CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html > <html lang="en-US" > <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="upgrade-insecure-requests"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow, max-snippet:300, max-image-preview:large" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> <title>Yale Archives - Open Culture archive | Open Culture</title> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/apple_icon_new.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/apple_icon_new.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/apple_icon_new.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/apple_icon_new.png" /> <meta name="generator" content="WordPress 6.7.2" />   <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Muli:200,400,400i,600,700" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lora:200,300i,400,400i,600,700" rel="stylesheet">  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://netdna.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/3.2.1/css/font-awesome.min.css"/>   <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" id="forceupdate" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/style.css" type="text/css" > </link> <script async src="https://cdn.fuseplatform.net/publift/tags/2/3035/fuse.js"></script> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.2.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script async src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=d56ba7961d66b9467"></script> <script async src="https://www.google.com/coop/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&lang=en"></script> <script> (function() { var goog = document.createElement('script'); goog.type = 'text/javascript'; goog.src = 'http://www.google.com/jsapi'; goog.onload = function() { google.load('search', '1', {"callback": function() {}}); google.setOnLoadCallback(function() { google.search.CustomSearchControl.attachAutoCompletion( 'some-long-unique-id', document.getElementById('q'), 'cse-search-box'); }); }; var cse = document.createElement('script'); cse.type = 'text/javascript'; cse.src = 'http://www.google.com/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&lang=cs'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(cse, s); s.parentNode.insertBefore(goog, s); })() </script> <script type="text/javascript"> console.log("ewo enqueuing"); function defer(method) { if (window.jQuery) { method(); } else { setTimeout(function() { defer(method) }, 50); } } </script>   <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-926659-1'); </script> <script type='text/javascript'> console.log("ewo page load begins"); </script>    <style> #headermasterwrapper{width:100%; margin: 0 auto; height: 100px; z-index:100;} #headerW{z-index:101;} #header{z-index:102;} #headerfirst{z-index:103;} #ad_logo_wrapper{z-index:104;} #logo { background: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/openculture_banner.png) center top; overflow: hidden; } #clearfixheader{height:100%;} .da-mobile-head {_max-height:300px; _position: absolute; margin:0 auto; margin-left:-14px; } .da-page-top {margin: 10 0 10 0;} #currentMedia{display:none} @media only screen and (min-width:2000px) { #ExtraItem{display:hidden} .middle_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:20%} .r_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:24%} .contentmiddle{width:54%} } @media only screen and (max-width:1000px){ /* #ExtraItem{display:hidden} .middle_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:20%} .r_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:18%} .contentmiddle{width:60%} */ .r_sidebar{display:block-inline!important;width:22%} } /* First modification: TUrn on top or bottom */ @media only screen and (min-width:927px){ /*when viewport is larger than 927 turn on left, hide bottom logo*/ .left {display:block !important; min-height:90px !important;} /*.right{float:right !important; margin: 0 0% 0 0%;} */ .right {min-height:90px;} .bottom {display:none !important;} #navbar{width:100% !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:938px){ /*when less than 867, turn on bottom */ .left {display:none !important;} .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto!important; min-height:55px; } .bottom {display:block !important; background-position-y:top !important;} } /*step 2: set proper logo for larger sizes */ @media only screen and (min-width:1170px){ /*larger than 1130---set .right size for large header */ .left{background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo-with-tagline.svg") no-repeat !important; min-height:90px !important;} .right{width:740px ; margin: 0 2% 0 1%; text-align:right !important;} } @media only screen and (min-width:939px) and (max-width:1169px) { /*right ad, horizontal logo */ .right{width:740px ; margin: 0 2% 0 1%; text-align:right !important;} .left{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat !important; min-height:70px; background-position-x:center !important; } #clearfixheader{margin-top:.8rem !important;} } @media only screen and (min-width:814px) and (max-width:938px) { /* right ad, stacked logo */ .right{width:740px ; margin: 0 2% 0 1% !important; text-align:right !important;} .left{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat !important; min-height:70px; background-position-x:center !important;} #clearfixheader{margin-top:2.8rem !important;} } /* step 3 resize top ad */ /* sizes are: 728 x 90, 468x 60, 320x100 */ /*ads to right */ @media only screen and (max-width:813px) and (min-width:768px){ /* below 813, reduce right size for miniheader */ .right{width:500px; text-align:center !important;} } /* ads below */ @media only screen and (max-width:768px) and (min-width:721px){ /*ipad portrait ad on top; banner above */ .right{width:768px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } /* cutoff for 728 AD at around 760 */ @media only screen and (max-width:720px)and (min-width:620px){ /*smaller ad */ #cleafixheader{height:40px !important;} .right{width:500px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:620px){ /*ipad portrait ad on top; banner above */ .right{width:500px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:460px){ /*reduce right size for mobileheader */ .right{width:400px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width:360px){ /*reduce right size for mobileheader */ .right{width:360px;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:320px){ /*reduce right size for mobileheader */ .right{width:320px !important;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center; max-width:320px !important;;} /*#headermasterwrapper {height:80px !important} */ } </style>  <link rel='archives' title='March 2025' href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2025' href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2025' href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2024' href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2023' href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2022' href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2021' href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2020' href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2019' href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2018' href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2017' href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2016' href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2015' href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2014' href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2013' href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2012' href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2011' href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2010' href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2009' href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2008' href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/09' /> <link rel='archives' title='August 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/08' /> <link rel='archives' title='July 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/07' /> <link rel='archives' title='June 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/06' /> <link rel='archives' title='May 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/05' /> <link rel='archives' title='April 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/04' /> <link rel='archives' title='March 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/03' /> <link rel='archives' title='February 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/02' /> <link rel='archives' title='January 2007' href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/01' /> <link rel='archives' title='December 2006' href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/12' /> <link rel='archives' title='November 2006' href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/11' /> <link rel='archives' title='October 2006' href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/10' /> <link rel='archives' title='September 2006' href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/09' /> <meta property='fb:app_id' content='139550851813' /> <meta property='og:site_name' content='Open Culture'/> <meta property='og:type' content='website' /> <meta property='og:url' content='http://www.openculture.com/' /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4c/images/OC-newlogo.png"/> <meta property='og:title' content='Open Culture - The Best Free Cultural and Educational Media on the Web.' /> <meta property='og:description' content='Discover thousands of free online courses, audio books, movies, textbooks, eBooks, language lessons, and more.'/> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <script data-no-defer="1" data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer data-cookieconsent="ignore"> var ctPublicFunctions = {"_ajax_nonce":"206e2a7cf0","_rest_nonce":"3f5a5ce61a","_ajax_url":"\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","_rest_url":"https:\/\/www.openculture.com\/wp-json\/","data__cookies_type":"none","data__ajax_type":"rest","data__bot_detector_enabled":"1","data__frontend_data_log_enabled":1,"cookiePrefix":"","wprocket_detected":false,"host_url":"www.openculture.com","text__ee_click_to_select":"Click to select the whole data","text__ee_original_email":"The original one is","text__ee_got_it":"Got it","text__ee_blocked":"Blocked","text__ee_cannot_connect":"Cannot connect","text__ee_cannot_decode":"Can not decode email. Unknown reason","text__ee_email_decoder":"CleanTalk email decoder","text__ee_wait_for_decoding":"The magic is on the way, please wait for a few seconds!","text__ee_decoding_process":"Decoding the contact data, let us a few seconds to finish. ","text__ee_wait_for_decoding_2":"Please wait while Anti-Spam by CleanTalk is decoding the email addresses."} </script> <script data-no-defer="1" data-ezscrex="false" data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer data-cookieconsent="ignore"> var ctPublic = {"_ajax_nonce":"206e2a7cf0","settings__forms__check_internal":"1","settings__forms__check_external":"1","settings__forms__force_protection":0,"settings__forms__search_test":"1","settings__data__bot_detector_enabled":"1","settings__comments__form_decoration":0,"settings__sfw__anti_crawler":0,"blog_home":"https:\/\/www.openculture.com\/","pixel__setting":"3","pixel__enabled":true,"pixel__url":"https:\/\/moderate11-v4.cleantalk.org\/pixel\/20cd57cee202042d010d15aeca72f531.gif","data__email_check_before_post":"1","data__email_check_exist_post":"0","data__cookies_type":"none","data__key_is_ok":true,"data__visible_fields_required":true,"wl_brandname":"Anti-Spam by CleanTalk","wl_brandname_short":"CleanTalk","ct_checkjs_key":"eb9114525659354faa944b35c979b2556c1e8b368336a3252ddc155510563698","emailEncoderPassKey":"00ab55c60915542d95331b8489433d15","bot_detector_forms_excluded":"W10=","advancedCacheExists":false,"varnishCacheExists":true,"wc_ajax_add_to_cart":false} </script>  <title>Yale Archives - Open Culture</title> <meta name="description" content="free audio books, free audiobooks, free education, free learning, free online courses, free courses, free lectures, education, knowledge, free movies online, free films online, free movies, free language lessons, free audiobook downloads, online university, elearning, knowledge, textbooks, literature, art, free textbooks" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" /> <link rel="next" href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale/page/2" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/category/yale","url":"https://www.openculture.com/category/yale","name":"Yale Archives - Open Culture","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/category/yale#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/category/yale#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/09/10215808/death-philosophy-yale-2-1.png","description":"free audio books, free audiobooks, free education, free learning, free online courses, free courses, free lectures, education, knowledge, free movies online, free films online, free movies, free language lessons, free audiobook downloads, online university, elearning, knowledge, textbooks, literature, art, free textbooks","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/category/yale#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/category/yale#primaryimage","url":"https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/09/10215808/death-philosophy-yale-2-1.png","contentUrl":"https://cdn8.openculture.com/2024/09/10215808/death-philosophy-yale-2-1.png","width":478,"height":270},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/category/yale#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.openculture.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Yale"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#website","url":"https://www.openculture.com/","name":"Open Culture","description":"The best free cultural & educational media on the web","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.openculture.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#organization","name":"Openculture.com","url":"https://www.openculture.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://cdn8.openculture.com/2021/04/24113050/OC-favicon.png","contentUrl":"https://cdn8.openculture.com/2021/04/24113050/OC-favicon.png","width":400,"height":400,"caption":"Openculture.com"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.openculture.com/#/schema/logo/image/"}}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//moderate.cleantalk.org' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//autolinkmaker.itunes.apple.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//connect.facebook.net' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Open Culture » Feed" href="https://www.openculture.com/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Open Culture » Comments Feed" href="https://www.openculture.com/comments/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Open Culture » Yale Category Feed" href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale/feed" /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='embedcss-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-viewstl/css/embed_style.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='spectrumcss-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-viewstl/css/spectrum.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wgs2-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-search/wgs2.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wgs3-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-search/wgs3.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mailster-form-style-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/build/form/style-index.css?ver=6.7.2' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct_public_css-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/css/cleantalk-public.min.css?ver=6.51' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ct_email_decoder_css-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/css/cleantalk-email-decoder.min.css?ver=6.51' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='contact-form-7-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/css/styles.css?ver=6.0.4' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='lazyload-video-css-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/css/lazyload-shared.css?ver=2.18.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='lazyload-video-css-inline-css' type='text/css'> .entry-content a.lazy-load-youtube, a.lazy-load-youtube, .lazy-load-vimeo{ background-size: contain; }.titletext.youtube { display: none; }.lazy-load-div:before { content: "\25B6"; text-shadow: 0px 0px 60px rgba(0,0,0,0.8); } </style> <style id='wp-typography-custom-inline-css' type='text/css'> sub, sup{font-size: 75%;line-height: 100%}sup{vertical-align: 60%}sub{vertical-align: -10%}.amp{font-family: Baskerville, "Goudy Old Style", Palatino, "Book Antiqua", "Warnock Pro", serif;font-size: 1.1em;font-style: italic;font-weight: normal;line-height: 1em}.caps{font-size: 90%}.dquo{margin-left: -0.4em}.quo{margin-left: -0.2em}.pull-single{margin-left: -0.15em}.push-single{margin-right: 0.15em}.pull-double{margin-left: -0.38em}.push-double{margin-right: 0.38em} </style> <style id='wp-typography-safari-font-workaround-inline-css' type='text/css'> body {-webkit-font-feature-settings: "liga";font-feature-settings: "liga";-ms-font-feature-settings: normal;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-viewstl/js/spectrum.js?ver=6.7.2" id="spectrumjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-viewstl/js/embed.js?ver=6.7.2" id="embedjs-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; a2a_config.callbacks.push({ready:function(){document.querySelectorAll(".a2a_s_undefined").forEach(function(emptyIcon){emptyIcon.parentElement.style.display="none";})}}); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async="async" data-pagespeed-no-defer src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/cleantalk-spam-protect/js/apbct-public-bundle_full-protection.min.js?ver=6.51" id="ct_public_functions-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://moderate.cleantalk.org/ct-bot-detector-wrapper.js?ver=6.51" id="ct_bot_detector-js" defer="defer" data-wp-strategy="defer"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?ver=6.7.2" id="google_ads-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.openculture.com/wp-json/wp/v2/categories/116" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.openculture.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <style type="text/css"> .no-js .native-lazyload-js-fallback { display: none; } </style> <link rel="icon" href="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/06/17162746/OC-favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/06/17162746/OC-favicon-300x300.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/06/17162746/OC-favicon-300x300.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/06/17162746/OC-favicon-300x300.png" />   <script type="text/javascript"> var occall = {oc: function oc_wide(){ /* document.getElementById("contentwrapper").style.width="98%"; */ document.getElementById("headerW").style.width="100%"; document.getElementById("header").style.width="98%"; document.getElementById("nav").style.background="none"; document.getElementById("nav").style.backgroundColor="#6c94a4"; document.getElementById("nav").style.borderRadius="12px"; document.getElementById("nav").style.borderRadius="32px"; document.getElementsByClassName("contentmiddle").style.width="57%"; /* document.getElementById('r_sidebar').width="14% !important;"; /* 15%*/ document.getElementsByClassName('r_sidebar').min_width="110px !important;"; /* 15%*/ document.getElementsByClassName('middle_sidebar').min_width="110px !important;"; /* 15%*/ document.getElementsByClassName('middle_sidebar').width='12% !important;'; document.getElementsByClassName('r_sidebar').width='12% !important;'; /*document.getElementById('middle_sidebar').style='style=" width: 15%; min-width:98px"'; */ document.getElementById('K12').style.display="block"; document.getElementById('K12').style.visibility="visible"; $('#navsearch').show(); document.getElementById('navsearch').style.display="block"; document.getElementById('navsearch').style.visibility="visible"; return "oc in widemode";} } console.log('loaded oc'); //setup facebook preview var occall2 = {oc: function fb_preview(){ //use a closure for jquery to allow $ to be query object, which wordpress disables //;(function($){ //var position = $("#i1").offset(); var image= jQuery('head').find("meta[property='og:image']").attr('content') jQuery("#fbpreview img").attr("src",image).load(function() { if (!this.complete || typeof this.naturalWidth == "undefined" || this.naturalWidth == 0) { alert('broken image!'); } else { $("#fbpreview").append(img); } }); jQuery("#fbpreview").attr("visibility","true"); jQuery('.hide').fadeIn(500).delay(7000).fadeOut(500); //$('#fbl').css("{ position:'absolute', top:position.top, left: position.left}"); //$('#fbl').attr('content')=image; // })(jQuery); }} console.log('loaded oc2 new'); </script> <style> .a2a_block div {margin-top: 18px; margin-bottom:12px;} .curatedheading {_text-decoration: underline; line-height: 1.5em; font-size:2rem;} strong { font-weight: 700; } /*new subscription block */ .email { font-size: 16px; color: gray; margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px; width: 94%; } .button_link { font-size: 1.4rem; background-color: #36b0d8; text-decoration: none; background-color: #EEEEEE; color: #333333; margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px; color: white; padding: 10px 18px; text-align: center; width: 94%; } .button { font-size: 1.0rem; background-color: #36b0d8; border: none; margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px; color: white; padding: 1.0rem 1.2rem; text-align: center; width: 100%; } .postcategory {color:#fc621f} .postcategory a {color:#fc621f} h2.widgettitle {color:#fc621f;} .relatedcontent {color:#75838b;} #headerfirst{ position: absolute ; _top: -30px; _top:4px; width: 100%; } body{ background: white !important ; _font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif; font-family:Lora,"Lora",Times,serif; font-size:14px; font-size:1.4rem; /*use dynamic sizing with a fixed width fallback for <ie9*/ color:black; background-color:white; padding:0; _margin:0; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:1700px; margin-right:auto; width:100%; } /*body img {height:initial; width:initial;} */ #header{ width: 100%; overflow: visible!important; position: relative; /* padding: 0px; */ height: 125px !important; /* background: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/header_circles.png) scroll no-repeat; */ top: 0px !important; /*left: 2%;*/ } /*put this back in css */ .contentwrapper{ _width:94%; _margin:0px 5% 0 5% ; margin: 12px 7% 0 7%; padding:0px ; z-index:1; /*display:flex; justify-content:space-between; */ } #wrap{background:transparent; margin:0 auto; padding:0; width:100%; color:#414141; padding:0} .l_sidebar{width:15%} .r_sidebar{ width:22%; _min-width:150px; min-width:160px; max-width:345px; float:left; background-color: white; /*background-color:#bdbec2; */ /*:transparent; */ font-size:1.3rem; _margin-top:0px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 2px; padding:0 0 0 10px; overflow:visible ; } .da-third-column{overflow:visible !important ;} .middle_sidebar{font-size: 1.4rem; _width:14%; width:17%; min-width:90px; max-width:180px; float:left; background:transparent; margin:.5% .5%; padding:0px .5% 0 1%; _border-right:1px dotted #d1ccbc; min-width:128px; } div.middle_sidebar{ border-left-style: dotted; border-left-width: 1px; border-left-color: #d1ccbc ;} .contentmiddle{ width:54% ; min-width:185px; float:left; margin-top:.4rem; font-size:16px; font-size:1.6rem; /* line-height:15px; line-height:150%; */ _margin-right:5px; _padding-right: 20px; _max-width: 700px; padding-right: 3%; } .contentmiddle h1, .contentmiddle h1 a { text-decoration: none; font-size: 2.4rem; font-weight: normal; color: #373731; /* near black */ line-height: 140%; } #headerW {height:100%; width: 100% !important; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; display:block;} .l_sidebar a:link,.l_sidebar a:visited, .middle_sidebar a:link, .middle_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:visited, .r_sidebar a:link{ /*color:#0183B2; old blue*/ color: #394244; font-size: 1.4rem; border-top: 1px solid lightgrey; /*word-spacing: -.3rem; */ } .new_subscription_block { font-family:"Muli", sans-serif ; background: #daf4fc; border-radius: 0rem; margin:4% 5% 4% 5%; padding: 5% 7% 5% 7%; line-height:150%; } .new_subscription_block p{ Font-Family:Lora; font-style:italic;} .new_subscription_block h3, h4 {font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; } .r_sub_con a:visited, .r_sub_con a:link, .new_subscription_block a:visited, .new_subscription_block a:link{ border-top: 0px ;} /* turn off links */ #clearfixheader { clear: both; width: 100%; height: 100%; margin-top: 0px; padding-top:0px; } .