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N-type calcium channel - Wikipedia
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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">N-type calcium channel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courant_calcique_de_type_N" title="Courant calcique de type N – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Courant calcique de type N" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-type-calciumkanaal" title="N-type-calciumkanaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="N-type-calciumkanaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_c%C3%A1lcio_do_tipo_N" title="Canal de cálcio do tipo N – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canal de cálcio do tipo N" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein family</div> <p><b>N-type calcium channels</b> also called Ca<sub>v</sub>2.2 channels are <a href="/wiki/Voltage_gated_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage gated calcium channels">voltage gated calcium channels</a> that are localized primarily on the nerve terminals and dendrites as well as neuroendocrine cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Catterall_Perez-Reyes_Snutch_Striessnig_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catterall_Perez-Reyes_Snutch_Striessnig-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The calcium N-channel consists of several subunits: the primary subunit α1B and the auxiliary subunits α2δ and β. The α1B subunit forms the pore through which the calcium enters and helps to determine most of the channel's properties.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These channels play an important role in the neurotransmission during development. In the adult nervous system, N-type calcium channels are critically involved in the release of neurotransmitters, and in pain pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid26386135_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26386135-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> N-type calcium channels are the target of <a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">ziconotide</a>, the drug prescribed to relieve <a href="/wiki/Intractable_pain" title="Intractable pain">intractable</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">cancer pain</a>. There are many known N-type calcium channel blockers that function to inhibit channel activity, although the most notable blockers are <a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">ω-conotoxins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Structure_of_N-Type_Channel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Crystal_Structure_of_N-Type_Channel.png/220px-Crystal_Structure_of_N-Type_Channel.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Crystal_Structure_of_N-Type_Channel.png/330px-Crystal_Structure_of_N-Type_Channel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Crystal_Structure_of_N-Type_Channel.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Crystal Structure of N-Type Channel</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-type_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>N-type calcium channels are categorized as high threshold-activated channels and seen in the Cav2 gene family. The structure of the N-type calcium channel is very similar to other <a href="/wiki/Voltage_gated_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage gated channel">voltage-dependent channels</a>. The most important part of the channel is the actual pore that is formed by the α1B subunit. This pore is the location of the import of the extracellular ions. The α1B subunit has as many as 2000 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues within an amino acid sequence with the transmembrane structure with a pore. This is organized into 6 six segments(S1-S6). S1, S2, S3, S5, and S6 are hydrophobic while S4 serves as the voltage-sensor. In addition there is a membrane-associated loop in between S5 and S6. The activity of the pore is modulated by 4 subunits: an intracellular β-subunit, a transmembrane gamma subunit, and complex of alpha-2 and delta subunits.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the α1B subunit encoded by <a href="/wiki/CACNA1B" title="CACNA1B">CACNA1B</a> gene, the following auxiliary subunits are present in the N-type calcium channel: </p> <ul><li>α2δ – encoded by either one of two genes <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">CACNA2D1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">CACNA2D2</a></li> <li>β – encoded by either one of four genes <a href="/wiki/CACNB1" title="CACNB1">CACNB1</a>, <a href="/wiki/CACNB2" title="CACNB2">CACNB2</a>, <a href="/wiki/CACNB3" title="CACNB3">CACNB3</a>, <a href="/wiki/CACNB4" title="CACNB4">CACNB4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-type_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>N-type calcium channels are important in neurotransmitter release because they are localized at the <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_terminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic terminals">synaptic terminals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber_2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber_2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>, N-type channels are known to be involved in the release of many neurotransmitters like glutamate, GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine. When extracellular calcium flows into N-type calcium channels due to an action potential, it triggers the fusion of the secretory vesicles. </p><p>Studies on the cardiovascular system reveal when ω-Conotoxin is introduced, it causes the inhibition of <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>, and this shows that only the N-type calcium channel, not the P/Q/L type calcium channels, are involved in the release of norepinephrine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the kidneys, blocking of N-type calcium channels reduce glomerular pressure through dilation of arterioles.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>N-type calcium channels have been shown to play a part in the localization of <a href="/wiki/Neurite" title="Neurite">neurite</a> growth in the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> and the skin and spinal cord. The neurite outgrowth was shown to be inhibited through an interaction between laminin and the 11th loop of the n-type calcium channel structure.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that neurites outgrowth is inhibited by the influx of calcium through the growth cone, and this happens when the Cav2.2 channel comes in contact with laminin 2, and in response can induce a stretch activation of the N-type calcium channel.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mutations">Mutations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-type_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mutations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A rare gain-of-function mutation in <a href="/wiki/CACNA1B" title="CACNA1B">CACNA1B</a> gene encoding the α1B subunit of N-type calcium channel was suggested as the cause of several cases of a myoclonus-dystonia syndrome, although this suggestion has been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26386135_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26386135-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loss-of-function CACNA1B mutations were found to be present in progressive epilepsy-dyskinesia.