CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "bioguide.congress.gov",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '8e8843537b54880d',cH: 'a73TP41Bq4uiYyeXM0iD7RwbAD9p.Mv4C6e0FmAPv4M-1732607168-1.2.1.1-hy2uHxeHtfFx74ME6h9jaWp69L1BbgGFVFOhaj3AkvKBs87qoucmoYaFi05XvYKs',cUPMDTk: "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=S000474&__cf_chl_tk=9TjHlAPLXAz.cbd636IBOw4N.o5Yd6sbnTqNmX_Btvg-1732607168-1.0.1.1-aUcLV2yfE8EauVTLEYkdvXWby2CrjqIAJoYZ_5QLNVw",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1732607168',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=S000474&__cf_chl_f_tk=9TjHlAPLXAz.cbd636IBOw4N.o5Yd6sbnTqNmX_Btvg-1732607168-1.0.1.1-aUcLV2yfE8EauVTLEYkdvXWby2CrjqIAJoYZ_5QLNVw",md: "PRZQN7x4iFQXH.OZf2Sp7m5RMj9fx1BIX4qQv9MtlFI-1732607168-1.2.1.1-Lm.p8lRxr3XXDJS_SiXxNZsffBW_HlNrCiNixb4r.5jjzgSTE4QVLeLNm8CN37gFlY.MjbSfbRBdB.DS1.PG4IIayw1Hhew60eQzfX0mdjw0XtUVwW5xOKlQivUZ.2sGjIUXFLzuUj13LK02YVPm9_fgHmSkFW5mPzNzFqwIyr5PzGuc_AyloyeogTkKl9OO9Vn6uP1KIEbvw1fZxf.DRiEI0KJrhzNOSQeTEftoXXcw.ViqXs1kfL0Sx9418my.byfhV_.YjublsQ2Sm2O3taba0Bt6WgzoFacd9mKwDB5nc9A1NnIGZpf2hDKveW0yhKsK0.uXK6adyM96KBBrdRSDPf6O0UgfDPpDRPUEktVz3kk5I2JWRz8STxj_oSOYbTmaDVyPpp2aC_Hh9KNkvF2QmB6ayg.OH2Oa729.po.IWNOOFS6cutN2BhLqFjYjr1MZ3_7OIh_DU3jD5zbj_YKoTEHWRfh4uak9tpSXfOHj4EB1NeVuIpioJnlHm0bBjFaGQHar52ojyQowqkJgmpZY5stLVmVF6L0aAf.5BDLHv1..OruUM5_dzUJqD_Gfo3LM8VqhJ_f.IY6ELHKSB31o_5iheZZNxXDbuy.yMfihae_Hf7lHYq5SB5WoOvj2sPQy4sQG_5XK2vpZr.uvvffIxDgvgYilFhFpftBpgtHItrAo0ZlxB.NBMAyoED36ehStGvFjyJcRAmhJzzoTOQCyD5XCISYsUGhtEpuL6lorJYINlTmNFEnlANwo0ZdOikGUwYI5rZJwhIzPw7nUTsQH4PydQep5of78ESRNtoYAGx1OU0QYqDtXrhsD7wCRCGn93N5Tspxf7BAUWxG2MtUL4SpNZ222_8aa3zdOy3JrYU1pB08h9HNWAmsrMenfaa7LVLbFp0COD8c2auCSiyIBWNvkeJnU8bE_QFQM8l92kKS4WY0KNBx.AwJngkox3dM_DNzZQxdugAyM5NHTXW7qSoAiDVw2yANHRrMzvhr2xqLu9jJUmx90GjJPQc4HqKtXXanFSR.nbXYvoSeyMAs8OlQEvuEgihU2GELd4PToT3o6ln2r2EphRGYbiPlNsoGums1svRaHXBGwHmR.3kPoGJGUKuuqGaZz0fF9u.iIff7fpX3aFBDqvOagJGtHW8pdrVNong9Gzz9GWCkC5chHNIhguKjfOHX.HEHGmJo_7pzbk5tA8NOpGsISy5UBX0t8BrPHLsIjJyPGyhvZmyd2fl7H7juu2Tibv1Kx59cHBUd9C97u6C0Wc7LnA_sabNUjqXylDsvL3HRO1.opwEbGIOCQkhr8teghLqfxzoGfNPWxwj2bdk141FgxrhABimOYWykg3f5EHGa8i4QzN0GzfVhwVrhXPcpEUrZWWIEFAm7jJYfPc7kiCE0W1peseXfUpT8HJ62.Q7xyGvEZl4gz2qUlDbVkvfT3MP4MU6xXHJoJ0Lw5q7nLJOx8gQ_.A.rdY6bBxmrSuWu6grTocmou_s9FPdY5Oco_WS2n.8pnIioaXJy3S.Sk8cwR4fjij_oq8xIz29EXbn3u_zt5tCeS2UQPRO_WY8IRH3u7YUTZCyOAbOQ5tUreyCw9EwZ1vSZbxdBKK40TTIiKg2U3IPFsh_cyJOaY63oB3Bchxl.iDGvUvl4ltxHd2wwMUzIvRw3RzVPNYeL_VwiFj3NZHCFoIBiMMfSErjosaGpyW3k186_iMZpCLeeyXax4cWVHs9hxSqtIL4V.INUsutabVLB0W9ItmjxHfKWp0y.cdgJwAcQIWyZ.LuOHqKBMrkFiG79JzspFLwP.HQ8j4Y3mRoH43FCCm0gpiuKRDzJFrmd1sYLJa7Bpr4h1NGSNAwjZ5hQIZVy0eS4m8Mz.uBTN.SBZ7bKE1Mz_mjCzyA07Xa2Mn9sMR0EkYdabVntbyo05OelBgBljExidNS0uWx_Ocpe7lnr8BSD6uM2iSEp3mouAt5AG3DGiCZvqtywgDkT7h5Yo0Vp_X.zJPTNFXJJmeGFlipaHy0JPpvCqLrAFUGQ",mdrd: "GMuEvghhJLQ1BUU_RaS8hnlWRUNCpEm6D0cmcz72HG4-1732607168-1.2.1.1-N35tfpcqP2tkjTOIFJLBpxOtZn8l.r0jd7VBlm.UM7xfaw9uy0AXqDn3Vv4k9aAsoj27uKO.win2OyoNn4mU47v05610yr7qJxd8w9sMweI7_.NU.K.QempopLk8fHsm03kbSzVGlF5s9fP29Bo.3BrYWCkWrCzNTnh.tEMZKP9LjjSwkioDtftyC4iUXH8hyqujNSwi4vFj3v0tN9lLF.uNMzFQFFA7i7nWGugYlbmhnLL8lNskQgT67UuSV8haFGn0HX7y8x57tu9KSqgLFCk4B5XtyA31vmOTcItBym2kAmjMAHWIIIKdWn7yCm0r81ncSk6rFHWRJTaCmKfTrN4Ldf8mwIUYZpsPr6IGwn8DDvAloF9a2kiTRCdbzgPuV8PA.AkKSaZfCvt0CIjMlF2u2YWFaGvrFF3ykjxbR4Q5ZrJrU90VFGEYFK2MZuFLyAnKKBtHWgavz5sLqHm6sOpDE8ffbAP1GtRb7B.PWjKBNGh8elffZmf1ssJze2Uzl_zPmbsqnNVgD8s3J.dP4BhWsnLYhY6TNPIlacaE2o4flWAAg2mm5qOrfyzd2kXvC.tAFG8FYio7gY._S0x1WrTyqoTldYNZ7jZYWawk0oFsi2MW0CyMvfbMQBp0CrG_sHqSF89p29HZjcjs5b9Jb0CEbtDdqNe4h9Caf6D1_aFKXV9p4dUsXLaz2j5a1Yi5cwyt9HffOXsLUU21wY0twxEZd.Oz8PwGkjqhmodz0AZ2go18EWqIqtQXaPDjqagPsvgZF1dOx_K8XReAgnNjvv3p.y.B0vLSqeX8xAKWiiqVyyaQm6.xdNchD.G9tOIKXWlE3kHDYIsYYaVK61DNSk0TpZXWRyrhzU5XJdO9kbEnxlPrM9atQQpYUgxt0WaKEX3MpIeIu9iDdQ6V.FV7qiKDCy9kKoUzVVCF4Se3D5o.yjJMsQexmiWdyAnmt8kVstFBUNPnpVqOfgF1ucI2enTWoLLydNFxSHgO_DYWe9zG5D5qz5vptkJHw5Z53d_LjxpfC8bvUW8NFPZwRHYeegOf0ahy2umeZfKx.Mvv2Cjjw1ZHRIMMRC4gQXEn05SnvOzRxxoqmcnCEXFuG8idKsB.TZwouULwiLGcgakU53KAMdTb33HkYNQmcJrEX4pMEYKYY47RLqdqs4uNjtmtX9oP6Fr3M.XN9RjCN1jtURTFoWyMtd55P3Q47rlk8maw9YzwDBl4lzbtGxh7yTZrhZcltAepl4iGGNP0q6CaC9LM6BZS77W8ZGjheWaWBfgsn2L8bHYZM4_vrhpO13LlgH7krzfOWRSx8L2Zc8GCs2TlbdIiD51nc1zsNxY_CW3AWPvk8jBXPnEash19AJTVgJqa5UlbRLrZ0T.DO1oY8C7DyeJm5tX_8LyhTjAmVyy6.4eq.Q7az7Wv.VAzeQVgeDsW.ai49sI6RZ6KQHYBhXKkjt2IU9_3FC7i3nlUEzXiZthsPYe16DxKbIdUmbf2LmWsZh_QBdjJQRjMZVfCBDaB2sLtu1cI8QsWoEveFweMsS8TmWKG8nuoyOD1s8hXYNXpNUW3NC9iy8ba6O5R.O3YjpylylQ0CJdi4ys2WXA13nhN3Ek2vqFopoYQmBs25QpD10XhtbjXQHBmQezJDDPXl59gSdWtieKfv_fGlGe06Hw6M9JbzheR3rLSI2Rjize6D0Wuo_s6iQu6hzeY03FSSkM8h1vorlweR6wICIEfu.lxSS5A8iU8kucm8a_jNGX.ObnBe41pbmZxA6tB8WurayVp8Bk1nm8.m2yK0ZA6Z_uScvhWVe6fi4aVmSViLV3xdFz8WVpl9ARmnI8aOY6cckZmWKa63sucONWdtHLb79a6hfJtTxyqq1NA_pNkSndWYa7aXtZv8_soq4qresBHX6uUc8okvDWc4d4GfOkDrZjb2nNCYWUxWsZ3ca_7Vgh4VFDYKO7fJ3PRIjIn9VJsy_Iq6685z4zHWBbo_9YJ"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8e8843537b54880d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/scripts\/biodisplay.pl?index=S000474&__cf_chl_rt_tk=9TjHlAPLXAz.cbd636IBOw4N.o5Yd6sbnTqNmX_Btvg-1732607168-1.0.1.1-aUcLV2yfE8EauVTLEYkdvXWby2CrjqIAJoYZ_5QLNVw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>