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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tablet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tablet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tablet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tablet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scroll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scroll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Scroll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scroll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Codex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Manuscript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Woodblock_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodblock_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Woodblock printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodblock_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movable_type_and_incunabula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movable_type_and_incunabula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Movable type and incunabula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movable_type_and_incunabula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>19th century to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary publishing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_publishing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary publishing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Layout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Layout</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illustration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illustration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Illustration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illustration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Binding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Finishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retail_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Retail and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessible_publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessible_publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Accessible publishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessible_publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audiobooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiobooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Audiobooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiobooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ebooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ebooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ebooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ebooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dummy_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dummy_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Dummy books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dummy_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Technical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Educational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Children's books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unpublished" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unpublished"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Unpublished</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unpublished-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collection_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collection_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collection and classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collection_and_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collection and classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collection_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Identification and classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Classification systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Social and cultural issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_and_cultural_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social and cultural issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Book reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_censorship_and_bans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_censorship_and_bans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Book censorship and bans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_censorship_and_bans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_burning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_burning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Book burning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_burning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Book</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 205 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-205" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">205 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8C%BD%E1%88%90%E1%8D%8D" title="መጽሐፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መጽሐፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="كتاب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%AC%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%A3%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%90)" title="ܟܬܒܐ (ܣܦܪܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܬܒܐ (ܣܦܪܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Գիրք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carti" title="Carti – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9vro" title="Lévro – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Lévro" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="কিতাপ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কিতাপ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibru" title="Llibru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masinahikan" title="Masinahikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Masinahikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranduka" title="Aranduka – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aranduka" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panka" title="Panka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Panka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab" title="Kitab – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kitab" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کیتاب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیتاب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaf%C9%9B" title="Gafɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gafɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87" title="বই – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chheh" title="Chheh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Китап – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Китап" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кніга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кніга – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кніга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="किताब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="किताब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buach" title="Buach – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buach" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levr" title="Levr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Levr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%B3)" title="Ном (бэшэг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ном (бэшэг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre" title="Llibre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%95%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Кĕнеке – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кĕнеке" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha" title="Kniha – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kniha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuku" title="Bhuku – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhuku" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llyfr" title="Llyfr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llyfr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girji" title="Girji – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Girji" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamat" title="Raamat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raamat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Βιβλίο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλίο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Кинига – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кинига" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libru" title="Libru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Libru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liburu" title="Liburu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Liburu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaab" title="Kitaab – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kitaab" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livre_(document)" title="Livre (document) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Livre (document)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar" title="Leabhar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leabhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lioar" title="Lioar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lioar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leabhar" title="Leabhar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leabhar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Дешарг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дешарг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐍉𐌺𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB" title="Sû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%85" title="책 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="책" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littafi" title="Littafi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Littafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Գիրք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Libre" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%BF%E1%92%A5%E1%95%90%E1%95%88%E1%90%8A%E1%91%A6/qimirruat" title="ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ/qimirruat – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ/qimirruat" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Чиныг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чиныг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwadi" title="Incwadi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Incwadi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incwadi" title="Incwadi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Incwadi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3k" title="Bók – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bók" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="ספר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaya%C9%A3" title="Takayaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Takayaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95" title="ಪುಸ್ತಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪುಸ್ತಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="წიგნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წიგნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Кітап – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кітап" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyver" title="Lyver – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lyver" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitabo" title="Igitabo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitabo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D3%A7%D0%B3" title="Небӧг – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Небӧг" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(pou_li)" title="Liv (pou li) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Liv (pou li)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liv_(dokouman)" title="Liv (dokouman) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Liv (dokouman)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirt%C3%BBk" title="Pirtûk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pirtûk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF" title="Китеп – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Китеп" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B6%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A1" title="ປຶ້ມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປຶ້ມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber" title="Liber – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%81mata" title="Grāmata – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buch" title="Buch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Buch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Улуб – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Улуб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knyga" title="Knyga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Knyga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAku" title="Búku – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Búku" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirju" title="Kirju – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kirju" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cukta" title="cukta – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cukta" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber" title="Liber – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Liber" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nyv" title="Könyv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Könyv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boky" title="Boky – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boky" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="പുസ്തകം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പുസ്തകം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კჷრბი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კჷრბი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="كتاب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كتاب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="نومه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نومه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯏꯂꯤꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ном – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ном" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="စာအုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာအုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoxtli" title="Amoxtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Amoxtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivola" title="Ivola – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ivola" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek" title="Boek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boek_(literetuur)" title="Boek (literetuur) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Boek (literetuur)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पुस्तक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पुस्तक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82" title="सफू – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सफू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC" title="本 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="本" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbro" title="Libbro – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Libbro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9E%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%8A" title="ߞߊ߬ߝߊ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߞߊ߬ߝߊ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Жайна – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Жайна" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre" title="Libre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitob" title="Kitob – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kitob" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਕਿਤਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਿਤਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82" title="पोत्थकं – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोत्थकं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codad" title="Codad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Codad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka" title="Książka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Książka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro" title="Livro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boch_(z_l%C3%A4%C3%A4se)" title="Boch (z lääse) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Boch (z lääse)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte" title="Carte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qillqamayt%27u" title="Qillqamayt'u – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qillqamayt'u" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Кинигэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кинигэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cudad" title="cudad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cudad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beuk" title="Beuk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Beuk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka" title="Buka – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Buka" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri" title="Libri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Libri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libbru" title="Libbru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Libbru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="පොත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="ڪتاب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪتاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dncwadz%C3%AD" title="Íncwadzí – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Íncwadzí" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kniha" title="Kniha – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kniha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhigane_(Buug)" title="Dhigane (Buug) – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhigane (Buug)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8" title="کتێب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کتێب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Књига – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Књига" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knjiga" title="Knjiga – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Knjiga" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku" title="Buku – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Buku" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirja" title="Kirja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok" title="Bok – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat" title="Aklat – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81)" title="நூல் (எழுத்துப் படைப்பு) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நூல் (எழுத்துப் படைப்பு)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adlis" title="Adlis – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adlis" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF" title="Китап – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Китап" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/biru" title="biru – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="biru" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82" title="పుస్తకం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పుస్తకం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="หนังสือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Китоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎪᏪᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏪᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitap" title="Kitap – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kitap" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaa%CC%B1mbwat" title="Kwaa̱mbwat – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kwaa̱mbwat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ном – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ном" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Книга – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Книга" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="کتاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw" title="Saw – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Saw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ibro" title="Łibro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łibro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirj" title="Kirj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kirj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch" title="Sách – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(po_l%C3%A9re)" title="Live (po lére) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Live (po lére)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalo%27uta" title="Karalo'uta – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Karalo'uta" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro" title="Libro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Libro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6" title="图书 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="图书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9A" title="בוך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בוך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%C3%A9" title="Ìwé – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwé" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" title="書 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1tab" title="Kıtab – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kıtab" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kninga" title="Kninga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kninga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6" title="图书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="图书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buk" title="Buk – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Buk" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%CC%A0uuk" title="B̠uuk – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="B̠uuk" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bup" title="Bup – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bup" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Book" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yerwa Kanuri</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q571#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/450px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg/600px-Gutenberg_Bible%2C_Lenox_Copy%2C_New_York_Public_Library%2C_2009._Pic_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">first books to be printed</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/175px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/263px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png/350px-Books_and_Scroll_Ornament_with_Open_Book.