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30982612_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30982612-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-type_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The alteration of N-type calcium channels in therapeutic processes occurs in four major ways; through the blockage of N-type calcium channel <a href="/wiki/Peptides" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptides">peptides</a>, interference of the flow of ions through the channel itself, activation of <a href="/wiki/G-protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein">G-protein</a> coupled signaling, and interference of the G-protein pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-Zamponi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zamponi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that the <a href="/wiki/Intrathecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecal">intrathecal</a> injection of the calcium channel inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">ziconotide</a>, to block the N-type calcium channels, have produced alleviation of intractable pain.<sup id="cite_ref-Dray_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dray-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blockade of the N-type calcium channel is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>. Because prolonged alcohol exposure over time has been known to increase N-type channel function, experiments have shown that using N-type antagonists to decrease channel activity resulted in reduced voluntary consumption of alcohol in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Blockers">Blockers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-type_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blockers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ziconotide_1DW5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ziconotide_1DW5.png/220px-Ziconotide_1DW5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ziconotide_1DW5.png/330px-Ziconotide_1DW5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ziconotide_1DW5.png/440px-Ziconotide_1DW5.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Ziconotide 1DW5</figcaption></figure><p>In the pain pathway, N-type calcium channels serve to regulate pain signals sent from the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central Nervous System</a>. Although many N-type calcium channels blockers are known, most potent and selective belong to the family of <a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">conotoxins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>List of N-type Calcium channel blockers: </p> <ul><li>ω-Conotoxins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilnidipine" title="Cilnidipine">Cilnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desipramine" title="Desipramine">Desipramine</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16844100_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16844100-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a> nonselectively inhibits N-type calcium channels by attaching to auxiliary α2δ subunit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li>NP078585</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23045722_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23045722-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a> nonselectively inhibits N-type calcium channels by attaching to auxiliary α2δ subunit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TROX-1" title="TROX-1">TROX-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide</a>, a synthetic version of one of conotoxins</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-type_calcium_channel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Catterall_Perez-Reyes_Snutch_Striessnig-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Catterall_Perez-Reyes_Snutch_Striessnig_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCatterallPerez-ReyesSnutchStriessnig2019" class="citation journal cs1">Catterall WA, Perez-Reyes E, Snutch TP, Striessnig J (2019-09-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2218%2Fgtopdb%2Ff80%2F2019.4">"Voltage-gated calcium channels (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database"</a>. <i>IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology CITE</i>. <b>2019</b> (4). Edinburgh University Library. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2218%2Fgtopdb%2Ff80%2F2019.4">10.2218/gtopdb/f80/2019.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2633-1020">2633-1020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUPHAR%2FBPS+Guide+to+Pharmacology+CITE&rft.atitle=Voltage-gated+calcium+channels+%28version+2019.4%29+in+the+IUPHAR%2FBPS+Guide+to+Pharmacology+Database&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2218%2Fgtopdb%2Ff80%2F2019.4&rft.issn=2633-1020&rft.aulast=Catterall&rft.aufirst=WA&rft.au=Perez-Reyes%2C+E&rft.au=Snutch%2C+TP&rft.au=Striessnig%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2218%252Fgtopdb%252Ff80%252F2019.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN-type+calcium+channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR005447">"Voltage-dependent calcium channel, N-type, alpha-1 subunit"</a>. <i>InterPro</i>. EMBL-EBI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InterPro&rft.atitle=Voltage-dependent+calcium+channel%2C+N-type%2C+alpha-1+subunit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebi.ac.uk%2Finterpro%2Fentry%2FIPR005447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN-type+calcium+channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26386135-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26386135_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid26386135_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyesPrattReesDahimene2015" class="citation journal cs1">Heyes S, Pratt WS, Rees E, Dahimene S, Ferron L, Owen MJ, Dolphin AC (November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4658333">"Genetic disruption of voltage-gated calcium channels in psychiatric and neurological disorders"</a>. <i>Prog Neurobiol</i>. <b>134</b>: 36–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2015.09.002">10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4658333">4658333</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26386135">26386135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prog+Neurobiol&rft.atitle=Genetic+disruption+of+voltage-gated+calcium+channels+in+psychiatric+and+neurological+disorders&rft.volume=134&rft.pages=36-54&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4658333%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26386135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pneurobio.2015.09.002&rft.aulast=Heyes&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Pratt%2C+WS&rft.au=Rees%2C+E&rft.au=Dahimene%2C+S&rft.au=Ferron%2C+L&rft.au=Owen%2C+MJ&rft.au=Dolphin%2C+AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4658333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AN-type+calcium+channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsBerecki2013" class="citation journal cs1">Adams DJ, Berecki G (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbamem.2013.01.019">"Mechanisms of conotoxin inhibition of N-type (Ca(v)2.2) calcium channels"</a>. <i>Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - 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title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link 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class="citation journal cs1">Agler HL, Evans J, Tay LH, Anderson MJ, Colecraft HM, Yue DT (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2005.05.011">"G protein-gated inhibitory module of N-type (ca(v)2.2) ca2+ channels"</a>. <i>Neuron</i>. <b>46</b> (6): 891–904. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2005.05.011">10.1016/j.neuron.2005.05.011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15953418">15953418</a>.