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a, .social_li a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: .2rem .8rem !important /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color:#1e3a4a } .social_li li{display:inline; margin-left:10px ;margin-left:1rem; margin-right:10px; margin-right:1rem;} .centerwrap ul {margin: 0px -1% 0px 0%} #navbar{ font-size: 1.6rem; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 400; _text-transform: uppercase; font-weight:bold; z-index:99; /*margin-top, margin-bottom: 0px !important; */ text-alignment:center; height:auto !important; text-align:justify; -ms-text-justify:distribute-all-lines; text-justify:distribute-all-lines; _letter-spacing:-.5px; color:#39AACF; margin-top: 0px; margin-left:0%; _margin-right:7% ; border-radius:0px; _background-color:rgba(118,154,172,.9); background-color:rgba(57, 170, 207, .85); min-width:245px; _width: 86%; width: 100%; } #navbar a{ _font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; font-weight:bold; padding:0 12px; padding:0 1rem; padding-top: 2px; text-decoration:none; letter-spacing: .1px; color: white; _font-family: Helvetica; _font-family: "Oswald", sans-serif !important; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.55rem; line-height: 2.2rem; padding-top: 3px; } .nav ul, .socmedia ul {text-align:center} /*#nav{list-style-type:none;} */ /* #nav li{display:inline;float:left;list-style-type:none} #nav .stretch { display: inline-block; width: 100%; *display: inline; zoom: 1 } */ /*icons by https://www.entypo.com/*/ .social_li ul li a:link, .social_li ul li a,.social a:link, .social_li li a, .social_li a { padding: 0 .8rem !important; /* this controls how tall & wide socialbuttons are ; remove !important when style.css is consolidated */ color: white; /*#1e3a4a */ } /* might work to space out items more nav li:before { margin-left: 3px} */ #search-old2{ display: inline-block!important; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 8px; float: none!important; width: 115px!important; font-family: font-family:Georgia,"Times New Roman",Times,serif !important; background-color: #1497c2; text-align: left !important; font-weight: normal!important; } #search-old2 form{background:none!important; width:110px; height:100%; margin-top:2px !important; padding:0px} /* this indents widget */ .contentwrapper ul li li{ text-indent: -1.1rem; } .contentwrapper a, a:visited, a:hover{font-size: inherit; } /* 1.6rem; shouldnt this just inherit */ .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul, .r_sidebar ul li { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*shading boxes around ads + contact info*/ .r_sidebar .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{background: #f2f2f2; border-radius: 0rem; } /*#bdbec2 */ .r_adbx_top, .r_sub_con,.r_about_ad{text-align:left; padding: 10px 18px 10px 18px; margin:12px -4px 0px -4px;} .box { border: .2rem solid black; font-size: 4rem; border-radius:2px;} .lightbox {border: .1rem solid grey ;} _colorcontrast {background-color: rgb(224, 224, 224); margin: 0px; border-right: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-left: 9px solid rgb(224, 224, 224); border-radius: 8px;} .tagline { text-align:left ; font-size:13px; font-size:1.3hw; line-height:100%; margin:0; margin-top: 6px; /* color:white !important; */ margin-left:6px; padding:2px; color:#4a7d96; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; } #tagline_container{ max-width:335px; width:100%; margin-top: 50px; margin-left: 21px; } _ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:3.5%; margin-right:4.3%;} #ad_logo_wrapper{margin-left:7%; margin-right:4%; margin-top:3px;} #logocontainer{width:auto; float:left; margin-left:0px; margin-top: 0px; max-width:40%; } #big_logo { /* margin-left: 25%; max-width: 7%; transform: scale(8); float: left; width:100%; max-height: 10%; */ } #big_logo{ transform: scale(8); max-height:10%; max-width:325px; float: left !important; text-align: left; width: 100%; } #logo_container { width: 100%; float: left; z-index: -40; /* overflow: visible; */ max-width: 600px; max-height: 200px; min-width: 140px; margin-left: 20px; height: auto; min-height: 40px; margin-top: 0px; _background-image: url(/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/openculture_banner.png); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-width:80vw;; /*css3 viewport setting */ } .left { /* border: 2px dashed #f0f; */ text-align:left; _min-height:40px; height:auto; _margin-top: 45px; margin-left: 0px; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo-with-stacked-tagline.svg") no-repeat; _background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo-with-tagline.svg") no-repeat; background-size: contain; max-width:600px; min-width:90px; overflow:hidden; _background-position-y:0px; _background-position-x:0px; background-position-x: center !important; background-position-y: center !important; z-index:200; } .right { float: right; _width: 740px; /*min-height: 25px;*/ margin-left: 2.5%; padding-left: 0px; margin-right: 20px ; padding-right:0px; /* border: 2px dashed #00f; */ position:relative; z-index:200; } .top{} .bottom{ background: url("https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-horizontal-logo.svg") no-repeat; _background-size: contain; background-size: revert-layer; min-height:80px; /* border: 2px dashed green; */ clear:both; padding-top:8px; _margin: 4px 10px 0 10px; _background-position-y: 0px; /* min-height: 65px; */ clear: both; background-position-x: center; background-position-y:center; padding-top: 0px; margin: 2px 1rem 0px 1rem; /* height: 90px; */ _min-height: 110px; } #footerW{ right: 0; left: 0; position: relative; padding: 0; overflow:hidden;} .clear {clear:both;} .logo_clickable { position:absolute; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; left: 0; z-index: 50; _position:absolute; /* fixes overlap error in IE7/8, make sure you have an empty gif */ _background-image: url('empty.gif'); } .socialblock li {top: 2px;} .social-mail a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} .social-mail-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-black.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-facebook-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-rss-black a{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-black.svg) no-repeat} .social-mail a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/mail-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-twitter a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/twitter-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-facebook a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/facebook-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-rss a:hover { background: url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/rss-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .social-search a:hover{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass-hover.svg) no-repeat;} .sb-icon-search :hover {background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} /* override images that we dont want to go to margin */ .contentmiddle img.noexpand, .contentmiddle p img.noexpand, .contentmiddle img[src$="feed-icon16x16139.png"],img[title|="noexpand"], .contentmiddle div.noexpand img, .contentmiddle div.noexpand p img , .begbox img, .ct_comment_info img, ct_this_is_spam img, ct_comment_info div{ width:initial !important; display: block !important; line-height: 100%; } .noexpand img {width:initial !important;} /*this seems to work more reliably than above */ .contentmiddle img.oneXone {width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important;} .contentmiddle img.noexpand.center{display:block !important; } #footer { color: white; width: 100%; /*margin:0 auto; */ margin-bottom:100px; padding:28px 0 0 0px; font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; font-weight:400; clear:both; display:inline-block; } .framearound_ad_in_post{margin: .6rem 0px 2.4rem 0px; height:auto;max-height:120px; width:100%;padding:0px; border: 2px solid #D3D3D3; border-radius:8px;min-height:3rem; } .advertisement_notice{text-align:center; font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-variant:small caps; color: #0183b2;} .begbox{color:white;width:100%;display:inline-block; background: #36b0d8; margin-left: -4px; padding: 0; font-family: Lora, "Lora", Times, serif;font-style:normal} .begbox img { width:250px ; margin: 8px auto} .begbox p, .begbox div {margin: 1em 0px 0 12px} .da_bottom {line-height:10%} .no-framearound_ad_in_post {padding-bottom: 25px; padding-top:15px; width: 100%} img.no-framearound_ad_in_post {width:100%} .responsive_belowheadline_ad{ height: 100%; display:inline-block; width:98%; min-height:70px; max-height:200px; margin-right:4px; padding-bottom: 10px; } /*comment box */ div.cbInner {background: #eaebe8; border-radius:8px ;} div.cbInner h5 {color: #000;} .comments {color:#000:;} /*bullets*/ /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars*/ /*.contentwrapper ul li li, */ .r_sidebar a:link,.r_sidebar a:visited,.r_sidebar a:hover,.middle_sidebar a:link,.middle_sidebar a:visited,.middle_sidebar a:hover{ font-size: 1.4rem; line-height: inherit; } .contentmiddle a:link, .contentwrapper a {text-decoration:none; } .l_sidebar ul li a:hover, .middle_sidebar ul li a:hover, .r_sidebar ul li a:hover, .contentmiddle a:hover { text-decoration:underline} #footer ul li {line-height:130%; list-style:none;} #footer ul li a:link {color:white; font-size:1.6rem; text-decoration:none;} #footer ul li a:hover {text-decoration:underline;} .l_sidebar li a, .r_sidebar li a, .middle_sidebar li a{ /*display:block; */ /*OC-typography.png */ text-decoration:none; padding-left: 1em; /*font-style:italic;*/ font-family:"Muli", sans-serif; _font-style:bold; font-weight:400; color:#394244; } .widgettitle{ _border-top-width: 1px; _border-top-style: dotted; _border-top-color: gray; font-family:"Lora", sans-serif !important; font-weight: 600; _font-size: 1.6rem; line-height: 19px; font-weight: bold; padding: 3px ; margin: 8px 2px 2px 1px !important; /*color: #898477; */ letter-spacing: -.5px; } .widgetbox ul,.widget_categories ul, .widget_archive ul { border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc ; padding-bottom: 30px !important; display:block;} .widgetbox li a, .widget_categories li a, .widget_archive li a {display:block;} .recent_post{ border-bottom: 1px dotted #d1ccbc; padding: 0 0 30px 0px; margin-bottom: 30px; line-height:150%; overflow:hidden; } .noborder, .middle_sidebar.noborder:link, div.noborder a {border-top: 0px white !important;} .contentmiddle ul li a{} /*set chevrons on all widgets don't turn it on for ul li in sidebars* .contentwrapper ul li li,*/ .contentmiddle li, .r_sidebar li, .l_sidebar li, .middle_sidebar li { /* background:url(data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhBQAFALMJANTPvq2ok8rGs8C8qMXBrrKtmLeynufj0+Pezvby4wAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACH5BAEAAAkALAAAAAAFAAUAQAQQcByCkqQpCQPCKYiBfCESAQA7) no-repeat 0 10px; */ list-style-type:none; zoom:1; margin-left: .8em; zoom: 1; padding-left: .2em; margin-bottom: .3em; line-height:1.9rem; } .contentmiddle ul li li :before , .r_sidebar ul li li :before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, .l_sidebar ul li li :before { /*content: "\25B8"; */ float:left; padding-right:1rem; font-style:normal;} .contentmiddle ul li li li :before {content:none;} .contentmiddle ul li {list-style-type: none; padding-right:.8rem; padding-bottom: .4rem; font-style:normal;} /*set general padding for Ul lists */ .contentwrapper ul { margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 0; background:none; } .middle_sidebar ul , .r_sidebar ul , .l_sidebar ul, .contentmiddle ul { background:none; list-style-type:none; } /*titles in widgets*/ .widgettitle, ul.l_sidebar li h2, ul.r_sidebar li h2, ul.middle_sidebar li h2, .middle_sidebar li h2 { font-weight:normal; padding:3px; margin:2px 2px 2px 1px; _font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-family:Lora; color:#fc621f letter-spacing:-.5px; list-style-type:none; background: none !important; font-size: 1.9rem; } .r_sidebar ul {margin-left:-.6rem;} .middle_sidebar ul{ margin-top:1.2rem; margin-left:-1.1rem;} .middle_sidebar ul li {background:none } .contentmiddle li {background: none no-repeat 0 10px; list-style-type:none; zoom:1; /*margin-left: .8rem; */ zoom: 1; padding-left: .2rem; margin-bottom: 0rem; } /* turn off bullets on headers */ .contentwrapper ul {background:none;} /*lists inside lists */ .contentmiddle ul li li {margin-bottom:0rem; margin-left:5rem; list-style-type: none; } .contentwrapper ul {content:"";} .contentmiddle ul li li:before, .contentmiddle ul li:before, .middle_sidebar ul li li :before, /*put right triangle before bullets */ .middle_sidebar ul li li, .r_sidebar ul li li, .l_sidebar ul li li {line-height:inherit;} // Variables @colorBase: #394244; .transition (@prop: all, @time: 1s, @ease: linear) { -webkit-transition: @prop @time @ease; -moz-transition: @prop @time @ease; -o-transition: @prop @time @ease; -ms-transition: @prop @time @ease; transition: @prop @time @ease; } .universal-inline-block { display: inline-block; zoom: 1; *display: inline; } /* horizontal buttons */ div .social-icons2 { text-align: center; font-family: "Open Sans"; font-weight: 300; font-size: 1.5em; color: @colorBase; _margin: -2% -8% -2% -14%; } .social-icons2 ul { margin: 0; _padding: 0; list-style-type: none; text-align: center; } .social-icons2 ul li { _padding: 0px 8px 0px 6px; display:inline-block; text-indent:0; margin: 0px -4px 0px -4px;} .social-icons2 ul li a { text-decoration: none; _padding: .1rem .8rem; color: #fff; } .social-icons2-altmargin ul li {padding: 0 20px;} .social-icons2 ul li a:hover{ color: #1497c2; } .margin_left_10 {margin-left:-10px;} .white_background {background-color:white;} .oc-center, .oc-center img { width:100% ; max-width:100% !important; margin:0 auto; display:block; text-align:center;} .oc-center-da, .oc-center-da img, .oc-center-da object, .oc-center-da img { max-width: 100% !important; width: 100% !important; margin:0 auto; display: block; text-align:center;} /*fix expanding captcha refresh */ #fscf_captcha_refresh1 {width: 24px;height: 24px;} .oc-video-container { position: relative; _padding-bottom: 63.25%; padding-bottom:54%; padding-top: 10px; height: 0; } a.mashicon-reddit{background-color: darkred;} /* allow for override of img resizer */ .contentmiddle div.oc-no-resize-center img{ width: inherit !important; margin 0 auto; float:left} /*#footer img{width:inherit!important ;} */ /*footer stuff */ #flexcanvas{ width: 100%; max-width:100%; _height: 600px !important; margin-left: 3px; } .rowParent, .columnParent{ display: -webkit-box; display: -ms-flexbox; display: -webkit-flex; display: flex; -webkit-box-direction: normal; -webkit-box-orient: horizontal; -webkit-flex-direction: row; -ms-flex-direction: row; flex-direction: row; -webkit-flex-wrap: nowrap; -ms-flex-wrap: nowrap; flex-wrap: nowrap; -webkit-box-pack: start; -webkit-justify-content: flex-start; -ms-flex-pack: start; justify-content: flex-start; -webkit-align-content: stretch; -ms-flex-line-pack: stretch; align-content: stretch; -webkit-box-align: stretch; -webkit-align-items: stretch; -ms-flex-align: stretch; align-items: stretch; } .columnParent{ -webkit-box-orient: vertical; -webkit-flex-direction: column; -ms-flex-direction: column; flex-direction: column; } .flexChild{ -webkit-box-flex: 1; -webkit-flex: 1; -ms-flex: 1; flex: 1; -webkit-align-self: auto; -ms-flex-item-align: auto; align-self: auto; margin:1px; font-size:1.3rem; /*border: 1px dotted #d1ccbc */ } .flexChild ul, .flexChild ul li {margin-left:-1.2rem;} .rowChild85696 {padding:1.8rem; margin-bottom:1.4rem} .rowChild9255 {margin:0px;} .minustopbottommargin20{margin-top:-20px !important; margin-bottom:-20px !important;} .minustopbottommargin40{margin-top:-40px !important; margin-bottom:-40px !important;} .minustopmargin20{margin-top:-20px !important;} .minustopmargin40{margin-top:-40px !important;} .curatedcategory ul li { text-decoration: none; list-style-type: none; padding: 0px; margin-left:1.0rem; line-height: 140%;} .curatedcategory ul {margin-left: 1.2rem;} .curatedcategory h2 {margin-left:1.0rem;} .curatedcategory h2 a {font-variant:small-caps;} .contentmiddle ol {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;} .contentmiddle ol li {list-style-type:decimal; font-size:inherit;line-spacing:120%;margin-bottom:.8rem;} input[type=search] { -moz-appearance:none; -webkit-appearance:none; } .sb-search { position: relative; color:#fff; border:none; width: 20px; width: 0%; min-width: 24px; min-height: 2.4rem; float: right; height:100%; overflow: hidden; -webkit-transition: width 0.3s; -moz-transition: width 0.3s; transition: width 0.6s; -webkit-backface-visibility: hidden; } .sb-search-input, input[type="search"] { position: absolute; top: -6px; right: 0px; border: none; outline: none; margin-right:24px; width: 100%; height: 88%; min-height:2.5rem; _margin: 8px 2px 8px 2px; z-index: 25; _padding: 4px 65px 4px 20px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1.8rem; color: white; background-color:#1497c2; } input[type="search"] {background-color:#1497c2;} .sb-icon-search, .sb-search-submit { display:block; position: absolute; border:none; right: 0; top: 0; float: right; padding: 0; _margin: 0; _line-height: 24px; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; background-color:#fff; _background-color:#1497c2; _height:1.9rem; color:white; width: 1.6rem; height: 2.3rem; _margin-top: 6px; } .sb-search-submit { background: #fff; /* IE needs this */ -ms-filter: "progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.Alpha(Opacity=0)"; /* IE 8 */ filter: alpha(opacity=0); /* IE 5-7 */ opacity: 0; color: transparent; border: none; outline: none; z-index: -1; width: 100%; } /*.sb-icon-search{background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat;} */ .sb-icon-search{ color:white; background:url(//www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/icons/magnifying-glass.svg) no-repeat; background-position-y:center; background-margin-y:4px;} li.search-popout {_display:none; top:.8rem;} .sb-search form {min-height:20px;} input[type=text].sb-search-input,textarea.sb-search-input {background-color:#1497c2; color:#FFF;} #navbar :after {clear:both;} /* fix placeholder color */ ::-webkit-input-placeholder { /* WebKit, Blink, Edge */ color: #fff; } :-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 4 to 18 */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } ::-moz-placeholder { /* Mozilla Firefox 19+ */ color: #fff; opacity: 1; } :-ms-input-placeholder { /* Internet Explorer 10-11 */ color: #fff; } .sb-search.sb-search-open, .no-js .sb-search { width: 100%; min-width:300px; min-width: 75vw; margin-left: -10vw; overflow:visible;; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-icon-search, .no-js .sb-search .sb-icon-search { z-index: 11; } .sb-search.sb-search-open .sb-search-submit, .no-js .sb-search .sb-search-submit { z-index: 90; } .negativetopmargin50 {margin-top:-50px;} .negativetopmargin40 {margin-top:-40px;} .negativetopmargin20 {margin-top:-20px;} .bulleted, .bulleted ul {list-style-type: disc;} .bulleted ul li, .contentmiddle.p1 ul li, .p1 li, .contentmiddle li,.contentmiddle.p1 ul li,.entry ul li, .entry ul {list-style-type: disc;} #last, .last a, .li a last {color:black !important;} .cli-bar-message {font-family:Lora,"Lora",Times,serif;} .addtoany_shortcode div {margin-top: 14px;} /*Step 5 aesthetic tweaks, including column width changes*/ @media only screen and (min-width: 1200px) { body { margin-top:1rem !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:1024px) and (min-width:930px){ body { _font-size:88%; margin-top: 15px;} ul li#K-12{display:inline} .contentmiddle{width:54%!important} #clearfixheader{ margin-top:30px !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-left:.2rem; margin-top: 4rem !important;} #navbar {margin-top: -2rem !important;width:100%;} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin: 0 3% 0 3% !important; width:93% !important;} .contentwrapper {width: 94% !important; margin: 6px 1rem 0 1rem !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} } @media only screen and (max-width:929px) and (min-width:890px){ #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:2% !important; margin-right:2% !important; width:96% !important;} #clearfixheader{ margin-top:65px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:64% !important;} .middle_sidebar{width:34% !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:891px) and (min-width:821px){ /* less than 891 px, more than 821, run all three ads */ .contentmiddle{width:64% !important;} .middle_sidebar{width:34% !important;} html{margin-top:45px;;} #clearfixheader{ margin-top:60px !important;} /* #wrap{margin-top:100px !important;}*/ /* .left{background: url("/wp-content/themes/openculture_v3a/images/big_white_logo.png") no-repeat !important; min-width:60px !important;} */ #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:1% !important; margin-right:1% !important; width:98% !important;} /*.contentwrapper {width:94% !important; margin: 6px 2% 0 2%!important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ } @media only screen and (max-width:814px)and (min-width:740px){ /* less than 820, less than 740, push right sidebar down with wide middle sidebar */ /* this is ipad portrait mode */ /* .r_sidebar{display:none!important} */ html{margin-top:40px;;} .contentmiddle{width:66% !important} .middle_sidebar{width:34% !important} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:2% !important; margin-right:2% !important; width:96% !important;} /*.contentwrapper {width:94% !important; margin: 1.5rem 0rem 0 2rem !