committee on Rules">U.S. House Committee on Rules</a> (1880–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalzell" title="John Dalzell">Dalzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Henry" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lee Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pou" title="Edward W. Pou">Pou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Campbell" title="Philip P. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pou" title="Edward W. Pou">Pou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(New_York_representative)" title="John J. O'Connor (New York representative)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_J._Sabath" title="Adolph J. Sabath">Sabath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_J._Sabath" title="Adolph J. Sabath">Sabath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_E._Allen" title="Leo E. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_W._Smith" title="Howard W. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Colmer" title="William M. Colmer">Colmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Madden" title="Ray Madden">Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Delaney" title="James J. Delaney">Delaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walker_Bolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Walker Bolling">Bolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Moakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Solomon" title="Gerald Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dreier" title="David Dreier">Dreier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dreier" title="David Dreier">Dreier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Sessions" title="Pete Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cole" title="Tom Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Burgess" title="Michael C. Burgess">Burgess</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Judiciary_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Judiciary chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States House Committee on the Judiciary">United States House Committee on the Judiciary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jared_Ingersoll" title="Charles Jared Ingersoll">C. Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nelson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Hugh Nelson (Virginia politician)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_R._Davis" title="Warren R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flournoy_Foster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Flournoy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beardsley" title="Samuel Beardsley">Beardsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thomas" title="Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Barnard" title="Daniel D. Barnard">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Mitchell_Saunders" class="mw-redirect" title="Romulus Mitchell Saunders">Saunders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_O._Rathbun" title="George O. Rathbun">Rathbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">J. Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thompson_(jurist)" title="James Thompson (jurist)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Xavier_McLanahan" class="mw-redirect" title="James Xavier McLanahan">McLanahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Perry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Perry Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Simmons" title="George A. Simmons">Simmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hickman_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="John Hickman (Pennsylvania politician)">Hickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Wilson" title="James F. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham" title="John Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Proctor_Knott" title="J. Proctor Knott">Knott</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">T. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Randolph Tucker (politician)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_B._Taylor" title="Ezra B. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Ray" title="George W. Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Jenkins" title="John J. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Parker" title="Richard W. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_De_Lamar_Clayton_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry De Lamar Clayton Jr.">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Y._Webb" title="Edwin Y. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Volstead" title="Andrew Volstead">Volstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scott_Graham" class="mw-redirect" title="George Scott Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatton_W._Sumners" title="Hatton W. Sumners">Sumners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_W._Reed" title="Chauncey W. Reed">C. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino" title="Peter W. Rodino">Rodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Brooks_(American_politician)" title="Jack Brooks (American politician)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sensenbrenner" title="Jim Sensenbrenner">Sensenbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Goodlatte" title="Bob Goodlatte">Goodlatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deans_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_deans" title="Template:US House deans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_deans" title="Template talk:US House deans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_deans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House deans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deans_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Deans of the United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hartley" title="Thomas Hartley">Hartley</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barry_Grove" title="William Barry Grove">Grove</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stanford_(American_politician)" title="Richard Stanford (American politician)">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davenport_(Connecticut_politician)" title="John Davenport (Connecticut politician)">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton_Jr." title="Thomas Newton Jr.">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCoy_(congressman)" title="William McCoy (congressman)">McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_(politician)" title="Lewis Williams (politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Everett" title="Horace Everett">Everett</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dixon_Hall_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixon Hall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_Iver_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="James Iver McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Kelley" title="William D. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Roger_Q._Mills" title="Roger Q. Mills">Mills</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_Blount" title="James Henderson Blount">Blount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">Culberson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reed</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Harmer" title="Alfred C. Harmer">Harmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Bingham" title="Henry H. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalzell" title="John Dalzell">Dalzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Atkinson_Jones" title="William Atkinson Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Allen_Cooper" title="Henry Allen Cooper">Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Haugen" title="Gilbert N. Haugen">Haugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_W._Pou" title="Edward W. Pou">Pou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_J._Sabath" title="Adolph J. Sabath">Sabath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Doughton" title="Robert L. Doughton">Doughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Celler" title="Emanuel Celler">Celler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Patman" title="Wright Patman">Patman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Mahon" title="George H. Mahon">Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Whitten" title="Jamie Whitten">Whitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Rogers" title="Hal Rogers">Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1892)_1896_United_States_presidential_election_(1900_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1896 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1896 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1896 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1892)_1896_United_States_presidential_election_(1900_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">← 1892</a>) <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Brackett Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matthew Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">William B. Allison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)<br /><small><span style="color:#ACE1AF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a> · <span style="color:#A3BFBA;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Arthur Sewall</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Populist VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Bland" title="Richard P. Bland">Richard P. Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Pattison" title="Robert E. Pattison">Robert E. Pattison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Boies" title="Horace Boies">Horace Boies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">J. C. S. Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Matthews" title="Claude Matthews">Claude Matthews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third_party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">National Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_M._Palmer_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Palmer (politician)">John M. Palmer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner">Simon Bolivar Buckner</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Bragg" title="Edward S. Bragg">Edward S. Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">William F. Vilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (incumbent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">John G. Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Sterling_Morton" title="Julius Sterling Morton">Julius Sterling Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">William Lyne Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watterson" title="Henry Watterson">Henry Watterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Levering" title="Joshua Levering">Joshua Levering</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Hale_Johnson" title="Hale Johnson">Hale Johnson</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/L._C._Hughes" title="L. C. Hughes">L. C. Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Bentley" title="Charles Eugene Bentley">Charles E. Bentley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Matchett" title="Charles H. Matchett">Charles H. Matchett</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Maguire_(labor_activist)" title="Matthew Maguire (labor activist)">Matthew Maguire</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 silver;"><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election#National_Party_nomination" title="1896 United States presidential election">National Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene_Bentley" title="Charles Eugene Bentley">Charles E. Bentley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_H._Southgate" title="James H. Southgate">James H. Southgate</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1896 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1896 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_and_1897_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1896 and 1897 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2094078#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2094078#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2094078#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdjgDbv4chvCRr9yc3wC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121223477">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no89015728">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p095873171">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007281785305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14822015">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000128">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076626598">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/18546044">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nx07hn">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65x2q5c">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&oldid=1245229645">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brackett_Reed&oldid=1245229645</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1839_births" title="Category:1839 births">1839 births</a></li><li><a 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