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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breakthrough_pain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakthrough_pain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Breakthrough pain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakthrough_pain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palliative_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palliative_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.3 Palliative care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palliative_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.4 Combat medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_difficulties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_difficulties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.5 Breathing difficulties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_difficulties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Adverse effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adverse effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Respiratory_depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Respiratory depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_and_blood_vessels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_and_blood_vessels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Heart and blood vessels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_and_blood_vessels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscle_rigidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscle_rigidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Muscle rigidity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscle_rigidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wooden_chest_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wooden_chest_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Wooden chest syndrome </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wooden_chest_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Fentanyl_fold"_posture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Fentanyl_fold"_posture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 "Fentanyl fold" posture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Fentanyl_fold"_posture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Overdose </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Overdose subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-False_reports_by_police_of_poisonings_through_secondary_exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_reports_by_police_of_poisonings_through_secondary_exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 False reports by police of poisonings through secondary exposure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_reports_by_police_of_poisonings_through_secondary_exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure-activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure-activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Structure-activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fentanyl_analogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fentanyl_analogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Fentanyl analogs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fentanyl_analogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Therapeutic effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_in_biological_fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_in_biological_fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Detection in biological fluids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_in_biological_fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_for_harm_reduction_purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_for_harm_reduction_purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Detection for harm reduction purposes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_for_harm_reduction_purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Synthesis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Synthesis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Janssen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janssen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Janssen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janssen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siegfried" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siegfried"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Siegfried </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siegfried-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gupta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gupta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Gupta </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gupta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Suh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Recreational use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Brand names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_and_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_and_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Storage and disposal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_and_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Notable deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Governmental usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recalls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recalls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Recalls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recalls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterinary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterinary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Veterinary use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterinary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fentanyl</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" > 58 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84" title="فينتانيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فينتانيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="فنتانیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فنتانیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ফেন্টানাইল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফেন্টানাইল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Фентанил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фентанил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffentanyl" title="Ffentanyl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffentanyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentan%C3%BC%C3%BCl" title="Fentanüül – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fentanüül" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Φαιντανύλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαιντανύλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanilo" title="Fentanilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fentanilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanilo" title="Fentanilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fentanilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanilo" title="Fentanilo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fentanilo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="فنتانیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فنتانیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feantainil" title="Feantainil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Feantainil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanilo" title="Fentanilo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fentanilo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%9C%ED%83%80%EB%8B%90" title="펜타닐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펜타닐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Ֆենտանիլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆենտանիլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C" title="פנטניל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנטניל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84" title="فینٹینیل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فینٹینیل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanili" title="Fentanili – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fentanili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanils" title="Fentanils – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fentanils" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanilis" title="Fentanilis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fentanilis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD" title="ഫെന്റാനിൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫെന്റാനിൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AB" title="フェンタニル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェンタニル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2" title="ଫେଣ୍ଟାନିଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫେଣ୍ଟାନିଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2" title="ਫੈਂਟਾਨਿਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੈਂਟਾਨਿਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Фентанил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фентанил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyyli" title="Fentanyyli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fentanyyli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fentanyl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="เฟนทานิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฟนทานิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fentanil" title="Fentanil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fentanil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Фентаніл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фентаніл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84" title="فینٹینائل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فینٹینائل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%DB%95%D8%B3" title="جانكەس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جانكەس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" 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You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fentanyl" title="Talk:Fentanyl">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate. (February 2025) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Fentanyl</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Fentanyl2DCSD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fentanyl2DCSD.svg/220px-Fentanyl2DCSD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fentanyl2DCSD.svg/330px-Fentanyl2DCSD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Fentanyl2DCSD.svg/440px-Fentanyl2DCSD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="875" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Fentanyl-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fentanyl-xtal-3D-balls.png/250px-Fentanyl-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fentanyl-xtal-3D-balls.png/330px-Fentanyl-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Fentanyl-xtal-3D-balls.png/500px-Fentanyl-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfɛntənɪl/</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Actiq, Duragesic, Sublimaze, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/fentanyl-citrate.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605043.html">a605043</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: C</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">High<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Very high<a href="#cite_note-PMID_28735776-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buccal_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buccal mucosa">Buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidural" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidural">epidural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrathecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecal">intrathecal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual">sublingual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N01" title="ATC code N01">N01AH01</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N01AH01">WHO</a>) <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02" title="ATC code N02">N02AB03</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=N02AB03">WHO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons#Schedule_8" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">S8</a> (Controlled drug)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_A1" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class A1</a> (Narcotic drugs)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_I" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Schedule I</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_German_Narcotic_Drugs_Act#Anlage_III" title="Drugs controlled by the German Narcotic Drugs Act">Anlage III</a> (Special prescription form required)</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="New Zealand">NZ</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1975#Class_B" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1975">Class B</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_A_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class A</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">WARNING</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-3">[3]</a><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act#Schedule_II" title="Controlled Substances Act">Schedule II</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs#List_of_controlled_narcotic_drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Narcotic Schedule I</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>: Rx-only<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">Transdermal</a>: 92%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intranasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal">Intranasal</a>: 89%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">Buccal</a>: 50%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">By mouth</a>: 33%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">Inhalation</a>: 80%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">Intramuscular</a>: 100%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a>: 100%</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80–85%<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>, primarily by <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5 minutes<a href="#cite_note-Cl2010-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="Intravaneous">IV</abbr>: 6 mins (T1/2 α) 1 hours (T1/2 β) 16 hours (T1/2 ɣ)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Intranasal: 15–25 hours<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> Transdermal: 20–27 hours<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> Sublingual: 5–13.5 hours<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> Buccal: 3.2–6.4 hours<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics#Duration_of_action" title="Pharmacodynamics">Duration of action</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="Intravaneous">IV</abbr>: 30–60 minutes<a href="#cite_note-Cl2010-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Mostly urinary (metabolites, < 10% unchanged drug)<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">N-phenyl-N-[1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-yl]propanamide</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=437-38-7">437-38-7</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3345">3345</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=1626">1626</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00813">DB00813</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.3228.html">3228</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/UF599785JZ">UF599785JZ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00320">D00320</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:119915">CHEBI:119915</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL596">ChEMBL596</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB ligand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>7V7 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe-srv/PDBeXplore/ligand/?ligand=7V7">PDBe</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/ligand/7V7">RCSB PDB</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID9023049">DTXSID9023049</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407541#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.006.468">100.006.468</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407541#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C22H28N2O</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">336.479 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC%28CC%29N%28C1CCN%28CC1%29CCc2ccccc2%29c3ccccc3">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">87.5 °C (189.5 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C(CC)N(C1CCN(CC1)CCc2ccccc2)c3ccccc3</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C22H28N2O/c1-2-22(25)24(20-11-7-4-8-12-20)21-14-17-23(18-15-21)16-13-19-9-5-3-6-10-19/h3-12,21H,2,13-18H2,1H3 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:PJMPHNIQZUBGLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=443760208&page2=Fentanyl">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Fentanyl is a highly potent synthetic <a href="/wiki/Piperidine" title="Piperidine">piperidine</a> <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioid</a> primarily used as an <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> (pain medication). It is 30 to 50 times more <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> than <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and 50 to 100 times more potent than <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Its primary <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">clinical utility</a> is in pain management for cancer patients and those recovering from painful surgeries.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Fentanyl is also used as a <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ramos-Matos_2022-13">[13]</a> Depending on the method of delivery, fentanyl can be very fast acting and ingesting a relatively small quantity can cause overdose.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Fentanyl works by activating <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a> Fentanyl is sold under the brand names Actiq, Duragesic, and Sublimaze, among others.<a href="#cite_note-National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse_2021-15">[15]</a> Pharmaceutical fentanyl's adverse effects are similar to those of other opioids and <a href="/wiki/Narcotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotics">narcotics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> including addiction, confusion, <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">respiratory depression</a> (which, if extensive and untreated, may lead to <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">respiratory arrest</a>), drowsiness, nausea, visual disturbances, <a href="/wiki/Dyskinesia" title="Dyskinesia">dyskinesia</a>, hallucinations, delirium, a subset of the latter known as "narcotic delirium", <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">narcotic ileus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">muscle rigidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, loss of consciousness, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, and death.<a href="#cite_note-Ramos-Matos_2022-13">[13]</a> Alcohol and other drugs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>) can synergistically exacerbate fentanyl's side effects. <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a> (also known as Narcan) can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose, but because fentanyl is so potent, multiple doses may be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse_2021-15">[15]</a> Fentanyl was first synthesized by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Janssen" title="Paul Janssen">Paul Janssen</a> in 1959 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2017-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stan1992-17">[17]</a> In 2015, 1,600 kilograms (3,500 pounds) were used in healthcare globally.<a href="#cite_note-UN2016-18">[18]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit">[update]</a>, fentanyl was the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_opioid" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic opioid">synthetic opioid</a> in medicine;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> in 2019, it was the 278th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than a million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO22nd-22">[22]</a> Fentanyl fuels an <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">epidemic of synthetic opioid drug overdose deaths in the United States</a>. From 2011 to 2021, deaths from prescription opioid (natural and semi-synthetic opioids and <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a>) per year remained stable, while synthetic opioid (primarily fentanyl) deaths per year increased from 2,600 <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdoses</a> to 70,601.<a href="#cite_note-NIDA_overdose-23">[23]</a> Since 2018, fentanyl and its analogues have been responsible for most drug overdose deaths in the United States, causing over 71,238 deaths in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-www.cbsnews.com_2018-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIDA_overdose-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Fentanyl constitutes the majority of all drug overdose deaths in the United States since it overtook <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-www.cbsnews.com_2018-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/FBI_Laboratory" title="FBI Laboratory">The United States National Forensic Laboratory</a> estimates fentanyl reports by federal, state, and local <a href="/wiki/Crime_lab" title="Crime lab">forensic laboratories</a> increased from 4,697 reports in 2014 to 117,045 reports in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-www.dea.gov-26">[26]</a> Fentanyl is often mixed, cut, or ingested alongside other drugs, including cocaine and heroin.<a href="#cite_note-www.dea.gov-26">[26]</a> Fentanyl has been reported in pill form, including pills mimicking <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">pharmaceutical</a> drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-www.dea.gov-26">[26]</a> Mixing with other drugs or disguising as a pharmaceutical makes it difficult to determine the correct treatment in the case of an overdose, resulting in more deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Ramos-Matos_2022-13">[13]</a> In an attempt to reduce the number of overdoses from taking other drugs mixed with fentanyl, drug testing kits, strips, and labs are available.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Fentanyl's ease of manufacture and high potency makes it easier to produce and smuggle, resulting in fentanyl replacing other abused <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotics</a> and becoming more widely used.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anesthesia">Anesthesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anesthesia">edit</a>]</div> Intravenous fentanyl is often used for <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> and as an <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> To induce anesthesia, it is given with a <a href="/wiki/Sedative-hypnotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedative-hypnotic">sedative-hypnotic</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thiopental" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiopental">thiopental</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoriant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gropper_2019-31">[31]</a> To maintain anesthesia, inhaled anesthetics and additional fentanyl may be used.