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class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Delivery method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Delivery_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concepts_and_Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concepts_and_Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Concepts and Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concepts_and_Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploring_the_meaning_of_"free"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploring_the_meaning_of_"free""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Exploring the meaning of "free"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploring_the_meaning_of_"free"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Linux_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Linux_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>The Linux story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Linux_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Open_Source_Software_development_model:_The_Cathedral_vs_Bazaar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Open_Source_Software_development_model:_The_Cathedral_vs_Bazaar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>The Open Source Software development model: The Cathedral vs Bazaar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Open_Source_Software_development_model:_The_Cathedral_vs_Bazaar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_FOSS_development_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_the_FOSS_development_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Characteristics of the FOSS development process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_the_FOSS_development_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_debate:_FOSS_vs._Closed_Source_Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_debate:_FOSS_vs._Closed_Source_Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>The debate: FOSS vs. Closed Source Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_debate:_FOSS_vs._Closed_Source_Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_Myths_about_FOSS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_Myths_about_FOSS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Some Myths about FOSS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_Myths_about_FOSS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_FOSS_Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_FOSS_Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Examples of FOSS Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_FOSS_Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Module_1.1:_ASSESSMENT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Module_1.1:_ASSESSMENT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Module 1.1: ASSESSMENT</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Module_1.1:_ASSESSMENT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" 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FOSS Concepts</h1><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Module 1.1 General FOSS Concepts" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Module 1.1 General FOSS Concepts"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Duration">Duration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Duration" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Duration"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1:15hrs </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delivery_method">Delivery method</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Delivery method" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Delivery method"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For instructional purpose, it is advised that trainers/lectures use “focus group discussion” as a major means of delivering this module. In addition lectures, presentations, and exercises are also suitable method of delivery for this module. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Introduction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Introduction"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the widespread adoption and utilization of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in all sectors of life including education, software engineering and IT sectors, public administrations, and within business circles, there still remain widely held concepts or misconceptions of what FOSS is and what constitutes Open Source Software. The misconceptions, to a large extend, have hindered the adoption and have made it difficult for businesses to explain to customers the software and services they are 'selling' or offering is of good quality and may stand at par or even better than proprietary software. There are also confusions with regards to the terminology when different individuals and researchers use the same term to refer to the same concept. Thus, this module draws on existing research literature and narratives from websites and blogs as well as expert experience to offer prospective FOSS business entrepreneur a glimpse of what FOSS is and is not. Unearthing the misconceptions surrounding FOSS is crucial if one is to set up a business and train individuals on how to set-up a FOSS-based business. </p><p>The general concept behind Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FOSS) is that of improving the quality of access to computer programs. This includes providing a license that reduces limitations for the developer/user and also making the source code (human readable code) of software accessible to anyone who wants to obtain it. Binaries or executable (machine readable code) are also made available via the Internet and can be "freely" downloaded and used. </p><p>This means that FOSS can be shared, it can be studied, and it can be modified and adapted by anyone with the appropriate skills. However, this does not mean that FOSS has no owners. FOSS is protected by exactly the same copyright legislation that limits the possibilities of use of proprietary software. However, through FOSS's use licenses, the rights to use, share, study and modify the software are granted. An example of a free software license is the Gnu General Public License (GPL) that, on top of granting those freedoms, obliges any derivative works produced to keep the same license, and thus remain free. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concepts_and_Terminology">Concepts and Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concepts and Terminology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Concepts and Terminology"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the literature, many terms are in use to describe the FOSS phenomenon. Notably, Free Software (FS), a term used by the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and Open Source Software (OSS) used by the Open Source Initiative (OSI). </p><p>The FSF approach emphasizes the philosophical/Ethical/Political argument around freedom. The FSF puts it thus: </p><p>"<i><b>Free software is software that gives you the user the freedom to share, study and modify it. We call this free software because the user is free.