Exploring the ‘Most Effective Pollinator Principle’ with Complex Flowers: Bumblebees and Ipomopsis aggregata | Annals of Botany

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Price</button><span class='delimiter'></span> <span class="al-author-info-wrap arrow-up"> <div class="info-card-author authorInfo_OUP_ArticleTop_Info_Widget"> <div class="name-role-wrap"> <div class="info-card-name"> Mary V. Price </div> </div> <div class="info-card-affilitation"> <div class="aff">Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Crested Butte, CO, 81224, USA Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA </div> </div> <div class="info-card-search-label"> Search for other works by this author on: </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-internal"> <a href="/aob/search-results?f_Authors=Mary+V.+Price" rel="nofollow">Oxford Academic</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-pubmed"> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?cmd=search&term=Price M">PubMed</a> </div> <div class="info-card-search info-card-search-google"> <a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=author:%22Price Mary V.%22">Google Scholar</a> </div> </div> </span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="pub-history-wrap clearfix js-history-dropdown-wrap"> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-primary"><em>Annals of Botany</em>, Volume 88, Issue 4, October 2001, Pages 591–596, <a href='https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1500'>https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2001.1500</a></div> </div> <div class="pub-history-row clearfix"> <div class="ww-citation-date-wrap"> <div class="citation-label">Published:</div> <div class="citation-date">01 October 2001</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function () { $('.article-top-widget').on('click', '.ati-toggle-trigger', function () { $(this).find('.icon-general-add, .icon-minus').toggleClass('icon-minus icon-general-add'); $(this).siblings('.ati-toggle-content').toggleClass('hide'); }); // In Chrome, an anchor tag with target="_blank" and a "mailto:" href opens a new tab/window as well as the email client // I suspect this behavior will be corrected in the future // Remove the target="_blank" $('ul.wi-affiliationList').find('a[href^="mailto:"]').each(function () { $(this).removeAttr('target'); }); }); </script> </div> <div class="widget widget-ArticleLinks widget-instance-OUP_Article_Links_Widget"> </div> <div class="article-body js-content-body"> <div class="toolbar-wrap js-toolbar-wrap"> <div class="toolbar-inner-wrap"> <ul id="Toolbar" role="navigation"> <li class="toolbar-item item-pdf js-item-pdf "> <a class="al-link pdf article-pdfLink" data-article-id="2587218" href="/aob/article-pdf/88/4/591/7982056/880591.pdf"> <img src=//oup.silverchair-cdn.com/UI/app/svg/pdf.svg alt="pdf" /><span class="pdf-link-text">PDF</span> </a> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-link item-split-view"> <a href="javascript:;" class="split-view js-split-view st-split-view at-split-view" target=""> <i class="icon-menu-split"></i> Split View </a> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-with-dropdown item-views"> <a class="at-views-dropdown drop-trigger" href="javascript:;" data-dropdown="FilterDrop" aria-haspopup="true"> <i class="icon-menu_views"></i> <div class="toolbar-label"> <div class="toolbar-text">Views</div> <i class="icon-general-arrow-filled-down arrow-icon"></i> </div> </a> <ul id="ViewsDrop" class="f-dropdown js-dropdown-content" data-dropdown-content aria-label="submenu"> <div class="arrow-up"></div> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="article-content"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Article contents</span></a> </li> <li class="at-figures-tables article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="figures-tables"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Figures & tables</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="video"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Video</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="audio"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Audio</span></a> </li> <li class="article-content-filter js-article-content-filter" data-content-filter="supplementary-data"> <a href="javascript:;"><span>Supplementary Data</span></a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toolbar-item item-cite js-item-cite"> <div class="widget widget-ToolboxGetCitation widget-instance-OUP_Get_Citation"> <a href="#" class="js-cite-button at-CiteButton" data-reveal-id="getCitation" data-reveal> <i class="icon-read-more"></i> <span>Cite</span> </a> <div id="getCitation" class="reveal-modal js-citation-modal" data-reveal> <h3 class="modal-title">Cite</h3> <div class="oxford-citation-text"> <p>Margaret M. 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class="module-widget"> <div class="widget-items" data-widgetname="ArticleFulltext"> <h2 scrollto-destination=45415195 id="45415195" class="abstract-title js-splitscreen-abstract-title" >Abstract</h2> <section class="abstract"><p class="chapter-para"> The ‘most effective pollinator principle’ implies that floral characteristics often reflect adaptation to the pollinator that transfers the most pollen, through a combination of high rate of visitation to flowers and effective deposition of pollen during each visit. We looked for the expected positive correlation between quantity and quality of visits in <em>Ipomopsis aggregata</em> , whose red, tubular flowers are considered to be adapted to hummingbirds. Hummingbirds were indeed the most common floral visitors in 5 years of observation. However, long-tongued bumblebees deposited on average three-times as much outcross pollen per visit to virgin flowers, and elicited four-times as much seed production, as did hummingbirds. Hence visitors that are relatively infrequent, and unexpected given the ‘pollination syndrome’ of the plant, can be surprisingly good pollinators. One interpretation of this observation is that natural selection favours a specialized floral morphology that excludes all but a single type of visitor, but that there are constraints on achieving this outcome. An alternative is that selection favours some degree of floral generalization, but that flowers can retain features that adapt them to a particular type of pollinator in spite of this generalization. <em>Copyright 2001 Annals of Botany Company</em></p></section> <div class="article-metadata-panel clearfix at-ArticleMetadata"></div> <div class="kwd-group"><a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="" Bumblebees, floral evolution, hummingbirds, Ipomopsis aggregata , pollination syndromes, pollinator effectiveness, scarlet gilia, seed set, specialization, temporal variation ""> Bumblebees, floral evolution, hummingbirds, <em>Ipomopsis aggregata</em> , pollination syndromes, pollinator effectiveness, scarlet gilia, seed set, specialization, temporal variation </a></div><p class="chapter-para">Received: 4 April 2001 ; Returned for revision: 11 May 2001 . Accepted: 19 June 2001 </p><p class="chapter-para"><span id="fn-FN1"></span><div content-id="FN1" class="footnote"><span class="fn"><span class="label fn-label"><span rel="nofollow" data-fn-id="FN1" class="end-note-link">+</span></span><p class="chapter-para">For correspondence. 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Exploring the ‘Most Effective Pollinator Principle’ with Complex Flowers: Bumblebees and Ipomopsis aggregata | Annals of Botany | Oxford Academic