<a href="#cite_note-Gropper_2019-31">[31]</a> These are often given in 15–30 minute intervals throughout procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">endoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgeries">surgeries</a> and in emergency rooms.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> For pain relief after surgery, use can decrease the amount of inhalational anesthetic needed for emergence from anesthesia.<a href="#cite_note-Gropper_2019-31">[31]</a> Balancing this medication and titrating the drug based on expected stimuli and the person's responses can result in stable blood pressure and heart rate throughout a procedure and a faster emergence from anesthesia with minimal pain.<a href="#cite_note-Gropper_2019-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_anesthesia">Regional anesthesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regional anesthesia">edit</a>]</div> Fentanyl is the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">intrathecal</a> opioid because its lipophilic profile allows a quick onset of action (5–10 min) and intermediate duration of action (60–120 min).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Spinal administration of hyperbaric <a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">bupivacaine</a> with fentanyl may be the optimal combination. The almost immediate onset of fentanyl reduces visceral discomfort and even nausea during the procedure.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Obstetrics">edit</a>]</div> Fentanyl is sometimes given intrathecally as part of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_anaesthesia" title="Spinal anaesthesia">spinal anesthesia</a> or epidurally for <a href="/wiki/Epidural_anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidural anaesthesia">epidural anaesthesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidural_analgesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidural analgesia">analgesia</a>. Because of fentanyl's high lipid solubility, its effects are more localized than morphine, and some clinicians prefer to use morphine to get a wider spread of analgesia.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> It is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrical</a> anesthesia because of its short time to action peak (about 5 minutes), the rapid termination of its effect after a single dose, and the occurrence of relative cardiovascular stability.<a href="#cite_note-Moisés_2005-37">[37]</a> In obstetrics, the dose must be closely regulated to prevent large amounts of transfer from mother to fetus. At high doses, the drug may act on the fetus to cause <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal" title="Neonatal withdrawal">neonatal withdrawal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moisés_2005-37">[37]</a> For this reason, shorter-acting agents such as <a href="/wiki/Alfentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfentanyl">alfentanyl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">remifentanil</a> may be more suitable in the context of inducing general anaesthesia.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain_management">Pain management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pain management">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PecFent_100mcg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PecFent_100mcg.jpg/220px-PecFent_100mcg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PecFent_100mcg.jpg/330px-PecFent_100mcg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/PecFent_100mcg.jpg/440px-PecFent_100mcg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>A fentanyl nasal spray with a strength of 100 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">μg</a> per use</figcaption></figure> The bioavailability of intranasal fentanyl is about 70–90% but with some imprecision due to clotted nostrils, pharyngeal swallow, and incorrect administration. For both emergency and palliative use, intranasal fentanyl is available in doses of 50, 100, 200, 400(PecFent) μg. In emergency medicine, safe administration of intranasal fentanyl with a low rate of side effects and a promising pain-reducing effect was demonstrated in a prospective observational study in about 900 out-of-hospital patients.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In children, intranasal fentanyl is useful for the treatment of moderate and severe pain and is well tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40">[40]</a> Furthermore, a 2017 study suggested the efficacy of fentanyl lozenges in children as young as five, weighing as little as 13 kg. Lozenges are more inclined to be used as the child is in control of sufficient dosage, in contrast to buccal tablets.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chronic_pain">Chronic pain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chronic pain">edit</a>]</div> It is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">management</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pain" title="Chronic pain">chronic pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Often, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal patches</a> are used.<a href="#cite_note-www.dea.gov-26">[26]</a> The patches work by slowly releasing fentanyl through the skin into the bloodstream over 48 to 72 hours, allowing for long-lasting pain management.<a href="#cite_note-AC-Durogesic2-43">[43]</a> Dosage is based on the size of the patch, since, in general, the transdermal absorption rate is constant at a constant skin temperature.<a href="#cite_note-AC-Durogesic2-43">[43]</a> Each patch should be changed every 72 hours.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Rate of absorption is dependent on a number of factors. Body temperature, skin type, amount of body fat, and placement of the patch can have major effects. The different delivery systems used by different makers will also affect individual rates of absorption, and route of administration. Under normal circumstances, the patch will reach its full effect within 12 to 24 hours; thus, fentanyl patches are often prescribed with a fast-acting opioid (such as morphine or oxycodone) to handle breakthrough pain.<a href="#cite_note-AC-Durogesic2-43">[43]</a> It is unclear if fentanyl gives long-term pain relief to people with <a href="/wiki/Neuropathic_pain" title="Neuropathic pain">neuropathic pain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breakthrough_pain">Breakthrough pain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Breakthrough pain">edit</a>]</div> Sublingual fentanyl dissolves quickly and is absorbed through the <a href="/wiki/Sublingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual">sublingual</a> mucosa to provide rapid analgesia.<a href="#cite_note-trib-46">[46]</a> Fentanyl is a highly lipophilic compound,<a href="#cite_note-trib-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> which is well absorbed sublingually and generally well tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-trib-46">[46]</a> Such forms are particularly useful for breakthrough cancer pain episodes, which are often rapid in onset, short in duration, and severe in intensity.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palliative_care">Palliative care</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Palliative care">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_generic_fentanyl_transdermal_patch,_with_a_release_rate_of_12mcg_per_hour,_applied_to_the_skin_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_generic_fentanyl_transdermal_patch%2C_with_a_release_rate_of_12mcg_per_hour%2C_applied_to_the_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-A_generic_fentanyl_transdermal_patch%2C_with_a_release_rate_of_12mcg_per_hour%2C_applied_to_the_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_generic_fentanyl_transdermal_patch%2C_with_a_release_rate_of_12mcg_per_hour%2C_applied_to_the_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-A_generic_fentanyl_transdermal_patch%2C_with_a_release_rate_of_12mcg_per_hour%2C_applied_to_the_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A_generic_fentanyl_transdermal_patch%2C_with_a_release_rate_of_12mcg_per_hour%2C_applied_to_the_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-A_generic_fentanyl_transdermal_patch%2C_with_a_release_rate_of_12mcg_per_hour%2C_applied_to_the_skin_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="2296" /></a><figcaption>A fentanyl transdermal patch with a release rate of 12 micrograms per hour, on a person's arm</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a>, transdermal fentanyl patches have a definitive, but limited role for: <ul><li>people already stabilized on other opioids who have persistent swallowing problems and cannot tolerate other parenteral routes such as subcutaneous administration.</li> <li>people with moderate to severe <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">kidney failure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li> <li>troublesome side effects of oral morphine, <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li></ul> When using the transdermal patch, patients must be careful to minimize or avoid external heat sources (direct sunlight, heating pads, etc.), which can trigger the release and absorption of too much medication and cause potentially deadly complications.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Combat_medicine">Combat medicine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Combat medicine">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Usaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Usaf">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Pararescue" title="United States Air Force Pararescue">Pararescue</a> <a href="/wiki/Combat_medic" title="Combat medic">combat medics</a> in Afghanistan used fentanyl lozenges in the form of lollipops on combat casualties from <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IED</a> blasts and other trauma.<a href="#cite_note-Shachtman_2009-53">[53]</a> The stick is taped to a finger and the lozenge put in the <a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">cheek</a> of the person. When enough fentanyl has been absorbed, the (sedated) person generally lets the lollipop fall from the mouth, indicating sufficient analgesia and somewhat reducing the likelihood of overdose and associated risks.<a href="#cite_note-Shachtman_2009-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breathing_difficulties">Breathing difficulties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Breathing difficulties">edit</a>]</div> Fentanyl is used to help relieve shortness of breath (<a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>) when patients cannot tolerate morphine, or whose breathlessness is refractory to morphine. Fentanyl is useful for such treatment in <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> settings where pain and shortness of breath are severe and need to be treated with strong opioids. <a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulized</a> fentanyl citrate is used to relieve end-of-life dyspnea in <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a> settings.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Some <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">routes of administration</a> such as nasal sprays and inhalers generally result in a faster onset of high blood levels, which can provide more immediate analgesia but also more severe side effects, especially in overdose. The much higher cost of some of these appliances may not be justified by marginal benefit compared with buccal or oral options. Intranasal fentanyl appears to be equally effective as IV morphine and superior to intramuscular morphine for the management of acute hospital pain.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40">[40]</a> A fentanyl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS) is under development, which aims to allow patients to control the administration of fentanyl through the skin to treat postoperative pain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15914877-56">[56]</a> The technology consists of a "preprogrammed, self-contained drug-delivery system" that uses <a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">electrotransport</a> technology to administer on-demand doses of 40 μg of fentanyl hydrochloride over ten minutes. In a 2004 experiment including 189 patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain up to 24 hours after major surgery, 25% of patients withdrew due to inadequate analgesia. However, the PCTS method proved superior to the placebo, showing lower mean <a href="/wiki/Visual_analogue_scale" title="Visual analogue scale">VAS</a> pain scores and having no significant respiratory depression effects.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/220px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/330px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg/440px-US_timeline._Drugs_involved_in_overdose_deaths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1351" /></a><figcaption>Overall, drug overdose deaths in the United States rose from 2019 to 2021 with more than 106,000 drug overdose deaths reported in 2021. Deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone (primarily fentanyl) continued to rise with 70,601 overdose deaths reported in 2021. Those involving stimulants, including cocaine or psychostimulants with abuse potential (primarily methamphetamine), also continued to increase with 32,537 overdose deaths in 2021 (Source: CDC WONDER).<a href="#cite_note-NIDA_overdose-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> Fentanyl's most common side effects, which affect more than 10% of people, include nausea, vomiting, constipation, dry mouth, <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a>, confusion, and <a href="/wiki/Asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenia">asthenia</a> (weakness). Less frequently, in 3–10% of people, fentanyl can cause abdominal pain, headache, fatigue, anorexia and weight loss, dizziness, nervousness, anxiety, depression, flu-like symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">dyspepsia</a> (indigestion), <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">shortness of breath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">hypoventilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apnoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea">apnoea</a>, and urinary retention. Fentanyl use has also been associated with <a href="/wiki/Aphasia" title="Aphasia">aphasia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urlDrugs@FDA:_FDA_Approved_Drug_Products-58">[58]</a> Despite being a more potent analgesic, fentanyl tends to induce less nausea, as well as less <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>-mediated itching, than morphine.<a href="#cite_note-Mayes_2006-59">[59]</a> In rare cases, <a href="/wiki/Serotonin_syndrome" title="Serotonin syndrome">serotonin syndrome</a> is associated with fentanyl use. Existing studies advise medical practitioners to exercise caution when combining <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SSRI) drugs with fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The duration of action of fentanyl has sometimes been underestimated, leading to harm in a medical context.<a href="#cite_note-pmid295585-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6116461-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid4053723-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7113633-65">[65]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) began investigating several respiratory deaths, but doctors in the United Kingdom were not warned of the risks with fentanyl until September 2008.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The FDA reported in April 2012 that twelve young children had died and twelve more had become seriously ill from separate accidental exposures to fentanyl skin patches.<a href="#cite_note-children-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_depression">Respiratory depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Respiratory depression">edit</a>]</div> The most dangerous adverse effect of fentanyl is respiratory depression,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> that is, decreased sensitivity to carbon dioxide leading to reduced rate of breathing, which can cause anoxic brain injury or death. This risk is decreased when the airway is secured with an <a href="/wiki/Endotracheal_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotracheal tube">endotracheal tube</a> (as during anesthesia).<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> This risk is higher in specific groups, like those with <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">obstructive sleep apnea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> Other factors that increase the risk of respiratory depression are:<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> <ul><li>High fentanyl doses</li> <li>Simultaneous use of <a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">methadone</a></li> <li>Sleep</li> <li>Older age</li> <li>Simultaneous use of CNS depressants like benzodiazepines (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">clonazepam</a>), barbiturates, alcohol, and inhaled anesthetics</li> <li>Hyperventilation</li> <li>Decreased CO2 levels in the serum</li> <li>Respiratory <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a></li> <li>Decreased fentanyl clearance from the body</li> <li>Decreased blood flow to the liver</li> <li>Renal insufficiency</li></ul> Sustained release fentanyl preparations, such as patches, may also produce unexpected delayed <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory depression">respiratory depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9472602-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid7484044-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid14694924-72">[72]</a> The precise reason for sudden respiratory depression is unclear, but there are several hypotheses: <ul><li>Saturation of the body fat compartment in people with rapid and profound body fat loss (people with cancer, cardiac or infection-induced <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a> can lose 80% of their body fat).</li> <li>Early carbon dioxide retention causes cutaneous vasodilation (releasing more fentanyl), together with acidosis, which reduces the protein binding of fentanyl, releasing yet more fentanyl.</li> <li>Reduced sedation, losing a useful early warning sign of opioid toxicity and resulting in levels closer to respiratory-depressant levels.</li></ul> Another related complication of fentanyl overdoses includes the so-called <a href="/wiki/Wooden_chest_syndrome" title="Wooden chest syndrome">wooden chest syndrome</a>, which quickly induces complete respiratory failure by paralyzing the thoracic muscles, explained in more detail in the <a href="#Muscle_rigidity">Muscle rigidity section</a> below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart_and_blood_vessels">Heart and blood vessels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Heart and blood vessels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bradycardia: Fentanyl decreases the heart rate by increasing <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagal nerve tone</a> in the brainstem, which increases the <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic</a> drive.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Vasodilation: It also vasodilates arterial and venous blood vessels through a central mechanism, by primarily slowing down vasomotor centers in the brainstem. To a lesser extent, it does this by directly affecting blood vessels.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> This is much more profound in patients who have an already increased sympathetic drive, like patients who have high blood pressure or congestive heart failure.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> It does not affect the contractility of the heart when regular doses are administered.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle_rigidity">Muscle rigidity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Muscle rigidity">edit</a>]</div> If high boluses of fentanyl are administered quickly, muscle rigidity of the vocal cords can make bag-mask ventilation very difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> The exact mechanism of this effect is unknown, but it can be prevented and treated using neuromuscular blockers.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wooden_chest_syndrome">Wooden chest syndrome</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wooden chest syndrome">edit</a>]</div> A prominent idiosyncratic adverse effect of fentanyl also includes a sudden onset of rigidity of the abdominal muscles and the diaphragm, which induces respiratory failure; this is seen with high doses and is known as <a href="/wiki/Wooden_chest_syndrome" title="Wooden chest syndrome">wooden chest syndrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The syndrome is believed to be the main cause of death as a result of fentanyl overdoses.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Wooden chest syndrome is reversed by naloxone and is believed to be caused by a release of <a href="/wiki/Noradrenaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenaline">noradrenaline</a>, which activates <a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-adrenergic receptors">α-adrenergic receptors</a> and also possibly via activation of <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Acetylcholine receptors">cholinergic receptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Torralva-75">[75]</a> Wooden chest syndrome is unique to the most powerful opioids—which today comprise fentanyl and its analogs—while other less-powerful opioids like heroin produce mild rigidity of the respiratory muscles to a much lesser degree.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Torralva-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Fentanyl_fold"_posture">"Fentanyl fold" posture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: "Fentanyl fold" posture">edit</a>]</div> There are many reports of fentanyl users adopting a "folded" posture.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Daniel Ciccarone of UCSF said what he calls the “nod” is a common side effect of opioid use, and later notes that "nods have always happened to varying degrees with other opioids, particularly heroin. The nods with fentanyl, however, seem to be more extreme. And it's often a sign that a person has taken too strong a dose".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> He also said "the fentanyl fold falls into the umbrella of a severe spinal deformity that can cause functional disability and can drive mental anguish" which is a factor given the socioeconomic status and more fragile mental health of drug users typically when compared to non-users. Adulteration of fentanyl with <a href="/wiki/Xylazine" title="Xylazine">xylazine</a>, also known as 'tranq', can exacerbate postural problems.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Overdose">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Opioid_overdose" title="Opioid overdose">Opioid overdose</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S._drug_overdose_death_rates_and_totals_over_time" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. drug overdose death rates and totals over time">U.S. drug overdose death rates and totals over time</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg/220px-2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg/330px-2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg/440px-2_milligrams_of_fentanyl_on_pencil_tip._A_lethal_dose_for_most_people._US_Drug_Enforcement_Administration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4389" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>A two <a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligram</a> dose of fentanyl powder (on <a href="/wiki/Pencil" title="Pencil">pencil</a> tip) is a lethal amount for most people.