</b>"</i> </p><p><br /> This idea is well captured in an article entitled "aligning the ideals of free software and free knowledge with the South African Freedom Charter" (Jolliffe R.M. 2006). The OSI approach is based largely on technical merit and business arguments around the speed of development, marketing and innovation. OSI puts it thus: </p><p>"<i><b>Open source is a development method for software that harnesses the power of distributed peer review and transparency of process. The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in.</b>"</i> </p><p><br /> In addition, other commonly used terms are Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) that tries to unify both the FSF and the OSI points of view, and Libre Software (LS), which tries to undo the ambiguity of the term "free". Henceforth, the terms Free/Libre/Open Source Software or FOSS and FOSS are accepted in this document to refer to users' freedom to use, modify, distribute, or even sell the software with little obligations as in <i>proprietary </i>or closed source software. </p><p>Sometimes proprietary-off-the-shelf (POTS) and commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) are used to describe software agreements which restrict the use, modification, and redistribution without prior consent of the supplier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploring_the_meaning_of_"free""><span id="Exploring_the_meaning_of_.22free.22"></span>Exploring the meaning of "free"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exploring the meaning of "free"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Exploring the meaning of "free""><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Doesn't "free" mean that I do not have to pay for the software? </p><p>No. The word "free" has two meanings in the English language. </p> <ul><li>The "free" in "free beer", which refers to zero cost.</li> <li>The "free" in "free speech" and "free market", which refers to freedom.</li></ul> <p>The free in free software refers to the freedoms that we've talked about above that people have. There's nothing in the definition of free software that says that you cannot sell it to someone for a price. Indeed, there are companies whose entire business model is centered on collecting, compiling and selling free software. However, since someone to whom free software is licensed is free to sell or give it away in turn, you can easily download the software (and legally) from the Internet or other forges such as Sourceforge.net </p><p>As expressed by the “FOSS Concept Booklet<sup id="cite_ref-ftn1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ftn1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>“, when you hear of "free software", think of liberty, freedom, or even "free enterprise". </p><p><i><b>Well, what's not "free" about other kinds of software?</b></i> </p><p>A lot of non-free software in the world today is not sold. From complex operating systems to tiny games or screen savers, the end users of the software have a license to use it under conditions laid out in an End User License Agreement (EULA). This agreement lists out the conditions under which the user can use the software -often restrictions are imposed on the use to which the software can be put. In almost all cases, users are explicitly prohibited from "taking the software apart" to study how it works, cannot modify or improve it, are only allowed to make a single copy of the software (for backup purposes) and are strictly prohibited from giving copies to other people. </p><p><b>Tip! Get more information from the FOSS concept booklet </b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FLOSS_Concept_Booklet">http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FOSS_Concept_Booklet </a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Linux_story">The Linux story</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Linux story" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: The Linux story"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is important to note that FOSS development did not begin with the inception of the Linux operating system, in 1991. Rather, the concept existed since the formation of SHARE - a working group set up to coordinate the programming work of the IBM 701. Furthermore, research and development (R&D) institutions such as university establishments always cherish the free sharing of knowledge and resource with colleagues. What brought Linux into prominence and made it possible can be attributed to four main factors: </p> <ul><li>The <b>GNU General Public License</b> (GNU GPL) allowed Linus Torvalds to use large chunk of the GNU system's code and modify it to run as a full functional operating system on his home PC. The GPL means that his operating system (Linux) is free for others to use, copy, modify, and distribute.</li> <li>Torvalds had <b>access to the Internet</b> so that he could communicate and collaborate (via open source content management systems (CMS) - CVS) with others interested in his project.</li> <li><b>Minimal resources</b>. The Linux operating system was meant to run on computers with low resources or computing power. This means that it was within the reach of many other people to run and test the system. Had the Linux OS required supercomputing power, only few may have been involved in testing and improving the system.</li> <li><b>Good management</b>. Linus Torvald is well known for his software project management wittiness, earning him the name of benevolent dictator. He started developing the GNU Linux operating system and managed his work in such an open and collaborative manner that encouraged others to get involved in the effort for free. People joined the development on meritocracy bases, only judged by the quality of contribution and commitment to advance and evolve the Linux kernel for all others.