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ #clearfixheader{ margin-top:30px !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:739px)and (min-width:569px){ /*ipad portrait =768 */ html{font-size:70%; margin-top:30px !important;} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} .contentmiddle{width:62%!important} .middle_sidebar{width:30% !important} /* .contentwrapper {width:94% !important; margin: 0px 3% 0 3% !important;} */ #navbar {margin-top: 4rem !important;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: 2rem !important; margin-top:20px !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:4% !important; margin-right:4% !important; width:96% !important;} /* #wrap{margin-top:20px !important;}*/ .middle_sidebar{border-right:solid 0px #fff!important} .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} } @media only screen and (max-width:568px)and (min-width:536px){ /* iphone 6 landscape */ /*h1{font-size:1.3rem} */ html{font-size:72%; margin-top:40px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:100%!important;} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important;} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} /* #wrap{margin-top:30px !important}}*/ #navbar {margin-top: -1.2rem !important } #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1.4rem !important; margin-top:20px !important; } .right{width:100%;float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:2% !important; margin-right:2% !important; width:96% !important; } /* .contentwrapper {width:96% !important; margin: 1rem 3% 0 3% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ } @media only screen and (max-width:535px){ /* */ /*h1{font-size:1.3rem} */ html{font-size:64%; margin-top:0px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:100%!important;} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important;} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} /* #wrap{margin-top:30px !important}}*/ #navbar {margin-top: 1.8rem !important;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1rem !important; display: inline-flex; height: 100%; margin-top: 35px !important;;} .bottom {min-height:40px !important;margin-top:14px;} .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper {margin-left:2% !important; margin-right:2% !important; width:96% !important; } /* .contentwrapper {width:96% !important; margin: 1rem 2% 0 2% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ } @media only screen and (max-width:480px){ /*h1{font-size:1.2rem;} */ html{font-size:64%; margin-top:3rem;} .contentmiddle{width:96%} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} #wrap{padding-top:5px !important} #navbar {margin: 2.4rem auto !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-left:.2rem !important; _margin-top: 4.4rem !important;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1.3rem; !important; display: inline-flex; height: 100%; margin-top:25px ;} /* .contentwrapper {width:95% !important; margin: -1.4rem 3% 0 3% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ @media only screen and (max-width:414px){ /*h1{font-size:1.2rem;} */ html{font-size:64%; margin-top:1rem;} .contentmiddle{width:96%} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} #wrap{padding-top:5px !important} _#headermasterwrapper {margin-top: -16px !important; height:300px;;} #headermasterwrapper{width:100%; margin: 0 auto; _height: 170px; z-index:100; height:100%;} #navbar {margin: 12px auto !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-left:.4rem !important; _margin-top: .5rem;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1.3rem; !important; height:100%;} .contentwrapper {width:95% !important; margin: -1.4rem 3% 0 3% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} .bottom{margin-top:9px;} .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;} /* #ad_logo_wrapper,#navbar {margin-left:0%; margin-right:0%;} .contentwrapper {width:100%; margin: 12px 1% 0 1%; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ .da-mobile-head{ _top:-60px; _left:5%; _right: 5%; .da-mobile-head {max-height:450px;} } } @media only screen and (max-width:375px){ /* iphone6 375 portrait */ html{font-size:80%; margin-top:1rem;} #wrap{padding-top:0px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:96% !important} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} /*pull navbar up to logo */ #headermasterwrapper {margin-top: -28px !important;} #navbar {margin: 2rem 8px 0 0px !important ; width: 100% !important;} #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-top:3.3rem; margin-left:.3rem !important;} #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -1.3rem !important;} /* .contentwrapper {width:96%!important; margin: -1.4rem 3% 0 3% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;} } @media only screen and (max-width:320px){ /* iphone5 320 portrait */ html{font-size:64%; margin-top:-1rem !important;} #wrap{padding-top:0px !important;} .contentmiddle{width:95% !important;} .middle_sidebar{display:none!important} .r_sidebar{display:none!important} #headermasterwrapper {margin-top: -28px !important;} /*pull navbar up to logo */ #ad_logo_wrapper { margin-top: 1rem; margin-left: .3rem !important;} #navbar { width: 100% !important; margin-top:-.8rem !important; } #clearfixheader { margin-bottom: -2rem !important;} /* .contentwrapper {width:96%!important; margin: -.1rem 3% 0 4% !important; _margin: 12px 7% 0 7%;} */ .right{float:none !important; margin: 0 auto; text-align:center;} } @media (max-width:1024px){#currentMedia{max-width:1024px}} @media (max-width:768px){#currentMedia{max-width:768px}} @media (max-width:720px){#currentMedia{max-width:720px}} @media(max-width:420px){#currentMedia{max-width:420px}} .contentwrapper a {line-height:180%;} .contentwrapper {width:100%; margin 0 3% 0 4% } .html{line-height:150%;} </style>   </head> <body class="archive category category-yale category-116">  <div id= "headermasterwrapper"> <div id="headerW"> <div id="header"> <div id="headerfirst"> <div id="ad_logo_wrapper">  <div class="right" id="leaderboard_div"> <div class='da-mobile-head'> <span id="publiftheader"><div data-fuse="22871471619"></div> </span> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /* Calculate the width of available ad space */ ad = document.getElementById('leaderboard_div'); console.log("width of ad is "+ String(ad.getBoundingClientRect().width)) if (ad.getBoundingClientRect().width) { adWidth = ad.getBoundingClientRect().width; // for modern browsers } else { adWidth = ad.offsetWidth; // for old IE } /*put in publift ads ad.getBoundingClientRect().width */ if (adWidth < 500) { document.getElementById('publiftheader').innerHTML ='<div data-fuse="22871471631"></div>'; } </script> </div>  <div class="bottom"><a href="//www.openculture.com"><span class="logo_clickable"></span></a> </div> <div class="left" style=""><a href="//www.openculture.com"><span class="logo_clickable"></span></a>  <div id="logo"></div> </div>  </div>   </div>  </div>  </div> </div> <div class="clearfix" id="clearfixheader"> </div> <div id="navbar" > <div class="centerwrap"> <ul class="nav">  <li id="online-courses"><a title="Online Courses" href="/freeonlinecourses">Online Courses</a> </li>  <li id="audio-books"><a title="Audio Books" href="/freeaudiobooks">Audio Books</a> </li> <li id="movies"><a title="Movies" href="/freemoviesonline">Movies</a> </li>  <li id "podcasts"><a title="Podcasts" href="/great-podcasts">Podcasts</a> </li>  <li id="k-12 Grade"><a title="K-12 Resources" href="/free_k-12_educational_resources">K-12</a> </li>  <li class="ebooks" id="ebooks"><a title="eBooks" href="/free_ebooks">eBooks</a> </li> <li class="language" id="language"><a title="Language Lessons" href="/freelanguagelessons">Languages</a> </li> <li class="last" id="donate"><a title="Donate" href="/help-fund-open-culture">Donate</a> </li> <li class="socialblock"> <div> <ul class="social_li"> <li class="social-mail"><a href="/contact" title="Contact Us"></a></li> <li class="social-rss"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/feed/rss2" title="Subscribe to Our RSS Feed"></a></li> <li class="social-twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/openculture" title="Follow Open Culture on Twitter"></a></li> <li class="social-facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/openculture" title="Follow us on Facebook"></a></li>   </ul> <li class="search-popout"> <div id="sb-search" class="sb-search"> <form action="https://google.com/search" method="get"> <input class="sb-search-input" placeholder="Enter your search term..." type="search" results=25 value="" name="q" id="s"> <input class="sb-search-submit" type="submit" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="http://openculture.com" /> <div class="sb-icon-search"></div> </form> </div> </li> <li class="stretch"></li> </li> </div> </ul> </div>  </div>    <div class="contentwrapper"> <div id="wrap" align="left"> <div class="hide"><div id="fbpreview" class="hide-show" height="246px !important"> <img src="" max-height="246px" width="470px !important" height="246px !important"></img></div></div> <div class="contentmiddle"> <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand" style="max-width:501px">  <div class="oc-center white_background noexpand"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script><br> <br> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="1279265463" data-ad-format="auto"></ins><br> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script></div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1119433" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/09/death-a-free-online-philosophy-course-from-yale-helps.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Death: A Free Online Philosophy Course from Yale Helps You Grapple with the Inescapable"> Death: A Free Online Philosophy Course from Yale Helps You Grapple with the Inescapable </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/online_courses" rel="category tag">Online Courses</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/philosophy" rel="category tag">Philosophy</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" rel="category tag">Yale</a> </em> | September 10th, 2024 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1119433" class="post-1119433 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-online_courses category-philosophy category-yale"> <div class="oc-video-container"><iframe frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/playlist?list=PLEA18FAF1AD9047B0" width="560" loading="lazy"></iframe></div> <p>It pays to think intelligently about the inevitable. And this course taught by Yale professor <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelly_Kagan">Shelly Kagan</a> does just that, taking a rich, philosophical look at death. Here’s how the course description reads:</p> <blockquote><p>There is one thing I can be sure of: I am going to die. But what am I to make of that fact? This course will examine a number of issues that arise once we begin to reflect on our mortality. The possibility that death may not actually be the end is considered. Are we, in some sense, immortal? Would immortality be desirable? Also a clearer notion of what it is to die is examined. What does it mean to say that a person has died? What kind of fact is that? And, finally, different attitudes to death are evaluated. Is death an evil? How? Why? Is suicide morally permissible? Is it rational? How should the knowledge that I am going to die affect the way I live my life?</p></blockquote> <p>Major texts used in this course include Plato’s <em><a href="http://amzn.to/2hV7GEm">Phaedo</a>, </em>Tolstoy’s<em><a href="http://amzn.to/2is7c5w"> The Death of Ivan Ilych</a>, </em>and John Perry’s<em><a href="http://amzn.to/2iq1pBN">A Dialogue on Personal Identity and Immortality</a>. </em>Kagan also later published a companion book–simply called <a href="https://amzn.to/3XosXIR"><em>Death</em></a>–which can be <a href="https://amzn.to/3XosXIR">purchased online</a>.</p> <p>You can watch the 26 lectures above. Or find them on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEA18FAF1AD9047B0">YouTube</a> and iTunes in <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/death-video/id341651012?mt=10">video</a> and <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/death-audio/id341650967?mt=10">audio</a> formats. For more information on this course, including the syllabus, please visit <a href="http://oyc.yale.edu/death/phil-176">this Yale site</a>.</p> <p>This course has been added to our list of <a href="http://www.openculture.com/philosophy_free_courses">Free Online Philosophy courses</a>, a subset of our meta collection, <span style="font-weight: 400;"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses from Top Universities</a>.</span></p> <p><em>If you would like to sign up for Open Culture’s free email newsletter, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">please find it here</a>. It’s a great way to see our new posts, all bundled in one email, each day.</em></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">making a donation to our site</a>. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">contributions</a> will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. You can contribute through <a href="https://www.openculture.com/help-fund-open-culture">PayPal</a>, <a href="https://bit.ly/3eB2GRB">Patreon</a>, and Venmo (@openculture). Thanks!</span></i><i></i></p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Aldous Huxley, Dying of Cancer, Left This World Tripping on LSD (1963)" href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/04/aldous-huxley-dying-of-cancer-left-this-world-tripping-on-lsd-1963.html" rel="bookmark">Aldous Huxley, Dying of Cancer, Left This World Tripping on LSD (1963)</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Alan Watts Explains Why Death is an Art, Adventure and Creative Act" href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/06/zen-guru-alan-watts-helps-us-overcome-the-fear-of-dying.html" rel="bookmark">Alan Watts Explains Why Death is an Art, Adventure and Creative Act</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to J. Robert Oppenheimer Explains How, Upon Witnessing the First Nuclear Explosion, He Recited a Line from the Bhagavad Gita: “Now I Am Become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds”" href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/07/j-robert-oppenheimer-recites-the-line-now-i-am-become-death-the-destroyer-of-worlds.html" rel="bookmark">J. Robert Oppenheimer Explains How, Upon Witnessing the First Nuclear Explosion, He Recited a Line from the Bhagavad Gita: “Now I Am Become Death, the Destroyer of Worlds”</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/zen_master_alan_watts_discovers_the_secrets_of_aldous_huxley_and_his_art_of_dying_.html">Zen Master Alan Watts Discovers the Secrets of Aldous Huxley and His Art of Dying</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Free Online Philosophy Courses" href="http://www.openculture.com/philosophy_free_courses" rel="bookmark">Free Online Philosophy Courses</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/09/death-a-free-online-philosophy-course-from-yale-helps.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/09/death-a-free-online-philosophy-course-from-yale-helps.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2024/09/death-a-free-online-philosophy-course-from-yale-helps.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1110547" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/how-to-be-happier-in-5-research-proven-steps-according-to-popular-yale-professor-laurie-santos.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to How to Be Happier in 5 Research-Proven Steps, According to Popular Yale Professor Laurie Santos"> How to Be Happier in 5 Research-Proven Steps, According to Popular Yale Professor Laurie Santos </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/education" rel="category tag">Education</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/psychology" rel="category tag">Psychology</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/science" rel="category tag">Science</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" rel="category tag">Yale</a> </em> | October 13th, 2023 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1110547" class="post-1110547 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-education category-psychology category-science category-yale"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/GF-xvBXgqa4?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Nature doesn’t care if you’re happy, but Yale psychology professor <a href="https://psychology.yale.edu/people/laurie-santos">Laurie Santos</a> does.</p> <p>As Dr. Santos points out during the above appearance on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@The-Well/videos">The Well</a>, the goals of natural selection have been achieved as long as humans survive and reproduce, but most of us crave something more to consider life worth living.</p> <p>With depression rising to near epidemic levels on college campuses and elsewhere, it’s worth taking a look at our ingrained behavior, and maybe making some modifications to boost our happiness levels.</p> <p><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/26/nyregion/at-yale-class-on-happiness-draws-huge-crowd-laurie-santos.html"><em>Psychology and the Good Life</em></a>, Dr. Santos’ massive twice weekly lecture class that actively tackles ways of edging closer to happiness, is the most popular course in Yale’s more than 300-year history.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Do we detect some resistance?</p> <p><a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/positive-psychology">Positive psychology</a> — or the science of happiness — is a pretty <a href="https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2007/01/the-science-of-happiness-html">crowded field</a> lately, and the overwhelming demand created by great throngs of people longing to feel better has attracted <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/Documentaries/comments/gl46n2/2020_the_rise_of_fake_gurus_the_dark_truth_behind/">a fair number of grifters</a> willing to impart their proven methodologies to anyone enrolling in their paid online courses.</p> <p>By contrast, Dr. Santos not only has that Yale pedigree, she also cites other respected academics such as the University of Chicago’s <a href="https://www.nicholasepley.com/content/about">Nicholas Epley</a>, a social cognition specialist who believes <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364661322000432">undersociality</a>, or a lack of face-to-face engagement, is making people miserable, and Harvard’s <a href="https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/daniel-gilbert">Dan Gilbert</a> and the University of Virginia’s <a href="https://www.amacad.org/person/timothy-d-wilson">Timothy Wilson</a>, who co-authored a paper on “<a href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/14549983/Miswanting.pdf;sequence=1">miswanting</a>”, or the tendency to inaccurately predict what will truly result in satisfaction and happiness.</p> <p class="p1">Yale undergrad Mickey Rose, who took <em>Psychology and the Good Life</em> in the spring of 2022 to fulfill a social science credit, <a href="https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2022/11/16/yales-most-popular-course-sees-lower-student-ratings/">told the Yale Daily News</a> that her favorite part of the class was that “everything was cited, everything had a credible source and study to back it up:”<span class="s1"><br> </span></p> <p class="p1" style="padding-left: 40px;"><span class="s1"><i>I’m a STEM major and it’s kind of my overall personality type to question claims that I find not very believable. Obviously the class made a lot of claims about money, grades, happiness, that are counterintuitive to most people and to Yale students especially.</i></span></p> <p>With <em>Psychology and the Good Life</em> now available to the public<a href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/02/taken-a-free-online-version-of-yales-most-popular-course-the-science-of-well-being-and-learn-the-keys-to-happiness.html"> for free on Coursera</a>, even skeptics might consider giving Dr. Santos’ recommended “re-wirement practices” a peek, though be forewarned, you should be prepared to put them into practice before making pronouncements as to their efficacy.</p> <p>It’s all pretty straightforward stuff, starting with “use your phone to actually be a phone”, meaning call a friend or family member to set up an in person get together rather than scrolling through endless social media feeds.</p> <p>Other common sense adjustments include looking beyond yourself to help by volunteering, resolving to adopt a glass-is-half-full type attitude, cultivating mindfulness, making daily entries in <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/692/the-show-of-delights/act-five-33">a gratitude journal</a>, and becoming less sedentary.</p> <p>(You might also give Dr. Santos’ <a href="https://www.drlauriesantos.com/happiness-lab-podcast" rel="nofollow">Happiness Lab podcast</a> a go…)</p> <p>Things to guard against are measuring your own happiness against the perceived happiness of others and “impact bias” — overestimating the duration and intensity of happiness that is the expected result of some hotly anticipated event, acquisition or change in social standing.</p> <p>Below Dr. Santos gives a tour of the Good Life Center, an on-campus space that stressed out, socially anxious students can visit to get help putting some of those re-wirement practices into play.</p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/CYvaWS5xW-0?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen loading="lazy"></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>Sign up for Coursera’s 10-week <a href="https://coursera.pxf.io/gbQd79">Science of Well-Being</a> course here.