<a href="#cite_note-onepill-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></figcaption></figure> Fentanyl poses an exceptionally high overdose risk in humans since the amount required to cause <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> is unpredictable.<a href="#cite_note-Ramos-Matos_2022-13">[13]</a> In its pharmaceutical form, most overdose deaths attributed solely to fentanyl occur at <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">serum</a> concentrations at a mean of 0.025 μg/mL, with a range 0.005–0.027 μg/mL.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In contexts of poly-substance use, blood fentanyl concentrations of approximately 7 ng/mL or greater have been associated with fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Over 85% of overdoses involved at least one other drug, and there was no clear correlation showing at which level the mixtures were fatal. The dosages of fatal mixtures varied by over three magnitudes in some cases. This extremely unpredictable volatility with other drugs makes it especially difficult to avoid fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31304441-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a> (sold under the brand name Narcan) can completely or partially reverse an opioid overdose.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In July 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Medicines_and_Healthcare_products_Regulatory_Agency" title="Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency">Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency</a> (MHRA) of the UK issued a warning about the potential for life-threatening harm from accidental exposure to transdermal fentanyl patches, particularly in children,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and advised that they should be folded, with the adhesive side in, before being discarded. The patches should be kept away from children, who are most at risk from fentanyl overdose.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In the US, fentanyl and <a href="/wiki/Category:Synthetic_opioids" title="Category:Synthetic opioids">fentanyl analogs</a> caused over 29,000 deaths in 2017, a large increase over the previous four years.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2017-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIDA-deaths-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actiq-30-pack-600mcg-fentanyl-base.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Actiq-30-pack-600mcg-fentanyl-base.jpg/250px-Actiq-30-pack-600mcg-fentanyl-base.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Actiq-30-pack-600mcg-fentanyl-base.jpg/330px-Actiq-30-pack-600mcg-fentanyl-base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Actiq-30-pack-600mcg-fentanyl-base.jpg/500px-Actiq-30-pack-600mcg-fentanyl-base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>A package of 30 lozenges, 600 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">mcg</a> of fentanyl, each</figcaption></figure> Some increases in fentanyl deaths do not involve prescription fentanyl but are related to illicitly made fentanyl that is being mixed with or sold as heroin.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Death from fentanyl overdose continues to be a public health issue of national concern in Canada since September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 2016, deaths from fentanyl overdoses in the province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> averaged two persons per day.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In 2017 the death rate increased by more than 100% with 368 overdose-related deaths in British Columbia between January and April 2017.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FENTANYL_FLOW_TO_THE_UNITED_STATES_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FENTANYL_FLOW_TO_THE_UNITED_STATES_2019.png/250px-FENTANYL_FLOW_TO_THE_UNITED_STATES_2019.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/FENTANYL_FLOW_TO_THE_UNITED_STATES_2019.png/500px-FENTANYL_FLOW_TO_THE_UNITED_STATES_2019.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption>Illegal fentanyl flow to the US from various regions in 2019</figcaption></figure> Fentanyl has started to make its way into heroin as well as illicitly manufactured opioids and benzodiazepines. Fentanyl contamination in cocaine, methamphetamine, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, MDMA, and other drugs is common.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> A kilogram of heroin laced with fentanyl may sell for more than US$100,000, but the fentanyl itself may be produced far more cheaply, for about US$6,000 per kilogram. While Mexico and China are the primary source countries for fentanyl and fentanyl-related substances trafficked directly into the United States, India is emerging as a source for finished fentanyl powder and fentanyl precursor chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-dea-2020-98">[98]</a> The United Kingdom illicit drug market is no longer reliant on China, as domestic fentanyl production is replacing imports.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The intravenous dose causing 50% of opioid-naive experimental subjects to die (<a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a>) is "3 mg/kg in rats, 1 mg/kg in cats, 14 mg/kg in dogs, and 0.03 mg/kg in monkeys."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The LD50 in mice has been given as 6.9 mg/kg by intravenous administration, 17.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally, 27.8 mg/kg by oral administration.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The LD50 in humans is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2023, overdose deaths in the U.S. and Canada again reached record numbers.<a href="#cite_note-mmwr-2024-12-05-103">[103]</a> While overdoses involving fentanyl in the United States have decreased in 2024, the overall percentage of overdoses involving fentanyl has remained stable between 70% and 80% from 2021-2024.<a href="#cite_note-mmwr-2024-12-05-103">[103]</a> According to a 2023 report from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (UNODC), the increased numbers of deaths are not related to an increased number of users but to the lethal effects of fentanyl itself. Fentanyl would require a special status as it is considerably more toxic than other widely abused opioids and opiates.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Overdose deaths in pediatric cases are also concerning. In a report published in <a href="/wiki/JAMA_Pediatrics" title="JAMA Pediatrics">JAMA Pediatrics</a>, 37.5% of all fatal pediatric cases between 1999 and 2021 were related to fentanyl; most of the deaths were among adolescents (89.6%) and children aged 0 to 4 years (6.6%). According to the UNODC, "the opioid crisis in North America is unabated, fueled by an unprecedented number of overdose deaths."<a href="#cite_note-pmid37155161-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_reports_by_police_of_poisonings_through_secondary_exposure">False reports by police of poisonings through secondary exposure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: False reports by police of poisonings through secondary exposure">edit</a>]</div> In the late 2010s, some media outlets began to report stories of police officers being hospitalized after touching powdered fentanyl, or after brushing it from their clothing.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-wpbump-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Topical</a> (or transdermal; via the skin) and <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalative</a> exposure to fentanyl is extremely unlikely to cause intoxication or overdose (except in cases of prolonged exposure with very large quantities of fentanyl), and first responders such as paramedics and police officers are at minimal risk of fentanyl poisoning through accidental contact with intact skin.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> A 2020 article from the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Toxicology" title="Journal of Medical Toxicology">Journal of Medical Toxicology</a> stated that "the consensus of the scientific community remains that illness from unintentional exposures is extremely unlikely, because opioids are not efficiently absorbed through the skin and are unlikely to be carried in the air."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Medical_Toxicology" title="American College of Medical Toxicology">American College of Medical Toxicology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Clinical_Toxicology" title="American Academy of Clinical Toxicology">American Academy of Clinical Toxicology</a> issued a joint report in 2017 asserting the risk of fentanyl overdose via incidental transdermal exposure is very low, and it would take 200 minutes of breathing fentanyl at the highest airborne concentrations to yield a therapeutic dose, but not a potentially fatal one.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Can_touch_this:_training_to_correct-112">[112]</a> The effects being reported in these cases, including rapid heartbeat, <a href="/wiki/Hyperventilation" title="Hyperventilation">hyperventilation</a> and chills, were not symptoms of a fentanyl overdose, and were more commonly associated with a <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">panic attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> A 2021 paper expressed concern that these physical fears over fentanyl may inhibit effective emergency response to overdoses by causing responding officers to spend additional time on unnecessary precautions and that the media coverage could also perpetuate a wider social stigma that people who use drugs are dangerous to be around.<a href="#cite_note-Can_touch_this:_training_to_correct-112">[112]</a> A 2020 survey of first responders in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> found that 80% believed “briefly touching fentanyl could be deadly.”<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Many experts in toxicology are skeptical of police truly overdosing through mere touch. "This has never happened," said Dr. Ryan Marino, an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">addiction medicine</a> physician at <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Western Reserve University</a>. "There has never been an overdose through skin contact or accidentally inhaling fentanyl."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> Public health advisories to prevent fentanyl misuse and fatal overdose have been issued by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). An initial HAN Advisory, also known as a Health Alert Network Advisory ("provides vital, time-sensitive information for a specific incident or situation; warrants immediate action or attention by health officials, laboratorians, clinicians, and members of the public; and conveys the highest level of importance") was issued during October 2015.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> A subsequent HAN Alert was issued in July 2018, warning of rising numbers of deaths due to fentanyl abuse and mixing with non-opioids.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> A December 2020 HAN Advisory warned of: <blockquote>substantial increases in drug overdose deaths across the United States, primarily driven by rapid increases in overdose deaths involving ... illicitly manufactured fentanyl; a concerning acceleration of the increase in drug overdose deaths, with the largest increase recorded from March 2020 to May 2020, coinciding with the implementation of widespread mitigation measures for the COVID-19 pandemic; significant increases in overdose deaths involving methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-HAN438-118">[118]</a></blockquote> 81,230 drug overdose deaths occurred during the 12 months from May 2019 to May 2020, the largest number of drug overdoses for a 12-month interval ever recorded for the U.S. The CDC recommended the following four actions to counter this rise:<a href="#cite_note-HAN438-118">[118]</a> <ol><li>Local need to expand the distribution and use of naloxone and overdose prevention education,</li> <li>Expand awareness, access, and availability of treatment for substance use disorders,</li> <li>Intervene early with individuals at the highest risk for overdose, and</li> <li>improve detection of overdose outbreaks to facilitate more effective response.<a href="#cite_note-HAN438-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li></ol> Another initiative is a <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> campaign from the United States <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) called "One Pill Can Kill".<a href="#cite_note-onepill-81">[81]</a> This social media campaign's goal is to spread awareness of the prevalence of counterfeit pills that are being sold in America that is leading to the large overdose epidemic in America. This campaign also shows the difference between counterfeit pills and real pills. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opioid#Pharmacology" title="Opioid">Opioid § Pharmacology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Classification">edit</a>]</div> Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid in the <a href="/wiki/Phenylpiperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylpiperidine">phenylpiperidine</a> family, which includes <a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">sufentanil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">alfentanil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">remifentanil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">carfentanil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yaksh_2011-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/List_of_fentanyl_analogues" title="List of fentanyl analogues">fentanyl analogues</a>, such as carfentanil, are up to 10,000 times <a href="/wiki/Equianalgesic#Opioid_equivalency_table" title="Equianalgesic">stronger than morphine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN2017CND-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure-activity">Structure-activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Structure-activity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fentanyl_numbering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fentanyl_numbering.svg/250px-Fentanyl_numbering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fentanyl_numbering.svg/330px-Fentanyl_numbering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fentanyl_numbering.svg/440px-Fentanyl_numbering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>The chemical structure of fentanyl has been used as a basis in modern chemistry for the discovery and nomenclature of many new fentanyl analogues, sometimes called fentalogs.</figcaption></figure> The structures of opioids share many similarities. Whereas opioids like <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a> are synthesized by simple modifications of morphine, fentanyl, and its relatives are synthesized by modifications of <a href="/wiki/Meperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meperidine">meperidine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> Meperidine is a fully synthetic opioid, and other members of the phenylpiperidine family like alfentanil and sufentanil are complex versions of this structure.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> Like other opioids, fentanyl is a weak <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a> that is highly <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipid-soluble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">protein-bound</a>, and protonated at <a href="/wiki/PH#pH_of_various_body_fluids" title="PH">physiological pH</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> All of these factors allow it to rapidly cross <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cellular membranes</a>, contributing to its quick effect in the body and the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mayes_2006-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yaksh_2011-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fentanyl_analogs">Fentanyl analogs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fentanyl analogs">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_fentanyl_analogues" title="List of fentanyl analogues">Fentanyl analogs</a> are types of fentanyl with various chemical modifications on any number of positions of the molecule, but still maintain, or even exceed, its pharmacological effects. Many fentanyl analogs are termed "designer drugs" because they are synthesized solely to be used illicitly. <a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a>, a fentanyl analog, has an additional <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> group attached to the 4 position. Carfentanil is 20–30 times as potent as fentanyl and is common in the illicit drug chain. The drug is commonly used to tranquilize elephants and other large animals.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; clear: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"> <caption>Fentanyl at opioid receptors<a href="#cite_note-pmid8114680-124">[124]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Binding_affinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding affinity">Affinities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhibitor_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhibitor constant"><abbr title="Inhibitor constant">Ki</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inhibitor constant </th> <th>Ratio </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor"><abbr title="μ-opioid receptor">MOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip μ-opioid receptor </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor"><abbr title="δ-opioid receptor">DOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip δ-opioid receptor </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor"><abbr title="κ-opioid receptor">KOR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip κ-opioid receptor </th> <th>MOR:DOR:KOR </th></tr> <tr> <td>0.39 nM </td> <td>>1,000 nM </td> <td>255 nM </td> <td>1:>2564:654 </td></tr></tbody></table> Fentanyl, like other opioids, acts on opioid receptors. These receptors are <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G-protein-coupled receptors</a>, which contain seven transmembrane portions, intracellular loops, extracellular loops, intracellular C-terminus, and extracellular N-terminus.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> The extracellular N-terminus is important in differentiating different types of binding substrates.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> When fentanyl binds, downstream signaling leads to inhibitory effects, such as decreased <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> production, decreased calcium ion influx, and increased potassium efflux.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> This inhibits the ascending pathways in the central nervous system to increase pain threshold by changing the perception of pain; this is mediated by decreasing propagation of <a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociceptive</a> signals, resulting in analgesic effects.<a href="#cite_note-Suzuki17-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">unreliable medical source?</a>] As a μ-receptor agonist, fentanyl binds 50 to 100 times more potently than morphine.<a href="#cite_note-Suzuki17-125">[125]</a> It can also bind to the delta and kappa opioid receptors but with a lower affinity. It has high lipid solubility, allowing it to penetrate more easily the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yaksh_2011-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mayes_2006-59">[59]</a> It attenuates "second pain" with primary effects on slow-conducting, unmyelinated C-fibers and is less effective on neuropathic pain and "first pain" signals through small, myelinated A-fibers.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> Fentanyl can produce the following clinical effects strongly, through μ-receptor agonism:<a href="#cite_note-Butterworth_2018-127">[127]</a> <ul><li>Supraspinal analgesia (μ1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoventilation" title="Hypoventilation">Respiratory depression</a> (μ2)</li> <li>Physical dependence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertonia" title="Hypertonia">Muscle rigidity</a></li></ul> It also produces sedation and spinal analgesia through Κ-receptor agonism.<a href="#cite_note-Butterworth_2018-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutic_effects">Therapeutic effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Therapeutic effects">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Pain relief: Primarily, fentanyl provides the relief of pain by acting on the brain and spinal μ-receptors.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Sedation: Fentanyl produces sleep and drowsiness, as the dosage is increased, and can produce the <a href="/wiki/Delta_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta waves">δ-waves</a> often seen in natural sleep on <a href="/wiki/Electroencephalogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroencephalogram">electroencephalogram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Cough_reflex" title="Cough reflex">cough reflex</a>: Fentanyl can decrease the struggle against an <a href="/wiki/Endotracheal_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotracheal tube">endotracheal tube</a> and excessive coughing by decreasing the cough reflex, becoming useful when intubating people who are awake and have compromised airways.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a> After receiving a bolus dose of fentanyl, people can also experience paradoxical coughing, which is a phenomenon that is not well understood.<a href="#cite_note-Hemmings_2018-69">[69]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_in_biological_fluids">Detection in biological fluids</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Detection in biological fluids">edit</a>]</div> Fentanyl may be measured in blood or urine to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Commercially available <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassays</a> are often used as initial screening tests, but chromatographic techniques are generally used for confirmation and quantitation. The <a href="/wiki/Marquis_reagent" title="Marquis reagent">Marquis Color test</a> may also be used to detect the presence of fentanyl. Using <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, the solution will turn purple when introduced to opium drugs. Blood or <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> fentanyl concentrations are expected to be in a range of 0.3–3.0 μg/L in persons using the medication therapeutically, 1–10 μg/L in intoxicated people, and 3–300 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paper_spray_ionization" title="Paper spray ionization">Paper spray-mass spectrometry</a> (PS-MS) may be useful for initial testing of samples.</ref><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_for_harm_reduction_purposes">Detection for harm reduction purposes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Detection for harm reduction purposes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fentanyl-test-strip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fentanyl-test-strip.jpg/220px-Fentanyl-test-strip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fentanyl-test-strip.jpg/330px-Fentanyl-test-strip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fentanyl-test-strip.jpg/440px-Fentanyl-test-strip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1646" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Image of testing strip instructions from the harm reduction organization Dance Safe</figcaption></figure> Fentanyl and fentanyl analogues can be qualitatively detected in drug samples using commercially available fentanyl testing strips or spot reagents. Following the principles of harm reduction, this test is to be used directly on drug samples as opposed to urine. To prepare a sample for testing, approximately 10 mg of the drug, about the size of hair on Abraham Lincoln's head on a penny, should be diluted into 1 teaspoon, or 5 mL, of water.