WormBook

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <title>WormBook</title>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/bookworm.css" /> <script language="JavaScript" type="text/javascript" src="/js/highlightTerms.js"></script> </head> <body onload='highlightIgorSearchTerms(document.referrer);'><div id="content"> <div id="fotocredit"><a href="/"><img alt="WormBook Header Image" src="/images/header_760x96.png" border="0" /> <span>Embryo series courtesy of Einhard Schierenberg</span></a></div> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/wb_menu.css"> <script src='/js/wb_menu.js' language='javascript' type='text/javascript'></script> <table id="abc" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="760px"> <tr bgcolor="#9932cc"> <td onmouseover="showmenu('wbhome')" onmouseout="hidemenu('wbhome')" width="100" align="center"> <a class="menu" href="/index.html">Home</a><br /> <table class="menu" id="wbhome"> </table> </td> <td onmouseover="showmenu('tutorials')" onmouseout="hidemenu('tutorials')" width="70"> <a class="menu" href="/about.html">About</a><br /> <table class="menu" id="tutorials"> </table> </td> <td onmouseover="showmenu('contactwb')" onmouseout="hidemenu('contactwb')" width="95"><img src='/images/arrow14x14_blue_r.gif' width=14 height=14 border=0 align=absmiddle> <a class="menu">Contact</a><br /> <table class="menu" id="contactwb"> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="http://www.wormbase.org/forums/index.php?board=31.0">Discuss WormBook</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="/announce.html">Sign up for e-alerts</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="/db/misc/feedback">Send feedback</a></td></tr> </table> </td> <td onmouseover="showmenu('citewb')" onmouseout="hidemenu('citewb')" width="125"> <a class="menu" href="/citewb.html">Cite WormBook</a><br /> <table class="menu" id="citewb"> </table> </td> <td onmouseover="showmenu('authorinstructions')" onmouseout="hidemenu('authorinstructions')" width="95"> <a class="menu" href="/authorinfo.html">for Authors</a><br /> <table class="menu" id="authorinstructions"> </table> </td> <td onmouseover="showmenu('downloads')" onmouseout="hidemenu('downloads')" width="115"><img src='/images/arrow14x14_blue_r.gif' width=14 height=14 border=0 align=absmiddle> <a class="menu">Downloads</a><br /> <table class="menu" id="downloads"> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="http://dev.wormbook.org/WormBook.zip">Download all chapters</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="/endnote/references.txt">Import EndNote citations</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="/endnote/references_refman.txt">Import RefMan citations</a></td></tr> </table> </td> <td onmouseover="showmenu('sponsors')" onmouseout="hidemenu('sponsors')" width="85"> <a class="menu" href="/sponsors.html">Sponsors</a><br /> <table class="menu" id="sponsors"> </table> </td> <td onmouseover="showmenu('usefullinks')" onmouseout="hidemenu('usefullinks')" width="75"><img src='/images/arrow14x14_blue_r.gif' width=14 height=14 border=0 align=absmiddle> <a class="menu">Links</a><br /> <table class="menu" id="usefullinks"> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="http://www.wormbase.org">WormBase</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="http://www.wormatlas.org/">WormAtlas</a></td></tr> <tr><td class="menu"><a class="submenu" href="http://www.textpresso.org/">Textpresso</a></td></tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <div id="searchcheck"> <form action="/db/misc/search.cgi" method="post"> <input type="checkbox" name="search_html" checked="checked" /> HTML  <input type="checkbox" name="search_pdf" /> PDF <input type="text" name="query" size="15" /> <input value="Search" type="submit" name="search" /> </form> <span class="textpresso">or <a href="http://textpresso-dev.caltech.edu/wormbook/">Search with Textpresso</a></span> </div> <div id="content">  <div class="box"> <strong>WormBook</strong> is a comprehensive, open-access collection of original, peer-reviewed chapters covering topics related to the biology of <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em> and other nematodes. <strong>Wormbook</strong> also contains: <strong>WormMethods</strong>, a collection of protocols for nematode researchers; <strong>WormHistory</strong>, personal perspectives on <em>C. elegans</em> research; and the <strong>Worm Breeder's Gazette</strong>, an informal, non-refereed, biannual newsletter for the interchange of ideas and information related to <em>C. elegans</em> and other nematodes. Additional chapters can be found in GENETICS. </div>  <div class="sectiontitle"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td align="left"><b>WormBook Sections</b> </td> <td align="right"><table id="tocpde_nav" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px #9932cc solid;"><tr><td><b><a href="http://www.genetics.org/content/wormbook" style="text-decoration:none;" target="_blank">WormBook in GENETICS <font color="#9932cc">(new!)