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Open_Source_Software_development_model:_The_Cathedral_vs_Bazaar">The Open Source Software development model: The Cathedral vs Bazaar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Open Source Software development model: The Cathedral vs Bazaar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: The Open Source Software development model: The Cathedral vs Bazaar"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>FOSS has fundamentally changed the way software is being developed, distributed, marketed, maintained, and supported (Sowe, et. al. 2007). For the first time, the Bazaar model provides software engineers an alternative to the Cathedral model or traditional way of developing closed source software. The Cathedral as opposed to the Bazaar model (Raymond, 1999) characterizes traditional software development. According to the Cathedral model, software development takes place in a centralized way, with well defined roles for each software development phase (from requirements analysis, design, implementation to testing and maintenance). </p><p>In the bazaar model, roles are not clearly defined and often software users are treated as co-developers. In FOSS, the software is usually released early and more frequently than in closed source software. As evidence of its efficacy, or the lack of it as demonstrated by a large number of 'unsuccessful' FOSS projects littered in many forges (eg. Sourceforge.net). The Bazaar model has produced a number of successful applications in the area of operating systems (GNU/Linux), sometimes described as distributions or distros (Ubuntu, Debian), emailing and web services (Sendmail, Apache, SeaMonkey), databases (MySQL, PostgreSQL), Instant Messaging (Kopete, Pidgin), Desktops environment (GNOME, KDE), Worldprocessing (KOffice, OpenOffice suite), etc. The Bazaar model of developing FOSS facilitates the creation, diffusion, and transformation of software knowledge at a rate unprecedented in the history of software development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_the_FOSS_development_process">Characteristics of the FOSS development process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics of the FOSS development process" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Characteristics of the FOSS development process"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a developer modifies open source software, she can either choose to keep changes made private or return them to the FOSS community so that everyone can benefit from her derived work. And from the business point of view, when a company posts back it's modification that could be used as a reference experience and in-direct unpaid marketing for a company, business or individual. When you post the modification they may be included in future releases which reduces the cost of maintenance and innovation. The cyclic nature of software source code acquisition, modification, distribution, and reacquisition is an important aspect of the FOSS development process. The figure below shows typical FOSS development (coding) activities with possible exits from the cycle. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ict-innovation-FBT-Fig-1-1-5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ict-innovation-FBT-Fig-1-1-5.png" decoding="async" width="441" height="319" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="319" /></a></span> </p><p>Developers with access to the project's source code repository checkout code from the project repository to begin the software development activity. Some just acquire the source code and no longer take part in project activity (<b>Exit 1</b>). Many others continue the development process by modifying code, bug fixing and adding new functionalities. Developers dissatisfied with a project's development, or how it is managed and coordinated may exit the cycle with the modified code to start their own "mutant" version of the project in what is called forking (<b>Exit 2</b>). Fork is a competing project based on a version of the existing project's source code. Because of the open and easy access to the source code, every FOSS project is susceptible to forking. Cynical as it my sound, forking is healthy in FOSS as it may promote competition, and may even produce a superior software than the predecessor. The prospects for expert software developers and novice users to understand the code, software development process and communities are now great. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_debate:_FOSS_vs._Closed_Source_Software">The debate: FOSS vs. Closed Source Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The debate: FOSS vs. Closed Source Software" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: The debate: FOSS vs. Closed Source Software"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table summarizes some of the characteristics of FOSS, giving the business view of Closed-Source Software versus F/OSS. </p><p><br /> </p> <table style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-top:0.0069in solid #000000;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"><center>Closed-Source Software </center> </td> <td style="border:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><center>FOSS </center> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Buy, don't build or code </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Access code, 'Free' download, and reuse </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Vendor lock-in </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Freedom to modify, customize code (if you can) or contract someone else </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Lack customized features for some customers </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Everyone can customize software according to his/her own needs </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Deployed in limited languages </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Can be localized in many languages </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Motivation: Extrinsic, financial gains </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Extrinsic and intrinsic </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Generate and keep knowledge for competitive advantage </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Generate and share knowledge for common good </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Support provided to licence holders and on first-come-first serve basis. Third-party support, driver download, software updates is also provided on websites. </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Support can be obtained by anyone from project forums, mailing lists, etc. And can be bought from commercial vendors, distributors, or consultancy firms. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Difficulty in compliance with other software due to copyright restrictions. </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Ease of compliance with other <i>copyleft </i>community-maintained FOSS (<i>universe</i>) and software restricted by legal issues <i>(multiverse).