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Research in Dr. Lieberman's lab at the University of Notre Dame has reported false positive results on BTNX fentanyl testing strips with <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitivity and specificity</a> of fentanyl test strips vary depending on the concentration of fentanyl tested, particularly from 10 to 250 ng/mL.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Synthesis">edit</a>]</div> Fentanyl is a 4-anilinopiperidine class synthetic opioid.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> The synthesis of Fentanyl is accomplished by one of four main methods as reported in the scientific literature: the Janssen, Siegfried, Gupta, or Suh method.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Janssen">Janssen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Janssen">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benzoylbenzylfentanyl_synth.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Benzoylbenzylfentanyl_synth.png/170px-Benzoylbenzylfentanyl_synth.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Benzoylbenzylfentanyl_synth.png/255px-Benzoylbenzylfentanyl_synth.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Benzoylbenzylfentanyl_synth.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption>Portion of the Janssen Method of synthesis, to synthesize a related opioid</figcaption></figure> The original synthesis as patented in 1964 by Paul Janssen involves the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Benzylfentanyl" title="Benzylfentanyl">benzylfentanyl</a> from N-benzyl-<a href="/wiki/4-Piperidone" title="4-Piperidone">4-Piperidone</a>. The resulting benzylfentanyl is used as feedstock to <a href="/wiki/Norfentanyl" title="Norfentanyl">norfentanyl</a>. It is norfentanyl that forms fentanyl upon reaction with a phenethyl halide.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siegfried">Siegfried</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Siegfried">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NPP_to_fentanyl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NPP_to_fentanyl.svg/220px-NPP_to_fentanyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NPP_to_fentanyl.svg/330px-NPP_to_fentanyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NPP_to_fentanyl.svg/440px-NPP_to_fentanyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Siegfried Method from NPP through 4-ANPP to fentanyl</figcaption></figure> The Siegfried method, initially described in 1978 and later published on <a href="/wiki/The_Hive_(website)" title="The Hive (website)">The Hive</a>, involves the initial synthesis of <a href="/wiki/N-phenethyl-4-piperidone" class="mw-redirect" title="N-phenethyl-4-piperidone">N-phenethyl-4-piperidone</a> (NPP).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> This intermediate is <a href="/wiki/Reductive_amination" title="Reductive amination">reductively aminated</a> to <a href="/wiki/4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine">4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine</a> (4-ANPP). Fentanyl is produced following the reaction of 4-ANPP with an acyl chloride.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The Siegfried method was used in the early 2000s to manufacture fentanyl in both domestic and foreign clandestine laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gupta">Gupta</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gupta">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuptaFent2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GuptaFent2.jpg/220px-GuptaFent2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GuptaFent2.jpg/330px-GuptaFent2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GuptaFent2.jpg/440px-GuptaFent2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Gupta Method from <a href="/wiki/4-Piperidone" title="4-Piperidone">4-Piperidone</a> to fentanyl</figcaption></figure> The Gupta (or 'one-pot') method starts from <a href="/wiki/4-Piperidone" title="4-Piperidone">4-Piperidone</a> and skips the direct use of 4-ANPP/NPP; rather, the compounds are formed only as impurities or temporary intermediates.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> For the first half of 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration</a> found the Gupta method was the predominant synthesis route in their samples of seized fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In 2022, Braga and coworkers described a synthesis of fentanyl involving continuous flow that uses reagents similar to the ones described for the Gupta procedure.<a href="#cite_note-Braga_2022-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suh">Suh</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Suh">edit</a>]</div> The Suh (or 'total synthesis') method skips the direct use of piperidine precursors in favor of creating the ring system in situ.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9875518-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Fentanyl was first synthesized in Belgium by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Janssen" title="Paul Janssen">Paul Janssen</a> under the label of his relatively newly formed <a href="/wiki/Janssen_Pharmaceutica" class="mw-redirect" title="Janssen Pharmaceutica">Janssen Pharmaceutica</a> in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-JanssenHist-145">[145]</a> It was developed by screening chemicals similar to <a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">pethidine</a> (Demerol) for opioid activity.<a href="#cite_note-Bla2005-146">[146]</a> The widespread use of fentanyl triggered the production of fentanyl citrate (the salt formed by combining fentanyl and citric acid in a 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometric ratio</a>).<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Fentanyl citrate entered medical use as a general anaesthetic in 1968, manufactured by <a href="/wiki/McNeil_Consumer_Healthcare" title="McNeil Consumer Healthcare">McNeil Laboratories</a> under the brand name Sublimaze.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In the mid-1990s, Janssen Pharmaceutica developed and introduced into clinical trials the Duragesic patch, which is a formulation of an inert alcohol gel infused with select fentanyl doses, which are worn to provide constant administration of the opioid over 48 to 72 hours. After a set of successful clinical trials, Duragesic fentanyl patches were introduced into medical practice.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Following the patch, a flavored <a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">lollipop</a> of fentanyl citrate mixed with inert fillers was introduced in 1998 under the brand name Actiq, becoming the first quick-acting formation of fentanyl for use with chronic breakthrough pain.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 2009, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved Onsolis (fentanyl buccal soluble film), a fentanyl drug in a new dosage form for cancer pain management in opioid-tolerant subjects.<a href="#cite_note-onsolis-152">[152]</a> It uses a medication delivery technology called BEMA (BioErodible MucoAdhesive), a small dissolvable polymer film containing various fentanyl doses applied to the inner lining of the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-onsolis-152">[152]</a> Fentanyl has a US <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> (DEA) <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Controlled_Substances_Code_Number" title="Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number">Administrative Controlled Substances Code Number</a> (ACSCN) of 9801. Its annual aggregate manufacturing quota has significantly reduced in recent years from 2,300,000 kg in 2015 and 2016 to only 731,452 kg in 2021, a nearly 68.2% decrease.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a>]</div> Effective from May 1, 2019, China officially classified all forms of fentanyl as controlled narcotics.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In the UK, fentanyl is classified as a controlled Class A drug under the <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In the Netherlands, fentanyl is a List I substance of the <a href="/wiki/Opium_Law" title="Opium Law">Opium Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In the U.S., fentanyl is a Schedule II controlled substance per the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substance_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Controlled Substance Act">Controlled Substance Act</a>. Distributors of Abstral are required to implement an FDA-approved <a href="/wiki/Specialty_drugs#Risk_evaluation_and_mitigation_strategies_(REMS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty drugs">risk evaluation and mitigation strategy</a> (REMS) program.<a href="#cite_note-relayhealth_2011-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-pharmaceuticalcommerce-158">[158]</a> In order to curb misuse, many health insurers have begun to require <a href="/wiki/Managed_care" title="Managed care">precertification and/or quantity limits</a> for Actiq prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> In Canada, fentanyl is considered a schedule I drug as listed in Canada's <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> is known to have been home to the world's longest documented fentanyl epidemic, especially following the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> ban on opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> A 2018 report by <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> indicated that many major drug suppliers on the <a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">dark web</a> have voluntarily banned the trafficking of fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The fentanyl epidemic has erupted in a highly acrimonious dispute between the U.S. and Mexican governments. While U.S. officials blame the flood of fentanyl crossing the border primarily on Mexican crime groups, then-President <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a> insisted that the main source of this synthetic drug is <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. He stated that the crisis of a lack of family values in the United States drives people to use the drug.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_use">Recreational use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Recreational use">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Illicit use</a> of pharmaceutical fentanyl and its analogues first appeared in the mid-1970s in the medical community and continues in the present. More than 12 different analogues of fentanyl, all unapproved and <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_chemistry" title="Clandestine chemistry">clandestinely</a> produced, have been identified in the U.S. drug traffic. In February 2018, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration indicated that illicit fentanyl analogs have no medically valid use, and thus applied a "Schedule I" classification to them.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Fentanyl analogues may be hundreds of times more potent than heroin. Fentanyl is used orally, smoked, snorted, or injected. Fentanyl is sometimes sold as heroin or <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, which can lead to overdose. Many fentanyl overdoses are initially classified as heroin overdoses.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16909503-167">[167]</a> Recreational use is not particularly widespread in the EU except for Tallinn, Estonia, where it has largely replaced heroin. <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> has the highest rate of <a href="/wiki/3-methylfentanyl" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylfentanyl">3-methylfentanyl</a> overdose deaths in the EU, due to its high rate of recreational use.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Fentanyl is sometimes sold on the black market in the form of transdermal fentanyl patches such as <a href="/wiki/Duragesic" class="mw-redirect" title="Duragesic">Duragesic</a>, diverted from legitimate medical supplies. The gel from inside the patches is sometimes ingested or injected.<a href="#cite_note-DEA2015-169">[169]</a> Another form of fentanyl that has appeared on the streets is the Actiq lollipop formulation. The pharmacy retail price ranges from US$15 to US$50 per unit based on the strength of the lozenge, with the black market cost ranging from US$5 to US$25, depending on the dose.<a href="#cite_note-trib2-170">[170]</a> The attorneys general of Connecticut and Pennsylvania have launched investigations into its diversion from the legitimate pharmaceutical market, including Cephalon's "sales and promotional practices for Provigil, Actiq and Gabitril."<a href="#cite_note-trib2-170">[170]</a> Non-medical use of fentanyl by individuals without opioid tolerance can be very dangerous and has resulted in numerous deaths.<a href="#cite_note-DEA2015-169">[169]</a> Even those with opiate tolerances are at high risk for overdoses. Like all opioids, the effects of fentanyl can be reversed with <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a>, or other opiate antagonists. Naloxone is increasingly available to the public. Long-acting or sustained-release opioids may require repeat dosage. Illicitly synthesized fentanyl powder has also appeared on the United States market. Because of the extremely high strength of pure fentanyl powder, it is very difficult to dilute appropriately, and often the resulting mixture may be far too strong and, therefore, very dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Some heroin dealers mix fentanyl powder with heroin to increase potency or compensate for low-quality heroin. In 2006, illegally manufactured, non-pharmaceutical fentanyl often mixed with <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> caused an outbreak of overdose deaths in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, heavily concentrated in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>; <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anti-fentanyl_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-fentanyl legislation in the United States">Anti-fentanyl legislation in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_China#Sanctions_on_producers_of_fentanyl_precursors" title="United States sanctions against China">United States sanctions against China § Sanctions on producers of fentanyl precursors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="China and the opioid epidemic in the United States">China and the opioid epidemic in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DEA_-_mannitol_and_fentanyl_mix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/DEA_-_mannitol_and_fentanyl_mix.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="160" /></a><figcaption>Fentanyl powder (23% fentanyl) seized by police in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, United States<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></figcaption></figure> The fentanyl supply chain in Mexico consists of a vast and elusive network, potentially involving hundreds of players. U.S. and Mexican anti-narcotics officials acknowledge that the exact number is unknown. Some brokers operate as specialists within major cartels, while others act independently. However, the majority remain unknown to authorities and operate below the radar. A major challenge in disrupting this trade lies in the global chemical industry. Many of the compounds used to manufacture fentanyl have legitimate industrial applications, classifying them as dual-use chemicals. These substances are often unregulated or only lightly controlled in key countries such as the United States, Mexico, and China. This regulatory gap enables brokers to evade detection, seamlessly navigating between the legal chemical trade and the illicit drug market to acquire the necessary precursors.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Several large quantities of illicitly produced fentanyl have been seized by U.S. law enforcement agencies. In November 2016, the DEA uncovered an operation making counterfeit oxycodone and <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Xanax</a> from a home in <a href="/wiki/Cottonwood_Heights,_Utah" title="Cottonwood Heights, Utah">Cottonwood Heights, Utah</a>. They found about 70,000 pills in the appearance of oxycodone and more than 25,000 in the appearance of Xanax. The DEA reported that millions of pills could have been distributed from this location over the course of time. The accused owned a <a href="/wiki/Tablet_press" title="Tablet press">tablet press</a> and ordered fentanyl in powder form from China.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> A seizure of a record amount of fentanyl occurred on 2 February 2019, by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales, Arizona</a>. The 254 pounds (115 kg) of fentanyl, which was estimated to be worth US$3.5M, was concealed in a compartment under a false floor of a truck transporting cucumbers.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> The "China White" form of fentanyl refers to any of a number of clandestinely produced analogues, especially <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Methylfentanyl" title="Α-Methylfentanyl">α-methylfentanyl</a> (AMF).<a href="#cite_note-deadiversion.usdoj.gov-178">[178]</a> One US Department of Justice publication lists "China White" as a synonym for a number of fentanyl analogues, including 3-methylfentanyl and α-methylfentanyl,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> which today are classified as <a href="/wiki/Schedule_I_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Schedule I drug">Schedule I drugs</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-deadiversion.usdoj.gov-178">[178]</a> Part of the motivation for AMF is that, despite the extra difficulty from a synthetic standpoint, the resultant drug is more resistant to metabolic degradation. This results in a drug with an increased duration.<a href="#cite_note-pmid4420811-180">[180]</a> In June 2013, the United States <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) issued a health advisory<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> to emergency departments alerting to 14 overdose deaths among intravenous drug users in Rhode Island associated with <a href="/wiki/Acetylfentanyl" title="Acetylfentanyl">acetylfentanyl</a>, a synthetic opioid analog of fentanyl that has never been licensed for medical use. In a separate study conducted by the CDC, 82% of fentanyl overdose deaths involved illegally manufactured fentanyl, while only 4% were suspected to originate from a prescription.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Beginning in 2015, Canada has seen several fentanyl overdoses. Authorities suspected that the drug was being imported from Asia to the western coast by organized crime groups in powder form and being pressed into pseudo-OxyContin tablets.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Traces of the drug have also been found in other recreational drugs, including cocaine, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, and heroin. The drug has been implicated in the deaths of people from all walks of life—from homeless individuals to professionals—including teens and young parents.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Because of the rising deaths across the country, especially in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> where 1,716 deaths were reported in 2020 and 1,782 from January to October 2021,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> is putting a rush on a review of the prescription-only status of <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> in an effort to combat overdoses of the drug.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a> reported allegations that <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">diplomatic tensions</a> between Canada and China hindered cooperation to seize imports, with Beijing being accused of inaction.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Fentanyl has been discovered for sale in illicit markets in Australia in 2017<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> and in New Zealand in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In response, New Zealand experts called for wider availability of naloxone.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In May 2019, China regulated the entire class of fentanyl-type drugs and two fentanyl precursors. Nevertheless, it remains the principal origin of fentanyl in the United States: Mexican cartels source fentanyl <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursors</a> from Chinese suppliers such as <a href="/wiki/Yuancheng_Group" title="Yuancheng Group">Yuancheng Group</a>, which are finished in Mexico and smuggled to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-brookings-3-22-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-dea-2020-98">[98]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan" title="2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan">2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan</a>, China halted cooperation with the United States on combatting drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Bilateral talks on fentanyl later resumed in San Francisco in 2024 when then U.S. President Joe Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping met. In the past several months before February 2025, China had also began scheduling fentanyl precursors that are internationally banned, aligning with efforts to restrict the flow of chemicals used in fentanyl production as well as the drug itself. These actions are intended to strengthen efforts to curb drug trafficking and disrupt the supply chain more effectively. In February 2025, US president Trump imposed a 10% <a href="/wiki/Second_Trump_tariffs" title="Second Trump tariffs">tariff</a> on Chinese imports, claiming the move as a way "to pressure China into taking action on fentanyl". But experts have expressed concern that these tariffs could reverse the progress made under the Biden administration and weaken the international cooperation necessary to combat global drug trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> India has also emerged as a source of fentanyl and fentanyl precursors,<a href="#cite_note-dea-2020-98">[98]</a> where Mexican cartels have already developed networks for the import of synthetic drugs. It is possible that fentanyl and precursor production may disperse to other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brookings-3-22-192">[192]</a> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Myanmar military">Myanmar military</a> and police confiscated 990 gallons of "methyl fentanyl" [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], as well as <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">precursors</a> for the illicit synthesis of the drug. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a> of Myanmar has been identified as a major source for fentanyl derivatives. In 2021, the agency reported a further drop in opium poppy cultivation in Burma, as the region's synthetic drug market continues to expand and diversify.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In 2023, a California police union director was charged with importing synthetic opioids, including fentanyl and <a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">tapentadol</a> disguised as <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a>. U.S. law enforcement had been slow in their response to the fentanyl crisis, according to the Washington Post. The response by the federal government to the fentanyl crisis had also faltered, according to the press release. Overdose deaths by fentanyl and other illegally imported opioids were surging since 2019 and are presently a major cause of death in all U.S. states.