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hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сусьветная ліга сэксуальных рэформаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliga_Mundial_per_a_la_Reforma_Sexual" title="Lliga Mundial per a la Reforma Sexual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lliga Mundial per a la Reforma Sexual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltliga_f%C3%BCr_Sexualreform" title="Weltliga für Sexualreform – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weltliga für Sexualreform" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Mundial_para_la_Reforma_Sexual" title="Liga Mundial para la Reforma Sexual – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liga Mundial para la Reforma Sexual" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_mondiale_pour_la_r%C3%A9forme_sexuelle" title="Ligue mondiale pour la réforme sexuelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ligue mondiale pour la réforme sexuelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/World_League_for_Sexual_Reform_conference_B.jpg/330px-World_League_for_Sexual_Reform_conference_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/World_League_for_Sexual_Reform_conference_B.jpg/440px-World_League_for_Sexual_Reform_conference_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Li_Shiu_Tong" title="Li Shiu Tong">Li Shiu Tong</a> (also known as Tao Li) and Magnus Hirschfeld at the 1932 WLSR conference in Brno</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>World League for Sexual Reform</b> was a League for coordinating policy reforms related to greater openness around sex.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial groundwork for the organisation, including a congress in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> which was later counted as the organisation's first, was orchestrated by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Magnus Hirschfeld</a> in 1921. It officially came into being at a congress in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platform">Platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_League_for_Sexual_Reform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization advocated a ten-point platform which included: </p> <ol><li>Economic, political, and sexual equality of men and women</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> and reform of laws on marriage and divorce</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a> to make birth voluntary and responsible</li> <li>Eugenic birth selection</li> <li>Protection of unmarried mothers and "<a href="/wiki/Illegitimate_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate children">illegitimate children</a>"</li> <li>Rational understanding of <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> people and homosexuals.</li> <li>Comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">sex education</a></li> <li>Reforms to eliminate the dangers of <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a></li> <li>Treating sexual abnormalities medically, rather than "as crimes, vices or sins"</li> <li>Legalization of sexual acts between consenting adults, while criminalizing sexual acts without consent, or acts upon minors and the mentally disabled. Distinguishing crime from vice.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_League_for_Sexual_Reform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From September 15 to September 21, 1921, Magnus Hirschfeld organised the First International Congress for Sexual Reform on the Basis of Sexual Science in Berlin, which formed the original groundwork for the League. The World League for Sexual Reform officially came into existence on July 3, 1928, at its congress in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives came from many countries: England, the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Russia, Austria, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Japan, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Lithuania, Egypt, Liberia, Argentina, Chile, the British Indies, and Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ralf Dose has written an overview of the League.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congresses were held in Copenhagen (1928), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (1929), <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (1930), and <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> (1932). Congress speakers included: Hirschfeld, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haire" title="Norman Haire">Norman Haire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vera_Brittain" title="Vera Brittain">Vera Brittain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-asn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Vickery_Drysdale" title="Charles Vickery Drysdale">Charles Vickery Drysdale</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a>), <a href="/wiki/Stella_Browne" title="Stella Browne">Stella Browne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gr%C3%A4fenberg" title="Ernst Gräfenberg">Ernst Gräfenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Eder" title="David Eder">M. D. Eder</a> (a pioneer psychiatrist), <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Housman" title="Laurence Housman">Laurence Housman</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Cecil_Ives" title="George Cecil Ives">George Ives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eden_Paul" title="Eden Paul">Eden Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Hodann" title="Max Hodann">Max Hodann</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Abraham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Abraham (page does not exist)">Felix Abraham</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Abraham" class="extiw" title="de:Felix Abraham">de</a>]</span> (who with Dr <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Levy-Lenz" title="Ludwig Levy-Lenz">Ludwig Levy-Lenz</a> performed the world's first sex-change operation in 1931 at Hirschfeld's <i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i> in Berlin), <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Ethel Mannin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-asn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Benjamin" title="Harry Benjamin">Harry Benjamin</a>, Peter Schmidt, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Robinson" title="William J. Robinson">William J. Robinson</a> (an American contraception crusader) and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Fl%C3%BCgel" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Flügel">Jack Flügel</a>, a Freudian psychologist who assisted <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haire" title="Norman Haire">Norman Haire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a> organize the Congress and also led the Men's Dress Reform Party.