</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_Myths_about_FOSS">Some Myths about FOSS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Some Myths about FOSS" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Some Myths about FOSS"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As FOSS becomes more mainstream, transcending technological and geographical barriers so are the myths surrounding the FOSS concept and methodology. To many, it is incomprehensible how geographically distributed individuals can collaboratively and amicably produce or create goods and services in the form of software that is comparable or even better than the Commercial-Off-the- Self (COTS) proprietary software they are so accustom to. More enshrined in the myths of FOSS is how one can make money or generate revenue from something that is free. Further information on the ten commonly referred to myths in FOSS are available in O'reilly (1999). The table below summarizes some myths and facts about FOSS. </p><p><br /> </p> <table style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-top:0.0069in solid #000000;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;"><b>Myth</b> </td> <td style="border:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;"><b>Fact</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">It's a Linux vs Windows thing </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">Over 400,000 FOSS projects (18,000 mature) in all fields of IT </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">FOSS is not reliable or supported </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">Major FOSS solutions more reliable than proprietary counterparts; professional support available for FOSS </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">Big companies don't use FOSS </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">About 90% of Fortune 1000 companies deploy FOSS; IBM, Sun, HP, Oracle... promote FOSS </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">FOSS is hostile to "intellectual property" </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">FOSS licenses are based on the copyright law </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">There is no money to be made on FOSS </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">HP: $2.5B in 2003; RedHat: $400M in 2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">The FOSS movement is unfair and unsustainable, because programmers don't get paid for their efforts </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">>50% FOSS developers are paid, other are volunteer and contribute for personal motivations </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">If I start a FOSS project, plenty of developers will start working for me for nothing </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">Community growth requires significant investment </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">FOSS is a programmer thing, users and decision-makers should not worry about it </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">FOSS spearheads a new innovation model that all should know about </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0417in;">FOSS is always playing catch-up with the commercial world, where all innovation comes from </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0417in;">The percentage of innovative projects (12%) is roughly the same in FOSS and proprietary software </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_FOSS_Software">Examples of FOSS Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples of FOSS Software" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Examples of FOSS Software"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tables below provide some common examples of FOSS Software </p><p>a) List of FOSS Software that runs on Microsoft Windows, Gnu/Linux and, in some cases, Apple Max, Unix and BSD operating systems </p> <ul><li>Productivity based applications</li></ul> <ul><li>Wordprocessing - Open Office - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openoffice.org/">http://www.openoffice.org/ </a></li> <li>Publishing - Scribus - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scribus.net/">http://www.scribus.net/ </a></li> <li>PDF Creator - Pdfcreator - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdfforge.org/products/pdfcreator">http://www.pdfforge.org/products/pdfcreator</a></li> <li>Mail Client - Evolution – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.gnome.org/">http://projects.gnome.org</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dipconsultants.com/evolution">/evolution </a></li> <li>Mind map - Freemind -<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page">http://freemind.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Main_Page</a></li> <li>Compression - 7Zip - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.7-zip.org/">http://www.7-zip.org/</a></li> <li>Text editor - Notepat++, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notepad-plus.sourceforge.net/uk/site.htm">http://notepad-plus.sourceforge.net/uk/site.htm</a></li> <li>Financial - GnuCash - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnucash.org/">http://www.gnucash.org/</a></li> <li>Project management - OpenWorkBench - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openworkbench.org/">http://www.openworkbench.org/</a></li> <li>Internet Based applications</li></ul> <ul><li>FTP - FileZilla - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filezilla-project.org/">http://filezilla-project.org/</a></li> <li>Remote connection - Vinagre - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.gnome.org/vinagre/">http://projects.gnome.org/vinagre/</a></li> <li>Web development</li></ul> <ul><li>LAMP Stack - EasyPHP - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easyphp.org/">http://www.easyphp.org</a></li> <li>General purpose IDE platform - Eclipse - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclipse.org/">http://www.eclipse.org/</a></li> <li>Web application development IDE - MonoDev - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monodevelop.com/Main_Page">http://monodevelop.com/Main_Page</a></li> <li>Multimedia and others</li></ul> <ul><li>Image Editing - GIMP - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gimp.org/">http://www.gimp.org/</a></li> <li>Audio Editor - Audacity - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audacity.sourceforge.net/">http://audacity.sourceforge.net/</a></li> <li>CD Creator/Burner - Infra recorder- <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infrarecorder.org/">http://infrarecorder.org/</a></li> <li>Image Viewer - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imgv.sourceforge.net/">http://imgv.sourceforge.net/</a></li> <li>Video Editing - Kdenlive - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kdenlive.org/">http://kdenlive.org</a></li> <li>Systems</li> <li>Ghost - Ghost - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fogproject.org/">http://www.fogproject.org/</a></li> <li>Animal Care</li> <li>Animal shelter manager - Animal Shelter Manager - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sheltermanager.sourceforge.net/">http://sheltermanager.sourceforge.net</a></li></ul> <p>b) List of Web Based FOSS Software </p><p><br /> </p> <table style="border-spacing:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-top:0.0069in solid #000000;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Category </td> <td style="border-top:0.0069in solid #000000;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Application Name </td> <td