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His 13-year-long reign was markedly undisturbed by turmoil, which earned him his epithets, and is thus often contrasted to the troublesome reigns of his father, [[James II of Majorca|James II]], and nephew, [[James III of Majorca|James III]], his predecessor and successor respectively. == Youth == Sancho was one of five children and the second son of [[James II of Majorca|James II]] and [[Esclaramunda of Foix]]. He was born in [[Pina, Mallorca]] around 1274. His father ruled the [[Kingdom of Majorca]] and adjacent fiefs under the suzerainty of his brother and afterwards nephews, the [[kings of Aragon]]. James's attempts to free himself of this vassalage led to his deposition by his nephew, King [[Alfonso III of Aragon]], in 1286. Sancho, his mother and his elder brother, [[James of Majorca (monk)|James]], were taken captives by their cousin. The Queen was released but the brothers were kept in close confinement for several years, sometimes in irons. The [[Treaty of Anagni]] in 1295 secured their release by King [[James II of Aragon]] as well as the return of the [[Balearic islands]] to their father.<ref name=Shelley/> Following the release, the princes were sent to the French royal court in Paris for education.<ref name=cervantes>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/bib/historia/monarquia/sancho_im.shtml|title=Sancho de Mallorca (1311-1324)|first=Pau|last=Cateura Bennàsser|publisher=Catedrático de Historia Medieval de la UIB |website=www.cervantesvritual.com}}</ref> Sancho's family was noted for its religious zeal. When in 1299 his elder brother, [[James of Majorca (monk)|James]], renounced his right to the throne to become a Franciscan, Sancho became [[heir apparent]] to his father's dominions.<ref name=Sarfaty>{{cite book|title=Columbus Re-Discovered|last=Sarfaty|first=David E.|publisher=Dorrance Publishing|year=2010|page=86|isbn=978-1434997500}}</ref> He was officially recognized as such in 1302 despite his poor health, for the alternative was his younger brother [[Ferdinand of Majorca|Ferdinand]], with whom their father was at odds.<ref name=cervantes/> == Personal life == [[File:Palacio del Rey Sancho. Torre defensiva. Valldemossa.jpg|thumb|left|A tower at King Sancho's palace in Valldemossa]] A [[proxy marriage]] with [[Maria of Naples|Maria]], daughter of King [[Charles II of Naples]], took place in September 1304, only three months after Sancho's sister [[Sancha of Majorca|Sancha]] married Maria's brother [[Robert of Naples|Robert]]. Sancho and Maria married in person five years later. The unions were part of a large-scale effort to achieve peace between the [[House of Barcelona]], which ruled the kingdoms of Aragon, Majorca and [[Kingdom of Trinacria|Sicily]], and the [[Capetian House of Anjou]], which ruled the [[Kingdom of Naples]]. Sancho's union with Maria was suggested by his cousin James II of Aragon, who was already married to Maria's sister [[Blanche of Anjou|Blanche]]. Yet another sister-in-law of Sancho, [[Eleanor of Naples, Queen of Sicily|Eleanor]], married his cousin (James II of Aragon's brother) [[Frederick III of Sicily]].<ref name=cervantes/> Sancho was of delicate constitution and prone to [[asthma]],<ref name=Shelley/> prompting him to spend much of his time enjoying fresh air in the uplands. He thus established his residence in [[Valldemossa]]; the [[Valldemossa Charterhouse]] was later built on the site of Sancho's palace.<ref name=Colas/> The King also loved sports; he introduced [[partridge]]s to the islands and passed severe [[anti-poaching]] laws. Pious but nevertheless notoriously lecherous, Sancho had three mistresses and at least four illegitimate daughters and an illegitimate son who entered a religious order.<ref name=Shelley/> == Reign == Sancho became king upon James II's death on 29 May 1311. In his early reign, Sancho struggled to continue his father's policy of stabilising the kingdom, but the major city of the realm, [[Palma de Mallorca]], fought for autonomy. The relations with Aragon were for the most part cordial throughout his reign. He was quick to answer James II of Aragon's call to [[Aragonese Corts|Corts]] and assist him in the conquest of Sardinia.<ref name=Shelley/> At the Corts, he swore fealty to his cousin in full view of the assembled legislators,<ref name=Abulafia/> which assured James so much that he absolved Sancho from obligations to attend his future Corts.