CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913645071a7c3e07',cH: 'SqweS4slPjm1KiHsim9z5Zq13P_3Lgl0qAR0fOJqY14-1739800469-1.2.1.1-lF3eGdHPfz_gAt1f5llVWSBi87V4hDgPhkZubeCAVs94uXABqsjqVON05pGBnHTs',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Kwasi%20%20Dartey-Baah&__cf_chl_tk=59PYArhB67ExFXCaEEnKQYuVzZ26V8lJpq.qlfh.7N0-1739800469-1.0.1.1-ZUQEWsOs9KEoObHErPZ_Gi3BOu8Rdqtv6ERQwBmWEgY",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739800469',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=Kwasi%20%20Dartey-Baah&__cf_chl_f_tk=59PYArhB67ExFXCaEEnKQYuVzZ26V8lJpq.qlfh.7N0-1739800469-1.0.1.1-ZUQEWsOs9KEoObHErPZ_Gi3BOu8Rdqtv6ERQwBmWEgY",md: "vL5JpW_4Oavg21oMdO8qVE99KE.9jzuWlsHtewxpz9o-1739800469-1.2.1.1-tll5L15uS8FQDOYK5YjWC_YQ9wtq8v1Rb7wkcAO5eqUtpmODCOjHr4nMIBioUJkspVjNbrGPIyy853ct0glfyxFU42FKoVzbYiTVd7OWpilmPe_fQvuopLE380QEuiUsv4Zxnd8pBTbQDuZA888YVjlDLZFnd0WCkT4uq9Yrlh4StDP6NvnkqzWJM2_0quyn8yjZoyItLI1RL1SMdVuRboUBWWs9YoDFmYdP8St.Gj4F4So3JZy056a4bFKrhPRtSWCsM0GApB3lb36lnSoPkz4jxBOdDC7ioc1lumbrX0XLa1GAkFWLGiaXsKRkeCzInLmQ7v4QwoVEKyHaxe4kDgjlw9RJ3PC2wxzQCQorJU_wXBD_dMrYOh.LTNT0MH1Mjhifyitp.JXryGSNk_56WuB4mkwbrS15YqjqXCafT6_C0U_hORyAQvL6.Utr7c3tGFsC9KIqGfWJRXBlUe1A7WUh_POkxf67.cz2uAhaOuQF7aZ98aTzjJai9soNTGHoebg0dmkU0zP0.upESgfi2Zlbp0FUhtCAMasNL5_BTxIdxe32TDAGQNCwAoCuUT9NFUxLZAS4hv8PXX5_xRCfA1fSDR0YaiHTkFhw0qgKPmFV34fUEf5Lcw8bAWhYp3GBgDcWDPmggMOnvrly.d8Foaui6Ybo_4uCednIysJXpZbLEt.cFyGvVgbNzyb6ZjMVgmbScP1WuzHZRk2zdsSX9qE6fvAa3GeOul5C6WXxPCjnbE_9OEwVKYNvFJYMekUtuG8zIsjYOUxSfgM3uNptvrHYs4ftDjpWdwnRhL3wXdD7_4aRcS7SCO3pihx4zJLETLQJqBjO7cOCuJ_3y.OsLW0pBRPjGBcnE92wdYb_RR4K9wzzH3DvplBtzhhT0eyojjqi8j3wlFaOCfBheLcRtHqoqT.BcD4JZ_w322fKQH8FS2AHwjBUCekv_hv8VK.lEAu9QCeDcm3TmyAVQZydpzreGMX_ER4L3p8h.x3G.0SFEUKz9bLImm3FHW8t_F0m7ZhI4qa.eW4J1_to55wwAAt6joVxm_u.rIdrCqs5fp_hEKKtOhUnSOwgRwKctFBiZhGv2mUrTURdvUx6GrKJ52H.1D4xYGeQwLIeTkIawUJpTda1VdSBLeTeJKt6RY9fIob7OeCnyqN9BhVerUU3mEa.r1pQrfAHrfpqJ4HJVpAWAu8K8ObZzl771o3oNK3MdzLbJFCJqyD1HmmJvStKY4RKr3_L8Pmo1QoVmj9FO_.QztAqTYxG.w2WoVvry2e3bs00DJykC6XuMpVkHJpkIqVK4zcgZb8Mu6rv8cTZAhmq3AXee7jDjgo6AtUc.tTTTQxIEmnl69py7RNnLexjt8GkmZq1HA4zO_PVFLrdIvNjz6gZhgyeEFqFfaqTQYMNmn0W_gIYdjtrwtH3Eu2pYRFCwe7AahY_MJOTsXQcClZMe1sHULydXvJn75Fk7CxfkuT.3hkY9cHgFXic7mRJYnlyaaZ7bkF7lIVwNeWCNxUxJK4Hdu2qh4pYYW2t.6NaF6bb69se5xLTI3yeF9j78zqVFNMVGdVt_jNnFx4I_tFIlUVmmxkdIj_hKw4ZZfmzAvOVXIz62pigLW2OgIDrPWNClJqi2o5qAztMi1B7epVKI.eabT9cNJu7wthTS1.Nu_PiDGkES3BqL917eyAAQRshikT3jSAr2JOsYr2Gjtoi.X79L4n7HvWdp0WtY4OuUZJkktdUWSWe4_1oIZPjoV_sdNZzueyhSliOVemIvymB0j7yxDDXhRICEkydG.n8yd_tVOu7QcwOhi5GSHGO9J.HjNOvFp9_HoD6R3xSnRcd7aAG4ErDNSBLlQE14nxI4IUYIiEDjh9HPjCxLcqf424ldwvHb2Q4EeuOeHNtQrc_npHHdaIRh0ZoWsixS4p6IaEdiR98FHeVLG17RDzuVBhbnhSWp9Tf8e_whDcJX4qlWPiCbmK1SVVQ8D4PwCpU",mdrd: "mZYi0WUXKBpT8duvljP7czHKGMCvL9wmZUmeJatR2q8-1739800469-1.2.1.1-rG8hfqxBo3PtYcvbFXLs9b456dqmY6Re.Jd3ep5p28tJAONG_1MFJOfBdPmCR9yE5WiMQloC0pH.lbdzg3fm5vtzonXAa7b1JKj0QLRNIW9kcBL.XofHa3gPfWmN7.cYDyYEQR4G6Kxsag4V8Wh5Sm0qSfQhODv0y9A.ONR1E7CYW3I3PSxJIE9T2nMaHl9Rg1rIOV88f6eT6HWjlDba3nvX8ZW1k4VYZ.hY1RrU78jWWGSbGQnJkrHUe0m21G7igNvlmMxumyCTEoA9Fhwc89c_EBcoZpYdVPMzjLmz3Y7dwh5YHRpTJJoOg6E5jNdGqdf1NcX4AgM9.FdWHuK0y1JpRIoN53qwV8c5wnCFM0eSWvXoHS1AzrjoHZL5av5kmFDmwA3on6Ur8fZhjiAAuEQ1PkWUMHsg7Fe8qhW4Jnq9oxBzPAmnMx2YV0qLcSNWoXLQ7DxUmzQYgoRwQyZ9yFUi6GDQQ4XT8OWh0g4Hm4.ogTk536BzNOzkQxxDwI4CLAjDslNslKDGjzcpXGat2WL5sMl1_wZIMyTN.15fh_eURrLLbJJ54U7un2c1T_e5Y9oUKVXfYjf.fgbm.OyR7BsOik3d1aGUwBuUsxdIr_8mnHFAiJwI5MXgMVOmFoy.1TYDE04PYL2q3oyz_s.0cQ2F5u7ebGKjBVC.g1Lq9zZjULI90gs5FQB0UqPMtUnTC30dPdN2J6Ec3UAYbgdyo0_i4A1Ns0aXp75Z4hm0MVsNVdv9qyGbTNqwSaMXBv9VUDYTnvldYd40gFkbBVe.Vpp1yLK6SzN.G.ak2.rEReajP80StA37Vsyhg5GgAPOzAKvbE820c8MMfryWUKSnmylglM8ph6Q3Hyug8lIwMk.L7abgU8OpwdRhhl4ckcbQOct847q4HxqBtJFB9D27JiGtOn6X4Bwv6jRU2zS5T7awbVVzOjyvPlH.c2hGGrLsKRNRhtfmdbJn5NQrHWIsZvNtVpvc9qT.AIduFwTua3xXHSNhozl6k6ZiNZCxnO0wByga1R3rOg_Bnyja7dBc4cl8Co.XtpQOE4lj0bkNT.cKlCjpVvexzKted3J_uyFOR.a_mqF8B61s2UgNcBV6U51WwHZHLJ.dgbklikX1LfGg.UrTWmnJe5_xSP0J8yZH2fvZ9RzZMgsnJTFeRXkhoWA0BQQ46KdwpMcU41urJsMwta2apAF6ZIqU4rjon3SciZFyfuv0sdNDrzLKRSwXqkYC6BLKcz_abBIh3bGMVf06F4UneyAkd.bj9D3yyxCxkxuEZXsHh3Et0rOfX5V2tsihMoc2b.7DNbr5Y72JXPp1ZvBWXkkXgleMlkd4MDwxOJ.74mClBs4Bu3V00ZIBGf2qK5R1iglp9HMqb620U5ggYyzEHVNJvt5f3ew52.MLd_2l6Tk5Rij2onVIHYvqIM44eOXwVPKOES5irWyXjoSedZgQrfLq7MdnzoL4zo8ePuuePqBQCbJa6aeTB9FR9sqK9z6AEyjxZleyMidoCllb0P_IaUpd_GiB.j5irOaPPA2u8wCOcbHgtoraDpLKnm1Yu1zUjh3J8mnuJfyeFQrlc4igP3YCuU8Uz.2rB6UShK2zy6amSePhdrbKrpTmebRXpl6lVDDnOFjBfEcUEkZPauhUF1XI31ZiyhIXAJWXF9JMo.brjb4GCjB6Q3C_h1kPk4RWMs4IBoe5GZSAs7p7Kphf1vmKYdaAPnvz2CEy8k0.uV_D5HLaazyO8fBn0bmPpQ2KTrXGGrgE_FRTzsdhObjCRbJPGoMdfu0QGDyD9Pf66BWr1h3.LVjScqOURGb00nsoSXI1pJZFnL8dbhjaWVufzX9EzvpbJ_tAHuOpAYmXN_IIefpC2PETKXqdqN9kKfEKKr1sIQLEv2RWnKyWKLASpEpj3fmJJuXH46eZIdmCYZI6VwIDa3TMkOlmSzVaivAvdKPe643jFr.MKcE"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913645071a7c3e07';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=Kwasi%20%20Dartey-Baah&__cf_chl_rt_tk=59PYArhB67ExFXCaEEnKQYuVzZ26V8lJpq.qlfh.7N0-1739800469-1.0.1.1-ZUQEWsOs9KEoObHErPZ_Gi3BOu8Rdqtv6ERQwBmWEgY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>