</p> <p><strong>Related Content </strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The Science of Well-Being: Take a Free Online Version of Yale University’s Most Popular Course" href="https://www.openculture.com/2018/02/taken-a-free-online-version-of-yales-most-popular-course-the-science-of-well-being-and-learn-the-keys-to-happiness.html" rel="bookmark">The Science of Well-Being: Take a Free Online Version of Yale University’s Most Popular Course</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Free Online Psychology & Neuroscience Courses" href="http://www.openculture.com/psychology_free_courses" rel="bookmark">Free Online Psychology & Neuroscience Courses</a>, a subset of our collection, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses from Top Universities</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to What Are the Keys to Happiness? Lessons from a 75-Year-Long Harvard Study" href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/04/what-are-the-keys-to-happiness.html" rel="bookmark">What Are the Keys to Happiness? Lessons from a 75-Year-Long Harvard Study</a></p> <p class="p5"><span class="s6"><i>– </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/"><span class="s5"><i>Ayun Halliday</i></span></a><i> is the Chief Primatologist of </i><a href="http://ayunhalliday.com/the-east-village-inky/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s5"><i>the East Village Inky</i></span></a><i> zine and author, most recently, of </i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Creative-Not-Famous-Potato-Manifesto/dp/1648410596/"><span class="s5"><i>Creative, Not Famous: The Small Potato Manifesto</i></span></a><i> and </i><a href="https://ayunhalliday.com/small-potato-manifesto/creative-not-famous-activity-book/" rel="nofollow"><span class="s5"><i>Creative, Not Famous Activity Book</i></span></a><i>. Follow her </i><a href="https://www.instagram.com/ayun_halliday/"><span class="s5"><i>@AyunHalliday</i></span></a><i>.</i></span></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/ayunh" title="Posts by Ayun Halliday" rel="author">Ayun Halliday</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/how-to-be-happier-in-5-research-proven-steps-according-to-popular-yale-professor-laurie-santos.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/how-to-be-happier-in-5-research-proven-steps-according-to-popular-yale-professor-laurie-santos.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2023/10/how-to-be-happier-in-5-research-proven-steps-according-to-popular-yale-professor-laurie-santos.html#comments">3</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1106154" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/12/the-making-of-modern-ukraine-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university-featuring-23-lectures.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to The Making of Modern Ukraine: A Free Online Course from Yale University, Featuring 23 Lectures"> The Making of Modern Ukraine: A Free Online Course from Yale University, Featuring 23 Lectures </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/current_affairs" rel="category tag">Current Affairs</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/online_courses" rel="category tag">Online Courses</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" rel="category tag">Yale</a> </em> | December 27th, 2022 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1106154" class="post-1106154 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-current_affairs category-online_courses category-yale"> <div class="oc-video-container"><iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/playlist?list=PLcmaziH9sW6NmzGD_b0dEmfgA5CRD1MyP" width="560"></iframe></div> <p>Back in September, we mentioned that Yale historian <a href="https://history.yale.edu/people/timothy-snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> had started teaching a course, <em>The Making of Modern Ukraine, </em>and putting the lectures online. With the fall semester now over, you can watch 23 lectures on YouTube. All of the lectures appear above, or on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcmaziH9sW6NmzGD_b0dEmfgA5CRD1MyP">this playlist</a>. Key questions explored by the course include:</p> <blockquote><p>What brought about the Ukrainian nation?  Ukraine must have existed as a society and polity on 23 February 2022, else Ukrainians would not have collectively resisted Russian invasion the next day.  Why has the existence of Ukraine occasioned such controversy?  In what ways are Polish, Russian, and Jewish self-understanding dependent upon experiences in Ukraine?  Just how and when did a modern Ukrainian nation emerge?  Just how for that matter does any modern nation emerge?  And why some nations and not others?  What is the balance between structure and agency in history?  Can nations be chosen, and does it matter?  Can the choices of individuals influence the rise of much larger social organizations?  If so, how?  Ukraine was the country most touched by Soviet and Nazi terror: what can we learn about those systems, then, from Ukraine?  Is the post-colonial, multilingual Ukrainian nation a holdover from the past, or does it hold some promise for the future?</p></blockquote> <p><a href="https://snyder.substack.com/p/syllabus-of-my-ukraine-lecture-class">A syllabus for the course</a> can be found on Snyder’s Substack.</p> <p><em>The Making </em><em>of </em><em>Modern</em><em> Ukraine</em> will be added to our collection of <a href="https://www.openculture.com/history_free_courses">Free Online History Courses,</a> a subset of our meta collection: <a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses from Top Universities</a></p> <p><em>If you would like to sign up for Open Culture’s free email newsletter, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">please find it here</a>. It’s a great way to see our new posts, all bundled in one email, each day.</em></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">making a donation to our site</a>. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">contributions</a> will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. You can contribute through <a href="https://www.openculture.com/help-fund-open-culture">PayPal</a>, <a href="https://bit.ly/3eB2GRB">Patreon</a>, and Venmo (@openculture). Thanks!</span></i><i></i></p> <p><strong>Related Content</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to 20 Lessons from the 20th Century About How to Defend Democracy from Authoritarianism, According to Yale Historian Timothy Snyder" href="https://www.openculture.com/2017/01/20-lessons-from-the-20th-century-about-how-to-defend-democracies-from-authoritarianism.html" rel="bookmark">20 Lessons from the 20th Century About How to Defend Democracy from Authoritarianism, According to Yale Historian Timothy Snyder</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to A Beautifully Illustrated Edition of <I>On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century</I>, the Bestselling Book by Historian Timothy Snyder" href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/10/on-tyranny-illustrated.html" rel="bookmark">A Beautifully Illustrated Edition of On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century, the Bestselling Book by Historian Timothy Snyder</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online: 1,000+ Librarians Digitally Preserve Artifacts of Ukrainian Civilization Before Russia Can Destroy Them" href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/03/saving-ukrainian-cultural-heritage-online.html" rel="bookmark">Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online: 1,000+ Librarians Digitally Preserve Artifacts of Ukrainian Civilization Before Russia Can Destroy Them</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Putin’s War on Ukraine Explained in 8 Minutes" href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/03/putins-war-on-ukraine-explained-in-8-minutes.html" rel="bookmark">Putin’s War on Ukraine Explained in 8 Minutes</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/12/the-making-of-modern-ukraine-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university-featuring-23-lectures.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/12/the-making-of-modern-ukraine-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university-featuring-23-lectures.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2022/12/the-making-of-modern-ukraine-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university-featuring-23-lectures.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1093702" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/08/introduction-to-ancient-greek-history-a-free-online-course-by-yale-historian-donald-kagan-rip.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Introduction to Ancient Greek History: A Free Online Course by Yale Historian Donald Kagan (RIP)"> Introduction to Ancient Greek History: A Free Online Course by Yale Historian Donald Kagan (RIP) </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/online_courses" rel="category tag">Online Courses</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" rel="category tag">Yale</a> </em> | August 17th, 2021 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1093702" class="post-1093702 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-history category-online_courses category-yale"> <div class="oc-video-container"><iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/playlist?list=PL023BCE5134243987" width="560"></iframe></div> <p>Earlier this month, Yale historian <a href="https://news.yale.edu/2021/08/10/donald-kagan-celebrated-historian-ancient-world-and-revered-teacher">Donald Kagan</a> passed away at age 89 in Washington D.C. In their obituary, <em>The New York Times</em> writes:</p> <blockquote><p>Professor Kagan was considered among the country’s leading historians. His four-volume account of the Peloponnesian War, from 431 B.C. to 404 B.C., was hailed by the critic George Steiner as “the foremost work of history produced in North America in the 20th century.”</p> <p>He was equally renowned for his classroom style, in which he peppered nuanced readings of ancient texts with references to his beloved New York Yankees and inventive, sometimes comic exercises in class participation, like having students form a hoplite phalanx to demonstrate how Greek soldiers marched into combat.</p></blockquote> <p>If you never sat in Kagan’s classroom, you can still experience his teaching style online. Recorded in 2007, Kagan’s course <em>Introduction to Ancient Greek History</em> traces “the development of Greek civilization as manifested in political, intellectual, and creative achievements from the Bronze Age to the end of the classical period.” You can watch the 24 video lectures above, or find them on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL023BCE5134243987&feature=plcp">YouTube</a>. The lectures also appear on iTunes in <a href="http://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?id=341651987">audio</a> and <a href="http://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/ancient-greek-history-video/id341652005">video</a>. Find the texts used in the course below. More information about the course, including the syllabus, can be found on <a href="http://oyc.yale.edu/classics/clcv-205">this Yale website</a>.</p> <ul> <li>Pomeroy, Burstein, Donlan and Roberts. <a href="https://amzn.to/2McrP9M"><em>Ancient Greece</em></a>. Oxford University Press: New York, 1999.</li> <li>Kagan, Donald. “Problems in Ancient History.” In <a href="https://amzn.to/2YRU5jy"><em>The Ancient Near East and Greece</em></a>. 2nd ed., vol. 1. Prentice-Hall: New York, 1975.</li> <li>Herodotus, <a href="https://amzn.to/2YUpTnY"><em>The Histories</em></a>.</li> <li>Plutarch, <a href="https://amzn.to/2VPgNXD"><em>The Rise and Fall of the Athens</em></a>.</li> <li>Thucydides, <a href="https://amzn.to/2YQRIxa"><em>The Peloponnesian War</em></a>.</li> </ul> <p><em>Introduction to Ancient Greek History</em> will be added to our collection of <a href="http://www.openculture.com/history_free_courses">Free Online History courses</a>, a subset of our collection, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses from Top Universities</a>.</p> <p><em>If you would like to sign up for Open Culture’s free email newsletter, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">please find it here</a>. It’s a great way to see our new posts, all bundled in one email, each day.</em></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">making a donation to our site</a>. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">contributions</a> will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. You can contribute through <a href="https://www.openculture.com/help-fund-open-culture">PayPal</a>, <a href="https://bit.ly/3eB2GRB">Patreon</a>, and Venmo (@openculture). Thanks!</span></i><i></i></p> <p><strong>Related Content</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Learn Ancient Greek in 64 Free Lessons: A Free Online Course from Brandeis & Harvard" href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/08/learn-ancient-greek-in-64-free-lessons-from-brandeis-harvard.html" rel="bookmark">Learn Ancient Greek in 64 Free Lessons: A Free Online Course from Brandeis & Harvard</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Roman Architecture: A Free Online Course from Yale University" href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/12/roman-architecture-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university.html" rel="bookmark">Roman Architecture: A Free Online Course from Yale University</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The Ancient Greeks: A Free Online Course from Wesleyan University" href="https://www.openculture.com/the-ancient-greeks-a-free-online-course-from-wesleyan-university" rel="bookmark">The Ancient Greeks: A Free Online Course from Wesleyan University </a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/08/introduction-to-ancient-greek-history-a-free-online-course-by-yale-historian-donald-kagan-rip.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/08/introduction-to-ancient-greek-history-a-free-online-course-by-yale-historian-donald-kagan-rip.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/08/introduction-to-ancient-greek-history-a-free-online-course-by-yale-historian-donald-kagan-rip.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1093092" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/07/epidemics-in-western-society-since-1600-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Epidemics in Western Society Since 1600: A Free Online Course from Yale University"> Epidemics in Western Society Since 1600: A Free Online Course from Yale University </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" rel="category tag">Yale</a> </em> | July 25th, 2021 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1093092" class="post-1093092 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-history category-yale"> <div class="oc-video-container"><iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/playlist?list=PL3AE7B3B6917DE8E6" width="560"></iframe></div> <p>From Yale University comes an unfortunately timely course, <em><a href="https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-234">Epidemics in Western Society Since 1600</a>. </em>Recorded before the outbreak of COVID-19, the 25 lecture course, presented by historian <a href="https://history.yale.edu/people/frank-snowden">Frank Snowden</a>, covers the following ground:</p> <blockquote><p>This course consists of an international analysis of the impact of epidemic diseases on western society and culture from the bubonic plague to HIV/AIDS and the recent experience of SARS and swine flu. Leading themes include: infectious disease and its impact on society; the development of public health measures; the role of medical ethics; the genre of plague literature; the social reactions of mass hysteria and violence; the rise of the germ theory of disease; the development of tropical medicine; a comparison of the social, cultural, and historical impact of major infectious diseases; and the issue of emerging and re-emerging diseases.</p></blockquote> <p>You can watch <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3AE7B3B6917DE8E6">the lectures on YouTube above</a>, or on iTunes (<a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/epidemics-in-western-society-since-1600-video/id429903998">Video</a> — <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/epidemics-in-western-society/id429468934">Audio</a>). You can also read Snowden’s related book: <em><a href="https://amzn.to/2V8n2v0">Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present</a>.</em></p> <p>If you want to hear what Snowden has to say about COVID-19, we have two interviews below.</p> <p><strong>Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: Epidemics in History</strong></p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/h30eayXdhYE?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p><strong>How Will COVID-19 Change the World? Historian Frank Snowden on Epidemics From the Black Death to Now</strong></p> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/UIzYu2YEzvw?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p><em><a href="https://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-234">Epidemics in Western Society Since 1600 </a></em>will be added to our list of <a href="https://www.openculture.com/history_free_courses">Free Online History courses</a>, a subset of our metacollection, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses from Top Universities</a>.</p> <p><em>If you would like to sign up for Open Culture’s free email newsletter, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">please find it here</a>. It’s a great way to see our new posts, all bundled in one email, each day.</em></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">making a donation to our site</a>. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">contributions</a> will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. You can contribute through <a href="https://www.openculture.com/help-fund-open-culture">PayPal</a>, <a href="https://bit.ly/3eB2GRB">Patreon</a>, and Venmo (@openculture). Thanks!</span></i><i></i></p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The History of the Plague: Every Major Epidemic in an Animated Map" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/03/the-history-of-the-plague-every-major-epidemic-in-an-animated-map.html" rel="bookmark">The History of the Plague: Every Major Epidemic in an Animated Map</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to The History of the 1918 Flu Pandemic, “The Deadliest Epidemic of All Time”: Three Free Lectures from The Great Courses" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/06/the-history-of-the-1918-flu-pandemic-the-deadliest-epidemic-of-all-time-three-free-lectures-from-the-great-courses.html" rel="bookmark">The History of the 1918 Flu Pandemic, “The Deadliest Epidemic of All Time”: Three Free Lectures from The Great Courses</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Why You Should Read <i>The Plague</i>, the Albert Camus Novel the Coronavirus Has Made a Bestseller Again" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/03/why-you-should-read-the-plague.html" rel="bookmark">Why You Should Read The Plague, the Albert Camus Novel the Coronavirus Has Made a Bestseller Again</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/07/epidemics-in-western-society-since-1600-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/07/epidemics-in-western-society-since-1600-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2021/07/epidemics-in-western-society-since-1600-a-free-online-course-from-yale-university.html#comments">1</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1084735" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/12/a-free-online-course-from-yale-on-the-politics-of-fear-resentment.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to A Free Online Course from Yale University Explains How the World Lapsed into the Politics of Fear & Resentment"> A Free Online Course from Yale University Explains How the World Lapsed into the Politics of Fear & Resentment </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/online_courses" rel="category tag">Online Courses</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/politics" rel="category tag">Politics</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" rel="category tag">Yale</a> </em> | December 17th, 2020 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1084735" class="post-1084735 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-online_courses category-politics category-yale"> <div class="oc-video-container"><iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/playlist?list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy" width="560"></iframe></div> <p>“How did we get from the huge euphoria that followed the fall of communism in the early 1990s to our present politics of fear and resentment, and what are the prospects going forward?” These questions and more get answered in Yale’s free course, “Power and Politics in Today’s World.”  Taught by Professor of Political Science <a class="extlink" href="https://shapiro.macmillan.yale.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Ian Shapiro,</a> the course “provides an examination of political dynamics and institutions over this past tumultuous quarter century, and the implications of these changes for what comes next. Among the topics covered are the decline of trade unions and the enlarged role of business as political forces, changing attitudes towards parties and other political institutions amidst the growth of inequality and middle-class insecurity, the emergence of new forms of authoritarianism, and the character and durability of the unipolar international order that replaced the Cold War.”</p> <p>You can <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyViG2ar68jkgEi4y6doNZy">watch the lectures on Youtube</a>, or stream them all above. The syllabus and reading list <a href="https://communications.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Devane-syllabus-with-dates(2).pdf">can be found here</a>.</p> <p>“Power and Politics in Today’s World” will be added to our meta collection, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses from Top Universities</a>.</p> <p><em>If you would like to sign up for Open Culture’s free email newsletter, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">please find it here</a>. It’s a great way to see our new posts, all bundled in one email, each day.</em></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">making a donation to our site</a>. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">contributions</a> will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. You can contribute through <a href="https://www.openculture.com/help-fund-open-culture">PayPal</a>, <a href="https://bit.ly/3eB2GRB">Patreon</a>, and Venmo (@openculture). Thanks!</span></i><i></i></p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Death: A Free Philosophy Course from Yale" href="https://www.openculture.com/death-a-free-philosophy-course-from-yale" rel="bookmark">Death: A Free Philosophy Course from Yale</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Modern Poetry: A Free Course from Yale" href="https://www.openculture.com/modern-poetry-a-free-course-from-yale" rel="bookmark">Modern Poetry: A Free Course from Yale</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Take Free Courses on African-American History from Yale and Stanford: From Emancipation, to the Civil Rights Movement, and Beyond" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/06/take-free-courses-on-african-american-history-from-yale-and-stanford.html" rel="bookmark">Take Free Courses on African-American History from Yale and Stanford: From Emancipation, to the Civil Rights Movement, and Beyond</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/12/a-free-online-course-from-yale-on-the-politics-of-fear-resentment.