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">Oral literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksong" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksong">folksong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">heroic epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Oration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance" title="Performance">Performance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoken_word" title="Spoken word">spoken word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saying" title="Saying">Saying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Major written forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closet_drama" title="Closet drama">closet drama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">Nonsense</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_verse" title="Nonsense verse">verse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergodic_literature" title="Ergodic literature">Ergodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_literature" title="Electronic literature">Electronic</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Long prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(literature)" title="Serial (literature)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romance_(prose_fiction)" title="Romance (prose fiction)">romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Short prose fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">Novella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelette_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelette (literature)">Novelette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">Short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drabble" title="Drabble">Drabble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_story" title="Sketch story">Sketch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_fiction" title="Flash fiction">Flash fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">Parable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_literature" title="Wisdom literature">Wisdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Prose genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_novel" title="Encyclopedic novel">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genre_fiction" title="Genre fiction">Genre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_fiction" title="Action fiction">action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_fiction" title="Crime fiction">crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_literature" title="Erotic literature">erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_fiction" title="Military fiction">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_novel" title="Romance novel">romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">Anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_writing" title="Life writing">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_writing" title="Nature writing">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasive_writing" title="Persuasive writing">Persuasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">Travelogue</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Poetry genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">Narrative</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_poetry" title="Children's poetry">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse" title="Verse drama and dramatic verse">Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verse_novel" title="Verse novel">Verse novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_poetry" title="National poetry">National</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">Elegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">Epigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">Haiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerick_(poetry)" title="Limerick (poetry)">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode" title="Ode">Ode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonnet" title="Sonnet">Sonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanelle" title="Villanelle">Villanelle</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epic_poems" title="List of epic poems">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_groups_and_movements" title="List of poetry groups and movements">Groups and movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poets" title="List of poets">Poets</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Dramatic genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">Libretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">Play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_play" title="Morality play">moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">Modernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_literature" title="Postmodern literature">Postmodern</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Lists and outlines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_literature" title="Outline of literature">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_literary_terms" title="Glossary of literary terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_writers" title="Lists of writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_movements" title="List of literary movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_cycles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary cycles">Cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">Literary awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poetry_awards" title="List of poetry awards">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_story_collection" title="Short story collection">Short story collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">Lost literary work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">Lacuna</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">criticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(language)" title="Composition (language)">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_feud" title="Literary feud">Feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">Estate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block; margin-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0.15em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Literature" title="Template:Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Literature" title="Template talk:Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>A <b>book</b> is a medium for recording <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> or images. Modern books are typically in <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> format, composed of many <a href="/wiki/Page_(paper)" title="Page (paper)">pages</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bound</a> together and protected by a <a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">cover</a>; they were preceded by several earlier formats, including the <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">tablet</a>. The book <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a> process is the series of steps involved in their creation and dissemination. </p><p>As a conceptual object, a <i>book</i> refers to a written work of substantial length, which may be distributed either physically or digitally as an electronic book (<a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebook</a>). These works can be broadly <a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">classified</a> into <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> (containing invented content, often narratives) and <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> (containing content intended as factual truth). A physical book may not contain such a work: for example, it may contain only drawings, engravings, photographs, puzzles, or removable content like <a href="/wiki/Paper_doll" title="Paper doll">paper dolls</a>. It may also be left empty for personal use, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">account books</a>, appointment books, <a href="/wiki/Autograph_book" title="Autograph book">autograph books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">notebooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sketchbook" title="Sketchbook">sketchbooks</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Books are sold</a> at both regular stores and specialized bookstores, as well as online for delivery, and can be borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">reception</a> of books has led to a number of social consequences, including <a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">censorship</a>. </p><p>The modern book industry has seen several major changes due to new technologies, including ebooks and <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a> (recordings of books being read aloud). Awareness of the needs of <a href="/wiki/Print_disability" title="Print disability">print-disabled</a> people has led to a rise in <a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">formats designed for greater accessibility</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a> printing and <a href="/wiki/Large-print" title="Large-print">large-print</a> editions. <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> estimated in 2010 that approximately 130 million total unique books had been published. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The word <i>book</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">bōc</i></span>, which in turn likely comes from the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> root <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">bōk-</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to "<a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">буква</span></span> <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">bukva</i></span>—"letter" is cognate with "beech". In <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, the word <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">букварь</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">bukvar'</i></span>) or <span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">буквар</span></span> (<span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">bukvar</i></span>) refers to a primary school textbook that helps young children master the techniques of reading and writing. It is thus conjectured that the earliest <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> writings may have been carved on beech wood.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">codex</i></span>, meaning a book in the modern sense (bound and with separate leaves), originally meant "block of wood".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An avid reader or collector of books is a bibliophile, or colloquially a "<a href="/wiki/Bookworm" title="Bookworm">bookworm</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>In its modern incarnation, a book is typically composed of many pages (commonly of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>) that are bound together along one edge and protected by a cover. By extension, <i>book</i> refers to a physical book's written, printed, or graphic contents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges200341_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges200341-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single part or division of a longer written work may also be called a <i>book</i>, especially for some works composed in antiquity: each part of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_(Aristotle)" title="Physics (Aristotle)">Physics</a></i>, for example, is a book.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to create a precise definition of the book that clearly delineates it from other kinds of written material across time and culture. The meaning of the term has changed substantially over time with the evolution of communication media.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian of books <a href="/wiki/James_Raven" title="James Raven">James Raven</a> has suggested that when studying how books have been used to communicate, they should be defined in a broadly inclusive way as "portable, durable, replicable and legible" means of recording and disseminating information, rather than relying on physical or contextual features. This would include, for example, ebooks, <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quipu" title="Quipu">quipus</a> (a form of knot-based recording historically used by cultures in <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andean</a> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>), but not objects fixed in place such as inscribed monuments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A stricter definition is given by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>: for the purpose of recording national statistics on book production, it recommended that a book be defined as "a non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages, exclusive of the cover pages, published in the country and made available to the public", distinguishing them from other written material such as <a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">pamphlets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges200341_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges200341-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kovač <i>et al.</i> have critiqued this definition for failing to account for new digital formats. They propose four criteria (a minimum length; textual content; a form with defined boundaries; and "information architecture" like linear structure and certain textual elements) that form a "hierarchy of the book", in which formats that fulfill more criteria are considered more similar to the traditional printed book.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although in academic language a <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> is a specialist work on a single subject, in <a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">library and information science</a> the term is used more broadly to mean any non-serial publication complete in one <a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">volume</a> (a physical book) or a definite number of volumes (such as a multi-volume novel), in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Serial_(publishing)" title="Serial (publishing)">serial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodical publications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges2003429_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges2003429-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/220px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/330px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG/440px-Printing3_Walk_of_Ideas_Berlin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>12-metre-high (40 ft) sculpture of a stack of books at the Berlin <a href="/wiki/Walk_of_Ideas" title="Walk of Ideas">Walk of Ideas</a>, commemorating the invention of modern book printing</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of books became an acknowledged academic discipline in the 1980s. Contributions to the field have come from <a href="/wiki/Textual_scholarship" title="Textual scholarship">textual scholarship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codicology" title="Codicology">codicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">palaeography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">art history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural history</a>. It aims to demonstrate that the book as an object, not just the text contained within it, is a conduit of interaction between readers and words. Analysis of each component part of the book can reveal its purpose, where and how it was kept, who read it, ideological and <a href="/wiki/Religious_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious beliefs">religious beliefs</a> of the period, and whether readers interacted with the text within. Even a lack of such evidence can leave valuable clues about the nature of a particular book. </p><p>The earliest forms of writing were etched on tablets, transitioning to palm leaves and papyrus in ancient times. Parchment and paper later emerged as important substrates for bookmaking, introducing greater durability and accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-Blair-1997_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blair-1997-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across regions like <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, diverse methods of book production evolved. The Middle Ages saw the rise of illuminated manuscripts, intricately blending text and imagery, particularly during the Mughal era in South Asia under the patronage of rulers like Akbar and Shah Jahan.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillenbrand-2002_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillenbrand-2002-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> in the 15th century, made famous by the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>, each text was a unique handcrafted valuable article, personalized through the design features incorporated by the scribe, owner, bookbinder, and illustrator.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its creation marked a pivotal moment for book production. Innovations like movable type and steam-powered presses accelerated manufacturing processes and contributed to increased literacy rates. Copyright protection also emerged, securing authors' rights and shaping the publishing landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyons-2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyons-2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Late Modern Period introduced <a href="/wiki/Chapbook" title="Chapbook">chapbooks</a>, catering to a wider range of readers, and mechanization of the printing process further enhanced efficiency. </p><p> The 20th century witnessed the advent of typewriters, computers, and desktop publishing, transforming document creation and printing. Digital advancements in the 21st century led to the rise of ebooks, propelled by the popularity of ereaders and accessibility features. While discussions about the potential decline of physical books have surfaced, print media has proven remarkably resilient, continuing to thrive as a multi-billion dollar industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballatore-2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballatore-2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, efforts to make literature more inclusive emerged, with the development of Braille for the visually impaired and the creation of spoken books, providing alternative ways for individuals to access and enjoy literature.<sup id="cite_ref-BrailleWorks-2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrailleWorks-2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instructions_of_Shurrupak,_Sumerian_proverb_collection,_c._2400_BC_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07114.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Instructions_of_Shurrupak%2C_Sumerian_proverb_collection%2C_c._2400_BC_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07114.JPG/170px-Instructions_of_Shurrupak%2C_Sumerian_proverb_collection%2C_c._2400_BC_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07114.