</font></a></b></td><tr></table> </td> <tr> </table> </div> <table id="tocpde_nav" border="0" style="border:5px #9932cc solid" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr>  <td valign="top">  <table id="tocpde_nav" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-right:5px #9932cc solid">  <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center"><font size="3"><b><em>C. elegans</em></b></font><br /><br /> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="/chapters/www_celegansintro/celegansintro.html"> <img src="images/toc_intro.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle"/> <br />Introduction </a> </div> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_geneticsgenomics.html"> <img src="images/toc_geneticsgenomics.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle"/> <br />Genetics and genomics </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_devcontrolmech.html"> <img src="images/toc_devcontrolmech.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Developmental control </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_signaltrans.html"> <img src="images/toc_signaltrans.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Signal transduction </a> </div> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_molecularbiology.html"> <img src="images/toc_molecularbiology.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Molecular biology </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_post-embryonicdev.html"> <img src="images/toc_post-embryonicdev.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Post-embryonic development </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_neurobiobehavior.html"> <img src="images/toc_neurobiobehavior.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Neurobiology<br />and behavior </a> </div> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_biochemistry.html"> <img src="images/toc_biochemistry.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Biochemistry </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_sexdetermination.html"> <img src="images/toc_sexdetermination.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Sex determination </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_nematodeevolecol.html"> <img src="images/toc_nematodeevolecol.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Evolution and ecology </a> </div> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_cellbiology.html"> <img src="images/toc_cellbiology.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Cell biology </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_germline.html"> <img src="images/toc_germline.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />The germ line </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" width="33.33%" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_diseasemoddrugdiscov.html"> <img src="images/toc_diseasemoddrugdiscov.gif" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> <br />Disease models<br/>and drug discovery</a> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td>  <td valign="middle" width="120px" align="center"> <table id="tocpde_nav" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1"> <tr> <td align="center"><p><font size="3"><b>Other<br />nematodes</b></font></p><p /> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td align="center"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_othernematodes.html"> <img src="images/toc_othernematodes.jpg" border="1" width="60px" align="middle" /> </a> </div>  </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr>  <tr> <td valign="top" style="border-top:5px #9932cc solid" colspan="2"> <table id="tocpde_nav" border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <tr> <td align="center" class="wbtoc" id="pde_nav" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_wormmethods.html"> <img src="images/toc_wormmethods.gif" border="1" width="80px" align="middle" /> <br />WormMethods </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" class="wbtoc" id="pde_nav" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="http://wbg.wormbook.org/"> <img src="images/wbg-current-cover.jpg" border="1" width="80px" align="middle" /> <br />The Worm Breeder's Gazette<br /> Last updated March 7, 2021 </a> </div> </td> <td align="center" class="wbtoc" id="pde_nav" valign="top"> <div id="tocpde_nav"> <a class="section" href="toc_wormhistory.html"> <img src="images/sydney_brenner.jpg" border="1" width="80px" align="middle" /> <br />WormHistory </a> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="rightalign"> <a href="toc_complete.html" title="Complete Table of Contents">Complete Table of Contents</a> | <a href="photocredits.html" title="Image gallery information">Photo Credits</a> </div>  <div id="news"> <div id="sectiontitle" name="newsfront"> News and Notes </div> <div class="item"> <div class="date">May 2, 2018</div> <div class="title">New chapter added to Genetics and genomics</div> <div class="entry"> <a href="/chapters/www_nomenclature/caenornomenclature.pdf" target="_blank"><em>Caenorhabditis</em> nomenclature</a>, by Mary Ann Tuli, Aric Daul, and Tim Schedl, has been added to the Genetics and genomics section of WormBook. This chapter details the nomenclature rules