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/12/a-free-online-course-from-yale-on-the-politics-of-fear-resentment.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/12/a-free-online-course-from-yale-on-the-politics-of-fear-resentment.html#comments">2</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1078375" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/06/take-free-courses-on-african-american-history-from-yale-and-stanford.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Take Free Online Courses on African-American History from Yale and Stanford: From Emancipation, to the Civil Rights Movement, and Beyond"> Take Free Online Courses on African-American History from Yale and Stanford: From Emancipation, to the Civil Rights Movement, and Beyond </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/online_courses" rel="category tag">Online Courses</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/stanford" rel="category tag">Stanford</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" rel="category tag">Yale</a> </em> | June 18th, 2020 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1078375" class="post-1078375 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-history category-online_courses category-stanford category-yale"> <div class="oc-video-wrapper"> <div class="oc-video-container"> <span class="youtube"><iframe loading="lazy" title="YouTube video player" class="youtube-player" type="text/html" width="640" height="505" src="//www.youtube.com/embed/Fp6mjKumW2g?wmode=transparent&fs=1&hl=en&showsearch=0&rel=0&theme=dark" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></span> </div> <p>  </p></div> <p></p> <p>As every American knows, February is Black History Month. And as every American also knows — if the events of 2020 haven’t warped their sense of time too badly — is isn’t February right now. But thanks to online learning technology, we all have the freedom to <a href="http://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">study any subject we want</a>, as much as we want, whenever we want, irrespective of the time of year. Sources of internet-based education have proliferated in the 21st century, but <a href="http://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">long-respected institutions of higher learning</a> have also got in on the action. Yale University, for example, has produced the online course <a href="https://oyc.yale.edu/african-american-studies/afam-162#sessions"><em>African American History: Emancipation to the Present</em></a>, whose 25 lectures by history professor Jonathan Holloway you can watch on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLh9mgdi4rNeyqnC6Gj5VCZERhhy9CC1S6">YouTube</a>, or <a href="https://oyc.yale.edu/african-american-studies/afam-162#sessions">at Yale’s web site</a>. The first lecture appears above.</p> <p>Originally recorded in the spring of 2010, Holloway’s course examines “the African American experience in the United States from 1863 to the present,” involving such chapters of history as “the end of the Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction” and “African Americans’ urbanization experiences.”</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>It also includes lectures on the “thought and leadership of Booker T. Washington, Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X” — all writers and thinkers Open Culture readers will have encountered before, but a course like <em>African American History: Emancipation to the Present </em>offers the opportunity to consider their lives and work in clearer context and greater detail.</p> <div class="oc-video-container"><iframe loading="lazy" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/playlist?list=PL40E11D5C66CAC48C" width="560"></iframe></div> <p>Black history has deeper roots in some parts of the United States than others. But that doesn’t mean the universities of the west have nothing to offer in this department: take, for example, Stanford University’s <em>African-American History: Modern Freedom Struggle</em>, taught by the historian (and editor of MLK’s papers) <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228012434/https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/clayborne-carson">Clayborne Carson</a>. Available to watch on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL40E11D5C66CAC48C">YouTube</a> and <a href="http://www.openculture.com/african-american-history-modern-freedom-struggle-a-free-course-from-stanford" data-skimlinks-orig-link>iTunes</a> (or right above), its 18 lectures deliver an introduction to “African-American history, with particular emphasis on the political thought and protest movements of the period after 1930, focusing on selected individuals who have shaped and been shaped by modern African-American struggles for freedom and justice.” Taken together, these online courses offer you more than enough material to hold your own Black History Month right now.</p> <p>Note: Clay Carson’s course can also be taken as a MOOC on edX. Enroll now in <a href="https://www.edx.org/course/american-prophet-the-inner-life-and-global-vision-of-martin-luther-king-jr"><em>American Prophet: The Inner Life and Global Vision of Martin Luther King, Jr.</em></a> And find the courses listed above in our collection, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses from Top Universities</a>.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Online Degrees & Mini Degrees: Explore Masters, Mini Masters, Bachelors & Mini Bachelors from Top Universities" href="https://www.openculture.com/online-degrees" rel="bookmark">Online Degrees & Mini Degrees: Explore Masters, Mini Masters, Bachelors & Mini Bachelors from Top Universities</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Free Online History Courses" href="https://www.openculture.com/history_free_courses" rel="bookmark">Free Online History Courses</a></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Watch Cornel West’s Free Online Course on W.E.B. Du Bois, the Great 20th Century Public Intellectual" href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/10/watch-cornel-wests-lecture-course-on-w-e-b-du-bois.html" rel="bookmark">Watch Cornel West’s Free Online Course on W.E.B. Du Bois, the Great 20th Century Public Intellectual</a></p> <p><em>Based in Seoul, <a href="http://blog.colinmarshall.org/">Colin Marshall</a> writes and broadcasts on cities, language, and culture. His projects include the book </em>The Stateless City: a Walk through 21st-Century Los Angeles <em>and the video series </em><a href="https://vimeo.com/channels/thecityincinema">The City in Cinema</a><em>. Follow him on Twitter at <a href="https://twitter.com/#%21/colinmarshall">@colinmarshall</a>, on <a href="https://www.facebook.com/colinmarshallessayist">Facebook</a>, or on <a href="https://www.instagram.com/colinmarshallseoul/">Instagram</a>.</em></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/cjmarshall" title="Posts by Colin Marshall" rel="author">Colin Marshall</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/06/take-free-courses-on-african-american-history-from-yale-and-stanford.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/06/take-free-courses-on-african-american-history-from-yale-and-stanford.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2020/06/take-free-courses-on-african-american-history-from-yale-and-stanford.html#comments">75</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="recent_post"> <h1 id="post-1068647" ><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/09/yale-presents-an-archive-of-170000-photographs-documenting-the-great-depression.html" rel="bookmark" title="Permanent Link to Yale Presents an Archive of 170,000 Photographs Documenting the Great Depression"> Yale Presents an Archive of 170,000 Photographs Documenting the Great Depression </a></h1> <p class="byline">in <em class="postcategory"> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history" rel="category tag">History</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/philosophy" rel="category tag">Philosophy</a>, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale" rel="category tag">Yale</a> </em> | September 5th, 2019 </p> <div id="framearound_ad_in_post" style="margin: 8px 0px 8px 0px;"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>  <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display: block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1184791463292965" data-ad-slot="4261585863" data-ad-format="link"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div class="recent_post_text"> <div id="post-1068647" class="post-1068647 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-history category-philosophy category-yale"> <p><a href="http://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/dorothea-lange.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95425 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt="dorothea lange" width="480" height="501" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/dorothea-lange.jpg"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95425" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/dorothea-lange.jpg" alt="dorothea lange" width="480" height="501"></noscript></a></p> <p>During the Great Depression, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration">The Farm Security Administration—Office of War Information (FSA-OWI)</a> hired photographers to travel across America to document the poverty that gripped the nation, hoping to build support for New Deal programs being championed by F.D.R.‘s administration.</p> <div class="oc-center-da"> <div data-fuse="22871471544"></div> </div> <p>Legendary photographers like <a href="http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=3373" rel="nofollow">Dorothea Lange</a>, <a href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/evan/hd_evan.htm">Walker Evans</a>, and <a href="http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/bios/arthur-rothstein/">Arthur Rothstein</a> took part in what amounted to the largest photography project ever sponsored by the federal government. All told, 170,000 photographs were taken, then catalogued back in Washington DC. <a href="http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/fsa/background.html">The Library of Congress</a> became their eventual resting place.</p> <p><a href="http://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/walker-evans.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95426 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt="walker evans" width="480" height="589" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/walker-evans.jpg"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95426" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/walker-evans.jpg" alt="walker evans" width="480" height="589"></noscript></a></p> <p>We first <a href="http://www.openculture.com/2012/06/found_lost_great_depression_photos_capturing_hard_times.html">mentioned this historic project back in 2012</a>, when the New York Public Library put a relatively small sampling of these images online. But now we have bigger news.</p> <p>Yale University has launched <a href="http://photogrammar.yale.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Photogrammar</a>, a sophisticated web-based platform for organizing, searching, and visualizing these 170,000 historic photographs.</p> <p><a href="http://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/arthur-rothstein.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95427 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt="arthur rothstein" width="480" height="668" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/arthur-rothstein.jpg"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95427" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/arthur-rothstein.jpg" alt="arthur rothstein" width="480" height="668"></noscript></a></p> <p>The <a href="http://photogrammar.yale.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Photogrammar</a> platform gives you the ability to <a href="http://photogrammar.yale.edu/search/">search through the images by photographer</a>. Do a search for Dorothea Lange’s photographs, and <a href="http://photogrammar.yale.edu/search/results.php?start=0&search=&pname=Dorothea+Lange&lot=&van=&state=&county=&city=&year_start=1935&month_start=0&year_stop=1945&month_stop=12">you get over 3200 images</a>, including the now iconic photograph at the bottom of this post.</p> <p><a href="http://photogrammar.yale.edu/map/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Photogrammar</a> also offers a handy <a href="http://photogrammar.yale.edu/map/">interactive map</a> that lets you gather geographical information about 90,000 photographs in the collection.</p> <p>And then there’s a section called <a href="http://photogrammar.yale.edu/labs/">Photogrammar Labs</a> where innovative visualization techniques and data experiments will gradually shed new light on the image archive.</p> <p>According to Yale, the Photogrammar project was funded by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH). Directed by <a href="https://wgss.yale.edu/people/laura-wexler">Laura Wexler</a>, the project was undertaken by <a href="https://ph.yale.edu/">Yale’’s Public Humanities Program</a> and its <a href="https://americanstudies.yale.edu/photographic-memory-workshop">Photographic Memory Workshop</a>.</p> <p><a href="http://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/rothstein-3.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95450 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt="rothstein 3" width="480" height="355" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/rothstein-3.jpg"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95450" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/rothstein-3.jpg" alt="rothstein 3" width="480" height="355"></noscript></a><br> <em>Top image</em>: A migrant agricultural worker in Marysville migrant camp, trying to figure out his year’s earnings. Taken in California in 1935 by Dorothea Lange.</p> <p><em>Second image</em>: Allie Mae Burroughs, wife of cotton sharecropper. Photo taken in Hale County, Alabama in 1935 by Walker Evans.</p> <p><em>Third image</em>: Wife and children of sharecropper in Washington County, Arkansas. By Arthur Rothstein. 1935.</p> <p><em>Fourth image</em>: Wife of Negro sharecropper, Lee County, Mississippi. Again taken by Arthur Rothstein in 1935.</p> <p>Bottom image: Destitute pea pickers in California. Mother of seven children. Age thirty-two. Taken by Dorothea Lange in Nipomo, California, 1936.</p> <p><a href="http://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/lange-bottom.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95466 native-lazyload-js-fallback" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" alt="lange bottom" width="480" height="599" data-src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/lange-bottom.jpg"><noscript><img loading="lazy" loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-95466" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/lange-bottom.jpg" alt="lange bottom" width="480" height="599"></noscript></a></p> <p><em>If you would like to sign up for Open Culture’s free email newsletter, <a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">please find it here</a>. It’s a great way to see our new posts, all bundled in one email, each day.</em></p> <p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">If you would like to support the mission of Open Culture, consider <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">making a donation to our site</a>. It’s hard to rely 100% on ads, and your <a href="https://bit.ly/3EBHjtX">contributions</a> will help us continue providing the best free cultural and educational materials to learners everywhere. You can contribute through <a href="https://www.openculture.com/help-fund-open-culture">PayPal</a>, <a href="https://bit.ly/3eB2GRB">Patreon</a>, and Venmo (@openculture). Thanks!</span></i><i></i></p> <p>Note: An earlier version of this post appeared on our site in 2014.</p> <p><strong>Related Content:</strong></p> <p><a title="Permanent Link to Harvard Puts Online a Huge Collection of Bauhaus Art Objects" href="http://www.openculture.com/2016/08/32000-bauhaus-art-objects-available-through-the-harvard-art-museums-website.html" rel="bookmark">Harvard Puts Online a Huge Collection of Bauhaus Art Objects</a></p> <p class="p1"><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2014/08/new-flickr-archive-makes-available-2-6-million-images-from-books.html">Download for Free 2.6 Million Images from Books Published Over Last 500 Years on Flickr</a></p> <p class="p1"><a title="Permanent Link to 130,000 Photographs by Andy Warhol Are Now Available Online, Courtesy of Stanford University" href="http://www.openculture.com/2018/10/130000-photographs-andy-warhol-now-available-online-courtesy-stanford-university.html" rel="bookmark">130,000 Photographs by Andy Warhol Are Now Available Online, Courtesy of Stanford University</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2019/03/the-medieval-masterpiece-the-book-of-kells-is-now-digitized-put-online.html">The Medieval Masterpiece, the Book of Kells, Is Now Digitized & Put Online</a></p> <div class="alignleft"> <p class="author"> by <a href="https://www.openculture.com/author/dancolman" title="Posts by OC" rel="author">OC</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/09/yale-presents-an-archive-of-170000-photographs-documenting-the-great-depression.html" title="Permalink">Permalink</a> | <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/09/yale-presents-an-archive-of-170000-photographs-documenting-the-great-depression.html#respond" title="Make a comment">Make a Comment</a> ( <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2019/09/yale-presents-an-archive-of-170000-photographs-documenting-the-great-depression.html#respond">None</a> ) | </p>   </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cleared"></div> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale/page/2" >More in this category... »</a> </div>  <div class="middle_sidebar"> <ul id="middle_sidebarwidgeted"> <li id="execphp-431254483" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Essentials</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">1,700 Free Online Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-certificate-programs">200 Online Certificate Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/online-degrees">100+ Online Degree & Mini-Degree Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">1,150 Free Movies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks">1,000 Free Audio Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/great-podcasts">150+ Best Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_ebooks">800 Free eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_textbooks">200 Free Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freelanguagelessons">300 Free Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/business_free_courses">150 Free Business Courses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources">Free K-12 Education</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/dailyemail">Get Our Daily Email</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254506" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Support Us</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox noborder"> <br> We're hoping to rely on loyal readers, rather than erratic ads. Please click the Donate button and support Open Culture. You can use Paypal, Venmo, Patreon, even Crypto! We thank you! <br> <br> <a href="/help-fund-open-culture"><img class="alignleft wp-image-1033883 size-full" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/2017/03/30092526/btn_donate_cc_147x47.png" alt="" width="147" height="47" /></a> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254479" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Courses</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-art-art-history-courses">Art & Art History</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/astronomy-free-online-courses">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/biology_free_courses">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/business_free_courses">Business</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/chemistry-free-courses">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-courses-in-ancient-history-literature-philosophy">Classics/Ancient World</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/computer_science_free_courses">Computer Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-online-data-science-courses">Data Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/economics_free_courses">Economics</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/engineering_free_courses">Engineering</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/environment-free-online-courses">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/history_free_courses">History</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/literature_free_courses">Literature</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/math_free_courses ">Math</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/philosophy_free_courses">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/physics_free_courses">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/political_science_free_courses">Political Science</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/psychology_free_courses">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/religion-free-courses-online">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-online-writing-journalism-courses">Writing & Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeonlinecourses">All 1700 Free Courses</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254514" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Receive our Daily Email</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"> <div class="new_subscription_block" style="" > <center><h3 class="sub_r" style="font-size:1.8rem">FREE UPDATES!