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Instructions_of_Shurrupak%2C_Sumerian_proverb_collection%2C_c._2400_BC_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07114.JPG/255px-Instructions_of_Shurrupak%2C_Sumerian_proverb_collection%2C_c._2400_BC_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07114.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Instructions_of_Shurrupak%2C_Sumerian_proverb_collection%2C_c._2400_BC_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07114.JPG/340px-Instructions_of_Shurrupak%2C_Sumerian_proverb_collection%2C_c._2400_BC_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07114.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="4388" /></a><figcaption>Fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Instructions_of_Shuruppak" title="Instructions of Shuruppak">Instructions of Shuruppak</a>, dated to the early <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tablet">Tablet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay tablet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wax_tablet" title="Wax tablet">Wax tablet</a></div><p>Some of the earliest written records were made on tablets. Clay tablets (flattened pieces of clay impressed with a <a href="/wiki/Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a>) were used in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and well into the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, especially for writing in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>. Wax tablets (pieces of wood covered in a layer of wax) were used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> and throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>The custom of binding several wax tablets together (Roman <i>pugillares</i>) is a possible precursor of modern bound books.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymology of the word <i>codex</i> (block of wood) suggests that it may have developed from wooden wax tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scroll">Scroll</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">Scroll</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BD_Hunefer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BD_Hunefer.jpg/260px-BD_Hunefer.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BD_Hunefer.jpg/390px-BD_Hunefer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BD_Hunefer.jpg/520px-BD_Hunefer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Hunefer" title="Hunefer">Hunefer</a>; c. 1275 BC; ink and pigments on <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a>; 45 × 90.5 cm; <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> (London)</figcaption></figure> <p>Scrolls made from <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> were first used for writing in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, perhaps as early as the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty</a>, although the earliest evidence is from the account books of King <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> of the Fifth Dynasty (about 2400 BC). According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (History 5:58), the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> brought writing and papyrus to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> around the 10th or 9th century BC. Whether made from papyrus, parchment, or paper, scrolls were the dominant writing medium in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a>, Roman, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and Macedonian cultures. The codex dominated in the Roman world by <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, but scrolls persisted much longer in Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex">Codex</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">Codex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/170px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/255px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg/340px-Bamboo_book_-_binding_-_UCR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">bamboo book</a> meets the modern definition of <i>codex</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The codex is the ancestor of the modern book, consisting of sheets of uniform size <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bound</a> along one edge and typically held between two covers made of some more robust material. <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> (died 636) explained the then-current relation between a codex, book, and scroll in his <i><a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a></i> (VI.13): "A codex is composed of many books; a book is of one scroll. It is called codex by way of metaphor from the trunks (<i>codex</i>) of trees or vines, as if it were a wooden stock, because it contains in itself a multitude of books, as it were of branches". </p><p>The first written mention of the codex as a form of book is from <a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a>, in his <i>Apophoreta</i> <small>CLXXXIV</small> at the end of the first century, where he praises its compactness. However, the codex never gained much popularity in the pagan Hellenistic world, and only within the Christian community did it gain widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This change happened gradually during the 3rd and 4th centuries, and the reasons for adopting the codex form of the book were several: the format was more economical than the scroll, as both sides of the writing material can be used; and it was portable, searchable, and easier to conceal. The Christian <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">authors</a> may also have wanted to distinguish their writings from the pagan and Judaic texts written on scrolls. </p><p>The codices of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica">pre-Columbian Mesoamerica</a> had the same form as the European codex, but were instead made with long folded strips of either fig bark (<a href="/wiki/Amatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Amatl">amatl</a>) or plant fibers, often with a layer of <a href="/wiki/Whitewash" title="Whitewash">whitewash</a> applied before writing. <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> codices were written as late as the 16th century (see <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codex" title="Aztec codex">Aztec codices</a>). Those written before the Spanish conquests seem all to have been single long sheets folded concertina-style, sometimes written on both sides of the local <i><a href="/wiki/Amatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Amatl">amatl</a></i> paper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscript">Manuscript</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">Manuscript</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">Palm-leaf manuscript</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/220px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/330px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg/440px-RomanVirgilFolio014rVergilPortrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Folio 14 recto of the 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus" title="Vergilius Romanus">Vergilius Romanus</a> contains an <a href="/wiki/Author_portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="Author portrait">author portrait</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>. Note the bookcase (<i>capsa</i>), reading stand and the text written without word spacing in <a href="/wiki/Rustic_capitals" title="Rustic capitals">rustic capitals</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Manuscripts, handwritten and hand-copied documents, were the only form of writing before the invention and widespread adoption of print. Advances were made in the techniques used to create them. </p><p>In the early <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> continued <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a> writing traditions related to <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Christianity</a>, and the clergy were the predominant readers and copyists. The bookmaking process was long and laborious. They were usually written on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, writing surfaces made from processed animal skin. The parchment had to be prepared, then the unbound pages were planned and ruled with a blunt tool or lead, after which the text was written by a <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a>, who usually left blank areas for illustration and <a href="/wiki/Rubrication" title="Rubrication">rubrication</a>. Finally, it was bound by a bookbinder.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the difficulties involved in making and copying books, they were expensive and rare. Smaller monasteries usually had only a few dozen books. By the 9th century, larger collections held around 500 volumes and even at the end of the Middle Ages, the papal library in <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> and Paris library of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> held only around 2,000 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The rise of universities in the 13th century led to an increased demand for books, and a new system for copying appeared. The books were divided into unbound leaves (<i>pecia</i>), which were lent out to different copyists, so the speed of book production was considerably increased. The system was maintained by secular <a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">stationers</a> guilds, which produced both religious and non-religious material.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/220px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/330px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg/440px-Tavernier_Jean_Mielot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Burgundian author and scribe <a href="/wiki/Jean_Mi%C3%A9lot" title="Jean Miélot">Jean Miélot</a>, from his <i>Miracles de Notre Dame</i>, 15th century</figcaption></figure><p>In India, bound manuscripts made of birch bark or palm leaf had existed since antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text in <a href="/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript" title="Palm-leaf manuscript">palm leaf manuscripts</a> was inscribed with a knife pen on rectangular cut and cured palm leaf sheets; coloring was then applied to the surface and wiped off, leaving the ink in the incised grooves. Each sheet typically had a hole through which a string could pass, and with these the sheets were tied together with a string to bind like a book. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodblock_printing">Woodblock printing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Bagh_hand_block_print_master_craftsman-artisan-artist_Mohammed_Bilal_Khatri,_Madhya_Pradesh,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Traditional_Bagh_hand_block_print_master_craftsman-artisan-artist_Mohammed_Bilal_Khatri%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg/170px-Traditional_Bagh_hand_block_print_master_craftsman-artisan-artist_Mohammed_Bilal_Khatri%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Traditional_Bagh_hand_block_print_master_craftsman-artisan-artist_Mohammed_Bilal_Khatri%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg/255px-Traditional_Bagh_hand_block_print_master_craftsman-artisan-artist_Mohammed_Bilal_Khatri%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Traditional_Bagh_hand_block_print_master_craftsman-artisan-artist_Mohammed_Bilal_Khatri%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg/340px-Traditional_Bagh_hand_block_print_master_craftsman-artisan-artist_Mohammed_Bilal_Khatri%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bagh_print" title="Bagh print">Bagh print</a>, a traditional woodblock printing technique that originated in <a href="/wiki/Bagh,_Dhar" title="Bagh, Dhar">Bagh</a>, Madhya Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></div> <p>In woodblock printing, a relief image of an entire page is carved into blocks of wood, inked, and used to print copies of that page. It originated in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> before 220 AD, used to print <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a> and later paper, and was widely used throughout <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. The oldest dated book printed by this method is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="The Diamond Sutra">The Diamond Sutra</a></i> (868 AD). The method (called <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> when used in art) arrived in Europe in the early 14th century. Books (known as <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">block-books</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Playing-cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Playing-cards">playing-cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">religious pictures</a>, began to be produced by this method. Creating an entire book was a painstaking process, requiring a hand-carved block for each page, and the wooden blocks could crack if stored for too long. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movable_type_and_incunabula">Movable type and incunabula</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">Incunable</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/220px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/330px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/440px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><i>Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters</i>, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, printed in Korea, in 1377, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese inventor <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> made <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> of earthenware <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1045</span>, but there are no known surviving examples of his printing. Around 1450, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> independently invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and <a href="/wiki/Hand_mould" title="Hand mould">hand mould</a>. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce and more widely available. Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunables</a> or <i>incunabula</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/170px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/255px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg/340px-Bucheinband.15.Jh.r.Inkunabel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="2708" /></a><figcaption>A 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">Incunable</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century_to_present">19th century to present</h3></div> <p>Steam-powered printing presses became popular in the early 19th century. These machines could print 1,100 sheets per hour,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but workers could only set 2,000 letters per hour.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Monotype_system" title="Monotype system">Monotype</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">linotype</a> typesetting machines were introduced in the late 19th century. They could set more than 6,000 letters per hour and an entire line of type at once. There have been numerous improvements in the printing press. In mid-20th century, European book production had risen to over 200,000 titles per year. </p><p>During the 20th century, libraries faced an ever-increasing rate of publishing, sometimes called an <a href="/wiki/Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">information explosion</a>. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">electronic publishing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> means that new information is often published online rather than in printed books, for example through a <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital library</a>. "<a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">Print on demand</a>" technologies, which make it possible to print as few as one book at a time, have made self-publishing (and <a href="/wiki/Vanity_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity publishing">vanity publishing</a>) much easier and more affordable, and has allowed publishers to keep low-selling books in print rather than declaring them out of print. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_publishing">Contemporary publishing</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a></div> <p>Presently, books are typically produced by a publishing company in order to be put on the market by distributors and bookstores. The publisher negotiates a formal legal agreement with <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">authors</a> in order to obtain the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> to works, then arranges for them to be produced and sold. The major steps of the publishing process are: editing and proofreading the work to be published; designing the printed book; manufacturing the books; and selling the books, including marketing and promotion. Each of these steps is usually taken on by third-party companies paid by the publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges200342–44_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges200342–44-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">self-publishing</a>, where an author pays for the production and distribution of their own work and manages some or all steps of the publishing process.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English-language publishing is currently dominated by the so-called "Big Five" publishers: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hachette_Book_Group" title="Hachette Book Group">Hachette Book Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. They were estimated to make up almost 60 percent of the market for general-readership books in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></div> <p>Book design is the art of incorporating the content, style, format, design, and sequence of the various elements of a book into a coherent unit.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Layout">Layout</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">Page layout</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Belly_band"></span><span class="anchor" id="Flap"></span><span class="anchor" id="Head"></span><span class="anchor" id="Fore_edge"></span><span class="anchor" id="Tail"></span><span class="anchor" id="Gutter"></span> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookinfo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/350px-Bookinfo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/525px-Bookinfo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bookinfo.svg/700px-Bookinfo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a book <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"><div><ol><li>Belly band</li><li>Flap</li><li><a href="/wiki/Endpaper" title="Endpaper">Endpaper</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Cover</a></li><li>Head</li><li>Fore edge</li><li>Tail</li><li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Right page</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Recto" class="mw-redirect" title="Recto">recto</a></i> if printing is left to right, <i><a href="/wiki/Verso" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso">verso</a></i> if right to left)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Left page</a> (<i>verso</i> if printing is left to right, <i>recto</i> if right to left)</li><li>Gutter</li></ol></div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern books are organized according to a particular format called the book's <i>layout</i>. Although there is great variation in layout, modern books tend to adhere to a set of rules with regard to what the parts of the layout are and what their content usually includes. A basic layout will include a <i>front cover</i>, a <i>back cover</i> and the book's content which is called its <i>body copy</i> or <i>content pages</i>. The front cover often bears the book's title (and subtitle, if any) and the name of its author or editor(s). The <i>inside front cover</i> page is usually left blank in both hardcover and paperback books. The next section, if present, is the book's <i>front matter</i>, which includes all textual material after the front cover but not part of the book's content such as a foreword, a dedication, a table of contents and publisher data such as the book's edition or printing number and place of publication. Between the body copy and the back cover goes the <i>end matter</i> which would include any indices, sets of tables, diagrams, glossaries or lists of cited works (though an edited book with several authors usually places cited works at the end of each authored chapter). The <i>inside back cover</i> page, like that inside the front cover, is usually blank. The <i>back cover</i> is the usual place for the book's <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> and maybe a photograph of the author(s)/ editor(s), perhaps with a short introduction to them. Also here often appear plot summaries, barcodes and excerpted reviews of the book.