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not a speaker, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> was in contact with the Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnus Hirschfeld, the British physician <a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Havelock Ellis</a> and Swiss psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Forel" title="Auguste Forel">Auguste Forel</a> were elected the first presidents of the World League. From 1930, Norman Haire and Dane Jonathan Leunbach replaced the elderly and largely inactive Ellis and Forel, but they remained Honorary Presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Turville-Petre" title="Francis Turville-Petre">Francis Turville-Petre</a>, British archaeologist and friend of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a>, stayed at Hirschfeld's institute in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar</a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Whilst based in Berlin, Turville-Petre was an active member of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific-Humanitarian_Committee" title="Scientific-Humanitarian Committee">Scientific-Humanitarian Committee</a>, which campaigned for <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">gay legal reform and tolerance</a>, and attended the Second Congress in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> in 1928. </p><p>In 1929 Hirschfeld presided over the third international congress held at <a href="/wiki/Wigmore_Hall" title="Wigmore Hall">Wigmore Hall</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-Times1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harley_Street" title="Harley Street">Harley Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexologist">sexologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haire" title="Norman Haire">Norman Haire</a> as secretary and <a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a> as treasurer,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jointly organized the event.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hirschfeld's speech praised British scientists as "distinguished pioneers in eugenics".<sup id="cite_ref-Times1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of British feminists attended the 1929 conference, including <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Mitchison" title="Naomi Mitchison">Naomi Mitchison</a> (whose paper was "Some Comment on the Use of Contraceptives by Intelligent Persons"), <a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a> ("Marriage and Freedom"), Janet Chance, a pioneer of abortion-law reform ("A Marriage Education Centre in London"), <a href="/wiki/Vera_Brittain" title="Vera Brittain">Vera Brittain</a>, a writer and pacifist ("The Failure of Monogamy") and <a href="/wiki/Stella_Browne" title="Stella Browne">Stella Browne</a> ("The Right to Abortion").<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1930, the League claimed to have 182 individuals as members. It also claimed 190,000 members overall, many of them belonging to affiliated organisations. Groups which constituted portions of its worldwide membership included the German National League for Birth Control and Sexual Hygiene, Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, <a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Study_of_Sex_Psychology" title="British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology">British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology</a>, and the League for the Protection of Motherhood and Sex Reform.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, the fourth international conference of the WLSR was organized and hosted by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Iltis" title="Hugo Iltis">Hugo Iltis</a> in Brno. Plans for a fifth conference in Moscow were scrubbed because of the political stresses caused by the growing power of <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the WLSR's books and records were destroyed by the Nazis during a raid in Berlin on the institute in May 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-sk_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The League ceased to exist in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_League_for_Sexual_Reform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Eigene" title="Der Eigene">Der Eigene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_St%C3%B6cker" title="Helene Stöcker">Helene Stöcker</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_League_for_Sexual_Reform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115073920/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/WLSR.HTM">"Archive for Sexology"</a>. <i>Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/WLSR.HTM">the original</a> on 15 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humboldt-Universit%C3%A4t+zu+Berlin&rft.atitle=Archive+for+Sexology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hu-berlin.de%2Fsexology%2FGESUND%2FARCHIV%2FWLSR.