</h3> <h4 style="font-size:1.4rem">GET OUR DAILY EMAIL</h4></center> <p> Get the best cultural and educational resources on the web curated for you in a daily email. We never spam. Unsubscribe at any time. </p> <b><a href="https://www.openculture.com/newsletter-signup">Click Here to sign up for our newsletter</a> </b> </br> <p style="font-size:1.4rem">FOLLOW ON SOCIAL MEDIA</p> <div class="social-icons2"> <ul style "display:inline;padding:0;margin:0px;"> <li> <a href="//twitter.com/openculture"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a></li> <li><a href="//facebook.com/openculture"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a></li> <li><a href="/contact"><i class="icon-envelope-alt"></i></a></li> <li><a href="//feeds.feedburner.com/OpenCulture"><i class="icon-rss-sign"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254473" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Movies</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freemoviesonline">1150 Free Movies Online</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_film_noir_movies">Free Film Noir</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-silent-films">Silent Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-documentaries-online/">Documentaries</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-kung-fu-martial-arts-movies-online/">Martial Arts/Kung Fu</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-animated-films">Animations</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_hitchcock_movies_online">Free Hitchcock Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/free_charlie_chaplin_films_on_the_web.html">Free Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/01/john_wayne_25_free_western_films_online.html">Free John Wayne Movies</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/07/tarkovksy.html">Free Tarkovsky Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/eight-free-films-by-dziga-vertov.html">Free Dziga Vertov</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/28_free_oscar_films_on_the_web.html">Free Oscar Winners</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254474" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Language Lessons</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_arabic_lessons">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_mandarin_chinese_lessons">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_english_lessons">English</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_french_lessons">French</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_german_lessons">German</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_italian_lessons">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_russian_lessons ">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_spanish_lessons">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2006/10/foreign_languag.html">All Languages</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254476" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free eBooks</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_ebooks">700 Free eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-philosophy-ebooks">Free Philosophy eBooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/07/the_harvard_classics_a_free_digital_collection.html">The Harvard Classics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/?p=25048">Philip K. Dick Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/neil_gaimans_free_short_stories.html">Neil Gaiman Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/23_free_essays_stories_by_david_foster_wallace_available_on_the_web.html">David Foster Wallace Stories & Essays</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/ernest-hemingways-very-first-published-stories-free-as-an-ebook.html">Hemingway Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/read_f_scott_fitzgeralds_story_may_day_and_nearly_all_of_his_other_work_free_online.html">Great Gatsby & Other Fitzgerald Novels</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/h-p-lovecrafts-classic-horror-stories-free-online.html">HP Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/download-the-complete-works-of-edgar-allan-poe-macabre-stories-as-free-ebooks-audio-books.html">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/read-14-short-stories-from-nobel-prize-winning-writer-alice-munro-free-online.html">Free Alice Munro Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/stories_by_jennifer_egan.html">Jennifer Egan Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/?p=59123">George Saunders Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/read-10-free-articles-by-hunter-s-thompson.html">Hunter S. Thompson Essays</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/01/read-17-joan-didion-essays-free-online-1966-to-2013.html">Joan Didion Essays</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/10-short-stories-by-gabriel-garcia-marquez.html">Gabriel Garcia Marquez Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/20-free-essays-stories-by-david-sedaris.html">David Sedaris Stories</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/six-free-stephen-king-stories.html">Stephen King</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/read-9-books-by-noam-chomsky-free-online.html">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/download-over-22000-golden-silver-age-comic-books-from-the-comic-book-plus-archive.html">Golden Age Comics</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/01/read-700-free-ebooks-made-available-by-the-university-of-california-press.html">Free Books by UC Press</a></li> <li> <a href="https://www.openculture.com/2007/08/life-changing_books_your_picks.html">Life Changing Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254495" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Audio Books</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/freeaudiobooks">700 Free Audio Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/audio_books_fiction">Free Audio Books: Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/audio_books_poetry">Free Audio Books: Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/audio_books_non-fiction">Free Audio Books: Non-Fiction</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254477" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Textbooks</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_textbooks">200 Free Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-physics-textbooks">Free Physics Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-computer-science-textbooks">Free Computer Science Textbooks</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free-math-textbooks">Free Math Textbooks</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254478" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">K-12 Resources</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Books">Free Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Tutorials">Free Video Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Apps</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Resources">Web Resources by Subject</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#Languages">Free Language Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#YouTube">Quality YouTube Channels</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#TeacherRef">Teacher Resources</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources#TestPrep">Test Prep</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/free_k-12_educational_resources">All Free Kids Resources</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254492" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Art & Images</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/05/1-8-million-free-works-of-art-from-world-class-museums-a-meta-list.html">All Art Images & Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/the-met-puts-400000-high-res-images-online.html">The Met</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/getty-museum-adds-another-77000-images-to-its-open-content-archive.html">The Getty</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/rijksmuseum-digitizes-makes-free-online-210000-works-of-art-masterpieces-included.html">The Rijksmuseum</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/06/smithsonian-digitizes-lets-you-download-40000-works-of-asian-and-american-art.html">Smithsonian</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/10/free-the-guggenheim-puts-online-1600-great-works-of-modern-art-from-575-artists.html">The Guggenheim</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/12/the-tate-digitizes-70000-works-of-art.html">The Tate</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/04/download-35000-works-of-art-from-the-national-gallery.html">The National Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/whitney-museum-puts-online-21000-works-of-american-art.html">The Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/la_county_museum_makes_20000_artistic_images_available_for_free.html">LA County Museum</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/12/45000-works-of-art-from-stanford-universitys-cantor-arts-center-now-freely-viewable-online.html">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/09/the-british-library-puts-over-1000000-images-in-the-public-domain-a-deeper-dive-into-the-collection.html">British Library</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/google-puts-over-57000-works-of-art-on-the-web.html">Google Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/02/14000-free-images-from-the-french-revolution-now-available-online.html">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/getty-images-makes-35-million-photos-free-to-use-online.html">Getty Images</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/01/free_the_guggenheim_puts_65_modern_art_books_online.html">Guggenheim Art Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/download-422-free-art-books-from-the-metropolitan-museum-of-art.html">Met Art Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/01/download-over-250-free-art-books-from-the-getty-museum.html">Getty Art Books</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/new-york-public-library-puts-20000-hi-res-maps-online.html">New York Public Library Maps</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/06/download-30000-free-images-from-the-museum-of-new-zealand.html">Museum of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/google-puts-online-10000-works-of-street-art-from-across-the-globe.html">Street Art</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/100-great-works-of-art-with-videos-created-by-khan-academy.html">Smarthistory</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/11/300-etchings-by-rembrandt-now-free-online-thanks-to-the-morgan-library-museum.html">Rembrandt</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/02/download-hundreds-of-van-gogh-paintings-sketches-letters-in-high-resolution.html">Van Gogh</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2016/02/download-free-coloring-books-from-world-class-libraries-museums.html">Coloring Books</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254493" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Free Music</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/11/a_big_bach_download_the_complete_organ_works_free.html">All Bach Organ Works</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/all-of-bach-for-free.html">All of Bach</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/02/classicalscores.html">80,000 Classical Music Scores</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/download-free-classical-music-from-150-composers-courtesy-of-musopen-org.html">Free Classical Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/the-world-concert-hall-listen-to-the-best-live-classical-music-concerts-for-free.html">Live Classical Music</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/11/8976_free_grateful_dead_concert_recordings_in_the_internet_archive_explored_by_the_inew_yorkeri.html">9,000 Grateful Dead Concerts</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/03/the_alan_lomax_music_archive_now_online.html">Alan Lomax Blues & Folk Archive</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254496" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Writing Tips</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/seven_tips_from_ernest_hemingway_on_how_to_write_fiction.html">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/seven_tips_from_f_scott_fitzgerald_on_how_to_write_fiction.html">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/stephen-kings-top-20-rules-for-writers.html">Stephen King</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/04/ray_bradbury_gives_12_pieces_of_writing_advice_to_young_authors_2001.html">Ray Bradbury</a> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/05/10-writing-tips-from-legendary-writing-teacher-william-zinsser.html">William Zinsser</a></li> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/kurt-vonneguts-8-tips-on-how-to-write-a-good-short-story.html">Kurt Vonnegut</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/12/toni_morrison_dispenses_writing_wisdom_in_1993_iparis_reviewi_interview.html">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/seven-tips-from-edgar-allan-poe-on-how-to-write-vivid-stories-and-poems.html">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/01/writing_rules.html">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/david-ogilvys-1982-memo-how-to-write-offers-10-pieces-of-timeless-advice.html">David Ogilvy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/john_steinbecks_nobel_prize_speech_and_his_six_tips_for_the_aspiring_writer.html">Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/10-tips-from-billy-wilder-on-how-to-write-a-good-screenplay.html">Billy Wilder</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254494" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Archive</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/archive">All posts by date</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254516" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Personal Finance</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openpersonalfinance.com/">Open Personal Finance</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="categories-373478526" class="widget widget_categories"><h2 class="widgettitle">Categories</h2> <ul> <li class="cat-item cat-item-70"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/amazon_kindle">Amazon Kindle</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-331"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/animation-2">Animation</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-71"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/apple">Apple</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-414"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/architecture-2">Architecture</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-485"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/archives">Archives</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-72"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/art">Art</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-693"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-338"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/astronomy-2">Astronomy</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-73"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/audio_books">Audio Books</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-404"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/biology-2">Biology</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-75"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/books">Books</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-76"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/business">Business</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-519"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/chemistry">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-590"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/coloring-books">Coloring Books</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-77"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/comedy">Comedy</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-410"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/comics">Comics/Cartoons</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-512"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/computer-science">Computer Science</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-413"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/creativity-2">Creativity</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-78"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/current_affairs">Current Affairs</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-466"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/dance">Dance</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-516"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/data">Data</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-328"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/deals">Deals</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-395"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/design-2">Design</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-79"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/e-books">e-books</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-13"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/economics">Economics</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-119"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/education">Education</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-80"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/english_language">English Language</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-518"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-419"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/environment">Environment</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-522"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/fashion">Fashion</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-81"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/film">Film</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-672"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/finance">Finance</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-409"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/food_drink">Food & Drink</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-513"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/games">Games</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-520"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/gender">Gender</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-83"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/google">Google</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-494"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/graduation-speech">Graduation Speech</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-84"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/harvard">Harvard</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-498"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/health">Health</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-85"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/history">History</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-514"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/how-to-learn-for-free">How to Learn for Free</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-521"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/internet-archive">Internet Archive</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-213"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/ipad">iPad</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-86"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/iphone">iPhone</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-493"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/jazz">Jazz</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-388"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/k-12">K-12</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-569"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/language">Language</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-82"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/language_lessons">Language Lessons</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-87"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/law">Law</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-434"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/letters">Letters</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-524"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/libraries">Libraries</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-88"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/life">Life</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-89"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/literature">Literature</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-481"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/magazines">Magazines</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-474"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/maps">Maps</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-120"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/math">Math</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-90"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/media">Media</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-91"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/mit">MIT</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-407"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/moocs">MOOCs</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-92"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/most_popular">Most Popular</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-480"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/museums">Museums</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-93"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/music">Music</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-517"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/nature">Nature</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-511"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-94"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/online_courses">Online Courses</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-492"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/opera">Opera</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-95"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/philosophy">Philosophy</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-376"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/photography-2">Photography</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-96"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/physics">Physics</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-118"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/podcast_articles_and_resources">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-221"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/poetry">Poetry</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-98"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/politics">Politics</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-526"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/pretty-much-pop">Pretty Much