<sup id="cite_ref-ShellyStarks2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShellyStarks2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body of the books is usually divided into parts, chapters, sections and sometimes subsections that are composed of at least a paragraph or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Size">Size</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Book size</a></div> <p>The size of a book is generally measured by the height against the width of a leaf, or sometimes the height and width of its cover.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of terms commonly used by contemporary libraries and publishers for the general sizes of modern books ranges from <i><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">folio</a></i> (the largest), to <i><a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a></i> (smaller) and <i><a href="/wiki/Octavo" title="Octavo">octavo</a></i> (still smaller). Historically, these terms referred to the format of the book, a technical term used by printers and bibliographers to indicate the size of a leaf in terms of the size of the original sheet. For example, a quarto was a book printed on sheets of paper folded in half twice, with the first fold at right angles to the second, to produce 4 leaves (or 8 pages), each leaf one fourth the size of the original sheet printed – note that a <i>leaf</i> refers to the single piece of paper, whereas a <i>page</i> is one side of a leaf. Because the actual format of many modern books cannot be determined from examination of the books, bibliographers may not use these terms in scholarly descriptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illustration">Illustration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Book illustration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Randolph_Caldecott_illustration2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="illustration of crowing rooster facing the rising sun with a man, dressed in nightcap and sleeping gown, leaning out the window. Background shows two small figures walking along a fenced road." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Randolph_Caldecott_illustration2.jpg/220px-Randolph_Caldecott_illustration2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Randolph_Caldecott_illustration2.jpg/330px-Randolph_Caldecott_illustration2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Randolph_Caldecott_illustration2.jpg/440px-Randolph_Caldecott_illustration2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from "<a href="/wiki/This_Is_the_House_That_Jack_Built" title="This Is the House That Jack Built">The House that Jack Built</a>" in <i>The Complete Collection of Pictures & Songs</i>; engraving and printing by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Evans" title="Edmund Evans">Edmund Evans</a>, illustration by <a href="/wiki/Randolph_Caldecott" title="Randolph Caldecott">Randolph Caldecott</a> (1887)</figcaption></figure> <p>While some form of book illustration has existed since the invention of writing, the modern Western tradition of illustration began with 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Block_book" title="Block book">block books</a>, in which the book's text and images were cut into the same block.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a> have also been influential. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg/260px-Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg/390px-Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg/520px-Urval_av_de_bocker_som_har_vunnit_Nordiska_radets_litteraturpris_under_de_50_ar_som_priset_funnits_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Several book spines displayed on a shelf</figcaption></figure><p>The methods used for the printing and binding of books continued fundamentally unchanged from the 15th century into the early 20th century. While there was more <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Book_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Book printer">book printer</a> in 1900 still used movable metal type assembled into words, lines, and pages to create copies. Modern paper books are printed on <a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">paper designed specifically for printing</a>. Traditionally, book papers are off-white or low-white papers (easier to read), are opaque to minimize the show-through of text from one side of the page to the other and are (usually) made to tighter <a href="/wiki/Caliper" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliper">caliper</a> or thickness specifications, particularly for case-bound books. Different paper qualities are used depending on the type of book: <a href="/wiki/Machine_finished_coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine finished coated paper">Machine finished coated papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodfree_uncoated_paper" title="Woodfree uncoated paper">woodfree uncoated papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coated_fine_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated fine paper">coated fine papers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper" title="Special fine paper">special fine papers</a> are common paper grades. </p><p>Today, the majority of books are printed by <a href="/wiki/Offset_lithography" class="mw-redirect" title="Offset lithography">offset lithography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a book is printed, the pages are laid out on the plate so that after the printed sheet is folded the pages will be in the correct sequence. Books tend to be manufactured nowadays in a few standard sizes. The <a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">sizes of books</a> are usually specified as "trim size": the size of the page after the sheet has been folded and trimmed. The standard sizes result from sheet sizes (therefore machine sizes) which became popular 200 or 300 years ago, and have come to dominate the industry. British conventions in this regard prevail throughout the English-speaking world, except for the US. The European book manufacturing industry works to a completely different set of standards. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a> books have a stiff binding, while <a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a> books have cheaper, flexible covers which tend to be less durable. Publishers may produce low-cost pre-publication copies known as <a href="/wiki/Galley_proof" title="Galley proof">galleys</a> or "bound proofs" for promotional purposes, such as generating reviews in advance of publication. Galleys are usually made as cheaply as possible, since they are not intended for sale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Printing">Printing</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Book" title="Special:EditPage/Book">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some books, particularly those with shorter runs (i.e. with fewer copies) will be printed on sheet-fed offset presses, but most books are now printed on <a href="/wiki/Web_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Web press">web presses</a>, which are fed by a continuous roll of paper, and can consequently print more copies in a shorter time. As the production line circulates, a complete "book" is collected together in one stack of pages, and another machine carries out the folding, pleating, and stitching of the pages into bundles of <a href="/wiki/Section_(bookbinding)" title="Section (bookbinding)">signatures</a> (sections of pages) ready to go into the gathering line. The pages of a book are printed two at a time, not as one complete book. Excess numbers are printed to make up for any spoilage due to make-readies or test pages to assure final print quality. </p><p>A <i>make-ready</i> is the preparatory work carried out by the pressmen to get the printing press up to the required quality of <a href="/wiki/Impression_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impression (publishing)">impression</a>. Included in make-ready is the time taken to mount the plate onto the machine, clean up any mess from the previous job, and get the press up to speed. As soon as the pressman decides that the printing is correct, all the make-ready sheets will be discarded, and the press will start making books. Similar make readies take place in the folding and binding areas, each involving spoilage of paper. </p><p>Recent developments in book manufacturing include the development of digital printing. Book pages are printed, in much the same way as an office copier works, using <a href="/wiki/Toner_(printing)" title="Toner (printing)">toner</a> rather than ink. Each book is printed in one pass, not as separate signatures. Digital printing has permitted the manufacture of much smaller quantities than offset, in part because of the absence of make readies and of spoilage. Digital printing has opened up the possibility of print-on-demand, where no books are printed until after an order is received from a customer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binding">Binding</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></div> <p>After the signatures are folded and gathered, they move into the <a href="/wiki/Bindery" title="Bindery">bindery</a>. In the middle of last century there were still many trade binders—stand-alone binding companies which did no printing, specializing in binding alone. At that time, because of the dominance of letterpress printing, typesetting and printing took place in one location, and binding in a different factory. When type was all metal, a typical book's worth of type would be bulky, fragile and heavy. The less it was moved in this condition the better: so printing would be carried out in the same location as the typesetting. Printed sheets on the other hand could easily be moved. Now, because of increasing <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">computerization</a> of preparing a book for the printer, the typesetting part of the job has flowed upstream, where it is done either by separately contracting companies working for the publisher, by the publishers themselves, or even by the authors. Mergers in the book manufacturing industry mean that it is now unusual to find a bindery which is not also involved in book printing (and vice versa). </p><p>If the book is a hardback its path through the bindery will involve more points of activity than if it is a paperback. Unsewn binding is now increasingly common. The signatures of a book can also be held together by "<a href="/wiki/Smyth_sewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Smyth sewing">Smyth sewing</a>" using needles, <span class="anchor" id="McCain_sewing"></span>"McCain sewing", using drilled holes often used in schoolbook binding, or <span class="anchor" id="Notch_binding"></span>"notch binding", where gashes about an inch long are made at intervals through the fold in the spine of each signature. The rest of the binding process is similar in all instances. Sewn and notch bound books can be bound as either hardbacks or paperbacks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finishing">Finishing</h4></div> <p>"Making cases" happens off-line and prior to the book's arrival at the binding line. In the most basic case-making, two pieces of cardboard are placed onto a glued piece of cloth with a space between them into which is glued a thinner board cut to the width of the spine of the book. The overlapping edges of the cloth (about 5/8" all round) are folded over the boards, and pressed down to adhere. After case-making the stack of cases will go to the <a href="/wiki/Foil_stamping" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil stamping">foil stamping</a> area for adding decorations and type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail_and_distribution">Retail and distribution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a></div> <p>Bookselling is the commercial trading of books that forms the <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> and distribution end of the publishing process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessible_publishing">Accessible publishing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/220px--Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="136" data-mwtitle="Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm/Accessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AAccessible_Books_Consortium_explains_-_a_digital_file_is_not_necessarily_accessible.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>An example of someone using a <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a> showing documents that are inaccessible, readable and accessible</figcaption></figure> <p>Accessible publishing is an approach to publishing and book design whereby books and other texts are made available in alternative formats designed to aid or replace the reading process. It is particularly relevant for people who are blind, <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">visually impaired</a> or otherwise <a href="/wiki/Print_disability" title="Print disability">print-disabled</a>. </p><p>Alternative formats that have been developed to aid different people to read include varieties of larger <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a>, specialized fonts for certain kinds of <a href="/wiki/Reading_disability" title="Reading disability">reading disabilities</a>, braille, ebooks, and automated audiobooks and <a href="/wiki/DAISY_Digital_Talking_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="DAISY Digital Talking Book">DAISY</a> digital talking books. </p><p>Accessible publishing has been made easier through developments in technology such as print on demand, ebook readers, the <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> structured data format, the <a href="/wiki/EPUB" title="EPUB">EPUB3</a> format and the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audiobooks">Audiobooks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">Audiobook</a></div> <p>An audiobook or talking book is a recording of a book or other work being read out loud. A reading of the complete text is described as "unabridged", while readings of shorter versions are <a href="/wiki/Abridgement" title="Abridgement">abridgements</a>. </p><p>Spoken audio has been available in <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public libraries</a> and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">music shops</a> since the 1930s. Many <a href="/wiki/Spoken_word_album" title="Spoken word album">spoken word albums</a> were made prior to the age of <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">downloadable audio</a>, often of <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a> rather than books. It was not until the 1980s that the medium began to attract book retailers, and then book retailers started displaying audiobooks on bookshelves rather than in separate displays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ebooks">Ebooks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebook</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG/170px-Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG/255px-Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG/340px-Amazon_Kindle_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a> e-reader</figcaption></figure><p>An ebook (short for electronic book), also spelled e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in electronic form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the <a href="/wiki/Flat-panel_display" title="Flat-panel display">flat-panel display</a> of computers or other electronic devices.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book",<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some ebooks exist without a printed equivalent. Ebooks can be read on dedicated <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> devices and on any computer device that features a controllable viewing screen, including <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. </p><p>In some markets, the sale of printed books has decreased due to the increased use of ebooks. However, printed books still largely outsell ebooks, and many people have a preference for print.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dummy_books">Dummy books</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cigarette_smuggling_with_a_book.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cigarette_smuggling_with_a_book.JPG/220px-Cigarette_smuggling_with_a_book.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cigarette_smuggling_with_a_book.JPG/330px-Cigarette_smuggling_with_a_book.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Cigarette_smuggling_with_a_book.JPG/440px-Cigarette_smuggling_with_a_book.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Cigarette smuggling with a book</figcaption></figure> <p>Dummy books (or faux books) are books that are designed to imitate a real book by appearance to deceive people, some books may be whole with empty pages, others may be hollow or in other cases, there may be a whole panel carved with spines which are then painted to look like books, titles of some books may also be fictitious. </p><p>There are many reasons to have dummy books on display such as; to allude visitors of the vast wealth of information in their possession and to inflate the owner's appearance of wealth, to conceal something,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for shop displays or for decorative purposes. </p><p>In early 19th century at <a href="/wiki/Gwrych_Castle" title="Gwrych Castle">Gwrych Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Hesketh_Bamford-Hesketh" title="Lloyd Hesketh Bamford-Hesketh">Lloyd Hesketh Bamford-Hesketh</a> was known for his vast collection of books at his library, however, at the later part of that same century, the public became aware that parts of his library was a fabrication, dummy books were built and then locked behind glass doors to stop people from trying to access them, from this a proverb was born, "Like Hesky's library, all outside".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Book" title="Special:EditPage/Book">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG/170px-Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG/255px-Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG/340px-Polish_sci_fi_fantasy_books.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novels</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Bookstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookstore">bookstore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Libraries, bookstores, and collections commonly divide books into <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a>, though other types exist beyond this. Other books, which remain unpublished or are primarily published as part of different business functions (such as phone directories) may not be sold by bookstores or collected by libraries. Manuscripts, logbooks and other records may be classified and stored differently by <a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">special collections</a> or <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archives</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3></div> <p>Fiction books contain invented material, typically narratives. Other literary forms such as <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> are included in the broad category. Most fiction is additionally categorized by <a href="/wiki/Literary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary form">literary form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> is the most common form of fiction book. Novels are extended works of narrative fiction, typically featuring a plot, setting, themes and characters. The novel has had a tremendous impact on entertainment and publishing markets.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a> is a term sometimes used for fiction <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> typically between 17,500 and 40,000 words, and a <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novelette</a> between 7,500 and 17,500. A <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> may be any length up to 10,000 words, but these word lengths vary. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic books</a> or <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novels</a> are books in which the story is illustrated. The characters and narrators use speech or thought bubbles to express verbal language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png/170px-Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png/255px-Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png/340px-Stefan_Ramult-Pomeranian_Dictionary.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>A page from a <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Non-fiction books are in principle based on fact, encompassing subjects such as history, politics, social and cultural issues, as well as <a href="/wiki/Autobiographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographies">autobiographies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memoir" title="Memoir">memoirs</a>. Nearly all <a href="/wiki/Academic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic literature">academic literature</a> is non-fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reference">Reference</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">Reference work</a></div> <p>Reference books are non-fiction books intended to be quickly referred to for information, rather than read beginning to end. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid opinions and the use of the first person, and emphasize facts. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> is a very general reference book, usually one-volume, with lists of data and information on many topics. An <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> is a book or set of books designed to have more in-depth articles on many topics. A book listing words, their etymology, meanings, and other information is called a <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">atlas</a> is a book containing a collection of <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">maps</a>. A specialized reference work giving information about a particular field or technique, often intended for professional use, is often called a <a href="/wiki/Handbook" title="Handbook">handbook</a>. Books which try to list references and abstracts in a certain broad area may be called an <a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">index</a>, such as <i>Engineering Index</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstracts</a> such as chemical abstracts and biological abstracts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technical">Technical</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Technical_writing" title="Technical writing">Technical writing</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_-_book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atlas_-_book.jpg/220px-Atlas_-_book.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atlas_-_book.jpg/330px-Atlas_-_book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atlas_-_book.jpg/440px-Atlas_-_book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">atlas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Books with technical information on how to do something or how to use some equipment are called <a href="/wiki/Instruction_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction manual">instruction manuals</a>. Other popular how-to books include <a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">cookbooks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Home_improvement" title="Home improvement">home improvement</a> books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Educational">Educational</h4></div> <p>Students often carry <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a> and schoolbooks for study purposes. <a href="/wiki/Lap_book" title="Lap book">Lap books</a> are a learning tool created by students. <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">Elementary school</a> pupils often use <a href="/wiki/Workbook" title="Workbook">workbooks</a>, which are published with spaces or blanks to be filled by them for study or <a href="/wiki/Homework" title="Homework">homework</a>. In US <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, it is common for a student to take an exam using a <a href="/wiki/Blue_book_exam" title="Blue book exam">blue book</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious">Religious</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Religious text</a></div> <p>Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a> consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition. They often feature a compilation or discussion of beliefs, ritual practices, moral commandments and <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">laws</a>, ethical conduct, spiritual aspirations, and admonitions for fostering a religious community. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">Hymnals</a> are books with collections of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> that can typically be found in <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>. <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">Prayerbooks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Missal" title="Missal">missals</a> are books that contain written <a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">prayers</a> and are commonly carried by <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a>, and other devoted followers or <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_books"><span id="Children.27s_books"></span>Children's books</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_literature&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairy_Tales_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/220px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/330px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/440px-Fairy_Tales_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A mother reads to her children in a mid- to late 19th century <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Willcox_Smith" title="Jessie Willcox Smith">Jessie Willcox Smith</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a> or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are created for children. Modern children's literature is classified in two different ways: genre or the intended age of the reader, from <a href="/wiki/Picture_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture books">picture books</a> for the very young to <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">young adult fiction</a>. </p> Children's literature can be traced to traditional stories like <a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">fairy tales</a>, which have only been identified as children's literature since the eighteenth century, and songs, part of a wider <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, which adults shared with children before publishing existed. The development of early children's literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many classic "children's" tales were originally created for adults and later adapted for a younger audience. Since the fifteenth century much literature has been aimed specifically at children, often with a moral or religious message. Children's literature has been shaped by religious sources, like Puritan traditions, or by more philosophical and scientific standpoints with the influences of Charles Darwin and John Locke.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are known as the "Golden Age of Children's Literature" because many classic children's books were published then.</div></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Kellner_diary_Oct_6,_1939_p3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Friedrich_Kellner_diary_Oct_6%2C_1939_p3.jpg/170px-Friedrich_Kellner_diary_Oct_6%2C_1939_p3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Friedrich_Kellner_diary_Oct_6%2C_1939_p3.jpg/255px-Friedrich_Kellner_diary_Oct_6%2C_1939_p3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Friedrich_Kellner_diary_Oct_6%2C_1939_p3.jpg/340px-Friedrich_Kellner_diary_Oct_6%2C_1939_p3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1807" /></a><figcaption>A page from a notebook used as handwritten diary</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unpublished">Unpublished</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_unpublished_books" title="List of unpublished books">List of unpublished books</a></div> <p>Many books are only used to record personal ideas, notes, and accounts, such as <a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">notebooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logbook" title="Logbook">logbooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonplace_book" title="Commonplace book">commonplace books</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diary" title="Diary">diaries</a>. These books are rarely published and are typically destroyed or remain private. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Address_book" title="Address book">Address books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phone_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone book">phone books</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diary_(stationery)" title="Diary (stationery)">calendar/appointment books</a> are commonly used for recording appointments, meetings and personal <a href="/wiki/Address_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Address (geography)">contact information</a>. Businesses historically used <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> books such as journals and <a href="/wiki/Ledger" title="Ledger">ledgers</a> to record financial data in a practice called <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeping</a> (now usually held on computers rather than in hand-written form). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collection_and_classification">Collection and classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Book" title="Special:EditPage/Book">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Personal and public libraries, archives and other forms of book collection have led to the creation of many different organization and classification strategies. In the 19th and 20th century, libraries and library professionals systematized book collecting and classification systems to respond to the growing industry. The most widely used system is <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>, which has provided unique identifiers for books since 1970. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg/220px-Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg/330px-Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg/440px-Celsus-Bibliothek2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, Turkey, was built in 135 AD, and could house around 12,000 scrolls.</figcaption></figure> <p>A library is a collection of books, and possibly other <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">materials</a> and media, that is accessible for use by its members and members of allied institutions. Libraries provide physical (hard copies) or digital (soft copies) materials, and may be a physical location, a virtual space, or both. A library's collection normally includes printed materials which may be borrowed, and usually also includes a reference section of publications which may only be utilized inside the premises. Resources such as commercial releases of films, television programs, other video recordings, radio, music and audio recordings may be available in many formats. These include <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassettes</a>, or other applicable formats such as <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microform</a>. They may also provide access to information, music or other content held on <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">bibliographic databases</a>. </p><p>Libraries can vary widely in size and may be organized and maintained by a public body such as a government, an institution (such as a school or museum), a corporation, or a private individual. In addition to providing materials, libraries also provide the services of <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarians</a> who are trained experts in finding, selecting, circulating and organising information while interpreting information needs and navigating and analyzing large amounts of information with a variety of resources. </p><p>Library buildings often provide quiet areas for studying, as well as common areas for group study and collaboration, and may provide public facilities for access to their electronic resources, such as computers and access to the Internet. </p><p>The library's clientele and general services offered vary depending on its type: users of a <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a> have different needs from those of a <a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">special library</a> or academic library, for example. Libraries may also be community hubs, where programs are made available and people engage in lifelong learning. Modern libraries extend their services beyond the physical walls of the building by providing material accessible by electronic means, including from home via the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_and_classification">Identification and classification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISBN.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ISBN.JPG/220px-ISBN.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ISBN.JPG/330px-ISBN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ISBN.JPG/440px-ISBN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> with <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcode</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Library_Associations_and_Institutions" title="International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions">International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions</a> (IFLA) created the <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bibliographic_Description" title="International Standard Bibliographic Description">International Standard Bibliographic Description</a> (ISBD) in order to standardize descriptions in bibliographies and library catalogs. Each book is specified by an International Standard Book Number, or ISBN, which is meant to be unique to every edition of every book produced by participating publishers, worldwide. It is managed by the ISBN Society. An ISBN has four parts: the first part is the country code, the second the publisher code, and the third the title code. The last part is a <a href="/wiki/Check_digit" title="Check digit">check digit</a>, and can take values from 0–9 and X (10). The <a href="/wiki/European_Article_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="European Article Number">EAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcodes</a> numbers for books are derived from the ISBN by prefixing 978, for <a href="/wiki/Bookland" title="Bookland">Bookland</a>, and calculating a new check digit. </p><p>Commercial publishers in industrialized countries generally assign ISBNs to their books, so buyers may presume that the ISBN is part of a total international system, with no exceptions. However, many government publishers, in industrial as well as developing countries, do not participate fully in the ISBN system, and publish books which do not have ISBNs. A large or public collection requires a <a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">catalogue</a>. Codes called "call numbers" relate the books to the catalogue, and determine their locations on the shelves. Call numbers are based on a <a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Library classification</a> system. The call number is placed on the spine of the book, normally a short distance before the bottom, and inside. Institutional or national standards, such as <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a>/<a href="/wiki/NISO" class="mw-redirect" title="NISO">NISO</a> Z39.41 – 1997, establish the correct way to place information (such as the <a href="/wiki/Title_(publishing)" title="Title (publishing)">title</a>, or the name of the author) on book spines, and on "shelvable" book-like objects, such as containers for <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Video tape">video tapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien_-_Volkskundemuseum-Bibliothek,_B%C3%BCcherspeicher.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wien_-_Volkskundemuseum-Bibliothek%2C_B%C3%BCcherspeicher.JPG/220px-Wien_-_Volkskundemuseum-Bibliothek%2C_B%C3%BCcherspeicher.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wien_-_Volkskundemuseum-Bibliothek%2C_B%C3%BCcherspeicher.JPG/330px-Wien_-_Volkskundemuseum-Bibliothek%2C_B%C3%BCcherspeicher.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Wien_-_Volkskundemuseum-Bibliothek%2C_B%C3%BCcherspeicher.JPG/440px-Wien_-_Volkskundemuseum-Bibliothek%2C_B%C3%BCcherspeicher.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4252" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>Books on library shelves and call numbers visible on the spines</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest and most widely known systems of cataloguing books is the <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal System</a>. Another widely known system is the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a> system. Both systems are biased towards subjects which were well represented in US libraries when they were developed, and hence have problems handling new subjects, such as computing, or subjects relating to other cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information about books and authors can be stored in databases like <a href="/wiki/Online_general-interest_book_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Online general-interest book database">online general-interest book databases</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">Metadata</a>, which means "data about data" is information about a book. Metadata about a book may include its title, ISBN or other classification number (see above), the names of contributors (author, editor, illustrator) and publisher, its date and size, the language of the text, its subject matter, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classification_systems">Classification systems</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bliss_bibliographic_classification" title="Bliss bibliographic classification">Bliss bibliographic classification</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Library_Classification" title="Chinese Library Classification">Chinese Library Classification</a> (CLC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colon_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon Classification">Colon Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal Classification</a> (DDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard-Yenching_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard-Yenching Classification">Harvard-Yenching Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a> (LCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Classification_Scheme_for_Chinese_Libraries" title="New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries">New Classification Scheme for Chinese Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Decimal_Classification" title="Universal Decimal Classification">Universal Decimal Classification</a> (UDC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation">Conservation</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera">Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMA_Conservation_Technician_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IMA_Conservation_Technician_4.jpg/220px-IMA_Conservation_Technician_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/IMA_Conservation_Technician_4.jpg/330px-IMA_Conservation_Technician_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/IMA_Conservation_Technician_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>A conservation technician examining an artwork under a microscope at the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Museum_of_Art" title="Indianapolis Museum of Art">Indianapolis Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera">conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera</a> is an activity dedicated to extending the life of items of historical and personal value made primarily from <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a>. When applied to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, conservation activities are generally undertaken by a <a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">conservator</a>. The primary goal of conservation is to extend the lifespan of the object as well as maintaining its integrity by keeping all additions reversible. Conservation of books and paper involves techniques of <a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">bookbinding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">restoration</a>, paper <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and other material technologies including preservation and archival techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book and paper conservation seeks to prevent and, in some cases, reverse damage due to handling, <a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">inherent vice</a>, and the environment. Conservators determine proper methods of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_storage" title="Cultural property storage">storage</a> for books and documents, including boxes and shelving to prevent further damage and promote long term storage. Carefully chosen methods and techniques of active conservation can both reverse damage and prevent further damage in batches or single-item treatments based on the value of the book or document. </p> Historically, book restoration techniques were less formalized and carried out by various roles and training backgrounds. Nowadays, the conservation of paper documents and books is often performed by a professional conservator.<sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera_CCI418_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera_CCI418-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera_CYT_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera_CYT-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many paper or book conservators are members of a professional body, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_for_Conservation" title="American Institute for Conservation">American Institute for Conservation</a> (AIC) or the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Bookworkers" title="Guild of Bookworkers">Guild of Bookworkers</a> (both in the United States), the <a href="/wiki/Archives_and_Records_Association" title="Archives and Records Association">Archives and Records Association</a> (in the United Kingdom and Ireland), or the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Conservation" title="Institute of Conservation">Institute of Conservation</a> (ICON) (in the United Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_cultural_issues">Social and cultural issues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></div> <p>The impact of books can be various, and record of that reception comes in several formats: starting with initial public reception in contemporary newspapers, <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a> and correspondence, and then developing with different forms of literary criticism by professional and academic critics. For the publishing industry the "book review" is an important part of increasing awareness and reception of a book: able to make or break the public opinion about a new book.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_reviews">Book reviews</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Book review</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_review&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">book review</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a> in which a book is merely described (summary review) or analyzed based on content, style, and merit.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_review_Princeton_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_review_Princeton-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A book review may be a <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary source</a>, an opinion piece, a summary review, or a scholarly view.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_review_VirginiaTech_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_review_VirginiaTech-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books can be reviewed for printed periodicals, magazines, and newspapers, as school work, or for book websites on the Internet. A book review's length may vary from a single paragraph to a substantial <a href="/wiki/Essays" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays">essay</a>. Such a <a href="/wiki/Review" title="Review">review</a> may evaluate the book based on personal taste. Reviewers may use the occasion of a book review for an extended essay that can be closely or loosely related to the subject of the book, or to promulgate their ideas on the topic of a fiction or <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> work. </p> Some journals are devoted to book reviews, and reviews are indexed in databases such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_Review_Index" title="Book Review Index">Book Review Index</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews" title="Kirkus Reviews">Kirkus Reviews</a></i>; but many more book reviews can be found in newspaper and scholarly databases such as <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Citation_Index" title="Arts and Humanities Citation Index">Arts and Humanities Citation Index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Sciences_Citation_Index" title="Social Sciences Citation Index">Social Sciences Citation Index</a>, and discipline-specific databases.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_censorship_and_bans">Book censorship and bans</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Book censorship</a> is the act of some authority taking measures to suppress ideas and information within a book.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> is "the regulation of free speech and other forms of entrenched authority".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Censors typically identify as either a concerned parent, community members who react to a text without reading, or local or national organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books have been censored by authoritarian dictatorships to silence dissent, such as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Books are most often censored for age appropriateness, offensive language, sexual content, amongst other reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, religions may issue lists of banned books, such as the historical example of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a></i> and bans of such books as <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which do not always carry legal force. Censorship can be enacted at the national or subnational level as well, and can carry legal penalties. In many cases, the authors of these books could face harsh sentences, exile from the country, or even execution.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_burning">Book burning</h4></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_burning&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg/220px-The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg/330px-The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg/440px-The_House_of_Leaves_-_Burning_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of a book being burned</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> is the deliberate destruction by fire of books or other written materials, usually carried out in a public context. The burning of books represents an element of <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and usually proceeds from a cultural, religious, or political opposition to the materials in question.<sup id="cite_ref-Book_burning_holocaust_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_burning_holocaust-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Book burning can be an act of contempt for the book's contents or author, intended to draw wider public attention to this opposition, or conceal the information contained in the text from being made public, such as diaries or ledgers. Burning and other methods of destruction are together known as biblioclasm or libricide. </p><p>In some cases, the destroyed works are irreplaceable and their burning constitutes a severe loss to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">burning of books and burying of scholars</a> under China's <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (213–210 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>), the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege of Baghdad</a> (1258), the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Aztec_codices" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec codices">Aztec codices</a> by <a href="/wiki/Itzcoatl" title="Itzcoatl">Itzcoatl</a> (1430s), the burning of <a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a> on the order of bishop <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a> (1562),<sup id="cite_ref-Book_burning_outrageous_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_burning_outrageous-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Jaffna_Public_Library" title="Burning of Jaffna Public Library">burning of Jaffna Public Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (1981).<sup id="cite_ref-Book_burning_smithsonian_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Book_burning_smithsonian-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> In other cases, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a>, copies of the destroyed books survive, but the instance of book burning becomes emblematic of a harsh and oppressive regime which is seeking to censor or silence some aspect of prevailing culture.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_kmessedwords.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Writing" title="Portal:Writing">Writing portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_Books_Consortium" title="Accessible Books Consortium">Accessible Books Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_desert" title="Book desert">Book desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_Lovers_Day" title="Book Lovers Day">Book Lovers Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_for_the_Blind" title="Books for the Blind">Books for the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_to_Prisoners" title="Books to Prisoners">Books to Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_bookstore" title="Independent bookstore">Independent bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_books" title="Lists of books">Lists of books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access book">Open access book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline of books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/book">"book | Etymology, origin and meaning of book"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627174353/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=book">Archived</a> from the original on June 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Los Angeles: Getty Publications. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-083-4"><bdi>978-1-60606-083-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books%3A+A+Living+History&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-083-4&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ballatore-2015-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ballatore-2015_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallatoreNatale2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ballatore, Andrea; Natale, Simone (May 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/05/18/1461444815586984">"E-readers and the death of the book: Or, new media and the myth of the disappearing medium"</a>. <i>New Media & Society</i>. <b>18</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2379–</span>2394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444815586984">10.1177/1461444815586984</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1768949">2318/1768949</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1461-4448">1461-4448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39026072">39026072</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315084006/http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/05/18/1461444815586984">Archived</a> from the original on March 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Media+%26+Society&rft.atitle=E-readers+and+the+death+of+the+book%3A+Or%2C+new+media+and+the+myth+of+the+disappearing+medium&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2379-%3C%2Fspan%3E2394&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F1768949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39026072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1461-4448&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1461444815586984&rft.aulast=Ballatore&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft.au=Natale%2C+Simone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnms.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2Fearly%2F2015%2F05%2F18%2F1461444815586984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrailleWorks-2018-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrailleWorks-2018_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/history-of-braille/">"History of Braille"</a>. <i>Braille Works</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726072258/https://brailleworks.com/braille-resources/history-of-braille/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Braille+Works&rft.atitle=History+of+Braille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrailleworks.com%2Fbraille-resources%2Fhistory-of-braille%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvrin2010" class="citation book cs1">Avrin, Leila (2010). <i>Scribes, Script, and Books: The Book Arts from Antiquity to the Renaissance</i>. American Library Association. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838910382" title="Special:BookSources/9780838910382"><bdi>9780838910382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scribes%2C+Script%2C+and+Books%3A+The+Book+Arts+from+Antiquity+to+the+Renaissance&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780838910382&rft.aulast=Avrin&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBischoff1990" class="citation book cs1">Bischoff, Bernhard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZgQgAACAAJ"><i>Latin palaeography antiquity and the Middle Ages</i></a>. Dáibhí ó Cróinin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36473-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36473-7"><bdi>978-0-521-36473-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821053657/https://books.google.com/books?id=CFZgQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+palaeography+antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36473-7&rft.aulast=Bischoff&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFZgQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Christian Literature</i>. Edd. Frances Young, Lewis Ayres, Andrew Louth, Ron White. Cambridge University Press 2004, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl1980" class="citation book cs1">Diehl, Edith (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7027090"><i>Bookbinding : its background and technique</i></a>. New York: Dover Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24020-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-24020-7"><bdi>0-486-24020-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7027090">7027090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bookbinding+%3A+its+background+and+technique&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7027090&rft.isbn=0-486-24020-7&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F7027090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim2003" class="citation book cs1">Joachim, Martin D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/683191430"><i>Historical Aspects of Cataloging and Classification</i></a>. New York: Haworth Information Press. p. 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780789019813" title="Special:BookSources/9780789019813"><bdi>9780789019813</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/683191430">683191430</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327190225/https://www.worldcat.org/title/683191430">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Aspects+of+Cataloging+and+Classification&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=452&rft.pub=Haworth+Information+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F683191430&rft.isbn=9780789019813&rft.aulast=Joachim&rft.aufirst=Martin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F683191430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernhard Bischoff. <i>Latin Palaeography</i>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelting2001" class="citation book cs1">Kelting, M. Whitney (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC&q=saraswati+kankali+tila&pg=PA65"><i>Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803211-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803211-3"><bdi>978-0-19-803211-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214094337/https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC&q=saraswati+kankali+tila&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+to+the+Jinas%3A+Jain+Laywomen%2C+Mandal+Singing%2C+and+the+Negotiations+of+Jain+Devotion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803211-3&rft.aulast=Kelting&rft.aufirst=M.+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Delcn1IEJ3CEC%26q%3Dsaraswati%2Bkankali%2Btila%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Clapham_(industrialist)" title="Michael Clapham (industrialist)">Clapham, Michael</a>, "Printing" in <i>A History of Technology</i>, Vol 2. <i>From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution</i>, edd. Charles Singer <i>et al.</i> (Oxford 1957), p. 377. Cited from <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Eisenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth L. Eisenstein">Elizabeth L. Eisenstein</a>, <i>The Printing Press as an Agent of Change</i> (Cambridge University, 1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruckner1995" class="citation news cs1">Bruckner, D. J. R. (November 20, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/20/business/earlier-media-achieved-critical-mass-printing-press-yelling-stop-presses-didn-t.html">"How the Earlier Media Achieved Critical Mass: Printing Press;Yelling 'Stop the Presses!' Didn't Happen Overnight"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701112056/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/20/business/earlier-media-achieved-critical-mass-printing-press-yelling-stop-presses-didn-t.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+the+Earlier+Media+Achieved+Critical+Mass%3A+Printing+Press%3BYelling+%27Stop+the+Presses%21%27+Didn%27t+Happen+Overnight&rft.date=1995-11-20&rft.aulast=Bruckner&rft.aufirst=D.+J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F11%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Fearlier-media-achieved-critical-mass-printing-press-yelling-stop-presses-didn-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges200342–44-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeatherSturges200342–44_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFeatherSturges2003">Feather & Sturges 2003</a>, pp. 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadianauthors.org/national/faq/what-is-the-difference-between-traditional-publishing-and-self-publishing/">"What is the difference between traditional publishing and self-publishing?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Authors_Association" title="Canadian Authors Association">Canadian Authors Association</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Authors+Association&rft.atitle=What+is+the+difference+between+traditional+publishing+and+self-publishing%3F&rft.date=2016-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanadianauthors.org%2Fnational%2Ffaq%2Fwhat-is-the-difference-between-traditional-publishing-and-self-publishing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/atr/case-document/file/1549941">"Memorandum Opinion [Redacted] | United States Department of Justice"</a>. <i>www.justice.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-73018-0"><bdi>978-0-393-73018-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bookmaking%3A+Editing%2C+Design%2C+Production&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-393-73018-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOejMV-cELwUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShellyStarks2011-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShellyStarks2011_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGary_B._ShellyJoy_L._Starks2011" class="citation book cs1">Gary B. 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Brush Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55059-677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55059-677-9"><bdi>978-1-55059-677-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211218164852/https://books.google.com/books?id=BNCODAAAQBAJ&q=Today,+the+majority+of+books+are+printed+by+offset+lithography&pg=PA213">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visual+Capitalist&rft.atitle=Print+Has+Prevailed%3A+The+Staying+Power+of+Physical+Books&rft.date=2021-10-15&rft.aulast=Ang&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visualcapitalist.com%2Fprint-books-versus-e-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2022" class="citation web cs1">Richter, Felix (April 21, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/chart/24709/e-book-and-printed-book-penetration/">"E-Books Still No Match for Printed Books"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312015607/https://www.statista.com/chart/24709/e-book-and-printed-book-penetration/">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=E-Books+Still+No+Match+for+Printed+Books&rft.date=2022-04-21&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fchart%2F24709%2Fe-book-and-printed-book-penetration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandley2019" class="citation news cs1">Handley, Lucy (September 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/19/physical-books-still-outsell-e-books-and-heres-why.html">"Physical books still outsell e-books – and here's why"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102034014/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/19/physical-books-still-outsell-e-books-and-heres-why.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47300-0"><bdi>978-0-226-47300-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/176980408">176980408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Literature%3A+A+Reader%27s+History%2C+from+Aesop+to+Harry+Potter&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F176980408&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47300-0&rft.aulast=Lerer&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildrensliterat0000lere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2019" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Gretchen L. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Satanic Verses,' the 'Fatwa,' and Its Aftermath: A Review Article". <i>The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy</i>. <b>61</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>443.