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> According to the national archives and the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a>, direct fentanyl shipments from China have stopped since 2022.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The majority of illicit fentanyl and analogues now entering the U.S. from Mexico are final products in form of "tablets" and adulterated heroin from previously synthesized fentanyl. From the sophistication of full <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">fentanyl synthesis</a> and acute toxicity in laboratory environments, 'clandestine' labs in Mexico relate to making an illicit dosage form from available fentanyl rather than the synthesis itself. Based on further research by investigators, fentanyl and analogues are likely synthesized in labs that have the appearance of a legal entity, or are diverted from pharmaceutical laboratories.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Recent investigations and convictions of members of the <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa_drug_cartel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaloa drug cartel">Sinaloa drug cartel</a> by federal agencies made a clear connection between illegal arms trafficking from the U.S. to Mexico and the smuggling of fentanyl into the U.S. Mexico had repeatedly made official complaints since illegal guns are easily purchased for example in Arizona and as far north as Wisconsin and even Alaska, according to U.S. intelligence sources, and transported onto Mexican territory through a chain of American brokers and couriers often financed by those drug cartels that also engage in money laundering. Therefore, the lack of arms controls in the U.S. has directly contributed to the U.S. opioid overdose crisis.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Brand names">edit</a>]</div> Brand names include Sublimaze,<a href="#cite_note-urlDrugs@FDA:_FDA_Approved_Drug_Products-58">[58]</a> Actiq, Durogesic, Duragesic, Fentora, Matrifen, Haldid, Onsolis,<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Instanyl,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Abstral,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Lazanda<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-urlFentanyl_-_Drugs.com-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> In the United States, the 800 mcg tablet was 6.75 times more expensive as of 2020 than the lozenge.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> As of 2023, the average cost for an injectable fentanyl solution (50 mcg/mL) is around <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US</a>$17 for a supply of 20 milliliters, depending on the pharmacy.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In a 2020 report by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Criminology" title="Australian Institute of Criminology">Australian Institute of Criminology</a>, a 100-microgram transdermal patch was valued from between <a href="/wiki/AUD" class="mw-redirect" title="AUD">AU</a>$75 and AU$450 on illicit markets.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Furthermore, in another 2020 study, the average price per gram of non-pharmaceutical fentanyl on various <a href="/wiki/Cryptomarket" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptomarket">cryptomarkets</a> was US$1,470.40 for offerings of less than five grams; the average for offers over five grams was US$139.50. In addition, on <a href="/wiki/Dream_Market" title="Dream Market">DreamMarket</a> furanfentanyl (Fu-F), the most common analog on said market, the average price per gram was US$243.10 for retail listings and US$26.50 per gram for wholesale listings.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_and_disposal">Storage and disposal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Storage and disposal">edit</a>]</div> The fentanyl patch is one of a few medications that may be especially harmful, and in some cases fatal, with just one dose, if misused by a child.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-fda-disp-220">[220]</a> Experts have advised that any unused fentanyl patches be kept in a secure location out of children's sight and reach, such as a locked cabinet. In <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, where there are environmental concerns about toilet flushing or garbage disposal, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacists">pharmacists</a> recommend that unused patches be sealed in a <a href="/wiki/Child-proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Child-proof">child-proof</a> container that is then returned to a <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bcpharm-221">[221]</a> In the United States where patches cannot always be returned through a medication take-back program, <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flushing</a> is recommended for fentanyl patches, because it is the fastest and surest way to remove them from the home to prevent ingestion by children, pets or others not intended to use them.<a href="#cite_note-fda-disp-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-fda-flush-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_deaths">Notable deaths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notable deaths">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>On 25 September 2003, American <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestler</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Durante" title="Anthony Durante">Anthony Durante</a>, also known as "Pitbull #2", died from a fentanyl-induced overdose.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li> <li>On 24 May 2009, <a href="/wiki/Wilco" title="Wilco">Wilco</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Jay_Bennett" title="Jay Bennett">Jay Bennett</a> died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a></li> <li>On 24 May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Slipknot_(band)" title="Slipknot (band)">Slipknot</a> bassist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gray_(American_musician)" title="Paul Gray (American musician)">Paul Gray</a> died from an overdose of morphine and fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a></li> <li>On 21 April 2016, musician <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a> died and medical examiners concluded he had accidentally overdosed on fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-NYTprince-228">[228]</a> Fentanyl was among many substances identified in counterfeit pills recovered from his home, including some that were mislabeled as Watson 385, a combination of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">hydrocodone and paracetamol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTprince-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a></li> <li>On 21 April 2016, American author and journalist <a href="/wiki/Michelle_McNamara" title="Michelle McNamara">Michelle McNamara</a> died from an accidental overdose. Medical examiners determined fentanyl was a contributing factor.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-APNews-CauseOfDeath-2017-231">[231]</a></li> <li>On 11 November 2016, Canadian video game composer <a href="/wiki/Saki_Kaskas" title="Saki Kaskas">Saki Kaskas</a> died of a fentanyl overdose.<a href="#cite_note-vancouriersaki-232">[232]</a> He had been battling heroin addiction for over a decade.<a href="#cite_note-vancouriersaki-232">[232]</a></li> <li>On 15 November 2017, American rapper <a href="/wiki/Lil_Peep" title="Lil Peep">Lil Peep</a> died of an accidental fentanyl overdose.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a></li> <li>On 19 January 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Department_of_Medical_Examiner" title="Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner">Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner</a> said that musician <a href="/wiki/Tom_Petty" title="Tom Petty">Tom Petty</a>'s 2017 death was an accidental drug overdose as a result of mixing medications that included fentanyl, acetyl fentanyl, and despropionyl fentanyl (among others). He was reportedly treating "many serious ailments" that included a broken hip.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a></li> <li>On 7 September 2018, American rapper <a href="/wiki/Mac_Miller" title="Mac Miller">Mac Miller</a> died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, cocaine and alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-cause-236">[236]</a></li> <li>On 16 December 2018, American tech entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Colin_Kroll" title="Colin Kroll">Colin Kroll</a>, founder of social media video-sharing app <a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a> and quiz app <a href="/wiki/HQ_(video_game)" title="HQ (video game)">HQ Trivia</a>, died from an overdose of fentanyl, heroin, and cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li>On 1 July 2019, American baseball player <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Skaggs" title="Tyler Skaggs">Tyler Skaggs</a> died from <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_aspiration" title="Pulmonary aspiration">pulmonary aspiration</a> while under the influence of fentanyl, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, and alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li>On 1 January 2020, American rapper, singer, and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Lexii_Alijai" title="Lexii Alijai">Lexii Alijai</a> died from accidental toxicity resulting from the combination of alcohol and fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li> <li>On 20 August 2020, American singer, songwriter, and musician <a href="/wiki/Justin_Townes_Earle" title="Justin Townes Earle">Justin Townes Earle</a> died from an accidental overdose caused by cocaine laced with fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li> <li>On 24 August 2020, <a href="/wiki/Riley_Gale" title="Riley Gale">Riley Gale</a>, frontman for the Texas metal band <a href="/wiki/Power_Trip_(band)" title="Power Trip (band)">Power Trip</a>, died as a result of the toxic effects of fentanyl in a manner that was ruled accidental.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li> <li>On 2 March 2021, American musician <a href="/wiki/Mark_Goffeney" title="Mark Goffeney">Mark Goffeney</a>, also known as "Big Toe" (because being born <a href="/wiki/Amelia_(birth_defect)" title="Amelia (birth defect)">without arms</a>, he played <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a> with his feet), died from an overdose of fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></li> <li>On 22 April 2021, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Underground" title="Digital Underground">Digital Underground</a> frontman, rapper, and musician <a href="/wiki/Shock_G" title="Shock G">Shock G</a> died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, meth, and alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></li> <li>On 6 September 2021, actor <a href="/wiki/Michael_K._Williams" title="Michael K. Williams">Michael K. Williams</a>, who performed as <a href="/wiki/Omar_Little" title="Omar Little">Omar Little</a> on the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> drama series <a href="/wiki/The_Wire" title="The Wire">The Wire</a>, died from an overdose of fentanyl, <a href="/wiki/Parafluorofentanyl" title="Parafluorofentanyl">parafluorofentanyl</a>, heroin, and cocaine.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li>On 28 September 2022, rapper <a href="/wiki/Coolio" title="Coolio">Coolio</a> (Artis Leon Ivey, Jr.) died from an accidental overdose of fentanyl, heroin, and methamphetamine.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li>On 31 July 2023, <a href="/wiki/Angus_Cloud" title="Angus Cloud">Angus Cloud</a>, best known for his portrayal of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Euphoria_characters#Fezco" title="List of Euphoria characters">Fezco</a> on the <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> drama series <a href="/wiki/Euphoria_(American_TV_series)" title="Euphoria (American TV series)">Euphoria</a>, died from an accidental overdose of methamphetamine, cocaine, fentanyl, and benzodiazepines.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></li> <li>On 15 September 2023, an infant died at a daycare center in The Bronx, New York City, due to fentanyl contamination, which is also believed to have caused sickness in other children.<a href="#cite_note-:1-249">[249]</a></li> <li>On 22 March 2024, Luke D'Wit was sentenced to a minimum of 37 years imprisonment for murdering Stephen and Carol Baxter in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, England on 9 April 2023 by giving them drinks laced with fentanyl.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_usage">Governmental usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Governmental usage">edit</a>]</div> In August 2018, Nebraska became the first American state to use fentanyl to <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">execute</a> a prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2018-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Public_Radio-253">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Carey_Dean_Moore" title="Execution of Carey Dean Moore">Carey Dean Moore</a>, at the time one of the longest-serving <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">death row</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner" title="Prisoner">inmates</a> in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> was executed at the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Penitentiary" title="Nebraska State Penitentiary">Nebraska State Penitentiary</a>. Moore received a <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection" title="Lethal injection">lethal injection</a>, administered as an <a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">intravenous</a> series of four drugs that included fentanyl citrate, to inhibit breathing and render the subject unconscious. The other drugs included <a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a> as a tranquilizer, <a href="/wiki/Cisatracurium_besilate" title="Cisatracurium besilate">cisatracurium besylate</a> as a muscle relaxant, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride_(medical_use)" title="Potassium chloride (medical use)">potassium chloride</a> to stop the heart.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2018-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nebraska_executes_inmate_using_powerful_opioid_fentanyl_2018-256">[256]</a> The use of fentanyl in execution caused concern among death penalty experts because it was part of a previously untested <a href="/wiki/Lethal_injection#Drugs" title="Lethal injection">drug cocktail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2018-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Public_Radio-253">[253]</a> The execution was also protested by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Death_Penalty_Movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Death Penalty Movement in the United States">anti-death penalty</a> advocates at the prison during the execution and later at the <a href="/wiki/Nebraska_State_Capitol" title="Nebraska State Capitol">Nebraska State Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2018-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nebraska_executes_inmate_using_powerful_opioid_fentanyl_2018-256">[256]</a> Russian <a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> security forces are suspected to have used a fentanyl analogue, or derivative (suspected to be carfentanil and remifentanil),<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> to rapidly incapacitate people in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis" title="Moscow theater hostage crisis">Moscow theater hostage crisis</a> in 2002. The siege was ended, but many hostages died from the gas after their health was severely taxed during the days long siege.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-gas-259">[259]</a> The Russian Health Minister later stated that the gas was based on fentanyl,<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> but the exact chemical agent has not been clearly identified.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recalls">Recalls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Recalls">edit</a>]</div> In February 2004, a leading fentanyl supplier, Janssen Pharmaceutica Products recalled one lot, and later, additional lots of fentanyl (brand name: Duragesic) patches because of seal breaches that might have allowed the medication to leak from the patch. A series of class II recalls was initiated in March 2004, and in February 2008, the <a href="/wiki/ALZA_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ALZA Corporation">ALZA Corporation</a> recalled their 25 μg/h Duragesic patches due to a concern that small cuts in the gel reservoir could result in accidental exposure of patients or health care providers to the fentanyl gel.<a href="#cite_note-recall-262">[262]</a> In April 2023, <a href="/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceuticals" title="Teva Pharmaceuticals">Teva Pharmaceuticals</a> USA recalled 13 lots of their Fentanyl Buccal Tablets CII due to missing safety information sheets on how to properly administer their product. The corporation issued a consumer recall report<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> and stressed the importance of safety in the use and administration of opioid therapeutics.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veterinary_use">Veterinary use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Veterinary use">edit</a>]</div> Fentanyl is commonly used for analgesia and as a component of balanced <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> and general <a href="/wiki/Veterinary_anesthesia" title="Veterinary anesthesia">anesthesia</a> in small animal patients. In addition, its efficacy is higher than many other pure-opiate and synthetic pure-opioid agonists regarding vomiting, depth of sedation, and cardiovascular effects when given as a continuous infusion as well as a <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal patch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> As with other pure-opioid agonists, fentanyl has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a> in dogs.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a> fentanyl's potency and short duration of action make it popular as an intra-operative and post-operative analgesic in cats and dogs.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> This is usually done with off-label fentanyl patches manufactured for humans with chronic pain. In 2012, a highly concentrated (50 mg/mL) <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a> solution, brand name Recuvyra, has become commercially available for dogs only. It is approved by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> to provide four days of analgesia after a single application before surgery. It is not approved for multiple doses or other species.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The drug is also approved in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBonewit-WestHuntApplegate2012" class="citation book cs1">Bonewit-West K, Hunt SA, Applegate E (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571">Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical and administrative procedures</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 571. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-0150-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-0150-6"><bdi>978-1-4557-0150-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110030031/https://books.google.com/books?id=YalYPI1KqTQC&pg=PA571">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. 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Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 73 (48): 1099–1105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm7348a2">10.15585/mmwr.mm7348a2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11620336">11620336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39636782">39636782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Detection+of+Illegally+Manufactured+Fentanyls+and+Carfentanil+in+Drug+Overdose+Deaths+%E2%80%93+United+States%2C+2021-2024&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1099-%3C%2Fspan%3E1105&rft.date=2024-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11620336%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39636782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm7348a2&rft.aulast=Tanz&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Stewart%2C+A&rft.au=Gladden%2C+RM&rft.au=Ko%2C+JY&rft.au=Owens%2C+L&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11620336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime2023" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/res/WDR-2023/WDR23_Exsum_fin_SP.pdf">World Drug Report</a> (PDF). United Nations. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789210028233" title="Special:BookSources/9789210028233"><bdi>9789210028233</bdi></a>. <q>The opioid crisis in North America has not been associated with a sizeable increase in the number of opioid users but driven by overdose deaths, mainly attributed to the use of fentanyls. In the United States in 2021, following a year-on-year trend of increase, there were more than 80,000 opioid overdose deaths. Most of those deaths, 70,000, were attributed to any pharmaceutical opioid with synthetic opioids (primarily fentanyls). Women constituted approximately 30 per cent of all those who died from an overdose and of those attributed to opioids in the United States.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Drug+Report&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9789210028233&rft.au=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fres%2FWDR-2023%2FWDR23_Exsum_fin_SP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid37155161-105"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid37155161_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaither2023" class="citation journal cs1">Gaither JR (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10167597">"National Trends in Pediatric Deaths From Fentanyl, 1999-2021"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stat+News&rft.atitle=Are+people+really+falling+ill+from+touching+fentanyl%3F+In+most+cases%2C+scientists+say+no&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statnews.com%2F2017%2F08%2F09%2Ffentanyl-falling-ill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wpbump-107"><a href="#cite_ref-wpbump_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBump2022" class="citation news cs1">Bump P (15 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/15/why-youre-hearing-so-much-about-fentanyl-these-days/">"Analysis | Why you're hearing so much about fentanyl these days"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715220749/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/07/15/why-youre-hearing-so-much-about-fentanyl-these-days/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2022. 