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+League+for+Sexual+Reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoseSelwyn2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dose, Ralf; Selwyn, Pamela Eve (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/45313/summary">"The World League for Sexual Reform: Some possible approaches"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Sexuality" title="Journal of the History of Sexuality">Journal of the History of Sexuality</a></i>. <b>12</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>: 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.2003.0057">10.1353/sex.2003.0057</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142887092">142887092</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=The+World+League+for+Sexual+Reform%3A+Some+possible+approaches&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.2003.0057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142887092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dose&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft.au=Selwyn%2C+Pamela+Eve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F45313%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+League+for+Sexual+Reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigliottiEarl2020" class="citation book cs1">Gigliotti, Simone; Earl, Hilary, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118970492"><i>A Companion to the Holocaust</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118970492">10.1002/9781118970492</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97049-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97049-2"><bdi>978-1-118-97049-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1137736276">1137736276</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242907960">242907960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1137736276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242907960%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118970492&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97049-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fbook%2F10.1002%2F9781118970492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+League+for+Sexual+Reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeltliga_für_Sexualreform" class="citation web cs1">Weltliga für Sexualreform. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122131239/http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GIF/XWLSR_PL.JPG">"Principal Points of the League's Platform"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GIF/XWLSR_PL.JPG">the original</a> on November 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Principal+Points+of+the+League%27s+Platform&rft.au=Weltliga+f%C3%BCr+Sexualreform&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hu-berlin.de%2Fsexology%2FGESUND%2FARCHIV%2FGIF%2FXWLSR_PL.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+League+for+Sexual+Reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamagne2007" class="citation book cs1">Tamagne, Florence (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PW1GjP0_6Y4C&pg=PA82"><i>A History of Homosexuality in Europe, Vol. I & II: Berlin, London, Paris 1919-1939</i></a>. Algora Publishing. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-357-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87586-357-3"><bdi>978-0-87586-357-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Homosexuality+in+Europe%2C+Vol.+I+%26+II%3A+Berlin%2C+London%2C+Paris+1919-1939&rft.pages=82-83&rft.pub=Algora+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87586-357-3&rft.aulast=Tamagne&rft.aufirst=Florence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPW1GjP0_6Y4C%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+League+for+Sexual+Reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralf Dose, "The World League for Sexual Reform: Some Possible Approaches", <i>Journal for the History of Sexuality</i> 12:1, pp. 1–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asn_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asn_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Croall, <i>Neill of Summerhill: The Permanent Rebel</i>. Taylor & Francis, 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710093004" title="Special:BookSources/0710093004">0710093004</a>, (p. 173).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Burman, "Better and Brighter Clothes; The Men's Dress Reform Party, 1929–1940". <i>Journal of Design History</i>, vol 8, no 4, 1995, pp. 275–290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alice Calaprice, <i>The Ultimate Quotable Einstein</i>. Princeton University Press, 2011, (p. 413) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691138176" title="Special:BookSources/0691138176">0691138176</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Times1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Times1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>, <i>League For Sexual Reform International Congress Opened</i>, 9 September 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newscategoryid=1&newsstoryid=10678">"News - The University of Sydney"</a>. <i>Sydney.edu.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sydney.edu.au&rft.atitle=News+-+The+University+of+Sydney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsydney.edu.au%2Fnews%2F84.html%3Fnewscategoryid%3D1%26newsstoryid%3D10678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorld+League+for+Sexual+Reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivan Crozier, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3704509">"All the World's a Stage": Dora Russell, Norman Haire, and the 1929 London World League for Sexual Reform Congress</a>, <i>Journal for the History of Sexuality</i> 12:1 (Jan. 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesley A. Hall, <i>The Life and Times of Stella Browne: Feminist and Free Spirit</i>. I. B. Tauris, 2011, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1848855834" title="Special:BookSources/1848855834">1848855834</a>, (p. 153, 173–74).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sk_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sk_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britta McEwen, <i>Sexual Knowledge: Feeling, Fact, and Social Reform in Vienna, 1900–1934</i>. Berghahn Books, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0857453386" title="Special:BookSources/0857453386">0857453386</a>, (pp. 175–177, 193).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison Blunt and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Wills" title="Jane Wills">Jane Wills</a>, <i>Dissident Geographies: An Introduction to Radical Ideas and Practice</i>. Pearson Education, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0582294894" title="Special:BookSources/0582294894">0582294894</a>, (pp. 140–141).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135504824">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1096186-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96022286">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="World League for Sexual Reform"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk2014813800&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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