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minorities in Europe: An untapped growth opportunity</div></h1></div><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-10 mck-u-animation-blur-in-800 ArticleDefault_mck-c-article-default__description__sjoe9"><div><time datetime="2023-11-21T00:00:00Z">November 21, 2023</time> | Article</div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mck-o-container"><div class="mck-o-container--wrapped mck-o-container--mobile-spacing mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xxl"><section data-layer-region="article-body-header" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-animation-blur-in-400 byline-share-container"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-7 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-8 mdc-u-ts-10"></div></section><section class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 mck-u-animation-blur-in-400"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><div data-component="mdc-c-description" class="mdc-c-description___SrnQP_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-5"><div class="mck-u-links-inline">Employing ethnocultural minorities could help many companies simultaneously close talent gaps and deliver inclusive growth.</div></div></div></section><main data-layer-region="article-body" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xxl"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-1 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-md-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-end-11"><div class="mdc-o-content-body mck-u-dropcap"> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="DownloadsSidebar_mck-c-downloads-sidebar__iFmyt mck-o-xs-right-span"><div data-layer-region="downloads-right-rail"><h3 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-c-heading--title___5qyOB_2734c4f mdc-c-heading--border___K8dj3_2734c4f"></h3><div><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="#/download/%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fmckinsey%2Ffeatured%20insights%2Feurope%2Fethnocultural%20minorities%20in%20europe%20an%20untapped%20growth%20opportunity%2Fethnocultural-minorities-in-europe-an-untapped-growth-opportunity.pdf%3FshouldIndex%3Dfalse" class="DownloadsSidebar_mck-c-downloads-sidebar__download-link__fPqFQ mdc-c-link___lBbY1_2734c4f" target="_self" data-layer-event-prefix="Download Link" data-layer-action="click" data-layer-report-type="" data-layer-file-name="ethnocultural-minorities-in-europe-an-untapped-growth-opportunity" data-layer-report-name="ethnocultural-minorities-in-europe-an-untapped-growth-opportunity>"><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mdc-c-icon--size-md___yi5fA_2734c4f mck-download-icon"></span><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f"> (5 pages)</span></a></div></div></div></div> <p><strong>European CEOs</strong> are grappling with an array of challenges, including a period of slower economic growth and persistently tight labor markets. According to the latest available data, all EU countries reported labor shortages that are likely to persist for the foreseeable future.<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="491eadab-824f-4d89-82e1-9a5b309669d1"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">1</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="491eadab-824f-4d89-82e1-9a5b309669d1" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline">The countries include EU-27 countries, Norway, and Switzerland. <em>Report on labour shortages and surpluses 2022</em>, EURES, The European Labour Authority, and the Giacomo Brodolini Foundation, 2022.</span></span></span></a></span> In this landscape, addressing talent gaps is critical to pursuing growth. Many companies also aspire for this goal to be achieved in an inclusive way, boosting disposable income and socioeconomic empowerment of disadvantaged communities and improving social cohesion.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="light" data-module-background="lightest-grey" data-module-category="" data-module-gradient-position="bottom-right" class="mck-c-inline-module-container SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__bgimg-wrapper__Qj4Dt mck-o-sm-left-span SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__sidebar-wrapper__Dpjw2 SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__sidebar-wrapper--istablet__IQ6ii mck-u-screen-only mck-c-module-wrapper" data-layer-region="sidebar"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__epoAm mck-o-md-center"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__share-icons-wrapper__9gB_c"><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--display-column___X0HDD_2734c4f SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__share-icons___eQy6"><button data-component="mdc-c-button" aria-label="Expandable Sidebar" type="button" id="button_id" class="mdc-c-button___U4iY2_2734c4f mdc-c-button--ghost mdc-c-button--size-medium SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__toggle-btn__EL8iE" aria-expanded="false" data-layer-event-prefix="UI Item" data-layer-action="click" data-layer-category="sidebar" data-layer-subcategory="open" data-layer-text="open