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class="jet-breadcrumbs__item-target">How to ensure the ethical interpretation of data forensics</span></div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-58f5e72 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="58f5e72" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7ad664d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="7ad664d" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c8bc29d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="c8bc29d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <span class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Blog</span> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1d529b5 sd_max-width-850 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="1d529b5" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">How to ensure the ethical interpretation of data forensics</h1> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0c6521b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="0c6521b" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-cc12bdb jedv-enabled--yes elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="cc12bdb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <h2 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Nicole Tucker, MA, Senior Director, Statistical Reporting and Analytics, PSI</h2> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2c2e5dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-jet-listing-dynamic-field" data-id="2c2e5dd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="jet-listing-dynamic-field.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="jet-listing jet-listing-dynamic-field display-inline"><div class="jet-listing-dynamic-field__inline-wrap"><div class="jet-listing-dynamic-field__content">November 11, 2024</div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-daad6ce e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="daad6ce" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-587073e elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="587073e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <span class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Share:</span> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ee0ddcd elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-framed elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-share-buttons--color-custom elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons" 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88h-42L364.4 421.8z"></path></svg> </span> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-grid-item"> <div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_email" role="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Share on email" > <span class="elementor-share-btn__icon"> <svg class="e-font-icon-svg e-fas-envelope" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"></path></svg> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e9b166a sd_post-details e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="e9b166a" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0f54845 sd_post-details elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content" data-id="0f54845" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="theme-post-content.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <p>I had already started considering the topic of data forensics and ethics for this blog when I was asked about fairness at a recent conference. The ethical interpretation of data forensics is clearly a topic on people’s minds in the testing industry.</p> <p>Concerns are understandable when the pace of change is so rapid. The options available to increase <a href="/test-sponsors/test-security/">test security</a> are constantly evolving and improving, and the field of data forensics is an important part of this. We are developing new tools and techniques all the time – moving closer to real time data forensics and real time decision making. But as with other changes and developments in the testing world, we must be mindful of the impact data forensics might have on our test takers.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Importance of ethical data forensics</h2> <p>When it comes to online testing, a <a href="/data-forensics-guide/">data forensics program</a> uses statistical detection methods to find anomalies in the testing data that might indicate malpractice. When an anomaly is found, a flag is raised. Identifying suspicious patterns supports early detection and investigation of potential misconduct.</p> <p>So, why is ethical interpretation of these suspicious data patterns important? I often recall a central principle of medicine – do no harm – when I think about data forensics in testing. Our aim is to protect the test without harming the test taker, or their ability to improve their situation in life through the test. We want to pass the test takers who deserve to pass and stop those who don’t have the required knowledge and skills yet to hold the license or certification.</p> <p>When someone chooses to take a certification or licensure exam, they are doing it to improve their life. It is a courageous step and we do not want to create unnecessary barriers. If we make a mistake and take punitive action against someone who does not deserve it – such as invalidating a test result without sufficient evidence– we are doing harm.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Principles for ethical data forensics</h2> <p>By creating equitable and fair test security policies and processes, we can minimize the risk of doing harm. An example is generating data forensics results that are clear and highly unlikely to be due to chance, based on multiple data points. At PSI, our data forensics programs use multiple indices like response similarity, errors in common, abnormal item and test time, incongruent score patterns, and pass rate elevation.</p> <p>Equally, data forensics is not necessarily the only element to consider when making a decision. It is best practice to draw from multiple sources, including proctoring irregularity flags, tip offs, trend data, or audio and video recordings, for example. When data forensics raises a flag, it’s important to investigate and validate, leveraging as many data points or evidence available to piece the information together and draw a conclusion.</p> <p>An essential first step is to develop and communicate a policy stating how decisions will be made as part of a data forensics program. Any decision should then be policy based, to ensure outcomes are equitable and fair. Clear processes and a means to appeal should be contained within the policy and communicated to test takers.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Key stages for ethical interpretation</h2> <p>When supported by these principles, data forensic flags don’t exist in isolation. They are part of a bigger test security picture and process that is followed before any punitive action is taken:</p> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li>When something is flagged by data forensics but there is insufficient evidence to act, monitor the situation and make all parties aware.</li> <li>When further evidence becomes available, launch an investigation that brings together all the available information.</li> <li>Collate the findings from the investigation, including data forensics results, to draw a conclusion.</li> </ol> <p><strong><a href="/knowledge-hub/data-forensics-case-studies-from-our-team-of-experts/">Read our blog: Data forensics case studies from our team of experts.