</cite><span 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channels" title="Template:Ion channels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ion_channels" title="Template talk:Ion channels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ion_channels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ion channels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Membrane_transport_protein:_ion_channels_(TC_1A)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Membrane transport protein</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database#1._Channels/Pores" title="Transporter Classification Database">TC 1A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Ca2+:_Calcium_channel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Ca<sup>2+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Ligand-gated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_trisphosphate_receptor" title="Inositol trisphosphate receptor">Inositol trisphosphate receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITPR1" title="ITPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITPR2" title="ITPR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITPR3" title="ITPR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">Ryanodine receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RYR1" class="mw-redirect" title="RYR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor_2" title="Ryanodine receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYR3" class="mw-redirect" title="RYR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.1" title="Cav1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.2" title="Cav1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.3" title="Cav1.3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.4" title="Cav1.4">1.4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">N-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.2</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cav2.1" title="Cav2.1">2.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_calcium_channel" title="Q-type calcium channel">Q-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.1</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.3</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1G" title="CACNA1G">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1H" class="mw-redirect" title="CACNA1H">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1I" title="CACNA1I">3.3</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>α<sub>2</sub>δ-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>β-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNB1" title="CACNB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB2" title="CACNB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB3" title="CACNB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB4" title="CACNB4">β4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>γ-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNG1" title="CACNG1">γ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG2" title="CACNG2">γ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG3" title="CACNG3">γ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG4" title="CACNG4">γ4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation_channels_of_sperm" title="Cation channels of sperm">Cation channels of sperm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CatSper1" title="CatSper1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper2" title="CatSper2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper3" title="CatSper3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper4" title="CatSper4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-pore_channel" title="Two-pore channel">Two-pore channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TPCN1" title="TPCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPCN2" title="TPCN2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Na+:_Sodium_channel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Na<sup>+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Constitutively active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel">Epithelial sodium channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1A" title="SCNN1A">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1B" title="SCNN1B">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1G" title="SCNN1G">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1D" title="SCNN1D">δ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">Proton</a>-gated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel">Amiloride-sensitive cation channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACCN1" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN2" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN3" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN4" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN3A" title="SCN3A">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.4" title="Nav1.4">1.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.5">1.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN8A" title="SCN8A">1.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.7">1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN10A" class="mw-redirect" title="SCN10A">1.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.9" title="Nav1.9">1.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN7A" title="SCN7A">7A</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCN1B" title="SCN1B">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN2B" title="SCN2B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN3B" title="SCN3B">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN4B" title="SCN4B">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="K+:_Potassium_channel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>K<sup>+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">Calcium-activated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel_subunit_alpha-1" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1">α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB1" title="KCNMB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB2" title="KCNMB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB3" title="KCNMB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB4" title="KCNMB4">β4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_channel" title="SK channel">SK channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNN1" title="KCNN1">SK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN2" title="KCNN2">SK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK3" title="SK3">SK3</a></li></ul></li> <li>IK channel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNN4" title="KCNN4">IK1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>K<sub>Ca</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel_subunit_alpha-1" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN1" title="KCNN1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN2" title="KCNN2">2.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK3" title="SK3">2.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN4" title="KCNN4">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNT1" title="KCNT1">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNT2" title="KCNT2">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNU1" title="KCNU1">5.1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel">Inward-rectifier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></a></li> <li><i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROMK" title="ROMK">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir2.1" title="Kir2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ12" title="KCNJ12">2.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ4" title="KCNJ4">2.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ14" title="KCNJ14">2.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir2.6" title="Kir2.6">2.6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</a>/<i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ3" title="KCNJ3">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ6" title="KCNJ6">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ9" title="KCNJ9">3.