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Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia. 42 (3): 309–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fvaa.12215">10.1111/vaa.12215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25039918">25039918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Anaesthesia+and+Analgesia&rft.atitle=Postoperative+analgesic+effects+of+either+a+constant+rate+infusion+of+fentanyl%2C+lidocaine%2C+ketamine%2C+dexmedetomidine%2C+or+the+combination+lidocaine-ketamine-dexmedetomidine+after+ovariohysterectomy+in+dogs&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fvaa.12215&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25039918&rft.aulast=Gutierrez-Blanco&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Victoria-Mora%2C+JM&rft.au=Ibancovichi-Camarillo%2C+JA&rft.au=Sauri-Arceo%2C+CH&rft.au=Bolio-Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+ME&rft.au=Acevedo-Arcique%2C+CM&rft.au=Marin-Cano%2C+G&rft.au=Steagall%2C+PV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPettiferDyson1993" class="citation journal cs1">Pettifer GR, Dyson DH (April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1263601">"Comparison of medetomidine and fentanyl-droperidol in dogs: sedation, analgesia, arterial blood gases and lactate levels"</a>. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 57 (2): 99–105. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1263601">1263601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8490814">8490814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Veterinary+Research&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+medetomidine+and+fentanyl-droperidol+in+dogs%3A+sedation%2C+analgesia%2C+arterial+blood+gases+and+lactate+levels&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1993-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1263601%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8490814&rft.aulast=Pettifer&rft.aufirst=GR&rft.au=Dyson%2C+DH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1263601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckerMamaRaoPalmer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Becker WM, Mama KR, Rao S, Palmer RH, Egger EL (April 2013). "Prevalence of dysphoria after fentanyl in dogs undergoing stifle surgery". Veterinary Surgery. 42 (3): 302–307. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1532-950X.2012.01080.x">10.1111/j.1532-950X.2012.01080.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23231071">23231071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Surgery&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+dysphoria+after+fentanyl+in+dogs+undergoing+stifle+surgery&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E302-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1532-950X.2012.01080.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23231071&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=WM&rft.au=Mama%2C+KR&rft.au=Rao%2C+S&rft.au=Palmer%2C+RH&rft.au=Egger%2C+EL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1">Lee L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westernu.edu/mediafiles/veterinary/vet-anesthesia-analgesia/perioperative-pain-management.pdf">"Perioperative Pain Management"</a> (PDF). p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230119044903/https://www.westernu.edu/mediafiles/veterinary/vet-anesthesia-analgesia/perioperative-pain-management.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Perioperative+Pain+Management&rft.pages=11&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westernu.edu%2Fmediafiles%2Fveterinary%2Fvet-anesthesia-analgesia%2Fperioperative-pain-management.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOIADrugSummaries/UCM314828.pdf">"Original new animal drug application: Recuvyra"</a> (PDF). U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904122554/https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/Products/ApprovedAnimalDrugProducts/FOIADrugSummaries/UCM314828.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+new+animal+drug+application%3A+Recuvyra&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration+%28FDA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fdownloads%2FAnimalVeterinary%2FProducts%2FApprovedAnimalDrugProducts%2FFOIADrugSummaries%2FUCM314828.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/veterinary/medicines/002239/vet_med_000245.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058008d7a">"Recuvyra"</a>. European Medicines Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193130/http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages%2Fmedicines%2Fveterinary%2Fmedicines%2F002239%2Fvet_med_000245.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058008d7a8">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recuvyra&rft.pub=European+Medicines+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ema.europa.eu%2Fema%2Findex.jsp%3Fcurl%3Dpages%2Fmedicines%2Fveterinary%2Fmedicines%2F002239%2Fvet_med_000245.jsp%26mid%3DWC0b01ac058008d7a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFentanyl" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="PMID_32321735" class="citation journal cs1">Tschirhart JN, Zhang S (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmol.119.119271">"Fentanyl-Induced Block of hERG Channels Is Exacerbated by Hypoxia, Hypokalemia, Alkalosis, and the Presence of hERG1b"</a>. Molecular Pharmacology. 98 (4): 508–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmol.119.119271">10.1124/mol.119.119271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32321735">32321735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216084895">216084895</a>.</cite><span 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:General_anesthetics" title="Template:General anesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:General_anesthetics" title="Template talk:General anesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:General_anesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:General anesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="General_anesthetics_(N01A)155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General anesthetics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N01#N01A" title="ATC code N01">N01A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anesthetic" title="Inhalational anesthetic">Inhalational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluroxene" title="Fluroxene">Fluroxene</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxypropane" title="Methoxypropane">Methoxypropane</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinyl_ether" title="Divinyl ether">Vinyl ether</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic#Injection" title="General anaesthetic">Injection</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">Phenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciprofol" title="Ciprofol">Ciprofol</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fospropofol" title="Fospropofol">Fospropofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a>#</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remimazolam" title="Remimazolam">Remimazolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embutramide" title="Embutramide">Embutramide</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fentanyl</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a>÷</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine" title="Arylcyclohexylamine">Arylcyclohexylamines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">Neuroactive steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alfadolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfaxalone" title="Alfaxalone">Alfaxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)251" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Analgesics" title="Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Analgesics" title="Template talk:Analgesics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Analgesics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Analgesics_(N02A,_N02B)251" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02A" title="ATC code N02">N02A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N02#N02B" title="ATC code N02">N02B</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">Opiates</a>/<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/aspirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Codeine/aspirin">+aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a># (<a href="/wiki/Morphine/naltrexone" title="Morphine/naltrexone">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">Laudanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paregoric" title="Paregoric">Paregoric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Semisynthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/naloxone" title="Buprenorphine/naloxone">+naloxone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Co-dydramol" title="Co-dydramol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/ibuprofen" title="Hydrocodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/aspirin" title="Hydrocodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/aspirin" title="Oxycodone/aspirin">+aspirin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/ibuprofen" title="Oxycodone/ibuprofen">+ibuprofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/naloxone" title="Oxycodone/naloxone">+naloxone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxycodone/naltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxycodone/naltrexone (page does not exist)">+naltrexone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveretum" title="Papaveretum">Papaveretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebacon" title="Thebacon">Thebacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Alphaprodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethoheptazine" title="Ethoheptazine">Ethoheptazine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fentanyl</a># (<a href="/wiki/Fentanyl/fluanisone" title="Fentanyl/fluanisone">+fluanisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpipanone" title="Norpipanone">Norpipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenadoxone" title="Phenadoxone">Phenadoxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenoperidine" title="Phenoperidine">Phenoperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proheptazine" title="Proheptazine">Proheptazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+celecoxib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol</a>-type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetanilide" title="Acetanilide">Acetanilide</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucetin" title="Bucetin">Bucetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butacetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butacetin (page does not exist)">Butacetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">Paracetamol (acetaminophen)</a># <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+aspirin/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine/paracetamol" title="Codeine/paracetamol">+codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone/paracetamol" title="Hydrocodone/paracetamol">+hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracetamol/metoclopramide" title="Paracetamol/metoclopramide">+metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">+oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+propyphenazone/caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol/paracetamol" title="Tramadol/paracetamol">+tramadol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parapropamol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parapropamol (page does not exist)">Parapropamol</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacetin" title="Phenacetin">Phenacetin</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propacetamol" title="Propacetamol">Propacetamol</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonsteroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" title="Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propionates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benoxaprofen" title="Benoxaprofen">Benoxaprofen</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoprofen" title="Fenoprofen">Fenoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurbiprofen" title="Flurbiprofen">Flurbiprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a># (<a href="/wiki/Dexibuprofen" title="Dexibuprofen">Dexibuprofen</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen/paracetamol" title="Ibuprofen/paracetamol">+paracetamol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoprofen" title="Ketoprofen">Ketoprofen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dexketoprofen" title="Dexketoprofen">Dexketoprofen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxoprofen" title="Loxoprofen">Loxoprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxen" title="Naproxen">Naproxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxaprozin" title="Oxaprozin">Oxaprozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprofen" title="Suprofen">Suprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaprofenic_acid" title="Tiaprofenic acid">Tiaprofenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaltoprofen" title="Zaltoprofen">Zaltoprofen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxicams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isoxicam" title="Isoxicam">Isoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lornoxicam" title="Lornoxicam">Lornoxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meloxicam" title="Meloxicam">Meloxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piroxicam" title="Piroxicam">Piroxicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenoxicam" title="Tenoxicam">Tenoxicam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acetates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acemetacin" title="Acemetacin">Acemetacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromfenac" title="Bromfenac">Bromfenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclofenac" title="Diclofenac">Diclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etodolac" title="Etodolac">Etodolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indometacin" title="Indometacin">Indometacin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indometacin_farnesil" title="Indometacin farnesil">Indometacin farnesil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketorolac" title="Ketorolac">Ketorolac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulindac" title="Sulindac">Sulindac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolmetin" title="Tolmetin">Tolmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomepirac" title="Zomepirac">Zomepirac</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2 inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celecoxib" title="Celecoxib">Celecoxib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celecoxib/tramadol" title="Celecoxib/tramadol">+tramadol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoricoxib" title="Etoricoxib">Etoricoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumiracoxib" title="Lumiracoxib">Lumiracoxib</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parecoxib" title="Parecoxib">Parecoxib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofecoxib" title="Rofecoxib">Rofecoxib</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdecoxib" title="Valdecoxib">Valdecoxib</a> ‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fenamic_acid" title="Fenamic acid">Fenamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)</a># (<a href="/wiki/Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Aspirin/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloxiprin" title="Aloxiprin">Aloxiprin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorilate" title="Benorilate">Benorylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbasalate_calcium" title="Carbasalate calcium">Carbasalate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline_salicylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Choline salicylate">Choline salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflunisal" title="Diflunisal">Diflunisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipyrocetyl" title="Dipyrocetyl">Dipyrocetyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenzamide" title="Ethenzamide">Ethenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guacetisal" title="Guacetisal">Guacetisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazole_salicylate" title="Imidazole salicylate">Imidazole salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">Magnesium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpholine_salicylate" title="Morpholine salicylate">Morpholine salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_salicylate" title="Potassium salicylate">Potassium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicin" title="Salicin">Salicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicylamide" title="Salicylamide">Salicylamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsalate" title="Salsalate">Salsalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">Sodium salicylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintergreen" title="Wintergreen">Wintergreen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolone" title="Pyrazolone">Pyrazolones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminophenazone" title="Aminophenazone">Aminophenazone</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampyrone" title="Ampyrone">Ampyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamizole" title="Metamizole">Metamizole (dipyrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifenazone" title="Nifenazone">Nifenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazone" title="Phenazone">Phenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone" title="Propyphenazone">Propyphenazone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine" title="Propyphenazone/paracetamol/caffeine">+paracetamol/caffeine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">Benzydamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floctafenine" title="Floctafenine">Floctafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glafenine" title="Glafenine">Glafenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabumetone" title="Nabumetone">Nabumetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proquazone" title="Proquazone">Proquazone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">Cannabidiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabilone" title="Nabilone">Nabilone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabiximols" title="Nabiximols">Nabiximols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol (dronabinol)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol (ethanol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local anesthetics</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefopam" title="Nefopam">Nefopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>#)</li></ul> <ul><li>Nav1.7/1.8-selective: <a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzetrigine" title="Suzetrigine">Suzetrigine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium openers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Myorelaxants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorzoxazone" title="Chlorzoxazone">Chlorzoxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobenzaprine" title="Cyclobenzaprine">Cyclobenzaprine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenoxalone" title="Mephenoxalone">Mephenoxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocarbamol" title="Methocarbamol">Methocarbamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgecine" title="Analgecine">Analgecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic_adjuvant" title="Analgesic adjuvant">Analgesic adjuvant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedinvetmab" title="Bedinvetmab">Bedinvetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsaicin" title="Capsaicin">Capsaicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonidine" title="Clonidine">Clonidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunevetmab" title="Frunevetmab">Frunevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazopyridine" title="Phenazopyridine">Phenazopyridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimazolium" title="Rimazolium">Rimazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumab" title="Tanezumab">Tanezumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Opioid_receptor_modulators225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Opioid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Opioid_receptor_modulators225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">μ-opioid</a> (MOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Agonists(abridged;full_list)67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists (abridged; <a href="/wiki/List_of_opioids" title="List of opioids">full list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Acetoxymitragynine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Acetoxymitragynine (page does not exist)">7-Acetoxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Hydroxymitragynine" title="7-Hydroxymitragynine">7-Hydroxymitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A8-Akuammigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ψ-Akuammigine (page does not exist)">ψ-Akuammigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">α-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Narcotine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Narcotine (page does not exist)">α-Narcotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetyldihydrocodeine" title="Acetyldihydrocodeine">Acetyldihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylfentanyl" title="Acetylfentanyl">Acetylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylfentanyl" title="Acrylfentanyl">Acrylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AH-7921" title="AH-7921">AH-7921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akuammidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akuammidine (page does not exist)">Akuammidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfentanil" title="Alfentanil">Alfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anileridine" title="Anileridine">Anileridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparicine" title="Apparicine">Apparicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhydrocodone" title="Benzhydrocodone">Benzhydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylmorphine" title="Benzylmorphine">Benzylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezitramide" title="Bezitramide">Bezitramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrfentanyl" title="Butyrfentanyl">Butyrfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxymorphamine" title="Chloroxymorphamine">Chloroxymorphamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAMGO" title="DAMGO">DAMGO (DAGO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermorphin" title="Dermorphin">Dermorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol</a> (desmethyltramadol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deumitragynine" class="mw-redirect" title="Deumitragynine">Deumitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromoramide" title="Dextromoramide">Dextromoramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> (propoxyphene)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenoxadol" title="Dimenoxadol">Dimenoxadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylaminopivalophenone" title="Dimethylaminopivalophenone">Dimethylaminopivalophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> (heroin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocodeine" title="Dihydrocodeine">Dihydrocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">Diphenoxylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipipanone" title="Dipipanone">Dipipanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embutramide" title="Embutramide">Embutramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-1" title="Endomorphin-1">Endomorphin-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomorphin-2" title="Endomorphin-2">Endomorphin-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eseroline" title="Eseroline">Eseroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylmorphine" title="Ethylmorphine">Ethylmorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frakefamide" title="Frakefamide">Frakefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furanylfentanyl" title="Furanylfentanyl">Furanylfentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphinol" title="Hydromorphinol">Hydromorphinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBNtxA" title="IBNtxA">IBNtxA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">Lefetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levacetylmethadol" title="Levacetylmethadol">Levacetylmethadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxicodegol" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxicodegol">Loxicodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-115509" title="LS-115509">LS-115509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meptazinol" title="Meptazinol">Meptazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin</a> (metenkefalin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopon" title="Metopon">Metopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphiceptin" title="Morphiceptin">Morphiceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">Naloxone