</a></strong></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Human involvement for ethical interpretation</h2> <p>As well as involving multiple pieces of information, data forensics should not be a plug and play model. Any data point, including flags from online proctoring or identity checks, is just a tool to help us gather information. A human being should be behind any decision made based on data forensics outcomes.</p> <p>At PSI this initially involves the individual analyst who identifies a data anomaly that might indicate malpractice. This is followed by internal PSI peer review for a second opinion and then a full team review. We challenge each other and enjoy these robust discussions, which contribute to our continuous learning about the changing test security landscape.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Advice for testing organizations</h2> <p>As well as human involvement in decision making, you should always receive your data forensics results in a written report for further consideration. My strong recommendation is to take the opportunity to go through the reports with your data forensics team. Discussing your data forensics report with experts means findings are less open to misinterpretation. Not all organizations take this opportunity, but in my experience these discussions help both the testing organization and PSI to understand what is happening. You have the context and PSI has the analysis – the strength lies in the combination.</p> <p><a href="/knowledge-hub/how-to-use-data-forensics-in-the-assessment-lifecycle-to-increase-test-security/"><strong>Read our advice guide on how to use data forensics in the assessment lifecycle to increase test security.</strong></a></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Don’t wait until you’re sick</h2> <p>My final piece of advice returns to a medical analogy. Don’t wait until you’re sick to go to the doctor. Just because you visit the doctor for a health check, it doesn’t mean there’s a problem. Much like data forensics, a check-up might find a concern that you can then take steps to address. Not knowing about it won’t make it go away. And if your results are clear, it means you can build the right program for your test takers based on that knowledge.</p> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6b7b139 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="6b7b139" data-element_type="container" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c429370 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-template" data-id="c429370" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="template.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-template"> <div data-elementor-type="section" data-elementor-id="22599" class="elementor elementor-22599 elementor-location-single" data-elementor-post-type="elementor_library"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5242c7e6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-parent" data-id="5242c7e6" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-390ee19c 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Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys"> <details id="e-n-accordion-item-1920" class="e-n-accordion-item" open> <summary class="e-n-accordion-item-title" data-accordion-index="1" tabindex="0" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="e-n-accordion-item-1920" > <span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class="e-n-accordion-item-title-text"> Test Takers </div></span> <span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'> <span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#clip0_6584_50079)"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.665 24.33C19.1074 24.33 24.33 19.1074 24.33 12.665C24.33 6.2226 19.1074 1 12.665 1C6.2226 1 1 6.2226 1 12.665C1 19.1074 6.2226 24.33 12.665 24.33ZM12.665 25.33C19.6597 25.33 25.33 19.6597 25.33 12.665C25.33 5.67031 19.6597 0 12.665 0C5.67031 0 0 5.67031 0 12.665C0 19.6597 5.67031 25.33 12.665 25.33Z" 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data-id="a17cc02" data-element_type="container"> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1920" class="elementor-element elementor-element-04798e4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="04798e4" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-94cd1dd elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="94cd1dd" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-takers/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Find Your Test</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9d0e2c1 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="9d0e2c1" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-takers/support/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Taker Support</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f6923df elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="f6923df" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-takers/resources/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Taker Resources</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f3b4993 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="f3b4993" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psionlinestore.com/" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Prep Store</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </details> <details id="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="e-n-accordion-item" > <summary class="e-n-accordion-item-title" data-accordion-index="2" tabindex="-1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="e-n-accordion-item-1921" > <span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class="e-n-accordion-item-title-text"> Test Owners </div></span> <span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'> <span class='e-opened' ><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#clip0_6584_50079)"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.665 24.33C19.1074 24.33 24.33 19.1074 24.33 12.665C24.33 6.2226 19.1074 1 12.665 1C6.2226 1 1 6.2226 1 12.665C1 19.1074 6.2226 24.33 12.665 24.33ZM12.665 25.33C19.6597 25.33 25.33 19.6597 25.33 12.665C25.33 5.67031 19.6597 0 12.665 0C5.67031 0 0 5.67031 0 12.665C0 19.6597 5.67031 25.33 12.665 25.33Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M12 13.3333H8V12H12V8H13.3333V12H17.3333V13.3333H13.3333V17.3333H12V13.3333Z" fill="currentColor"></path></g></svg></span> <span class='e-closed'><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none"><g clip-path="url(#clip0_6584_50079)"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M12.665 24.33C19.1074 24.33 24.33 19.1074 24.33 12.665C24.33 6.2226 19.1074 1 12.665 1C6.2226 1 1 6.2226 1 12.665C1 19.1074 6.2226 24.33 12.665 24.33ZM12.665 25.33C19.6597 25.33 25.33 19.6597 25.33 12.665C25.33 5.67031 19.6597 0 12.665 0C5.67031 0 0 5.67031 0 12.665C0 19.6597 5.67031 25.33 12.665 25.33Z" fill="currentColor"></path><path d="M12 13.3333H8V12H12V8H13.3333V12H17.3333V13.3333H13.3333V17.3333H12V13.3333Z" fill="currentColor"></path></g></svg></span> </span> </summary> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-212b6c6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="212b6c6" data-element_type="container"> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-48243bf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child" data-id="48243bf" data-element_type="container"> <div class="e-con-inner"> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-4aad7c5 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="4aad7c5" data-element_type="container"> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-9ccc2aa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="9ccc2aa" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1fb4036 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="1fb4036" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Overview</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d8ed43e elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="d8ed43e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/test-delivery/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Delivery</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-fedcdb0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="fedcdb0" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a6f2db3 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="a6f2db3" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/test-delivery/multi-modal/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Multi-Modal Testing</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c7a5e13 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="c7a5e13" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/test-delivery/test-center-network/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Center Network</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-574b326 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="574b326" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/test-delivery/online-proctoring/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Online Proctoring</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-97d2c5a elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="97d2c5a" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/test-development/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Development</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2f0fd2b elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="2f0fd2b" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/test-security/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Security</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-1157340 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1157340" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e9fde49 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="e9fde49" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/grow-your-credentialing-programs/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Grow Your Program</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-93a3116 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="93a3116" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/test-taker-experience/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Taker Experience</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-24fc2e7 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="24fc2e7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/test-preparation/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Test Preparation</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-bb553bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="bb553bc" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-78b067e elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="78b067e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/test-sponsors/psi-programs/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">PSI Programs</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d3b8d2f elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="d3b8d2f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://hiset.org/" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">HiSET®</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8c03c29 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="8c03c29" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://skillsforenglish.com/" target="_blank"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Skills for English™</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-c4d38b4 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="c4d38b4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-divider"> <span class="elementor-divider-separator"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-23f61b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="23f61b3" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-968fc90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="968fc90" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <span class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Your Sector</span> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-cdcfc6f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="cdcfc6f" data-element_type="container"> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-bdd17bc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="bdd17bc" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6a8cff4 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="6a8cff4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="/certification/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Certification</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-1d2acf2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="1d2acf2" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6efc7a8 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="6efc7a8" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/certification/admissions/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Admissions</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b949079 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="b949079" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/certification/awarding-organizations/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Awarding Organizations</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2f41ddf elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="2f41ddf" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/certification/government/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Government</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-fcbbb0d elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="fcbbb0d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/certification/healthcare/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Healthcare</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-2e8c21f elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="2e8c21f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/certification/it/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">IT</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-79e3f75 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="79e3f75" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/certification/professional/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Professional Associations</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-a670ac6 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="a670ac6" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/federal/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Federal</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-022828a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="022828a" data-element_type="container"> <div role="region" aria-labelledby="e-n-accordion-item-1921" class="elementor-element elementor-element-8059922 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child" data-id="8059922" data-element_type="container"> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-eb3ab59 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="eb3ab59" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div class="elementor-widget-container"> <div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm" href="https://www.psiexams.com/licensure/"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Licensure</span> </span> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b84d5bc elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="b84d5bc" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"> <div 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