sidebar"><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mdc-c-icon--radial___y3csX_2734c4f mdc-c-icon--size-xxl___cL3ZT_2734c4f mck-plus-no-circle-icon"></span></button></div></div><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-outer__UdWCq"><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__eyebrow__5GSEq"></div><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content__raEwe"><h2 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f mdc-u-ts-3 SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-heading__NJekY"><div>About the authors</div></h2><div class="SideBar_mck-c-sidebar__content-description__4p9iI mdc-u-ts-7"><div class="mdc-o-content-body"><p>This article is a collaborative effort by <a href="/our-people/sundiatu-dixon-fyle">Sundiatu Dixon-Fyle</a>, <a href="/our-people/massimo-giordano">Massimo Giordano</a>, <a href="/our-people/tania-holt">Tania Holt</a>, <a href="/our-people/tunde-olanrewaju">Tunde Olanrewaju</a>, <a href="/our-people/dara-olufon">Dara Olufon</a>, and <a href="/our-people/sandra-sancier-sultan">Sandra Sancier-Sultan</a>. This research was conducted with support from our European offices and the McKinsey Institute for Black Economic Mobility.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div> <p>McKinsey research on ethnocultural minority inclusion in the workplace in continental Europe suggests this population represents a valuable opportunity for companies to grow inclusively. Why has this talent pool been overlooked? A key factor is limited visibility into its potential. In our new research, we present a fact base that includes estimates of the ethnocultural minority population鈥檚 size and mix, educational attainment, and labor market outcomes. We include new data on experiences of ethnocultural minorities in the workplace and insights on how companies are approaching this issue and lay out the growth opportunity for organizations that pursue ethnocultural inclusion.</p>  <p>In this preview article to our full report, we examine the ethnocultural minority population and its educational attainment as a starting point to gain a better understanding of their full economic potential.</p> <h2>Europe has a large and diverse population of ethnocultural minorities</h2> <p>Our first set of insights stems from a pan-European view that seeks to address knowledge gaps about the size and mix of the ethnocultural minority population. Across 11 European countries, we estimate that ethnocultural minorities represent from 5 to almost 20 percent of the population, and these figures are likely an underestimate due to data constraints. The mix varies significantly between countries, reflecting differing historical contexts, countries of origin, and generation of migration (Exhibit 1).</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 1</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/europe/ethnocultural%20minorities%20in%20europe%20an%20untapped%20growth%20opportunity/svgz-ethnic-inclusion-ex1-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Ethnocultural minorities represent approximately 10 percent of the population of countries analyzed." src="/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/europe/ethnocultural%20minorities%20in%20europe%20an%20untapped%20growth%20opportunity/svgz-ethnic-inclusion-ex1-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>Perhaps counterintuitively, the largest ethnocultural minority population across the 11 European countries analyzed is from Asia, representing one-third of its total鈥攁nd the largest minority in countries such as Germany (38 percent) and Denmark (35 percent). More expectedly, more than half of ethnocultural minorities in France are from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and in Germany, the Turkish community is the second largest (26 percent). In a similar way, patterns of generation of migration of ethnocultural minorities vary鈥攆or example, two-thirds of the ethnocultural population in Denmark is first generation, compared with half in France.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-disruptor1up mck-o-md-center mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom mck-u-screen-only" data-layer-region="disruptor-1up"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-md mdc-u-grid-col-lg-12 mdc-u-grid-col-md-12 "><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-md-span-12"><header data-component="mdc-c-header" class="mdc-c-header"><div class="mdc-c-header__block___i1Lg-_2734c4f"><h3 data-component="mdc-c-heading" class="mdc-c-heading___0fM1W_2734c4f"><div>Strengthening inclusion of ethnic minorities in the European workplace</div></h3></div></header><div data-component="mdc-c-link-container" class="mdc-c-link-container___xefGu_2734c4f mdc-c-link-container--display-column___X0HDD_2734c4f mck-c-disruptor1up__content Disruptor1Up_mck-c-disruptor1up__content--links__VV4lE mdc-u-grid-gutter-md"><a data-component="mdc-c-link" href="/featured-insights/lifting-europes-ambition/videos-and-podcasts/strengthening-inclusion-of-ethnic-minorities-in-the-european-workplace" class="mdc-c-link-cta___NBQVi_2734c4f"><span