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ5" title="KCNJ5">3.4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ10" title="KCNJ10">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ15" title="KCNJ15">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ16" title="KCNJ16">5.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ8" title="KCNJ8">6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir6.2" title="Kir6.2">6.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ13" title="KCNJ13">7.1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">Tandem pore domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>K2P</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNK1" title="KCNK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK2" title="KCNK2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK3" title="KCNK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK4" title="KCNK4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK5" title="KCNK5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK6" title="KCNK6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK7" title="KCNK7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK9" title="KCNK9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK10" title="KCNK10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK12" title="KCNK12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK13" title="KCNK13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK15" title="KCNK15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK16" title="KCNK16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK17" title="KCNK17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK18" title="KCNK18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel" title="Voltage-gated potassium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>α1-6</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kv1.1" title="Kv1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA2" title="KCNA2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA3" title="KCNA3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA4" title="KCNA4">1.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA5" title="KCNA5">1.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA6" title="KCNA6">1.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA7" title="KCNA7">1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA10" title="KCNA10">1.8</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNB1" title="KCNB1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNB2" title="KCNB2">2.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNC1" title="KCNC1">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC2" title="KCNC2">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC3" title="KCNC3">3.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC4" title="KCNC4">3.4</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCND1" title="KCND1">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCND2" title="KCND2">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCND3" title="KCND3">4.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNF1" title="KCNF1">5.1</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNG1" title="KCNG1">6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG2" title="KCNG2">6.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG3" title="KCNG3">6.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG4" title="KCNG4">6.4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>α7-12</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT1" title="KvLQT1">7.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT2" title="KvLQT2">7.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT3" title="KvLQT3">7.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNQ4" title="KCNQ4">7.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNQ5" title="KCNQ5">7.5</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNV1" title="KCNV1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNV2" title="KCNV2">8.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNS1" title="KCNS1">9.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNS2" title="KCNS2">9.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNS3" title="KCNS3">9.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNH1" title="KCNH1">10.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH5" title="KCNH5">10.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">11.1/hERG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH6" title="KCNH6">11.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH7" title="KCNH7">11.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNH8" title="KCNH8">12.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH3" title="KCNH3">12.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH4" title="KCNH4">12.3</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB1" title="KCNAB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB2" title="KCNAB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB3" title="KCNAB3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>KCNIP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP1" title="KCNIP1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP2" title="KCNIP2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calsenilin" title="Calsenilin">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP4" title="KCNIP4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE1" title="KCNE1">minK/ISK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE1L" class="mw-redirect" title="KCNE1L">minK/ISK-like</a></li> <li><i>MiRP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNE2" title="KCNE2">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE3" title="KCNE3">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE4" title="KCNE4">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_(gene)" title="Shaker (gene)">Shaker (gene)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Miscellaneous</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl<sup>−</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">Calcium-activated chloride channels</a> <ul><li><i>Anoctamin</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANO1" title="ANO1">ANO1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Bestrophin</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bestrophin_1" title="Bestrophin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEST2" class="mw-redirect" title="BEST2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Chloride Channel Accessory</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLCA1" title="CLCA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA2" title="CLCA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA3" title="CLCA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA4" title="CLCA4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</a></li> <li><i>CLCN</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLCN1" title="CLCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN2" title="CLCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN3" title="CLCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN4" title="CLCN4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN5" title="CLCN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN6" title="CLCN6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN7" title="CLCN7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCNKA" title="CLCNKA">KA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCNKB" title="CLCNKB">KB</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CLIC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLIC1" title="CLIC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC2" title="CLIC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC3" title="CLIC3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC4" title="CLIC4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC5" title="CLIC5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC6" title="CLIC6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCC1" title="CLCC1">L1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CLNS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLNS1A" title="CLNS1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLNS1B" title="CLNS1B">1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_proton_channel" title="Voltage-gated