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library+Quarterly%3A+Information%2C+Community%2C+Policy&rft.atitle=%27The+Satanic+Verses%2C%27+the+%27Fatwa%2C%27+and+Its+Aftermath%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuizhong_Wu2022" class="citation news cs1">Huizhong Wu (February 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/uyghur-death-sentence-china-banned-books-6da7d5d6ed5c9937d1a4796b3bcb94b1">"A Uyghur gets death sentence, as China bans once OK'd books"</a>. <i>AP News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=A+Uyghur+gets+death+sentence%2C+as+China+bans+once+OK%27d+books&rft.date=2022-02-01&rft.au=Huizhong+Wu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fuyghur-death-sentence-china-banned-books-6da7d5d6ed5c9937d1a4796b3bcb94b1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatanson2023" class="citation news cs1">Natanson, Hannah (May 18, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2023/05/18/school-librarians-jailed-banned-books/">"School librarians face a new penalty in the banned-book wars: Prison"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=School+librarians+face+a+new+penalty+in+the+banned-book+wars%3A+Prison&rft.date=2023-05-18&rft.aulast=Natanson&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Feducation%2F2023%2F05%2F18%2Fschool-librarians-jailed-banned-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book_burning_holocaust-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Book_burning_holocaust_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305062632/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005852">"Book Burning"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005852">the original</a> on March 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Book+Burning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book_burning_outrageous-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Book_burning_outrageous_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockell" class="citation news cs1">Brockell, Gillian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113125409/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/13/book-burning-history/">"Burning books: 6 outrageous, tragic and weird examples in history"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/11/13/book-burning-history/">the original</a> on November 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Burning+books%3A+6+outrageous%2C+tragic+and+weird+examples+in+history&rft.aulast=Brockell&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2021%2F11%2F13%2Fbook-burning-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Book_burning_smithsonian-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Book_burning_smithsonian_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoissoneault2017" class="citation news cs1">Boissoneault, Lorraine (August 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904210642/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-book-burning-printing-press-internet-archives-180964697/">"A Brief History of Book Burning, From the Printing Press to Internet Archives"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/brief-history-book-burning-printing-press-internet-archives-180964697/">the original</a> on September 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Book+Burning%2C+From+the+Printing+Press+to+Internet+Archives&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.aulast=Boissoneault&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fbrief-history-book-burning-printing-press-internet-archives-180964697%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeatherSturges2003" class="citation book cs1">Feather, John; Sturges, Paul (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50480180"><i>International Encyclopedia of Information and Library Science</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25901-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25901-0"><bdi>0-415-25901-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50480180">50480180</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091125014359/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50480180">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Information+and+Library+Science&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50480180&rft.isbn=0-415-25901-0&rft.aulast=Feather&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sturges%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50480180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven2023" class="citation book cs1">Raven, James, ed. (March 23, 2023). <i>The Oxford History of the Book</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780192886897.001.0001">10.1093/oso/9780192886897.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288689-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288689-7"><bdi>978-0-19-288689-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Book&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foso%2F9780192886897.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288689-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliotRose2019" class="citation book cs1">Eliot, Simon; Rose, Jonathan, eds. (August 16, 2019). <i>A Companion to the History of the Book</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119018179" title="Special:BookSources/9781119018179"><bdi>9781119018179</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+History+of+the+Book&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2019-08-16&rft.isbn=9781119018179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorsuk2018" class="citation book cs1">Borsuk, Amaranth (May 4, 2018). <i>The Book</i>. MIT Press Essential Knowledge series. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262535410" title="Special:BookSources/9780262535410"><bdi>9780262535410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book&rft.series=MIT+Press+Essential+Knowledge+series&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.isbn=9780262535410&rft.aulast=Borsuk&rft.aufirst=Amaranth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsBhaskar2019" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Angus; Bhaskar, Michael, eds. (April 18, 2019). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Publishing</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198794202.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198794202.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198794202" title="Special:BookSources/9780198794202"><bdi>9780198794202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Publishing&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198794202.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780198794202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABook" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books" title="Template:Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books" title="Template talk:Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_design252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book_structure" title="Template:Book structure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book_structure" title="Template talk:Book structure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book_structure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book structure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_design252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Book design</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Page_layout" title="Page layout">Page layout</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Text_annotation" title="Text annotation">Annotation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Note_(typography)" title="Note (typography)">Footnote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">Gloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalia" title="Marginalia">Marginal note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchword" title="Catchword">Catchword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_footer" title="Page footer">Footer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_header" title="Page header">Header</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headpiece_(book_illustration)" title="Headpiece (book illustration)">Headpiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiated_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiated initial">Historiated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhabited_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhabited initial">Inhabited</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubric" title="Rubric">Rubric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubrication" title="Rubrication">Rubrication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/120px-Liji.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/180px-Liji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Liji.jpg/240px-Liji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2391" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Front and <br />back covers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropodermic_bibliopegy" title="Anthropodermic bibliopegy">Anthropodermic bibliopegy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">Dust jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">Hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather#Book_binding" title="Leather">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">Paperback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_cover" title="Picture cover">Picture cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">Treasure binding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endpaper" title="Endpaper">Endpapers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_marbling" title="Paper marbling">Marbled</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Front_matter" title="Book design">Front matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-title" title="Half-title">Half-title</a> <ul><li>bastard title</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_page" title="Title page">Title page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edition_notice" title="Edition notice">Edition notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimi_potest" title="Imprimi potest">Imprimi potest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihil_obstat" title="Nihil obstat">Nihil obstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimatur" title="Imprimatur">Imprimatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedication_(publishing)" title="Dedication (publishing)">Dedication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigraph_(literature)" title="Epigraph (literature)">Epigraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">Table of contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreword" title="Foreword">Foreword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">Preface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_(creative_arts_and_sciences)" title="Acknowledgment (creative arts and sciences)">Acknowledgments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_(writing)" title="Introduction (writing)">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prologue" title="Prologue">Prologue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_mark" title="Printer's mark">Printer's mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Body_matter" title="Book design">Body matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_text" title="Body text">Body text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustrations</a></li> <li>Parts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_(typography)" title="Section (typography)">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipped-in_page" title="Tipped-in page">Tipped-in pages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book_design#Back_matter_(end_matter)" title="Book design">Back matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterword" title="Afterword">Afterword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclusion_(book)" title="Conclusion (book)">Conclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">Epilogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilogue" title="Epilogue">Outro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postscript" title="Postscript">Postscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addendum#In_books" title="Addendum">Addendum/Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Endnote">Endnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Errata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">Colophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postface" title="Postface">Postface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_page" title="Author page">Author page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">Bookplate</a> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ex-librīs</i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_rhyme" title="Book rhyme">Book rhyme</a></li> <li>Die-cutting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endband" title="Endband">Endband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-illustration" title="Extra-illustration">Extra-illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-edge_painting" title="Fore-edge painting">Fore-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">Pop-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipcase" title="Slipcase">Slipcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb_index" title="Thumb index">Thumb index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper_products118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper_products" title="Template:Paper products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper_products" title="Template talk:Paper products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper_products118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper_products" title="Category:Paper products">products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Containers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">Cigarette pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">Coffee cup sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cup" title="Paper cup">Paper cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hygiene</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">Facial tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napkin" title="Napkin">Napkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">Toilet paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wipe" title="Wet wipe">Wet wipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stationery" title="Stationery">Stationery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_stationery" title="Continuous stationery">Continuous stationery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeting_card" title="Greeting card">Greeting card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">Index card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_folder" title="Manila folder">Manila folder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcard" title="Postcard">Postcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-it_note" title="Post-it note">Post-it note</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_card" title="Business card">Business card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">Coupon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passbook" title="Passbook">Passbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visiting_card" title="Visiting card">Visiting card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingrain_wallpaper" title="Ingrain wallpaper">Ingrain wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat_(picture_framing)" title="Mat (picture framing)">Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confetti" title="Confetti">Confetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_craft" title="Paper craft">Paper craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_toys" title="Paper toys">Paper toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">Playing card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilling" title="Quilling">Quilling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drink_coaster" title="Drink coaster">Drink coaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filter paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_(document)" title="Form (document)">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_model" title="Paper model">Paper model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security paper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation527" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template talk:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation527" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration" title="Agents of deterioration">Agents of deterioration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_processing" title="Archival processing">Archival processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(archives)" title="Calendar (archives)">Calendar (archives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">Conservation and restoration of cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)" title="Conservation science (cultural property)">Conservation science (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">Collection (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_catalog" title="Collection catalog">Collection catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_maintenance" title="Collections maintenance">Collections maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management_system" title="Collections management system">Collections management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_management" title="Cultural heritage management">Cultural heritage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_documentation" title="Cultural property documentation">Cultural property documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_exhibition" title="Cultural property exhibition">Cultural property exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_imaging" title="Cultural property imaging">Cultural property imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_storage" title="Cultural property storage">Cultural property storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_resource_management" title="Cultural resource management">Cultural resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Database preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning" title="Deaccessioning">Deaccessioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property)" title="Disaster preparedness (cultural property)">Disaster preparedness (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_in_collection" title="Found in collection">Found in collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_asset" title="Heritage asset">Heritage asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_science" title="Heritage science">Heritage science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">Inherent vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(museums)" title="Inventory (museums)">Inventory (museums)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_control_and_prevention_(library_and_archive)" title="Mold control and prevention (library and archive)">Mold control and prevention (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_metadata" title="Preservation metadata">Preservation metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_survey" title="Preservation survey">Preservation survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="Repatriation (cultural property)">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_preservation" title="Sustainable preservation">Sustainable preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles<br /> and expertise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">Archivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Art dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_handler" title="Art handler">Art handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auctioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_manager" title="Collection manager">Collection manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_scientist" title="Conservation scientist">Conservation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_technician" title="Conservation technician">Conservation technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibition designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_maker" title="Mount maker">Mount maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objects_conservator" title="Objects conservator">Objects conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">Paintings conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_conservator" title="Photograph conservator">Photograph conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(cultural_property)" title="Registrar (cultural property)">Registrar (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_conservator" title="Textile conservator">Textile conservator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods<br /> and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(artwork)" title="Aging (artwork)">Aging (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">Anastylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrested_decay" title="Arrested decay">Arrested decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradling_(paintings)" title="Cradling (paintings)">Cradling (paintings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_radiography" title="Cultural property radiography">Cultural property radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_of_wall_paintings" title="Detachment of wall paintings">Detachment of wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmet_method" title="Desmet method">Desmet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">Display case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_repository_audit_method_based_on_risk_assessment" title="Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment">Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_paint_analysis" title="Historic paint analysis">Historic paint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintsugi" title="Kintsugi">Kintsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafcasting" title="Leafcasting">Leafcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">Lining of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpainting" title="Overpainting">Overpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-inspiration" title="Paleo-inspiration">Paleo-inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_splitting" title="Paper splitting">Paper splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissverklebung" title="Rissverklebung">Rissverklebung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_stabilization" title="Textile stabilization">Textile stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">Transfer of panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVC-based_preservation" title="UVC-based preservation">UVC-based preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAudio" title="VisualAudio">VisualAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of immovable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">Frescos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_artworks" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks">Outdoor artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_bronze_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects">Outdoor bronze objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_murals" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor murals">Outdoor murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of movable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_bone,_horn,_and_antler_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects">Bone, horn, and antler objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents,_and_ephemera" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents, and ephemera">Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ceramic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects">Ceramic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_clocks" title="Conservation and restoration of clocks">Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_copper-based_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects">Copper-based objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_feathers" title="Conservation and restoration of feathers">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_flags_and_banners" title="Conservation and restoration of flags and banners">Flags and banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of fur objects">Fur objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains" title="Conservation and restoration of human remains">Human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_insect_specimens" title="Conservation and restoration of insect specimens">Insect specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_iron_and_steel_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects">Iron and steel objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ivory_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ivory objects">Ivory objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica" title="Conservation and restoration of Judaica">Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lacquerware" title="Conservation and restoration of lacquerware">Lacquerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_leather_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of leather objects">Leather objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_metals" title="Conservation and restoration of metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_musical_instruments" title="Conservation and restoration of musical instruments">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_neon_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of neon objects">Neon objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_new_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of new media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_painting_frames" title="Conservation and restoration of painting frames">Painting frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_panel_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of panel paintings">Panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_papyrus" title="Conservation and restoration of papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_parchment" title="Conservation and restoration of parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_performance_art" title="Conservation and restoration of performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">Photographic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Plastic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">Road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_shipwreck_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts">Shipwreck artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_silver_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of silver objects">Silver objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_South_Asian_household_shrines" title="Conservation of South Asian household shrines">South Asian household shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_stained_glass" title="Conservation and restoration of stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_taxidermy" title="Conservation and restoration of taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Tibetan_thangkas" title="Conservation and restoration of Tibetan thangkas">Tibetan thangkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_time-based_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of time-based media art">Time-based media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_totem_poles" title="Conservation and restoration of totem poles">Totem poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_woodblock_prints" title="Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints">Woodblock prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_furniture" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden furniture">Wooden furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible<br /> cultural heritage</a><br /> preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">Applied folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">Ethnochoreology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">Family folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">Indigenous culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">Language preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">Oral history preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">Preservation of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition#Preservation" title="Tradition">Tradition preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez_and_Gim%C3%A9nez)" title="Ecce Homo (García Martínez and Giménez)">Conservation-restoration of <i>Ecce Homo</i> by Elías García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Thomas_Eakins%27_The_Gross_Clinic" title="Conservation-restoration of Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic">Conservation-restoration of <i>The Gross Clinic</i> by Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's <i>The Last Supper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin" title="Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin">Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_H.L._Hunley" title="Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley">Conservation-restoration of the <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art_Research_Initiative" title="Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative">Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academic_publishing208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_publishing" title="Template talk:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_publishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic publishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_publishing208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">Academic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_journal" title="Public health journal">Public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Papers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_article" title="Review article">Review article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position_paper" title="Position paper">Position paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">Grey literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">Working paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">White paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_report" title="Technical report">Technical report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_report" title="Annual report">Annual report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphlet" title="Pamphlet">Pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essay" title="Essay">Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-notebook_science" title="Open-notebook science">Lab notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other publication types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_articles" title="Collection of articles">Collection of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_patent" title="Chemical patent">Chemical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">Monograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">Chapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">Treatise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poster_session" title="Poster session">Poster session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_proceedings" title="Conference proceedings">Proceedings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Citation_impact" title="Citation impact">Impact and ranking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_index" title="Acknowledgment index">Acknowledgment index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">Altmetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article-level_metrics" title="Article-level metrics">Article-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author-level_metrics" title="Author-level metrics">Author-level metrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_index_(metrics)" title="Composite index (metrics)">C-score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_ranking" title="Journal ranking">Journal ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eigenfactor" title="Eigenfactor">Eigenfactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-index" title="G-index">g-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-index" title="H-index"><i>h</i>-index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_factor" title="Impact factor">Impact factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_academic_publishers" title="Rankings of academic publishers">Rankings of academic publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-wide_author_databases_of_standardized_citation_indicators" title="Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators">Science-wide author databases of standardized citation indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">Scientometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago Journal Rank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reform and access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_citation_advantage" title="Open access citation advantage">Citation advantage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serials_crisis" title="Serials crisis">Serials crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">#ICanHazPDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versioning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preprint" title="Preprint">Preprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postprint" title="Postprint">Postprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Version_of_record" title="Version of record">Version of record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erratum" title="Erratum">Erratum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraction_in_academic_publishing" title="Retraction in academic publishing">Retraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">Indexes and search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMiner_(database)" title="AMiner (database)">AMiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORE_(research_service)" title="CORE (research service)">CORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Scholar" title="Semantic Scholar">Semantic Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scopus" title="Scopus">Scopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperity" title="Paperity">Paperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAlex" title="OpenAlex">OpenAlex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_Copernicus" title="Index Copernicus">Index Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERIH_PLUS" title="ERIH PLUS">ERIH PLUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_Romeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherpa Romeo">Sherpa Romeo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Open_Ukrainian_Citation_Index_(OUCI)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI) (page does not exist)">The Open Ukrainian Citation Index (OUCI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenAIRE" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenAIRE">OpenAIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TUBITAK_ULAKBIM_TR-D%C4%B0Z%C4%B0N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR-DİZİN (page does not exist)">TUBITAK ULAKBIM TR-DİZİN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALE" class="mw-redirect" title="GALE">GALE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_writing" title="Scientific writing">Scientific writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">Peer review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholarly_communication" title="Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literature" title="Scientific literature">Scientific literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">Learned society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_research" title="Open research">Open research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_scientific_data" title="Open scientific data">Open scientific data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORCID" title="ORCID">ORCID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingelfinger_rule" title="Ingelfinger rule">Ingelfinger rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_publishable_unit" title="Least publishable unit">Least publishable unit</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Publish_or_perish" title="Publish or perish">Publish or perish</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">Academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_academic_journals" title="Lists of academic journals">Academic journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Category:Academic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_policies_of_academic_publishers" title="Copyright policies of academic publishers">Copyright policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highly_Cited_Researchers" title="Highly Cited Researchers">Highly Cited Researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-access_journals" title="List of open-access journals">Open-access journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_publishers_by_preprint_policy" title="List of academic publishers by preprint policy">Preprint policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_documents" title="Category:Scientific documents">Category:Scientific documents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_journals" title="List of scientific journals">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides#Academic" title="List of style guides">Style/formatting guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_presses" title="List of university presses">University presses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ebooks108" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ebooks" title="Template:Ebooks"><abbr 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href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes & Noble Nook">Barnes & Noble Nook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elonex_ebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Elonex ebook">Elonex ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnTourage_eDGe" title="EnTourage eDGe">enTourage eDGe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanlin_eReader" title="Hanlin eReader">Hanlin eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRiver_Story" title="IRiver Story">iRiver Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_Logic" title="Plastic Logic">Plastic Logic Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook eReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftBook" title="SoftBook">SoftBook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> <small>(iBooks)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blio" title="Blio">Blio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifox" title="Lucifox">Lucifox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverDrive_Media_Console" title="OverDrive Media Console">OverDrive Media Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AbiWord" title="AbiWord">AbiWord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligra" title="Calligra">Calligra Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a></li> <li>Help & Manual</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MadCap_Software" title="MadCap Software">MadCap Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_XML_Editor" title="Oxygen XML Editor">Oxygen XML Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer2epub" title="Writer2epub">Writer2epub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ebook_suppliers" title="Category:Ebook suppliers">Vendors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Amazon Kindle Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booktrack" title="Booktrack">Booktrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarir_Bookstore" title="Jarir Bookstore">Jarir.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Bookstore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noncommercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aozora_Bunko" title="Aozora Bunko">Aozora Bunko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faded_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Faded Page">Faded Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Canada" title="Project Gutenberg Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of ebook readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of iOS e-reader software">Comparison of iOS ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android ebook reader software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-book_lending" title="E-book lending">E-book lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBooks_Author_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author Conference">iBooks Author Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindle_single" title="Kindle single">Kindle single</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Publication_Distribution_System" title="Open Publication Distribution System">OPDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">Reflowable document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2481" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2481" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Buch"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008570-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Books"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85015738">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Livres"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119322951">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Livres"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119322951">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="図書"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573378">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="knihy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114930&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Libros"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576243">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000049771&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007283230005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/010461">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639916">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book&oldid=1275408254">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book&oldid=1275408254</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Books</a></li><li><a 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