class="mdc-c-link__label___Pfqtd_2734c4f">See the video</span><span data-component="mdc-c-icon" class="mdc-c-icon___oi7ef_2734c4f mck-link-arrow-right-icon"></span></a></div></div></div></div> <h2>Hiring more ethnocultural minorities could spur growth</h2> <p>Our research debunks the perception that ethnocultural minorities have lower levels of educational attainment compared with the rest of the population and that it is the principal barrier to their inclusion in the workplace. In fact, across Europe their tertiary education rates are in line with those of nonminorities, on average, even if the rates differ by country (Exhibit 2). In the Netherlands, for example, 31 percent of the estimated ethnocultural minority population has completed tertiary education or above, just three percentage points less than that of the nonminority population.</p> <div data-component="mdc-c-module-wrapper" data-module-theme="default" data-module-background="transparent" data-module-category="" class="mck-c-inline-module-container mck-o-md-center"><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-lg mdc-u-grid-col-sm-1 mdc-u-grid--align-start mdc-u-mb-3 GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__sGwKL"><div data-component="mdc-c-content-block" class="mdc-c-content-block___7p6Lu_2734c4f mdc-u-grid-gutter-xs GenericItem_mck-c-generic-item__content__gq1m0"><div class="mck-c-eyebrow mdc-u-ts-10"><span> 2</span></div></div></div><div class="mck-u-inline-module-border-top mck-u-inline-module-border-bottom"><picture data-component="mdc-c-picture" class="Exhibit_mck-c-exhibit__image__pyIDm"><source media="(min-width: 768px)" srcSet="/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/europe/ethnocultural%20minorities%20in%20europe%20an%20untapped%20growth%20opportunity/svgz-ethnic-inclusion-ex2-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center"/><img alt="Ethnocultural minority populations and nonminority populations have comparable rates of higher education." src="/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/europe/ethnocultural%20minorities%20in%20europe%20an%20untapped%20growth%20opportunity/svgz-ethnic-inclusion-ex2-v2.svgz?cq=50&cpy=Center" loading="lazy"/></picture></div><div class="mck-u-sr-only"></div></div> <p>Yet despite similar levels of tertiary education, ethnocultural minorities are two-and-a-half to three times more likely to be unemployed than their nonminority peers. And once employed, ethnocultural minority workers are almost twice as likely to be overqualified for their role. These findings point to a potentially attractive opportunity for companies to tap into a pool of educated ethnocultural minority talent to address skills gaps.</p> <p>Ethnocultural minority populations are also more likely than the nonminority population to have completed only lower secondary education or below. In some countries, the gaps are large鈥攆or example, ethnocultural minorities in Germany are almost four times more likely than nonminorities to have lower levels of educational attainment.</p> <p>For employers, this dynamic presents opportunities at both ends of the educational attainment spectrum. On the one hand, employers could recruit from a larger-than-anticipated pool of tertiary-educated ethnocultural minorities to fill roles requiring higher skill levels (for example, medical practitioners and civil engineers in construction and transportation), provided they find ways to access and effectively onboard these workers and offer reskilling support where needed. On the other hand, ethnocultural minorities could also help to address labor shortages at lower occupational-skill levels across sectors experiencing talent shortfalls (such as in construction and transportation).<span class="FootNote_footnote-holder__tjRqy"><a aria-label="footnote" href="javascript:void(0);" class="FootNote_footnote-wrapper__AIRwL undefined FootNote_inactive__VZfCp" aria-describedby="f4f0dd8d-51ef-472c-a243-b063044222e3"><sup class="FootNote_footnotesup__e73z_">2</sup><span class="FootNote_notch-wrapper__b_5NS"><span class="FootNote_notch__omKtY"></span></span><span class="FootNote_tooltip__QtrbA mdc-u-mt-2"><span class="FootNote_footnote-content__r2OVl"><span id="f4f0dd8d-51ef-472c-a243-b063044222e3" aria-hidden="true" data-module-theme="light" class="FootNote_footnote-text__VjKgO mck-u-links-inline"><em>Report on labour shortages and surpluses</em>, 2022.</span></span></span></a></span></p> <p>Further insights from this research include new data on the challenges ethnocultural minority workers face in the workplace. For example, they are twice as likely to report missing out on advancement opportunities and two-and-a-half times as likely to report experiencing biased behaviors at work. And we round off this perspective with insights from companies across Europe as they begin to engage with this issue.</p> <hr/> <p>Our report, which builds on previous McKinsey research on inclusive growth and the benefits of diversity, focuses on the opportunity associated with hiring ethnocultural minorities and more effectively including them in the workplace so they reach their full potential. We explore the following questions:</p> <ul> <li>How big is the opportunity?