Pop</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-554"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/productivity">Productivity</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-99"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/psychology">Psychology</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-233"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/radio-2">Radio</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-100"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/random">Random</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-101"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/religion">Religion</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-102"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/sci_fi">Sci Fi</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-103"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/science">Science</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-515"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/software">Software</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-401"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/sports">Sports</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-104"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/stanford">Stanford</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-105"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/technology">Technology</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-127"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/ted_talks">TED Talks</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-106"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/television">Television</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-108"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/theater">Theatre</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-382"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/travel-2">Travel</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-43"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/twitter">Twitter</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-109"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/uc_berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-1"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/uncategorized">Uncategorized</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-110"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/video_-_arts_culture">Video - Arts & Culture</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-111"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/video_-_politicssociety">Video - Politics/Society</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-112"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/video_-_science">Video - Science</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-473"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/video-games">Video Games</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-113"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/webtech">Web/Tech</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-115"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-408"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/writing">Writing</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-116 current-cat"><a aria-current="page" href="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale">Yale</a> </li> <li class="cat-item cat-item-117"><a href="https://www.openculture.com/category/youtube">YouTube</a> </li> </ul> </li><li id="a2a_share_save_widget-2" class="widget widget_a2a_share_save_widget"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_42 addtoany_list"><a class="a2a_button_bluesky" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/bluesky?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2Fcategory%2Fyale&linkname=Yale%20Archives%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Bluesky" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2Fcategory%2Fyale&linkname=Yale%20Archives%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_threads" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/threads?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2Fcategory%2Fyale&linkname=Yale%20Archives%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Threads" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_mastodon" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/mastodon?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2Fcategory%2Fyale&linkname=Yale%20Archives%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Mastodon" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_reddit" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/reddit?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2Fcategory%2Fyale&linkname=Yale%20Archives%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Reddit" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_sms" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/sms?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2Fcategory%2Fyale&linkname=Yale%20Archives%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Message" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_email" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/email?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2Fcategory%2Fyale&linkname=Yale%20Archives%20-%20Open%20Culture" title="Email" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></li> </ul> </div>  <div class="r_sidebar"> <ul id="l_sidebarwidgeted"> <li id="execphp-431254472" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"> <div class="oc-center-x white_background noexpand top negativetopmargin20"><p></p> <div id="da-third-column">  <div data-fuse="22871471550"></div> </div> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254480" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">Great Lectures</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/01/michel_foucault_free_lectures.html">Michel Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/full-lecture-and-reading-list-from-sun-ras-1971-uc-berkeley-course.html">Sun Ra at UC Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/the_character_of_physical_law_richard_feynmans_legendary_lecture_series_at_cornell_1964.html">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/08/48-hours-of-joseph-campbell-lectures-free-online.html">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/carl_sagan_presents_six_lectures_on_exploring_mars.html">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/the-celebrity-lecture-series-from-michigan-state-features-talks-by-great-writers-of-our-time.html">Margaret Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/jorge_luis_borges_1967-8_norton_lectures_on_poetry_and_everything_else_literary.html">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/03/leonard_bernsteins_masterful_lectures_on_music.html">Leonard Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/04/igrowing_up_in_the_universei_richard_dawkins_presents_captivating_science_lectures_for_kids_1991.html">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/ieverything_i_knowi_42_hours_of_visionary_buckminster_fuller_lectures_1975.html">Buckminster Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/04/walter_kaufmanns_lectures.html">Walter Kaufmann on Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/03/jacques_lacan_speaks_zizek_provides_free_cliffs_notes.html">Jacques Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/listen-to-roland-barthes-deliver-his-40-hour-lecture-course-la-preparation-du-roman-in-french-1978-80.html">Roland Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/7_nobel_speeches_by_7_great_writers.html">Nobel Lectures by Writers</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=1502">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/07/bertrand_russell_bbc_lecture_series_.html">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/11/take_first-class_philosophy_lectures_anywhere_with_free_oxford_podcasts.html">Oxford Philosophy Lectures</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><h2 class="widgettitle">Sign up for Newsletter</h2><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><style id='mailster-form-default' type='text/css'>.mailster-embeded-form body{background:0;padding:0;margin:0}.mailster-embeded-form .mailster-form-body{padding:5px !important;margin:auto !important}.mailster-form-wrap{max-width:100%;max-height:95%;min-width:100px;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch}.mailster-form{margin-bottom:20px;position:relative}.mailster-form:before{content:'';position:absolute;display:block;height:100%;width:100%;z-index:1;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center center;background-size:20px 20px;background-image:url('https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/assets/css/../img/loading.gif');visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s ease-in-out}.mailster-form.loading:before{opacity:1;visibility:visible}@media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:2),only screen and (min-resolution:192dpi){.mailster-form:before{background-image:url('https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/assets/css/../img/loading_2x.gif')}}.mailster-form:after,.mailster-form-fields:after{content:'.';visibility:hidden;display:block;height:0;clear:both}.mailster-form .mailster-form-fields{transition:all .15s ease-in-out}.mailster-form.completed .mailster-form-fields{height:0;min-height:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden}.mailster-form,.mailster-form .input,.mailster-form .mailster-form-info{width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mailster-embeded-form .mailster-form{margin-bottom:3px}.mailster-form .mailster-wrapper{position:relative;margin-bottom:2px;transition:opacity .15s ease-in-out}.mailster-form.loading .mailster-wrapper{opacity:.2}.mailster-form textarea.input{resize:vertical;height:150px}.mailster-form li{list-style:none !important;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}span.mailster-required{font-size:120%;font-weight:700;color:#bf4d4d}.mailster-lists-wrapper ul{list-style:none;margin-left:0;padding-left:0}.mailster-lists-wrapper ul li{margin-left:0}.mailster-list-description{color:inherit;display:block;margin-left:25px;font-size:.8em}.mailster-form-info{height:0;border-radius:2px;padding:5px;margin-bottom:4px;color:#fff;padding:9px 16px;transition:all .2s;-webkit-transform:scale(0);-moz-transform:scale(0);-ms-transform:scale(0);transform:scale(0)}.mailster-form.loading .mailster-form-info{opacity:0}.mailster-form-info a{color:#fff}.mailster-form-info.success,.mailster-form-info.error{display:block;height:100%;-webkit-transform:scale(1);-moz-transform:scale(1);-ms-transform:scale(1);transform:scale(1)}.mailster-form .error input,.mailster-form .error select,.mailster-form .error textarea{outline:2px solid #bf4d4d;outline-offset:0}.mailster-form-info.error{background:#bf4d4d}.mailster-form-info.success{background-color:#6fbf4d;text-align:center}.mailster-form-info ul,.mailster-form .mailster-form-info p{margin:0;padding:0;max-width:initial}.mailster-form-info ul li{color:inherit;margin-left:0}.mailster-submit-wrapper{margin-top:6px}.mailster-form .submit-button{cursor:pointer}.mailster-form .submit-button:focus{outline:0}</style><form action="https://www.openculture.com/index.php/mailster/subscribe" method="post" class="mailster-form mailster-form-submit mailster-ajax-form mailster-form-1" novalidate><input name="_action" type="hidden" value="subscribe"> <input name="_timestamp" type="hidden" value="1741283796"> <input name="_referer" type="hidden" value="https://www.openculture.com/category/yale"> <input name="_nonce" type="hidden" value="485baa1cb1"> <input name="formid" type="hidden" value="1"> <div class="mailster-form-fields"> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-firstname-wrapper"><label for="mailster-firstname-1">First Name <span class="mailster-required">*</span></label><input id="mailster-firstname-1" name="firstname" type="text" value="" class="input mailster-firstname mailster-required" aria-required="true" aria-label="First Name"></div> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-lastname-wrapper"><label for="mailster-lastname-1">Last Name</label><input id="mailster-lastname-1" name="lastname" type="text" value="" class="input mailster-lastname" aria-required="false" aria-label="First Name"></div> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-email-wrapper"><label for="mailster-email-1">Email <span class="mailster-required">*</span></label><input id="mailster-email-1" name="email" type="email" value="" class="input mailster-email mailster-required" aria-required="true" aria-label="First Name" spellcheck="false"></div> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-_coolcaptcha-wrapper"><label for="mailster-_coolcaptcha-1">Please type in the letters in the image to prove you are not a robot. If you cannot read them, click on the image to generate a new one. </label><div class="mailster-coolcaptcha-wrap"><img title="click to reload" onclick="var s=this.src;this.src=s.replace(/nocache=\d+/, 'nocache='+(+new Date()))" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/images/placeholder.svg" style="cursor:pointer;width:180px;height:110px" loading="lazy" class="native-lazyload-js-fallback" data-src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=mailster_coolcaptcha_img&nocache=1741283796&formid=1"><noscript><img loading="lazy" title="click to reload" onclick="var s=this.src;this.src=s.replace(/nocache=\d+/, 'nocache='+(+new Date()))" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php?action=mailster_coolcaptcha_img&nocache=1741283796&formid=1" style="cursor:pointer;width:180px;height:110px"></noscript></div><input id="mailster-_coolcaptcha-1" name="mailster__coolcaptcha" type="text" value="" class="input mailster-coolcaptcha" placeholder=""></div> <div class="mailster-wrapper mailster-submit-wrapper form-submit"><input name="submit" type="submit" value="Subscribe (send me a confirmation email)" class="submit-button button" aria-label="First Name"></div> </div> </form> </div></li><li id="execphp-431254508" class="widget widget_execphp"><h2 class="widgettitle">About Us</h2> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="new_subscription_block" style="padding:3% 1% 8% 1%;background-color:white;"> <img src="//cdn3.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo.svg" style="width:100%"/> <p>Open Culture scours the web for the best educational media. We find the free courses and audio books you need, the language lessons & educational videos you want, and plenty of enlightenment in between.</p> <br> <a href="/advertise" style="color: white; font-size:1.2rem;" class="button"">Advertise With Us</a> <br> </br> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254485" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Great Recordings</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/ts_eliot_reads_his_modernist_masterpieces.html">T.S. Eliot Reads Waste Land</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/hear_sylvia_plath_read_fifteen_poems_from_her_final_collection_ariel_in_1962_recording.html">Sylvia Plath - Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/06/on_bloomsday_hear_james_joyce_read_from_his_epic_iulyssesi_1924.html">Joyce Reads Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/02/james_joyce_reads_anna_livia_plurabelle_from_ifinnegans_wakei.html">Joyce - Finnegans Wake</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/01/watch_patti_smith_read_from_virginia_woolf_and_hear_the_only_surviving_recording_of_woolfs_voice.html">Patti Smith Reads Virginia Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/listen_as_albert_einstein_reads_the_common_language_of_science_1941.html">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/charles-bukowski-poem-read-by-bukowski-tom-waits-and-bono.html">Charles Bukowski</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/bill-murray-reads-poetry-by-billy-collins-cole-porter-and-sarah-manguso.html">Bill Murray</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/ernest_hemingway_reads_in_harrys_bar_in_venice.html">Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/f_scott_fitzgerald_reads_from_shakespeares_iothelloi_and_john_masefields_on_growing_old_c1940.html">Fitzgerald Reads Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2010/04/william_faulkner_reads_from_as_i_lay_dying.html">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/05/rare_1959_audio_flannery_oconnor_reads_a_good_man_is_hard_to_find.html">Flannery O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/j-r-r-tolkien-reads-from-the-two-towers-the-second-book-of-the-lord-of-the-rings-trilogy.html">Tolkien - The Hobbit</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/allen_ginsberg_reads_his_beat_classic_poem_howl.html">Allen Ginsberg - Howl</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/06/rare_1930s_audio_wb_yeats_reads_four_of_his_poems.html">W.B Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/10/ezra_pounds_fiery_1939_reading_of_his_early_poem_isestina_altafortei.html">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/08/dylan_thomas_recites_do_not_go_gentle_into_that_good_night_and_other_poems.html">Dylan Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/anne_sexton_confessional_poet_reads_wanting_to_die_in_ominous_1966_video.html">Anne Sexton</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/06/john-cheever-reads-the-swimmer.html">John Cheever</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/hear-david-foster-wallace-read-his-own-essays-and-short-fiction.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254484" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Book Lists By</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2011/12/neil_degrasse_tyson_8_books_every_intelligent_person_should_read.html">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/ernest_hemingways_reading_list_for_a_young_writer_1934.html">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/f-scott-fitzgerald-creates-a-list-of-22-essential-books-1936.html">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/patti-smiths-list-of-favorite-books.html">Patti Smith</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/08/brian-eno-book-lists.html">Brian Eno</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/04/henry-miller-makes-a-list-of-the-100-books-that-influenced-me-most.html">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/09/christopher_hitchens_creates_a_reading_list_for_eight-year-old_girl.html">Christopher Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/11/joseph-brodskys-reading-list-for-having-an-intelligent-conversation.html">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">W.H. Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/07/carl_sagans_undergrad_reading_list_from_plato_and_shakespeare_to_huxley_and_gide.html">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/10/david-bowies-list-of-top-100-books.html">David Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/the-books-samuel-beckett-really-liked.html">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/09/art-garfunkel-lists-1195-books.html">Art Garfunkel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/the-430-books-in-marilyn-monroes-library.html">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/jorge-luis-borges-personal-library.html">Jorge Luis Borges</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/03/74-books-curated-by-female-creatives.html">Picks by Female Creatives</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li><li id="execphp-431254513" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254490" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Syllabi</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/wh_audens_1941_literature_syllabus_asks_students_to_read_32_great_works_covering_6000_pages_.html">WH Auden</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/02/david_foster_wallaces_1994_syllabus.html">David Foster Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/03/donald_barthelmes_syllabus_highlights_81_books_essential_for_a_literary_education_.html">Donald Barthelme</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/05/allen_ginsbergs_celestial_homework_a_reading_list_for_his_class_literary_history_of_the_beats.html">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/zadie-smith-and-gary-shteyngarts-syllabi-from-columbia-university.html">Zadie Smith & Gary Shteyngart</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/spike-lee-shares-his-nyu-teaching-list-of-87-essential-films-every-aspiring-director-should-see.html">Spike Lee</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/11/lynda-barrys-wonderfully-illustrated-syllabus-homework-assignments-from-her-uw-madison-class-the-unthinkable-mind.html">Lynda Barry</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/02/junot-diazs-syllabi-for-his-mit-writing-classes.html">Junot Diaz</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="execphp-431254491" class="widget widget_execphp"> <div class="execphpwidget"><div class="widgetbox"> <h2 class="widgettitle">Favorite Movies</h2> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/stanley-kubricks-list-of-top-ten-films.html">Kubrick</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/01/akira-kurosawas-list-of-his-100-favorite-movies.html">Kurosawa's 100</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/quentin-tarantino-lists-the-12-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/07/martin-scorsese-reveals-his-10-favorite-movies.html">Scorsese</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/08/andrei-tarkovsky-creates-a-list-of-his-10-favorite-films-1972.html">Tarkovsky</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/09/david-lynch-on-his-favorite-directors-including-fellini-wilder-tati-and-hitchcock.html">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/05/werner-herzog-picks-his-5-favorite-films.html">Werner Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/08/woody-allen-lists-the-greatest-films-of-all-time.html">Woody Allen</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/03/wes-andersons-favorite-films.html">Wes Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2015/05/the-10-favorite-films-of-avant-garde-surrealist-filmmaker-luis-bunuel-including-his-own-collaboration-with-salvador-dali.html">Luis Buñuel</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/07/roger-eberts-final-list-of-his-top-10-favorite-films-2012.html">Roger Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2013/12/susan-sontags-50-favorite-films.html">Susan Sontag</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/scorseses-list-of-39-essential-foreign-films.html">Scorsese Foreign Films</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/2014/10/44-essential-movies-for-the-student-of-philosophy.html">Philosophy Films</a></li> </ul> </div></div> </li><li id="archives-3" class="widget widget_archive"><h2 class="widgettitle">Archives</h2> <ul> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/03'>March 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/02'>February 