<ref name=Shelley/> Sancho extorted money from the realm's Jewish population in order to build a powerful navy that would rival that of the [[maritime republics]] of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoa]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], but his grandiose plans came to nothing. The King's attitude towards his Jewish subjects changed throughout his reign. He was infuriated in 1315 by the scandalous conversion of two German Christians to Judaism on the island, and responded by severely fining the Jews and confiscating all their property, including the synagogue. He also deprived them of all "privileges, liberties and immunities" granted by himself and his predecessors. He later allowed Jews to build a new synagogue, for which they had no resources, and in 1323 rewarded them financially for helping the royal treasury and for helping the construction of the [[Cathedral of Perpignan]].<ref name=Abulafia>{{cite book|title=A Mediterranean Emporium: The Catalan Kingdom of Majorca|last=Abulafia|first=David|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|pages=12, 28, 88|isbn=0521894050}}</ref> == Succession issues and death == [[File:Perpignan cath1.JPG|thumb|Sancho's tomb in the Cathedral of Perpignan, by [[Frederic Marès]]]] King Sancho's marriage was childless, which proved problematic in terms of succession. James II of Aragon claimed that the crown should revert to him if Sancho were to die leaving no legitimate issue, but Sancho himself was eager to prevent that. The elder of his two brothers, Ferdinand, had predeceased him; the younger, [[Philip of Majorca|Philip]], had also chosen an ecclesiastical career. Ferdinand, however, had left two sons, [[James III of Majorca|James]] and [[Ferdinand, Viscount of Aumelas|Ferdinand]], and in 1322 Sancho devised a will detailing the line of succession: should Sancho have no legitimate children, the crown was to pass to James, then to the younger Ferdinand, and only if both boys were to die childless to the King of Aragon. He then proceeded to prepare the realm for his underage nephew's accession by establishing a regency council consisting of six people, three from the Kingdom of Majorca and three from the counties of Roussillon and Cerdagne.<ref name=cervantes/> War almost broke out with the enraged King of Aragon, but Sancho had the support of King [[Charles IV of France]].<ref name=Colas>{{cite book|title=The Balearics, Islands of Enchantment|url=https://archive.org/details/balearicsislands00cola|url-access=registration|last=Colas|first=Jean Louis|publisher=Rand McNally|year=1967|pages=[https://archive.org/details/balearicsislands00cola/page/45 45]}}</ref> In the summer of 1324, the asthmatic Sancho sought to escape the heat of his kingdom by spending the season in [[Formiguères]]. The precaution was futile, however. He died of an asthma attack on 4 September 1324. His nephew, James III, succeeded him.<ref name=Shelley>{{cite book|title=Majorca|last=Shelley|first=Henry Charles|publisher=Methuen & Company|year=1926|pages=42–45, 187}}</ref> The arrival of Sancho's funeral procession on 11 September caused a tumult in Perpignan, with the townspeople attacking the nobles who accompanied his corpse and seizing the King's remains. The remains are now interred in the newly built Cathedral of Perpignan, which Sancho himself had chosen for his burial.<ref name=Daileader>{{cite book|title=True Citizens: Violence, Memory, and Identity in the Medieval Community of Perpignan, 1162-1397|last=Daileader|first=Philip|publisher=BRILL|year=2000|pages=105|isbn=9004115714}}</ref> ==Family tree== {{tree chart/start|align=center}} {{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |James|James=[[James I of Aragon]]}} {{tree chart| | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }} {{tree chart| | | | |Peter| | | | | | | | | | | |James|Peter=[[Peter III of Aragon]]|James=[[James II of Majorca]]}} {{tree chart | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| }} {{tree chart |Alfon| |James| |Frede| | Jim | |Sanch| |Ferdi| |Philip|Alfon=[[Alfonso III of Aragon]]|James=[[James II of Aragon]],<br>I of Sicily||Frede=[[Frederick III of Sicily]]|Jim=[[James of Majorca (monk)|James of Majorca]]|Sanch=Sancho of Majorca|Ferdi=[[Ferdinand of Majorca]]|Philip=[[Philip of Majorca]]}} {{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }} {{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |James|James=[[James III of Majorca]]}} {{tree chart/end}} == References == {{reflist}} {{S-start}} {{S-hou|[[House of Barcelona]]|c.|1274|4 September|1324}} {{S-reg}} {{S-bef|before=[[James II of Majorca|James II]]}} {{S-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Majorca|King of Majorca]]<br>[[Count of Roussillon]] and [[Count of Cerdanya|Cerdagne]]<br>[[Lords of Montpellier|Lord of Montpellier]]|years=1311–1324}} {{S-aft|after=[[James III of Majorca|James III]]}} |- {{S-end}} {{Infantes of Aragon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sancho Of Majorca}} [[Category:1270s births]] [[Category:1324 deaths]] [[Category:Monarchs of Majorca]] [[Category:Counts of Cerdanya]] [[Category:Counts of Roussillon]] [[Category:Lords of Montpellier]] [[Category:House of Aragon]] [[Category:Deaths from asthma]] [[Category:14th-century people from the Kingdom of Aragon]] 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