</li> <li>What are the barriers for ethnocultural minorities to enter the workplace?</li> <li>Once employed, what is their experience?</li> <li>How are companies navigating the regulatory and cultural landscape in Europe in relation to ethnocultural minority inclusion?</li> <li>What actions can companies take to truly capture this opportunity?</li> </ul> <p>The report will show that greater inclusion of ethnocultural minorities could represent a triple win鈥攅nable growth for companies, support the wider economy, and strengthen economic empowerment for individuals and their families.</p></div><div class="container-placeholder"></div></div></div><div class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-gutter-xl"><section role="contentinfo" data-layer-region="article-about-authors" class="mdc-u-grid mdc-u-grid-col-xs-12 mck-c-enhanced-author"><div class="mdc-u-grid-col-xs-start-2 mdc-u-grid-col-xs-end-12 mdc-u-grid-col-lg-start-3 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Europe: An untapped growth opportunity"}},"sEOTitle":{"value":"EU ethnocultural minorities and inclusive growth"},"description":{"jsonValue":{"value":"Employing ethnocultural minorities could help many companies simultaneously close talent gaps and deliver inclusive growth."}},"sEODescription":{"value":"Employing ethnocultural minorities could be a critical opportunity to both close talent gaps for organizations and promote inclusive growth"},"displayDate":{"jsonValue":{"value":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z"}},"body":{"value":"[[Audio 1]] [[DownloadsSidebar]]\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEuropean CEOs\u003c/strong\u003e are grappling with an array of challenges, including a period of slower economic growth and persistently tight labor markets. According to the latest available data, all EU countries reported labor shortages that are likely to persist for the foreseeable future.[[footnote 1]] In this landscape, addressing talent gaps is critical to pursuing growth. Many companies also aspire for this goal to be achieved in an inclusive way, boosting disposable income and socioeconomic empowerment of disadvantaged communities and improving social cohesion.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Sidebar authors]]\n\u003cp\u003eMcKinsey research on ethnocultural minority inclusion in the workplace in continental Europe suggests this population represents a valuable opportunity for companies to grow inclusively. Why has this talent pool been overlooked? A key factor is limited visibility into its potential. In our new research, we present a fact base that includes estimates of the ethnocultural minority population\u0026rsquo;s size and mix, educational attainment, and labor market outcomes. We include new data on experiences of ethnocultural minorities in the workplace and insights on how companies are approaching this issue and lay out the growth opportunity for organizations that pursue ethnocultural inclusion.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[MostPopularArticles 5]]\n\u003cp\u003eIn this preview article to our full report, we examine the ethnocultural minority population and its educational attainment as a starting point to gain a better understanding of their full economic potential.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eEurope has a large and diverse population of ethnocultural minorities\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur first set of insights stems from a pan-European view that seeks to address knowledge gaps about the size and mix of the ethnocultural minority population. Across 11 European countries, we estimate that ethnocultural minorities represent from 5 to almost 20 percent of the population, and these figures are likely an underestimate due to data constraints. The mix varies significantly between countries, reflecting differing historical contexts, countries of origin, and generation of migration (Exhibit 1).\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Exhibit 1]]\n\u003cp\u003ePerhaps counterintuitively, the largest ethnocultural minority population across the 11 European countries analyzed is from Asia, representing one-third of its total\u0026mdash;and the largest minority in countries such as Germany (38 percent) and Denmark (35 percent). More expectedly, more than half of ethnocultural minorities in France are from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, and in Germany, the Turkish community is the second largest (26 percent). In a similar way, patterns of generation of migration of ethnocultural minorities vary\u0026mdash;for example, two-thirds of the ethnocultural population in Denmark is first generation, compared with half in France.