benzoylhydrazone</a> (NalBzOH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmexone" title="Nalmexone">Nalmexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltalimide" title="Naltalimide">Naltalimide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neopine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neopine (page does not exist)">Neopine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFEPP" title="NFEPP">NFEPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocodeine" title="Nicocodeine">Nicocodeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodicodine" title="Nicodicodine">Nicodicodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomorphine" title="Nicomorphine">Nicomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nufenoxole" title="Nufenoxole">Nufenoxole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octreotide" title="Octreotide">Octreotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliceridine" title="Oliceridine">Oliceridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodegol" title="Oxycodegol">Oxycodegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine" title="Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine">Oxymorphone-3-methoxynaltrexonazine</a> (OM-3-MNZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphazone" title="Oxymorphazone">Oxymorphazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphonazine (page does not exist)">Oxymorphonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_phenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">Oxymorphone phenylhydrazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxymorphone_p-nitrophenylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxymorphone p-nitrophenylhydrazone (page does not exist)">OxyPNPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Papaver somniferum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericine" title="Pericine">Pericine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piminodine" title="Piminodine">Piminodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piritramide" title="Piritramide">Piritramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PL-017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PL-017 (page does not exist)">PL-017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodine" title="Prodine">Prodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiram" title="Propiram">Propiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PZM21" title="PZM21">PZM21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remifentanil" title="Remifentanil">Remifentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsolinol" title="Salsolinol">Salsolinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-17599" title="SC-17599">SC-17599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinomenine" title="Sinomenine">Sinomenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufentanil" title="Sufentanil">Sufentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapentadol" title="Tapentadol">Tapentadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropapaveroline" title="Tetrahydropapaveroline">Tetrahydropapaveroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianeptine" title="Tianeptine">Tianeptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilidine" title="Tilidine">Tilidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimebutine" title="Trimebutine">Trimebutine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIMU_5" title="TRIMU 5">TRIMU 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRV734" title="TRV734">TRV734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tubotaiwine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tubotaiwine (page does not exist)">Tubotaiwine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-47700" title="U-47700">U-47700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorphin" title="Valorphin">Valorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picenadol" title="Picenadol">(3S,4S)-Picenadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viminol" title="Viminol">2-(S)-N,N-(R)-Viminol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide" title="4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide">4-Caffeoyl-1,5-quinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Gliadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Gliadin">α-Gliadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammine" title="Akuammine">Akuammine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvimopan" title="Alvimopan">Alvimopan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AM-251_(drug)" title="AM-251 (drug)">AM-251</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li>CTAP</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTOP (page does not exist)">CTOP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprodime" title="Cyprodime">Cyprodime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ginsenoside_R&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ginsenoside R (page does not exist)">Ginsenoside R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobeline" title="Lobeline">Lobeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methocinnamox" title="Methocinnamox">Methocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylsamidorphan_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylsamidorphan chloride (page does not exist)">Methylsamidorphan chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naldemedine" title="Naldemedine">Naldemedine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine_dinicotinate" title="Nalorphine dinicotinate">Nalorphine dinicotinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxazone" title="Naloxazone">Naloxazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxegol" title="Naloxegol">Naloxegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxol" title="Naloxol">Naloxol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxonazine" title="Naloxonazine">Naloxonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexazone (page does not exist)">Naltrexazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrexonazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrexonazine (page does not exist)">Naltrexonazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">Rimonabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">δ-opioid</a> (DOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone" title="7-Spiroindanyloxymorphone">7-SIOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5747" title="ADL-5747">ADL-5747 (PF-04856881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADL-5859" title="ADL-5859">ADL-5859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARM390" title="ARM390">AR-M100390 (ARM390)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD2327" class="mw-redirect" title="AZD2327">AZD2327</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Endorphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Endorphin">β-Endorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphalin" title="Biphalin">Biphalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU-48" title="BU-48">BU-48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casokefamide" title="Casokefamide">Casokefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DADLE" title="DADLE">DADLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin" title="Deltorphin">Deltorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltorphin_I" title="Deltorphin I">Deltorphin I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deltorphin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deltorphin II (page does not exist)">Deltorphin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylclozapine" title="Desmethylclozapine">Desmethylclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPDPE" title="DPDPE">DPDPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-221" title="DPI-221">DPI-221</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DPI-3290" title="DPI-3290">DPI-3290</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(D-Ser2,_Leu5,_Thr6)-Enkephalin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(D-Ser2, Leu5, Thr6)-Enkephalin (page does not exist)">DSLET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fentanyl_isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fentanyl isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">FIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophen" title="Fluorophen">Fluorophen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomethadone" title="Isomethadone">Isomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-20788560" title="JNJ-20788560">JNJ-20788560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNT-127" title="KNT-127">KNT-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Kratom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leu-enkephalin" title="Leu-enkephalin">Leu-enkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met-enkephalin" title="Met-enkephalin">Met-enkephalin (metenkefalin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine" title="Mitragynine">Mitragynine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragynine_pseudoindoxyl" title="Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl">Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon" title="N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon">N-Phenethyl-14-ethoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">Oxymorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proglumide" title="Proglumide">Proglumide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-394674" title="RWJ-394674">RWJ-394674</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SB-235863&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SB-235863 (page does not exist)">SB-235863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNC-80" title="SNC-80">SNC-80</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNC-162&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNC-162 (page does not exist)">SNC-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAN-67" title="TAN-67">TAN-67 (SB-205,607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebaine" title="Thebaine">Thebaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-8813" title="C-8813">Thiobromadol (C-8813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonazocine" title="Tonazocine">Tonazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRV250&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRV250 (page does not exist)">TRV250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenazocine" title="Zenazocine">Zenazocine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naltrindole-5%27-isothiocyanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naltrindole-5'-isothiocyanate (page does not exist)">5'-NTII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha-Santolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha-Santolol (page does not exist)">α-Santolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevenopran" title="Bevenopran">Bevenopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7-Benzylidenenaltrexone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7-Benzylidenenaltrexone (page does not exist)">BNTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-154129&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-154129 (page does not exist)">ICI-154129</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ICI-174864&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICI-174864 (page does not exist)">ICI-174864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">Methylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Benzylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Benzylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">N-Benzylnaltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDM25N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDM25N (page does not exist)">SDM25N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoRI-9409" title="SoRI-9409">SoRI-9409</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">κ-opioid</a> (KOR)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3CS-nalmefene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3CS-nalmefene (page does not exist)">3CS-nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Carboxamidocyclazocine" title="8-Carboxamidocyclazocine">8-CAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14-Methoxymetopon" title="14-Methoxymetopon">14-Methoxymetopon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Funaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Funaltrexamine">β-Funaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenorphin" title="Adrenorphin">Adrenorphin (metorphamide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akuammicine" title="Akuammicine">Akuammicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allomatrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Allomatrine">Allomatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apadoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apadoline (page does not exist)">Apadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asimadoline" title="Asimadoline">Asimadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-12P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-12P (page does not exist)">BAM-12P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-18P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-18P (page does not exist)">BAM-18P</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bovine_adrenal_medullary_peptide-22P&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bovine adrenal medullary peptide-22P (page does not exist)">BAM-22P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_dynorphin" title="Big dynorphin">Big dynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremazocine" title="Bremazocine">Bremazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-52537" title="BRL-52537">BRL-52537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Butorphan">Butorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">Butorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BW373U86" title="BW373U86">BW373U86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciprefadol" title="Ciprefadol">Ciprefadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR665" title="CR665">CR665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclazocine" title="Cyclazocine">Cyclazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorphan" title="Cyclorphan">Cyclorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprenorphine" title="Cyprenorphine">Cyprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmetramadol" title="Desmetramadol">Desmetramadol (desmethyltramadol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine (heroin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylnalorphine" title="Diacetylnalorphine">Diacetylnalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difelikefalin" title="Difelikefalin">Difelikefalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydromorphine" title="Dihydromorphine">Dihydromorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinalbuphine_sebacate" title="Dinalbuphine sebacate">Dinalbuphine sebacate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diprenorphine" title="Diprenorphine">Diprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_A" title="Dynorphin A">Dynorphin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynorphin_B" title="Dynorphin B">Dynorphin B (rimorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluxadoline" title="Eluxadoline">Eluxadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enadoline" title="Enadoline">Enadoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eptazocine" title="Eptazocine">Eptazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erinacine_E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erinacine E (page does not exist)">Erinacine E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylketazocine" title="Ethylketazocine">Ethylketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedotozine" title="Fedotozine">Fedotozine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemazocine" title="Gemazocine">Gemazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GR-89696" title="GR-89696">GR-89696</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GR-103545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GR-103545 (page does not exist)">GR-103545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorphin-4" title="Hemorphin-4">Hemorphin-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkinorin" title="Herkinorin">Herkinorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HS665" title="HS665">HS665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HZ-2" title="HZ-2">HZ-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-199,441" title="ICI-199,441">ICI-199,441</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-204,448" title="ICI-204,448">ICI-204,448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazocine" title="Ketazocine">Ketazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudanosine" title="Laudanosine">Laudanosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leumorphin" title="Leumorphin">Leumorphin (dynorphin B-29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallorphan" title="Levallorphan">Levallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofentanil" title="Lofentanil">Lofentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPK-26" title="LPK-26">LPK-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufuradom" title="Lufuradom">Lufuradom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrine" title="Matrine">Matrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MB-1C-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MB-1C-OH (page does not exist)">MB-1C-OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metazocine" title="Metazocine">Metazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metkefamide" title="Metkefamide">Metkefamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianserin" title="Mianserin">Mianserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirtazapine" title="Mirtazapine">Mirtazapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxazocine" title="Moxazocine">Moxazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2034&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2034 (page does not exist)">MR-2034</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-MPPP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-MPPP (page does not exist)">N-MPPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">Nalbuphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalfurafine" title="Nalfurafine">Nalfurafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalmefene" title="Nalmefene">Nalmefene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalodeine" title="Nalodeine">Nalodeine (N-allylnorcodeine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalorphine" title="Nalorphine">Nalorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltriben" title="Naltriben">Naltriben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niravoline" title="Niravoline">Niravoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide" title="Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide">Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oripavine" title="Oripavine">Oripavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxilorphan" title="Oxilorphan">Oxilorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazocine" title="Phenazocine">Phenazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxorphan" title="Proxorphan">Proxorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">salvia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_ethoxymethyl_ether" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B ethoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_B_methoxymethyl_ether" title="Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether">Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samidorphan" title="Samidorphan">Samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiradoline" title="Spiradoline">Spiradoline</a> (U-62066)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifluadom" title="Tifluadom">Tifluadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">amitriptyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">desipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imipramine" title="Imipramine">imipramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nortriptyline" title="Nortriptyline">nortriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-50488" title="U-50488">U-50488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-54494A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-54494A (page does not exist)">U-54494A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-69593" class="mw-redirect" title="U-69593">U-69593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorphanol" title="Xorphanol">Xorphanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B2-Hydroxyflavanone" class="mw-redirect" title="4′-Hydroxyflavanone">4′-Hydroxyflavanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27,7-Dihydroxyflavone" title="4',7-Dihydroxyflavone">4',7-Dihydroxyflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="5'-Guanidinonaltrindole">5'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%27-Guanidinonaltrindole" title="6'-Guanidinonaltrindole">6'-GNTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol" title="6β-Naltrexol">6β-Naltrexol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Naltrexol-d4" title="6β-Naltrexol-d4">6β-Naltrexol-d4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlornaltrexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlornaltrexamine">β-Chlornaltrexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine/samidorphan" title="Buprenorphine/samidorphan">Buprenorphine/samidorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amentoflavone" title="Amentoflavone">Amentoflavone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%27-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5'-Acetamidinoethylnaltrindole (page does not exist)">ANTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arodyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arodyne (page does not exist)">Arodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aticaprant" title="Aticaprant">Aticaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axelopran" title="Axelopran">Axelopran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZ-MTAB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZ-MTAB (page does not exist)">AZ-MTAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaltorphimine" title="Binaltorphimine">Binaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BU09059" title="BU09059">BU09059</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">Catechin gallate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERC-501" class="mw-redirect" title="CERC-501">CERC-501 (LY-2456302)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocinnamox" title="Clocinnamox">Clocinnamox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icalcaprant" title="Icalcaprant">CVL-354</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclofoxy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclofoxy (page does not exist)">Cyclofoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezocine" title="Dezocine">Dezocine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DIPPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DIPPA (page does not exist)">DIPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallocatechol" title="Gallocatechol">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">Epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoside" title="Hyperoside">Hyperoside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDTic" title="JDTic">JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-255582" title="LY-255582">LY-255582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2196044" class="mw-redirect" title="LY-2196044">LY-2196044</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2444296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2444296 (page does not exist)">LY-2444296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-2459989" title="LY-2459989">LY-2459989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-2795050&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-2795050 (page does not exist)">LY-2795050</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MeJDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MeJDTic (page does not exist)">MeJDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylnaltrexone" title="Methylnaltrexone">Methylnaltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML190&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML190 (page does not exist)">ML190</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML350 (page does not exist)">ML350</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MR-2266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MR-2266 (page does not exist)">MR-2266</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic (page does not exist)">N-Fluoropropyl-JDTic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">Naloxone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrexone" title="Naltrexone">Naltrexone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naltrindole" title="Naltrindole">Naltrindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">Naringenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navacaprant" title="Navacaprant">Navacaprant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbinaltorphimine" title="Norbinaltorphimine">Norbinaltorphimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuskin_A" title="Pawhuskin A">Pawhuskin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-4455242" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-4455242">PF-4455242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-64" title="RB-64">RB-64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadazocine" title="Quadazocine">Quadazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxifolin" title="Taxifolin">Taxifolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UPHIT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UPHIT (page does not exist)">UPHIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyklophin" title="Zyklophin">Zyklophin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> (NOP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin (page does not exist)">(Arg14,Lys15)Nociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">((pF)Phe4)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Phe1%CE%A8(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Phe1Ψ(CH2-NH)Gly2)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRWK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRWK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRWK-NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ac-RYYRIK-NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ac-RYYRIK-NH2 (page does not exist)">Ac-RYYRIK-NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BU08070&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BU08070 (page does not exist)">BU08070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebranopadol" title="Cebranopadol">Cebranopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroetorphine" title="Dihydroetorphine">Dihydroetorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-19385899&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-19385899 (page does not exist)">JNJ-19385899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexanopadol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lexanopadol (page does not exist)">Lexanopadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOPPB" title="MCOPPB">MCOPPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT-7716" title="MT-7716">MT-7716</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_63-0532" title="NNC 63-0532">NNC 63-0532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin" title="Nociceptin">Nociceptin (orphanin FQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-11)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-11) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-11)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbuprenorphine" title="Norbuprenorphine">Norbuprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Racemethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racemorphan" title="Racemorphan">Racemorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro64-6198" title="Ro64-6198">Ro64-6198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro65-6570" title="Ro65-6570">Ro65-6570</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-221510" title="SCH-221510">SCH-221510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SCH-486757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SCH-486757 (page does not exist)">SCH-486757</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-8993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-8993 (page does not exist)">SR-8993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SR-16435" title="SR-16435">SR-16435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunobinop" title="Sunobinop">Sunobinop (S-117957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TH-030418" title="TH-030418">TH-030418</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2 (page does not exist)">(Nphe1)Nociceptin(1-13)NH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT-076" title="AT-076">AT-076</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAN-ORL-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAN-ORL-24 (page does not exist)">BAN-ORL-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTRX-246040" title="BTRX-246040">BTRX-246040 (LY-2940094)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-113397" class="mw-redirect" title="J-113397">J-113397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTC-801" title="JTC-801">JTC-801</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naloxone_benzoylhydrazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naloxone benzoylhydrazone (page does not exist)">NalBzOH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nociceptin_(1-7)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nociceptin (1-7) (page does not exist)">Nociceptin (1-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nocistatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nocistatin (page does not exist)">Nocistatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-612111" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-612111">SB-612111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-16430&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-16430 (page does not exist)">SR-16430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thienorphine" title="Thienorphine">Thienorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trap-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trap-101 (page does not exist)">Trap-101</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFP-101&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UFP-101 (page does not exist)">UFP-101</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amastatin" title="Amastatin">Amastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BL-2401&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BL-2401 (page does not exist)">BL-2401</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoxatril" title="Candoxatril">Candoxatril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine#D-,_L-_and_DL-phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">D-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexecadotril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexecadotril (page does not exist)">Dexecadotril (retorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecadotril" title="Ecadotril">Ecadotril (sinorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelatorphan" title="Kelatorphan">Kelatorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racecadotril" title="Racecadotril">Racecadotril (acetorphan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-101" title="RB-101">RB-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-120" title="RB-120">RB-120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RB-3007" title="RB-3007">RB-3007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opiorphan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opiorphan (page does not exist)">Opiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selank" title="Selank">Selank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semax" title="Semax">Semax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinorphin" title="Spinorphin">Spinorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiorphan" title="Thiorphan">Thiorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynorphin" title="Tynorphin">Tynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubenimex" title="Ubenimex">Ubenimex (bestatin)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Propeptides: <a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">β-Lipotropin (proendorphin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodynorphin" title="Prodynorphin">Prodynorphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proenkephalin" title="Proenkephalin">Proenkephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pronociceptin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pronociceptin (page does not exist)">Pronociceptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Kyotorphin" title="Kyotorphin">Kyotorphin</a> (met-enkephalin releaser/degradation stabilizer)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators953" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xenobiotic-sensing receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor_modulators953" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xenobiotic-sensing_receptor" title="Xenobiotic-sensing receptor">Xenobiotic-sensing receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_androstane_receptor" title="Constitutive androstane receptor"><abbr title="Constitutive androstane receptor">CAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Constitutive androstane receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=6,7-Dimethylesculetin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6,7-Dimethylesculetin (page does not exist)">6,7-Dimethylesculetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">Artemisinin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benfuracarb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benfuracarb (page does not exist)">Benfuracarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">Carvedilol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysin" title="Chrysin">Chrysin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CITCO_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CITCO (drug) (page does not exist)">CITCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">Cyclophosphamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypermethrin" title="Cypermethrin">Cypermethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellagic_acid" title="Ellagic acid">Ellagic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseofulvin" title="Griseofulvin">Griseofulvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">Methoxychlor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevirapine" title="Nevirapine">Nevirapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octicizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octicizer (page does not exist)">Octicizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permethrin" title="Permethrin">Permethrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCPOBOP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCPOBOP (page does not exist)">TCPOBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmisartan" title="Telmisartan">Telmisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolnaftate" title="Tolnaftate">Tolnaftate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troglitazone" title="Troglitazone">Troglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=3,17%CE%B2-Estradiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,17β-Estradiol (page does not exist)">3,17β-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Androstan-3%CE%B1-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Androstan-3α-ol (page does not exist)">3α-Androstanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-16-en-3%CE%B1-ol" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-16-en-3α-ol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Androstan-3%CE%B2-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Androstan-3β-ol (page does not exist)">3β-Androstanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Androstan-17-ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Androstan-17-ol (page does not exist)">17-Androstanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">AITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">Meclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigramide_J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigramide J (page does not exist)">Nigramide J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okadaic_acid" title="Okadaic acid">Okadaic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PK-11195" class="mw-redirect" title="PK-11195">PK-11195</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-07662&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-07662 (page does not exist)">S-07662</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=T-0901317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T-0901317 (page does not exist)">T-0901317</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnane_X_receptor" title="Pregnane X receptor"><abbr title="Pregnane X receptor">PXR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Pregnane X receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ4-Androstenedione">Δ4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%945-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ5-Androstenediol">Δ5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%945-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ5-Androstenedione">Δ5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AA-861&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AA-861 (page does not exist)">AA-861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanediol" title="Allopregnanediol">Allopregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">Allopregnanedione (5α-dihydroprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Lipoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Lipoic acid">Alpha-Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrisentan" title="Ambrisentan">Ambrisentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMI-193" class="mw-redirect" title="AMI-193">AMI-193</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amlodipine_besylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Amlodipine besylate">Amlodipine besylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimycotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimycotic">Antimycotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemisinin" title="Artemisinin">Artemisinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurothioglucose" title="Aurothioglucose">Aurothioglucose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">Bile acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithionol" title="Bithionol">Bithionol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosentan" title="Bosentan">Bosentan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bumecaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bumecaine (page does not exist)">Bumecaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafestol" title="Cafestol">Cafestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephaloridine" title="Cephaloridine">Cephaloridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephradine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephradine">Cephradine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciglitazone" title="Ciglitazone">Ciglitazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">Clindamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clofenvinfos" class="mw-redirect" title="Clofenvinfos">Clofenvinfos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroxine" title="Chloroxine">Chloroxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotrimazole" title="Clotrimazole">Clotrimazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colforsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Colforsin">Colforsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclophosphamide" title="Cyclophosphamide">Cyclophosphamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demecolcine" title="Demecolcine">Demecolcine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibunate_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibunate sodium">Dibunate sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclazuril" title="Diclazuril">Diclazuril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicloxacillin" title="Dicloxacillin">Dicloxacillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">Dimercaprol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinaline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinaline (page does not exist)">Dinaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetaxel" title="Docetaxel">Docetaxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docusate_calcium" class="mw-redirect" title="Docusate calcium">Docusate calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecylbenzenesulfonic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid">Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronabinol" title="Dronabinol">Dronabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droxidopa" title="Droxidopa">Droxidopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburnamonine" class="mw-redirect" title="Eburnamonine">Eburnamonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopipam" title="Ecopipam">Ecopipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzacamene" title="Enzacamene">Enzacamene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epothilone_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Epothilone B">Epothilone B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famprofazone" title="Famprofazone">Famprofazone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Febantel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Febantel (page does not exist)">Febantel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenbendazole" title="Fenbendazole">Fenbendazole</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucloxacillin" title="Flucloxacillin">Flucloxacillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone" title="Fluorometholone">Fluorometholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseofulvin" title="Griseofulvin">Griseofulvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloprogin" title="Haloprogin">Haloprogin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetacillin_potassium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetacillin potassium">Hetacillin potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperforin" title="Hyperforin">Hyperforin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericum_perforatum" title="Hypericum perforatum">Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indinavir_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indinavir sulfate">Indinavir sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasalocid_sodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasalocid sodium">Lasalocid sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levothyroxine" title="Levothyroxine">Levothyroxine</a></li> <li>Linolenic acid: <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Linolenic_acid" title="Α-Linolenic acid">α-Linolenic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Linolenic_acid" title="Γ-Linolenic acid">γ-Linolenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LOE-908&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LOE-908 (page does not exist)">LOE-908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loratadine" title="Loratadine">Loratadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovastatin" title="Lovastatin">Lovastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclizine" title="Meclizine">Meclizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacycline" title="Metacycline">Metacycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylprednisolone" title="Methylprednisolone">Methylprednisolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metyrapone" title="Metyrapone">Metyrapone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevastatin" title="Mevastatin">Mevastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafcillin" title="Nafcillin">Nafcillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norelgestromin" title="Norelgestromin">Norelgestromin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">Omeprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlistat" title="Orlistat">Orlistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxatomide" title="Oxatomide">Oxatomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paclitaxel" title="Paclitaxel">Paclitaxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">Piperine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plicamycin" title="Plicamycin">Plicamycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol" title="Pregnanediol">Pregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">Pregnanedione (5β-dihydroprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_16%CE%B1-carbonitrile" title="Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile">Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proadifen" title="Proadifen">Proadifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserpine" title="Reserpine">Reserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_triiodothyronine" title="Reverse triiodothyronine">Reverse triiodothyronine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifampicin" title="Rifampicin">Rifampicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifaximin" title="Rifaximin">Rifaximin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimexolone" title="Rimexolone">Rimexolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Riodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritonavir" title="Ritonavir">Ritonavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simvastatin" title="Simvastatin">Simvastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirolimus" title="Sirolimus">Sirolimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-12813&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-12813 (page does not exist)">SR-12813</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suberoylanilide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suberoylanilide (page does not exist)">Suberoylanilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfisoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfisoxazole">Sulfisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramin" title="Suramin">Suramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacrolimus" title="Tacrolimus">Tacrolimus</a></li> <li><a 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