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2025/01'>January 2025</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/12'>December 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/11'>November 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/10'>October 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/09'>September 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/08'>August 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/07'>July 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/06'>June 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/05'>May 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/04'>April 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/03'>March 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/02'>February 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2024/01'>January 2024</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/12'>December 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/11'>November 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/10'>October 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/09'>September 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/08'>August 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/07'>July 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/06'>June 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/05'>May 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/04'>April 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/03'>March 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/02'>February 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2023/01'>January 2023</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/12'>December 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/11'>November 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/10'>October 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/09'>September 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/08'>August 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/07'>July 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/06'>June 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/05'>May 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/04'>April 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/03'>March 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/02'>February 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2022/01'>January 2022</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/12'>December 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/11'>November 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/10'>October 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/09'>September 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/08'>August 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/07'>July 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/06'>June 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/05'>May 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/04'>April 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/03'>March 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/02'>February 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2021/01'>January 2021</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/12'>December 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/11'>November 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/10'>October 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/09'>September 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/08'>August 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/07'>July 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/06'>June 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/05'>May 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/04'>April 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/03'>March 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/02'>February 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2020/01'>January 2020</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/12'>December 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/11'>November 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/10'>October 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/09'>September 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/08'>August 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/07'>July 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/06'>June 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/05'>May 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/04'>April 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/03'>March 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/02'>February 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2019/01'>January 2019</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/12'>December 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/11'>November 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/10'>October 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/09'>September 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/08'>August 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/07'>July 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/06'>June 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/05'>May 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/04'>April 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/03'>March 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/02'>February 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2018/01'>January 2018</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/12'>December 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/11'>November 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/10'>October 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/09'>September 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/08'>August 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/07'>July 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/06'>June 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/05'>May 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/04'>April 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/03'>March 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/02'>February 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2017/01'>January 2017</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/12'>December 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/11'>November 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/10'>October 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/09'>September 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/08'>August 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/07'>July 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/06'>June 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/05'>May 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/04'>April 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/03'>March 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/02'>February 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2016/01'>January 2016</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/12'>December 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/11'>November 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/10'>October 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/09'>September 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/08'>August 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/07'>July 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/06'>June 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/05'>May 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/04'>April 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/03'>March 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/02'>February 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2015/01'>January 2015</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/12'>December 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/11'>November 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/10'>October 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/09'>September 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/08'>August 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/07'>July 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/06'>June 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/05'>May 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/04'>April 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/03'>March 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/02'>February 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2014/01'>January 2014</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/12'>December 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/11'>November 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/10'>October 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/09'>September 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/08'>August 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/07'>July 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/06'>June 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/05'>May 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/04'>April 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/03'>March 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/02'>February 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2013/01'>January 2013</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/12'>December 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/11'>November 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/10'>October 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/09'>September 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/08'>August 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/07'>July 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/06'>June 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/05'>May 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/04'>April 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/03'>March 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/02'>February 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2012/01'>January 2012</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/12'>December 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/11'>November 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/10'>October 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/09'>September 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/08'>August 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/07'>July 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/06'>June 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/05'>May 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/04'>April 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/03'>March 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/02'>February 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2011/01'>January 2011</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/12'>December 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/11'>November 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/10'>October 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/09'>September 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/08'>August 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/07'>July 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/06'>June 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/05'>May 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/04'>April 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/03'>March 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/02'>February 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2010/01'>January 2010</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/12'>December 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/11'>November 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/10'>October 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/09'>September 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/08'>August 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/07'>July 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/06'>June 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/05'>May 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/04'>April 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/03'>March 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/02'>February 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2009/01'>January 2009</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/12'>December 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/11'>November 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/10'>October 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/09'>September 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/08'>August 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/07'>July 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/06'>June 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/05'>May 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/04'>April 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/03'>March 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/02'>February 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2008/01'>January 2008</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/12'>December 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/11'>November 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/10'>October 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/09'>September 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/08'>August 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/07'>July 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/06'>June 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/05'>May 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/04'>April 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/03'>March 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/02'>February 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2007/01'>January 2007</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/12'>December 2006</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/11'>November 2006</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/10'>October 2006</a></li> <li><a href='https://www.openculture.com/2006/09'>September 2006</a></li> </ul> </li><li id="wgs_widget-2" class="widget widget_wgs_widget"><h2 class="widgettitle">Search</h2><div class="wgs_wrapper"><div class="gcse-search" data-resultsUrl="https://www.openculture.com/search_gcse"></div></div></li> </ul> </div>  </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="clearfix" id="clearfixheader"> </div> </div>  </div> <div id="footerW"> <div id="footer"> <div id="flexcanvas"> <div>  </div> <div id="container" class="flexChild rowParent"> <div id="rowChild9255" class="flexChild rowParent"> <div id="rowChild85696" class="flexChild columnParent" > <img src="//cdn3.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/images/open-culture-stacked-logo-black.svg" style="width:100%;max-width:180px;"/> <div id="columnChild73011" class="flexChild"> <p style="font-size:1.2rem">©2006-2025 Open Culture, LLC.<br> All rights reserved.</p> </div> <div id="columnChild64930" class="flexChild"></div> </div> <div id="rowChild76088" class="flexChild"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com"/>Home</li> <li><a href="//www.openculture.com/faq">About Us</a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/advertise">Advertise with Us</a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/copyright_policy">Copyright Policy </a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/privacy_policy">Privacy Policy </a> </li> <li><a href="https://www.openculture.com/terms_of_use_agreement">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="//www.linkedin.com/in/dancolman">Bio</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="rowChild67927" class="flexChild rowParent"> <div id="rowChild4079" class="flexChild"> <ul> <li id="audio-books"><a title="Audio Books" href="/freeaudiobooks">Audio Books</a> </li> <li id="online-courses"><a title="Online Courses" href="/freeonlinecourses">Online Courses</a> </li> <li id="Free Certificate Courses"><a title="MOOCs" href="https://www.openculture.com/free_certificate_courses">MOOCs</a> </li> <li id="movies"><a title="Movies" href="/freemoviesonline">Movies</a> </li> <li id="language-lessons"><a title="Language Lessons" href="/freelanguagelessons">Languages</a> </li> <li id="textbooks"><a title="Free Textbooks" href="/free_textbooks">Textbooks</a> </li> <li id="last" id="ebooks"><a title="eBooks" href="/free_ebooks">eBooks</a> </li>  </ul> </div> <div id="rowChildsocial" class="flexChild selected"><div class="social-icons2 social-icons2-altmargin"> <ul style "display:inline;padding:0;margin:0px;"> <li> <a href="//twitter.com/openculture"><i class="icon-twitter"></i></a></li> <li><a href="//facebook.com/openculture"><i class="icon-facebook"></i></a></li> <li><a href="/contact"><i class="icon-envelope-alt"></i></a></li> <li><a href="//feeds.feedburner.com/OpenCulture"><i class="icon-rss-sign"></i></a></li>  </ul> </div> </div> </div></div>  </a> <br> <br> </div></div> <script src="/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/js/uisearch.js?userid=me"></script> <script src="/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/js/classie.js"></script> <script> new UISearch( document.getElementById( 'sb-search' ) ); </script>    <script type='text/javascript'>var _merchantSettings=_merchantSettings || [];_merchantSettings.push(['AT', '10lqkA']);(function(){var autolink=document.createElement('script');autolink.type='text/javascript';autolink.async=true; autolink.src= ('https:' == document.location.protocol) ? 'https://autolinkmaker.itunes.apple.com/js/itunes_autolinkmaker.js' : 'http://autolinkmaker.itunes.apple.com/js/itunes_autolinkmaker.js';var s=document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(autolink, s);})();</script>     <div style="display:none;"> <img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-0dRTlf6K0FnoM.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/> </div> </noscript>     <script src="//z-na.amazon-adsystem.com/widgets/onejs?MarketPlace=US&adInstanceId=fd4c8c65-cd44-4398-aeb9-c352a7b1b3e4"></script> <div style="margin-left: 20px; font-size:4pt">  </div> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { var nativeLazyloadInitialize = function() { var lazyElements, script; if ( 'loading' in HTMLImageElement.prototype ) { lazyElements = [].slice.call( document.querySelectorAll( '.native-lazyload-js-fallback' ) ); lazyElements.forEach( function( element ) { if ( ! element.dataset.src ) { return; } element.src = element.dataset.src; delete element.dataset.src; if ( element.dataset.srcset ) { element.srcset = element.dataset.srcset; delete element.dataset.srcset; } if ( element.dataset.sizes ) { element.sizes = element.dataset.sizes; delete element.dataset.sizes; } element.classList.remove( 'native-lazyload-js-fallback' ); } ); } else if ( ! document.querySelector( 'script#native-lazyload-fallback' ) ) { script = document.createElement( 'script' ); script.id = 'native-lazyload-fallback'; script.type = 'text/javascript'; script.src = 'https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/native-lazyload/assets/js/lazyload.js'; script.defer = true; document.body.appendChild( script ); } }; if ( document.readyState === 'complete' || document.readyState === 'interactive' ) { nativeLazyloadInitialize(); } else { window.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', nativeLazyloadInitialize ); } }() ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/mailster/assets/js/form.min.js?ver=4.1.9" id="mailster-form-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_cse_v2-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var scriptParams = {"google_search_engine_id":"002072221197455993592:yi47nc7qzka"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-google-search/assets/js/google_cse_v2.js?ver=1" id="google_cse_v2-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=4d63a3d491d11ffd8ac6" id="wp-hooks-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } ); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/swv/js/index.js?ver=6.0.4" id="swv-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="contact-form-7-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7 = { "api": { "root": "https:\/\/www.openculture.com\/wp-json\/", "namespace": "contact-form-7\/v1" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/includes/js/index.js?ver=6.0.4" id="contact-form-7-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-shared.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-video-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="lazyload-youtube-js-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.llvConfig=window.llvConfig||{};window.llvConfig.youtube={"colour":"red","buttonstyle":"css_white_pulse","controls":true,"loadpolicy":true,"thumbnailquality":"maxresdefault","preroll":"","postroll":"","overlaytext":"","loadthumbnail":true,"cookies":false,"callback":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-youtube.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-youtube-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="lazyload-vimeo-js-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.llvConfig=window.llvConfig||{};window.llvConfig.vimeo={"buttonstyle":"css_white_pulse","playercolour":"#00adef","preroll":"","postroll":"","show_title":false,"overlaytext":"","loadthumbnail":true,"thumbnailquality":false,"cookies":false,"callback":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load-for-videos/public/js/lazyload-vimeo.js?ver=2.18.3" id="lazyload-vimeo-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-typography/js/clean-clipboard.min.js?ver=5.11.0" id="wp-typography-cleanup-clipboard-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/js/jquery.sticky.js?ver=6.7.2" id="sticky-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/themes/openculture_v4a/js/ocscroll.js?version=1.43&ver=6.7.2" id="resize-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-926659-1&ver=6.7.2" id="google_analytics-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//autolinkmaker.itunes.apple.com/js/itunes_autolinkmaker.js?ver=6.7.2" id="apple-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//connect.facebook.net/en_US/all.js?ver=6.7.2" id="facebook-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/admin-bar.min.js?ver=6.7.2" id="wpadminbar-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=6LeoYbopAAAAAK2ynC_yDjz9Udtjo_deOijV1Rjg&ver=3.0" id="google-recaptcha-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var wpcf7_recaptcha = { "sitekey": "6LeoYbopAAAAAK2ynC_yDjz9Udtjo_deOijV1Rjg", "actions": { "homepage": "homepage", "contactform": "contactform" } }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.openculture.com/wp-content/plugins/contact-form-7/modules/recaptcha/index.js?ver=6.0.4" id="wpcf7-recaptcha-js"></script> </body> </html>