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[disruptor1Up dis2]]\n\u003ch2\u003eHiring more ethnocultural minorities could spur growth\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur research debunks the perception that ethnocultural minorities have lower levels of educational attainment compared with the rest of the population and that it is the principal barrier to their inclusion in the workplace. In fact, across Europe their tertiary education rates are in line with those of nonminorities, on average, even if the rates differ by country (Exhibit 2). In the Netherlands, for example, 31 percent of the estimated ethnocultural minority population has completed tertiary education or above, just three percentage points less than that of the nonminority population.\u003c/p\u003e\n[[Exhibit 2]]\n\u003cp\u003eYet despite similar levels of tertiary education, ethnocultural minorities are two-and-a-half to three times more likely to be unemployed than their nonminority peers. And once employed, ethnocultural minority workers are almost twice as likely to be overqualified for their role. These findings point to a potentially attractive opportunity for companies to tap into a pool of educated ethnocultural minority talent to address skills gaps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthnocultural minority populations are also more likely than the nonminority population to have completed only lower secondary education or below. In some countries, the gaps are large\u0026mdash;for example, ethnocultural minorities in Germany are almost four times more likely than nonminorities to have lower levels of educational attainment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor employers, this dynamic presents opportunities at both ends of the educational attainment spectrum. On the one hand, employers could recruit from a larger-than-anticipated pool of tertiary-educated ethnocultural minorities to fill roles requiring higher skill levels (for example, medical practitioners and civil engineers in construction and transportation), provided they find ways to access and effectively onboard these workers and offer reskilling support where needed. On the other hand, ethnocultural minorities could also help to address labor shortages at lower occupational-skill levels across sectors experiencing talent shortfalls (such as in construction and transportation).[[footnote 2]]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther insights from this research include new data on the challenges ethnocultural minority workers face in the workplace. For example, they are twice as likely to report missing out on advancement opportunities and two-and-a-half times as likely to report experiencing biased behaviors at work. And we round off this perspective with insights from companies across Europe as they begin to engage with this issue.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr /\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOur report, which builds on previous McKinsey research on inclusive growth and the benefits of diversity, focuses on the opportunity associated with hiring ethnocultural minorities and more effectively including them in the workplace so they reach their full potential. We explore the following questions:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHow big is the opportunity?\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat are the barriers for ethnocultural minorities to enter the workplace?\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOnce employed, what is their experience?\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHow are companies navigating the regulatory and cultural landscape in Europe in relation to ethnocultural minority inclusion?\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eWhat actions can companies take to truly capture this opportunity?\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe report will show that greater inclusion of ethnocultural minorities could represent a triple win\u0026mdash;enable growth for companies, support the wider economy, and strengthen economic empowerment for individuals and their families.\u003c/p\u003e"},"isFullScreenInteractive":{"boolValue":false},"hideStickySocialShareBar":{"boolValue":false},"desktopID":{"value":""},"mobileID":{"value":""},"desktopURL":{"value":""},"mobileURL":{"value":""},"desktopPaddingPercentage":{"value":""},"mobilePaddingPercentage":{"value":""},"desktopOverrideHeight":{"value":""},"mobileOverrideHeight":{"value":""},"cerosOembedURL":{"value":""},"cerosRenderMode":{"targetItem":null},"cerosBackgroundColor":{"targetItem":null},"hideByLine":{"boolValue":true},"tableOfContentsTitle":{"value":"TABLE OF CONTENTS"},"accessStatus":{"targetItem":{"key":{"value":"RegisteredUsers"},"value":{"value":"Registered Users"}}},"articleType":{"targetItem":{"displayName":"Article"}},"hasSpecialReport":{"boolValue":false},"contentType":{"targetItem":{"displayName":"Article"}},"sourcePublication":{"targetItem":null},"externalPublication":{"value":""},"mobileReady":{"boolValue":true},"forClientsOnly":{"boolValue":false},"excludeFromClientLink":{"boolValue":false},"originalPublishDate":{"jsonValue":{"value":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z"}},"footnotes":{"value":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe countries include EU-27 countries, Norway, and Switzerland. \u003cem\u003eReport on labour shortages and surpluses 2022\u003c/em\u003e, EURES, The European Labour Authority, and the Giacomo Brodolini Foundation, 