proton channel">Proton channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HVCN1" title="HVCN1">HVCN1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">M<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel">CNG cation channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_1" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_2" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_3" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_4" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNGB1" title="CNGB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_4" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide_gated_channel_beta_3" title="Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HCN_channel" title="HCN channel">HCN</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funny_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Funny current">FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN1" title="HCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN2" title="HCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN3" title="HCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN4" title="HCN4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">M<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">TRP cation channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRPA (channel)">TRPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_cation_channel,_member_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPC1" title="TRPC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC2" title="TRPC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC3" title="TRPC3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC4" title="TRPC4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC4AP" title="TRPC4AP">4AP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC5" title="TRPC5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC6" title="TRPC6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC7" title="TRPC7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPM1" title="TRPM1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM2" title="TRPM2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM3" title="TRPM3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4" title="TRPM4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM5" title="TRPM5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM6" title="TRPM6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM7" title="TRPM7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM8" title="TRPM8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucolipin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucolipin-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOLN2" title="MCOLN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOLN3" title="MCOLN3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPN" title="TRPN">TRPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PKD1" class="mw-redirect" title="PKD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycystic kidney disease 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPV1" title="TRPV1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV2" title="TRPV2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3" title="TRPV3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV4" title="TRPV4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV5" title="TRPV5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV6" title="TRPV6">6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a> (+ <a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">solutes</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Porin_(protein)" title="Porin (protein)">Porin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">Aquaporin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIP_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIP (gene)">0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP5" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP6" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP7" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP8" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP9" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_anion_channel" title="Voltage-dependent anion channel">Voltage-dependent anion channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VDAC1" title="VDAC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDAC2" title="VDAC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDAC3" title="VDAC3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_bacterial_porin_family" title="General bacterial porin family">General bacterial porin family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">Cytoplasm</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">Connexin</a> <ul><li>A <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJA1" title="GJA1">GJA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA3" title="GJA3">GJA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA4" title="GJA4">GJA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA5" title="GJA5">GJA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA8" title="GJA8">GJA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD2" title="GJD2">GJA9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA10" title="GJA10">GJA10</a></li></ul></li> <li>B <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJB1" title="GJB1">GJB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB2" title="GJB2">GJB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB3" title="GJB3">GJB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB4" title="GJB4">GJB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB5" title="GJB5">GJB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB6" title="GJB6">GJB6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB7" title="GJB7">GJB7</a></li></ul></li> <li>C <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJC1" title="GJC1">GJC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJC2" title="GJC2">GJC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJC3" title="GJC3">GJC3</a></li></ul></li> <li>D <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJD2" title="GJD2">GJD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD3" title="GJD3">GJD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD4" title="GJD4">GJD4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innexin" title="Innexin">Innexin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="By_gating_mechanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>By gating mechanism</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ion_channel_class" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i>Ion channel class</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-gated_ion_channel" title="Light-gated ion channel">Light-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">Voltage-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch-activated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch-activated ion channel">Stretch-activated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite; padding: 0px;"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Channelopathy" title="Template:Channelopathy">disorders</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐78s75 Cached time: 20241122142638 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.594 seconds Real time usage: 0.792 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1908/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 150500/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 412/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 107236/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.346/10.000 seconds Lua memory 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