style="border:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;">Web Site </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Blogging </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">WordPress </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordpress.org/">http://wordpress.org/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">CMS (Content Management System) </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Joomla </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joomla.org/">http://www.joomla.org/ </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Shopping Cart </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Magento </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magentocommerce.com/">http://www.magentocommerce.co</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magentocommerce.com/">m/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Forum </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">phpBB </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phpbb.com/">http://www.phpbb.com/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">SMS Gateway </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Kannel </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kannel.org/overview.shtml">http://www.kannel.org/overview.shtml</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Photo Gallery </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Gallery </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallery.menalto.com/">http://gallery.menalto.com/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">CRM (Customer Relation Manager) </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Vtiger </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vtiger.com/">http://www.vtiger.com/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Work Flow </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">CuteFlow </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuteflow.org/">http://www.cuteflow.org/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Network Monitoring </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">NAGIOS </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nagios.org/">http://www.nagios.org/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">NAS (Network Attached Storage) </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">FREENAS </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freenas.org/">http://www.freenas.org/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Human Resource Management </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Orange HRM </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orangehrm.com/">http://www.orangehrm.com/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Call Centre </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">SIT </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitracker.org/">http://sitracker.org/</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Server Management </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:none;padding:0.0382in;">Webmin </td> <td style="border-top:none;border-bottom:0.0069in solid #000000;border-left:0.0069in solid #000000;border-right:0.0069in solid #000000;padding:0.0382in;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmin.com/">http://webmin.com</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Module_1.1:_ASSESSMENT">Module 1.1: ASSESSMENT</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Module 1.1: ASSESSMENT" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Module 1.1: ASSESSMENT"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Discussion 1: Discuss and list down as many words or phrases as possible which will best describe the concept of FOSS in your local language.</li> <li>Discussion 2: Discuss and list down as many obstacles to the use of FOSS in your business organization.</li> <li>Discussion 3: Discuss the concept of Forking in Open Source Software development.</li> <li>Do you think forking is a healthy practice?</li> <li>Get a participant to volunteer to tell a story of the evolution and structural organization of ONE Open Source project or community (For example, FreeBSD, MySQL, Apache, Ubuntu).</li> <li>Debate: Form 2 groups to debate the topic “FOSS vs Closed Source Software”, stressing on the business implications.</li> <li>Brain Storming: Divide the participants into small groups of 3-5 individuals. Each group should convince the other how FOSS can benefit them and why they should or should not use FOSS in their business.</li> <li>Story telling: Get a participant to volunteer to tell a story of the evolution and structural organization of ONE Open Source project or community (For example, FreeBSD, MySQL, Apache, Ubuntu).</li> <li>Assignment 1: Write a summary report of 150-350 words detailing the history of ONE open source project. Specifically, point out the successes and possible areas where the project might fail.</li> <li>Assignment 2: List down the names of 3 organizations and 5 companies using FOSS in your country.</li> <li>Assignment 3: List 5 commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) software and their near FOSS equivalents</li> <li>Assignment 4: Write a summary report of 150-350 words detailing the history of ONE open source project. Specifically, point out successful aspects and indicate possible areas where the project might fail.</li> <li>Self-Assessment for students: State whether the following statements are true or false:</li></ul> <ol><li>FOSS doesn't cost anything (True / False)</li> <li>OSI stands for Ontario Swine Improvement (True / False)</li> <li>Free Software and Linux are the same thing (True / False)</li> <li>FOSS applications can be used on Windows (True / False)</li> <li>FOSS can help reduce vendor lock-in (True / False)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Notes"><span>edit source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ftn1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ftn1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FLOSS_Concept_Booklet">http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FOSS_Concept_Booklet</a></span> </li> </ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1" title="Ict@innovation: Free your IT Business in Africa/1">Previous Chapter</a> | <a href="/wiki/Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-2" title="Ict@innovation: Free your IT Business in Africa/1-2">Next Chapter</a> </p></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&oldid=4409063">https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa/1-1&oldid=4409063</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book:Ict@innovation:_Free_your_IT_Business_in_Africa" title="Category:Book:Ict@innovation: Free your IT Business in Africa">Book:Ict@innovation: Free your IT Business in Africa</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 June 2024, at 16:06.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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