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u003cem\u003eReport on labour shortages and surpluses\u003c/em\u003e, 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},"contributoryPractice":{"targetItems":[]},"aboutTheAuthors":{"value":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/our-people/sundiatu-dixon-fyle\"\u003eSundiatu Dixon-Fyle\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e is a senior expert in McKinsey\u0026rsquo;s London office, where \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/our-people/tania-holt\"\u003eTania Holt\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/our-people/tunde-olanrewaju\"\u003eTunde Olanrewaju\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e are senior partners and \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/our-people/dara-olufon\"\u003eDara Olufon\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e is a partner; \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/our-people/massimo-giordano\"\u003eMassimo Giordano\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e is a senior partner in the Milan office; and \u003cstrong\u003e\u003ca href=\"/our-people/sandra-sancier-sultan\"\u003eSandra Sancier-Sultan\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e is a senior partner in the Paris office.\u003c/p\u003e"},"authors":{"targetItems":[{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"BF0C56A7E768452B9F8E197C2938599C","name":"Sundiatu DixonFyle PhD","authorTitle":{"value":"Sundiatu Dixon-Fyle"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[{"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/our people/sundiatu dixon-fyle/sundiatu-dixon-fyle_profile2_1536x1152.jpg","alt":"Sundiatu Dixon-Fyle"},"emailLinks":{"value":""},"linkedInUrl":{"value":""},"description":{"value":"Leads research into business topics affecting performance and societal impact, including the business case and best practices in promoting diversity and inclusion; engaging with clients and wider stakeholders to drive change."},"locations":{"targetItems":[{"name":"London","displayName":"London"}]},"firmTitle":{"value":"Senior Expert"},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"Sundiatu Dixon-Fyle","src":"/~/media/mckinsey/our people/sundiatu dixon-fyle/sundiatu-dixon-fyle_headshot2_988x741.jpg"},"url":{"path":"/our-people/sundiatu-dixon-fyle"}}]}},{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"D1216CF31A6B4CC29302F27D0F0D297F","name":"Massimo Giordano","authorTitle":{"value":"Massimo Giordano"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[{"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/our people/massimo giordano/massimo giordano_4914_fc-mask_profile_1536x1152.png","alt":"Massimo Giordano"},"emailLinks":{"value":"Massimo_Giordano@mckinsey.com"},"linkedInUrl":{"value":"https://it.linkedin.com/in/giordanomassimo"},"description":{"value":"Leads our activities in Europe, advising major institutions and leading companies on a broad range of issues, with a particular focus on strategy, growth, mergers, restructuring, advanced analytics, and finance-related programs"},"locations":{"targetItems":[{"name":"Milan","displayName":"Milan"}]},"firmTitle":{"value":"Senior Partner, and Managing Partner, Europe"},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"Massimo Giordano","src":"/~/media/mckinsey/our people/massimo giordano/massimo giordano_4914_fc-mask.png"},"url":{"path":"/our-people/massimo-giordano"}}]}},{"template":{"id":"3FBABDB63A094F68B1F8E1BBE1BA124E","name":"Author"},"id":"F36CC55AE57045AE89A96838FBC4D871","name":"Tania Holt","authorTitle":{"value":"Tania Holt"},"description":{"value":""},"thumbnailImage":{"alt":"","src":null},"profile":{"targetItems":[{"standardImage":{"src":"/~/media/mckinsey/our people/tania holt/tania holt_profile_1536x1152.jpg","alt":"Photo of Tania Holt, Senior Partner, McKinsey \u0026 Company"},"emailLinks":{"value":"Tania_Holt@mckinsey.com"},"linkedInUrl":{"value":""},"description":{"value":"Global coleader of McKinsey鈥檚 Public \u0026 Social Sector Practices. 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is a collaborative effort by \u003ca href=\"/our-people/sundiatu-dixon-fyle\"\u003eSundiatu Dixon-Fyle\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/our-people/massimo-giordano\"\u003eMassimo Giordano\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/our-people/tania-holt\"\u003eTania Holt\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/our-people/tunde-olanrewaju\"\u003eTunde Olanrewaju\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/our-people/dara-olufon\"\u003eDara Olufon\u003c/a\u003e, and \u003ca href=\"/our-people/sandra-sancier-sultan\"\u003eSandra Sancier-Sultan\u003c/a\u003e. This research was conducted with support from our European offices and the McKinsey Institute for Black Economic Mobility.\u003c/p\u003e"}},"aboutTheAuthors":{"jsonValue":{"value":""}},"headline":{"jsonValue":{"value":"About the authors"}},"footnotes":{"value":""},"showShareTools":{"boolValue":false},"backgroundColor":{"targetItem":null},"gradientDirection":{"targetItem":{"key":{"value":"Bottom 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