for <em>C. elegans</em> and other nematodes including the naming of transgenic and engineered variations. </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="date">January 30, 2018</div> <div class="title">Tubulin chapter added to WormBook</div> <div class="entry"> <a href="/chapters/www_tubulins/tubulins_ePub.pdf" target="_blank">Tubulins in <em>C. elegans</em></a>, by Daryl Hurd, has just been pre-published ahead of formal publication in the Cell Biology section. This chapter describes the large family of tubulins in <em>C. elegans</em>, their cellular and developmental roles, biogenesis, and post-translational modifications. </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="date">March 23 2017</div> <div class="title">History Chapter added to WormBook</div> <div class="entry"> <a href="/chapters/www_nematodeshistory/nematodeshistory_ePub.pdf" target="_blank">History of research on <em>C. elegans</em> and other free-living nematodes as model organisms</a>, by Victor Marc Nigon and Marie-Anne Félix, has been added to the History section of Wormbook as a pre-publication. This chapter reviews the early history of using free-living nematodes as models to address general questions in biology. It focuses on the period beginning in 1899 with the first publication of Emile Maupas mentioning <em>Rhabditis elegans</em> and ending in 1974 with the first publications by Sydney Brenner. </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="date">August 23 2016</div> <div class="title">New chapter added to Cell Biology</div> <div class="entry"> <a href="/chapters/www_bodywallmuscle/bodywallmuscle.pdf" target="_blank">Development, structure, and maintenance of <em>C. elegans</em> body wall muscle</a>, by Kathrin Gieseler, Hiroshi Qadota, and Guy Benian, has been pre-published in the Cell Biology section. This chapter partially updates and greatly expands on <a href="/chapters/www_SarcomereAssembCelegansmusc/SarcomereAssembCelegansmusc.html" target="_blank">Sarcomere assembly in <em>C. elegans</em> muscle<a> by Don Moerman and Ben Williams. The new chapter includes detailed descriptions of sarcomere components, their assembly, organization, regulation, and function. It also includes a discussion of insights into dystrophin function from <em>C. elegans</em> studies. </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="date">July 14 2016</div> <div class="title">New chapter added to WormMethods</div> <div class="entry"> <a href="/chapters/www_dauerlarvae/dauerlarvae.pdf" target="_blank">Working with dauer larvae</a>, by Xantha Karp, has been added to the Behavior section of WormMethods as an ePub ahead of formal publication. This chapter summarizes dauer formation and describes methods for inducing and isolating dauers. Methods for obtaining pre- and post-dauer larvae are also provided. </div> </div> <div class="item"> <div class="date">May 24 2016</div> <div class="title">Small GTPase chapter updated</div> <div class="entry"> <a href="/chapters/www_smallGTPases.2/smallGTPases.2.pdf" target="_blank">Small GTPases (2016)</a>, by David Reiner and Erik Lundquist, has been added to the Signal transduction section. This chapter updates the <a href="/chapters/www_smallGTPases/smallGTPases.html" target="_blank">2006 chapter</a> by Lundquist with the same title. The new chapter provides an overview of small GTPases in <em>C. elegans</em> and gives details for members of the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran families. Atypical nematode members that fall outside these subfamilies are also discussed. </div> </div> <div class="feedback"> Please send us items you wish to appear in the News and Notes section via our <a href="http://www.wormbook.org/db/misc/feedback.cgi">Feedback</a> page. Or use <a href="http://dev.wormbook.org/db/misc/feedback.cgi">this page</a> to submit any <b>general comments or suggestions</b> regarding WormBook. </div> <div class="rightalign"> Subscribe via RSS <a href="rss.xml"><img alt="rss icon" src="images/feed-icon-14x14.png" border="0" /></a> | <a href="newsarchive.html">Older entries >></a> </div> </div> <div id="someright"> <p> <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/" target="_blank"> <img class="floatLeft" border="0" src="images/somerights20.gif" align="middle" alt="Creative Commons License"/> </a> All WormBook content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/" title="Creative Commons Attribution License" target="_blank">Creative Commons Attribution License. </a> <br></br> General information about WormBook on this page is copyrighted under the <a href="/db/misc/copyright_gfdl">GNU Free Documentation License</a>. </p> </div>  </div>    <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-16257183-1', 'auto'); // Replace with your property ID. ga('create', 'UA-9809328-1', 'auto','clientTracker'); // Replace with your property ID. ga('send', 'pageview'); ga('clientTracker.send', 'pageview'); </script>   <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-PWJS2SKB32"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-PWJS2SKB32'); </script> </body> </html>

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